RecreationandTrailUsageAmongstNorthernMichiganUniversityStudents

WithintheLocalTrailSystemsInMarquette,Michigan

BrianPolston
NatalieKretlow
JosephKrupp
ChristopherPeterson

NorthernMichiganUniversity
RE467:ResearchMethodsandEvaluation
Fall2015

RecreationandTrailUsageAmongstNorthernMichiganUniversityStudentsWithinthe
LocalTrailSystemsInMarquette,Michigan

ChapterI
Introduction

Preface:
TheUpperPeninsulaofMichiganhasmanyopportunitiesforleisureandoutdoor
recreation.ApopularactivityishikingandmountainbikinginMarquette,Michigan.According
toNTN,Marquetteisthe
FatTire/SnowBikeCapitaloftheWorldandhostedtheWorld
ChampionSnowBikeRaceinJanuary,2014.
TheMarquetteareaprovidesavarietyoftrail
systemswhicharethe,NoquemanonTrailNetwork(NTN),FitStrip,CityMultiUsePath(Bike
Path),PresqueIsleParkTrails,IronOreHeritageTrail,andNorthCountryTrail,whichareused
yearroundtoprovideavarietyofactivitiessuchashiking,running,mountainbiking,
snowshoeing,snowbiking,crosscountryskiing,andoffroadtrailsforoffroadvehicles.
The
NTNsingletracksystemhasreceivednationalacclaimasapremiermountainbikedestination,
andMarquetteCountybecameaBronzeLevelRideCenter,whichisonlyoneoftwentyRide
Centersinthecountry(IMBA,2014).
NorthernMichiganUniversity(NMU),locatedin
Marquette,Michigan,emphasizesstudentstobeactivelyinvolvedinthecommunity,andenjoy
theopportunitiesofthesurroundingnaturalenvironment.Inthemid1970s,theUniversitybegan
integratingacademicswiththenaturalbeautiesofthearea,bydevelopingandofferingcoursesin
OutdoorRecreation.Thenin1980,theOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementmajorwas

established,andhassincegrowninretention,popularity,andvarietyofcoursesoffered
(Kinnear,Ph.D&Teeters).Knownoutdoorenthusiastsandprofessionals,OutdoorRecreation
LeadershipManagementstudentsandfaculty,wereassessedandstudied,togainabetter
understandingofmountainbikingandhikingtrailusageintheMarquettearea.
TheoreticalFoundation:
UtilizingmountainbikingandhikingtrailsisacommonpracticeforUpperPeninsula
residents.Mountainbikinghasgrowninpopularityinthelastfewdecades,sothereisa
potentiallygrowingneedfortrailmaintenanceandformorebikingandhikingtrails.Withinthe
pasttenyears,mountainbikinginMarquette,Michiganhasbeenagrowingindustry.In2014,
theInternationalMountainBikingAssociationawardedasMarquetteCountyaBronzeLevel
RideCenter,(IMBA,2014),andtheNoquemanonTrailNetworkSingletracktrailsreceived
EPICTrailStatus(NTN,2014).Marquettetrailsystemsreceivedtwoprestigiousawardsthrough
IMBA,becamethesnowbikecapital,andhostedIMBAandothermountainbikeevents,which
furtherattractspeople,notonlyfromtheUpperPeninsula,buttouristsandbikersfromother
areasofthecountryandworld.
Togainabettersenseofpublicusageandoverallawarenessofthetrailsystemsin
Marquette,Michigan,thepublicshouldbeassessed.AccordingtoNMU,about9,000students
attendthecollege,whichisalmosthalfofthepopulationinMarquette(NMU,2015).Thestudy
assessestwoMarquettepopulationdemographicstoacquireinformationaboutthetrailsystems.
ThestudentsandfacultywithintheOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement(ORLM)
departmentarethecontrolstudygroup,becauseORLMparticipantsareperceivedtobemore
likelytohaveknowledgeof,andutilizetrailsystemsfrequently.Togainabetterunderstanding

oftheMarquettepopulationasawhole,otherstudentsatNorthernMichiganUniversitywere
assessedastheexperimentalgroup.Inordertodeterminecommontrailuses,frequencyoftrail
use,potentialimprovementsfortrailsystems,andgainasenseofcommunityawarenessofthe
trailsystemsintheMarquettearea,asurveyconductedamongstthecontrolandexperimental
groupswillhelpevaluateanddeterminecommontrendsinperceptionsandneedsofthegeneral
populationofMarquette.
StatementofProblem
Marquette,Michiganhasagrowingmountainbikingcommunity,andprovides
opportunitiestofosterthegrowthandinterestsofthecommunity.Overthesummer,newtrails
wereaddedinMarquetteattheBoardofLightandPower,butmanyareunawareofthechanges.
Oneoftheproblemsisthelocationsofthetrailheadsbeinghidden,andlackofsignageacross
Marquette,sodifferenttrailsarenotverywellknowntothepublic.Theuniquetrailsystemsin
Marquette,MichiganaretheNoquemanontrails,citymultiusepath(thebikepath),PresqueIsle
Parktrails,theIronOreHeritageTrail,andtheNorthCountryTrail,withmanyindividualtrials
withineachtrailnetwork.However,onlycertaintrailsseemtobeutilized,whichisaproblem,
whenMarquettehasmilesoftrailsandmultipletrailnetworks.NorthernMichiganUniversityis
alargepopulationintheoverallcommunity,sotrailusageamongststudentsandfacultyis
importantforimprovingthetrailsystems,andkeepingthetrailsystemsforthefuture.Ifthe
majorityoftheMarquettepopulationisunawareoftheavailabletrailopportunities,trailevents,
anddifferenttrailnetworkstherewillnotbeaneedforbuildingnewtrailsandmaintaining
currenttrails,becausethedemandwillnolongerexist.

Thetrailsmostfrequentlyusedshouldbedeterminedinordertostudywhyaspecific
trailnetworkisbeingutilizedoveranother,andifthepopularaspectsoffavoredtrailscanbe
appliedtoothertrailsinMarquette.Populartrailsrequirefrequentmaintenancebecauseofsoil
degradationandhumanimpact,duetoconstantfoottraffic.Studyingpopulartrailsystemsin
Marquettecanalsodetermineifthereisaneedforemploymentofvolunteerstomaintainthe
trails.Ifatrailisunpopular,thesurveycanhelpdetermineiftheunpopularityisduetolackof
awarenessoftrailsystemsavailable,maintenanceissues,orjustsimplypersonalpreference.
WiththeincreasingprestigeandpopularityofthetrailsystemsinMarquette,aspikein
tourismispossible.TourisminMarquette,Michigancanhavebothpositiveandnegative
outcomes.Tourismaffectstheeconomy.In2007,itisestimatedthattourismgenerated$18.7
billionintotaleconomicactivityinMichigan(MichiganTourismTaskForce,2008),whichwas
beneficialtotheoveralleconomyofMichigan.Tourismdirectlycontributedtoanincreasein
revenueandsalesatclothingandgrocerystores,increasedconsumptionofgas,increaseof
restaurantcustomers,anincreasedneedforoutletsthatservetheneedsofoutdoorenthusiasts,
increasedgasolinetaxandsalesacrossthestate(MichiganTourismTaskForce,2008).
Mountainbikingcanbeacostlyoutdoorrecreationalactivity,butthebikersseemtohave
theextramoneytospend.
InasurveyofbicyclistsonNorthCarolinasOuterBanks,81%
reportedhavingacollegedegreeand78%gavehouseholdincomesof$75,000ormore(
Erie
CanalwayNationalHeritageCorridor,2010).
Mountainbikeownerscaninvestthousandsof
dollarsonasinglebike,andtendtotraveltodifferentareastoexplorenewtrailsspending$100
$300perdayonfood,lodging,andotheritems(
ErieCanalwayNationalHeritageCorridor
,
2010).TheNationalBikeDealersAssociation,determined2014asthecomebackyearforthe

U.S.bicycleindustry,generating$6.1billionindirectsalesofbicycles,relatedparts,and
accessories(NBDA,2014).Anincreaseintourismcannegativelyaffecttheenvironmental
impactoftrailsystems,andcanputastrainonlocalresidentsofMarquettehavingto
accommodateforextrapeopletemporarilyresidinginthearea.
PurposeofStudy:
Thepurposeofthestudyistogainknowledgeofthetrailnetworkthroughtheassessment
oftrailusagebyknownoutdoorenthusiasts(ORLMDepartment),comparedtootherstudentsat
NorthernMichiganUniversitytogainavarietyofdemographicsofMarquettecitizens/temporary
residentsaffiliatedwiththeUniversity.Bycollectingthisinformation,thetrailsystemscanbe
assessedtofindifanyimprovementstothetrailscouldbemade,andiftrailawarenessshouldbe
improved.andimprovementsthatcouldbemadetothetrailsystems.Thetypesofrecreational
activitiestrailuserspartakewillbedeterminedaswellaswhattrailroutestheparticipantsuse
mostfrequently.Withresearchandevaluation,populartrailscanbedeterminedwhichcanhelp
bettermanagehighfoottraffictrailsandlessfavoredtrailscanbedeterminedwhichcanhelpto
improveandpromotethelesspopulartrails.
SignificanceofourStudy:
Byassessingtheuseandknowledgeofthelocaltrailnetworksamongasampleofknown
outdoorrecreationists,reasonableconclusionsabouttheuseoflessfrequenttrailusers.Thiswill
allowustodetermineifthereisaneedforadditionalmaintenancevolunteersandbettertrail
advertisementthroughoutthenetwork.
Trailsareanessentialpartofparksandforests,andprovideaccesstoremoteareasasto
protectresourcesbyconcentratingvisitorfoottraffic.
ManagingMountainBiking:IMBAs

GuidetoProvidingGreatRiding
statedmostvegetationimpactoccurswithininitialuseorlow
use,andwherenonnativespeciesarepresent,(MarionandWimpey,2007),soknowingwhat
trailsarebeingusedmorefrequentlyandlessfrequentlycanbehelpfulinmaintainingthetrail
systems.Thevegetationandthewaythetrailswerebuiltaredifferentineachtrailnetworkarea,
sotheremightbeaconnectionbetweentrailterrainandpopularity.

Assumptions:
Hikingismorepopularthanbikingbecausenoequipmentisrequired,justtheself.
Mountainbikingcanaffecttheeconomyinpositiveandnegativeway.
ImprovementstoMarquettetrailsystemsmustoccur
LackofawarenessofrecreationalopportunitiesamongstalargepopulationinMarquette
Limitations:
EvaluatingonlyNMUstudentsandnotothercommunitymembers
Timegiventoconductresearch
TimeofSeasonresearchconducted(Fall2015)
ORLMstudentstakingthesurveyonline,insteadofinclass
Amountofparticipantswillingtopartakeinsurveyandresearch
DefinitionofTerms
:
Deciduous:
fallingofforoutatacertainseason
DeciduousForest:
aforestinwhichbroadleafleavesfalloffthetreeswhenthewintercomes
Degradation:

theprocessofdamagingorruiningsomething
NoquemanonTrailNetwork(NTN):

isagroupthatdevelopandmaintainaninterconnected,year
round,nonmotorizedlandandwatertrailnetworkinthecentralUpperPeninsulaofMIchigan

InternationalMountainBikingAssociation(IMBA):
Since1988,IMBAhasbeenbringingout
thebestinmountainbikingbyencouraginglowimpactriding,volunteertrailworkparticipation,
cooperationamongdifferenttrailusergroups,grassrootsadvocacyandinnovativetrail
managementsolutions.IMBA'sstaff,chapters,clubsandmembersworktobenefittheentire
mountainbikecommunity.

ChapterII
ReviewofLiterature

Characteristics
WhencharacterizingmountainbikersaccordingtotheBritishCyclingFederation(2015),
mountainbikerscomeinallshapes,sizesandages.Mountainbikershavealsobeenconsidered
tohaveahigherexerciseintensitycomparedtoroadcycling(Padilla,Mujika,andOrananoset
al.2000,Padilla,Mujika,andOrananosetal.2001,Lucia,Hoyos,andCarvajaletal.2003,
FernndezGracia,PerezLandaluce,andRodriguezAlonso2000).Duringroadcompetitions,
cyclistscanreduceoverallenergyusedbydriftingbehindothercyclists(McCole,Clancyand
Conteetal.1990).BasedoffofBerryetal.(2000),therepeatedclimbsanddescentsongravel
roadsandothertrailsaremoreintensecomparedwiththeroadcycling.Thisisbasedoffthecost
ofenergythatittakestorideonaflatsurfacecomparedtotheinclinesanddeclinesofmountain

biking.Roadcyclingstilltakestraining,andhardwork,butmountainbikingismorelabor
intensiveduetothedifficultchangingterrainofthetrails.
AccordingtotheCessfordExperiments(1995),CessfordcharacterizedMountainBikers
bytheirage(Table2.1and2.2),occupation(Table2.1),percentageofmenandwomen
participants(Table2.1and2.2),experiencelevels(Table2.2and2.3),anddifferentlevelsof
commitmentinmountainbikers(Table2.4).

Table2.1:SociodemographicCharacteristics(%)

Table2.2:DescriptiveCharacteristicsbyExperienceLevels(selfrated)(%)

Table2.3:ExperienceCharacteristicsofriders(%)

Table2.4:CommitmentCharacteristicsofRiders

Table2.5:HikerandBicyclistEvaluationofOtherGroupasProblem

*Cessford,G(1995)

TheCessfordexperimentsshowedmorementhanwomenparticipatedinmountain
biking,andmostparticipantswereundertheageoffortyyearsyoung.Themajorityof
participantswerebetweentheagesoftwentyandtwentynineyears,withhighnumbersinthe
lessthan20and3039categories.Mountainbikersstudiedwereprimarilyinaprofessional/
technicaloccupation,andtheotheroccupationswerestudents,administration/management,and
other(nonspecific).Mostfemaleparticipantswerebeginnersundertheageoffortyyearsold.
Themajorityofthemaleparticipantshadsignificantexperienceinfact,somewereexpert
betweentheagesoftwentytotwentynine.Beginnersandthemoderatelyexperiencedriders
typicallywerenotinvolvedwithclubmembershipsprobablyduetonotknowingmuchaboutthe
technicalmechanismsofthesportandnotknowingiftheindividualisgoingtoenjoymountain
biking.Whichcouldalsobeareasonmostmountainbikingbeginnersandintermediateriders
purchasedbikesundertwothousanddollars,andmanyparticipantoccupationswerethoseofthe
middleclass,sosocioeconomicstatusmostlikelyinfluencedtheamountparticipantswere
willingtospendonmountainbiking.Moreexperiencedriderstendedtohaveclubmemberships,
moreexpensivemountainbikes,andweremorelikelytoparticipateinovernightmountain
bikingtrips(Cessford1995).Withmountainbikingbeingacostlyinvestment,andwitha
potentialriskinvolved,workshopsandlessonstoexperiencemountainbikingshouldbe
providedtospreadawarenessandappreciationformountainbiking.
Trails
In1983,thesportofMountainBikinghadabout200,000riders,andhasbeengrowing
rapidlysince.Inthe1990s,therewereabout15millionriders(Keller,1990).Inthe1980s,only
about30%ofmountainbikerstookbikesoffroad,butmountainbikershadagreaterpotentialto

usethetrails(Brown,1988).Asof2005,mountainbikinghadapopulationofapproximately
fortymillion,androadbikinghadapproximatelyseventyfivemillionparticipants.(IMBA
2005).Thepercentageofroadbikingparticipantsisstillsignificantlyhigherthanthosewhich
mountainbike.VanLentheetal.states,populationswithhighersocioeconomicstatusaremore
likelytobicycleinleisuretime,andlowerincomepopulationsaremorelikelytobicyclefor
transportation(IMBA2005).TherearemanymountainbikingtrailsthroughouttheUnited
States,howeverroads,sidewalks,andpavedpathsaremoreaccessibleinurbanareas,suburbs,
anddenselypopulatedareas,thanmountainbikingtrails.

Trailsarenotjustformountainbiking,butmanytrailsaremultipleuse.Peoplealso
participateindifferentactivitiesonthetrails.Hiking,backpacking,mountainbiking,bird
watching,andhorseridingareamongthepopulartrailactivities,withuserpopulationsinthe
millions,(Table2.6).TheInternationalMountainBicyclingAssociationstatesthereareseveral
importantissuesneededtotakeintoconsiderationwhenbuildingtrails(IMBA2005).Trailsare
builtinmanydifferenttypesofterrain,shouldbesustainable,andrequirelittlemaintenance.
Researchontrailconstructionmustbedonepriortobuildinganewtrialsbecausedependingon
theterrainandintendeduse,trailconstructionischanged.

Table2.6:TrailUsePopulations

(Roberts,MD,andOuellet,MD,2011)

From19952009,astudywasconductedthatcomparedinjuriesamongststreetcycling
andmountainbiking(Table2.7).Streetcyclingwasassociatedwithasignificantlyhigher
overallrateofadmissionforsevereinjurythanmountainbicycling(Roberts,MD,andOuellet,
MD,2011),becausethehighestcausesofinjuryinstreetcyclistswereduetofallingoffbicycle,
lostbalance/speedrelatedcause,andcollisiontomotorvehicle.Mountainbikeinjuresoften
occurredfromfallingoffthebicycleduetofailedjumpandtrickattempts,andinjuryduetoloss
ofbalance/speedrelatedcauses,sotheintensityofnumberofinjurieswasmuchlower.
Surprisingly,zeromountainbikeparticipantswereinjuredduetoavoidinganotherpersonor
hittingaparkedcar.Overall,mountainbikingissaferthanstreetcyclingbecausetherearefewer
obstaclestoavoid,sofewerinjuriesoccuramongstmountainbikers.However,injurypatternsin

patientssuchas,traumatothehead(67.4%),chestinjuries(34.1%),andextremities(38.4%)
werecomparable.
Table2.7:TraumaPatientsBetweenStreetCyclistsandMountainBikers
(Roberts,MD,andOuellet,MD,2011)

Conflicts

Afterbuildingatrail,managingthetrailsuseisimportantandthereisthreebasic

categoriestomanagethetrails:Protectingthenaturalresources,maintainingusersafety,and
providinghighqualityuserexperience(Roskowski,1998).Mostconflictsfallintothecategory
ofprovidinghighqualityuserexperience.Whenhikersandbikersaresharingthesametrail
conflictstendtooriginatemorefromtheunacceptablebehaviorsfromthemmembersofoneof
thegroups(Daigle,Watson,Williams,1991).

ChapterIII
Methods

Method
Thepurposeofthestudyistogainknowledgeofthetrailnetworkthroughtheassessment
oftrailusagebyknownoutdoorenthusiasts(ORLMDepartment),comparedtootherstudentsat
NorthernMichiganUniversitytogainavarietyofdemographicsofMarquettecitizens/temporary
residentsaffiliatedwiththeUniversity.Bycollectingthisinformation,thetrailsystemscanbe
assessedtofindifanyimprovementstothetrailscouldbemade,andiftrailawarenessshouldbe
improved.Thetypesofrecreationalactivitiestrailuserspartakewillbedeterminedaswellas
whattrailroutestheparticipantsusemostfrequently.
Theresultswillbeobtainedthroughawrittenquestionnairesurvey.Ourgroupdesigned
multiplechoicequestionstodeterminelevelsofmountainbikingexperience,frequencyofusage,
locationsoftrailusageamongsurveyparticipants,andwhetherornotOutdoorRecreation
studentsandfacultypreferhikinginsteadofmountainbiking.Shortanswerquestionswerealso
includedinthesurveytogainqualitativedataofthereasoningbehindcertaintrailpreferences
andlevelofawarenessofdifferenttrailsavailableinMarquette.

ThetrailsystemsinMarquette,Michiganareuniquewhichprovidesaresearchvariable.
Thetrailsareallconstructeddifferently.SomeoftheNoquemanontrailsarehandbuiltinsteadof
machinebuiltandfollowIMBAguidelines.TheCityMultiUsePath,andpartsoftheNorth
CountryTrailispavedconcrete.Trailuseisanothervariablebecausesomeparticipantsmight

preferhikingthetrailsoverridingonamountainbike.Thestudyhelpsgaininsightandmake
connectionsastowhichtypesoftrailsarepreferedbydifferenttrailuserswhichcanbetterhelp
withtrailmaintenance,construction,improvements,andawareness.Thesamesurveywillalso
begiventootherNorthernMichiganUniversitystudentstocompareresultsamongstoutdoor
professionalswhoaremorelikelytousethetrailsystems.Surveyingavarietyofstudentscan
helpdetermineifmoreawarenessshouldbesharedaboutthedifferenttrailsMarquettehasto
offer,andgainavarietyoftrailpreferencesamongstdifferentdemographicsofpeople.

Theresearchproceduresincludecreatingasurveythatwillhelpgainavarietyofhelpful
qualitativedatatodiscovermoreabouttrailusageinMarquette,Michigan.Bothsurveyswillbe
conducteddoubleblinded.ApapersurveywillbehandedouttothedifferentOutdoorRecreation
classes.Thesamesurveywillbeconductedelectronicallyandprivatelythroughsocialmedia
websitestoreachavarietyofstudentsatNorthernMichiganUniversity.Thequestionnairewill
bepassedouttotheORLMclassesthesameweekthesurveywillbeavailableonline.Afterthe
oneweekperiod,thesurveywillcloseandtheresultswillbereadyforanalysis.

ParticipantsSelection

OutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementstudentsandfacultyarethecontrolgroup.
Thesurveywillbegivento(ORLM)studentsinclassasaconvenientsample,andtheother
studentscanchoosetoparticipateonline.Ourresearchgroupselectedparticipantswhoweknew
werelikelytousethetrailsystemsintheMarquetteareaforhikingandmountainbiking..ORLM
studentsandfacultytendtobeoutdoorenthusiastssoitisverylikelytheOutdoorRecreation
participantsusemostofthetrailsinMarquettefrequently.Togainmoreinformationabouttrail
usage,preference,andawareness,thesurveywillalsobeavailableonlineforotherstudentsat

NorthernMichiganUniversity,whichistheexperimentalgroup.Havingtwogroupstoevaluate
canhelpbetterdeterminethetrailusageinthearea.

Procedures
Thedataforthisstudyisgatheredbytwodifferentformsofthesamesurvey.Thefirst
formofthesurveywaspassedouttoNorthernMichiganUniversityOutdoorRecreation
LeadershipManagementstudentsandfacultyandthesecondformofthesurveywasshared
throughsocialmediaandonNorthernMichiganUniversitysocialmediapages.
WhenthesurveywillbeadministeredtotheOutdoorRecreationLeadership
Management(ORLM)studentsandfaculty,adoubleblindtechniquewillbeused.Thefaculty
memberswilladministerthesurveywithoutknowinganypriorinformationaboutthesurveyor
whythesurveyisbeingconducted.Surveysweregivenoveratwodayperiod,(November10th
and11th,2015),thencollectedthefollowingday(November12th).Theonlinesurveywillbe
availableforoneweekforotherNorthernMichiganUniversitystudents,andcanchoosetotake
thesurveywhentheyhavetime.
TheintentionoftheonlinesurveypostedtoNorthernMichiganUniversitywebpages
wastoobtainmoredatabecauseofthesmallpopulationofOutdoorRecreationLeadership
Managementstudents.Additionally,thiswillenableourresearchteamtoassesshowwellknown
thedifferenttrailsystemsareatNorthernMichiganUniversityinMarquette,Michigan.
Instrument
Forthepurposeofbrevity,thesurveyinitiallyconsistingoffifteenquestions.Nine
questionswereultimatelychosen,theideabeingthatwedidnotwanttobuildaquestionnaire
whichwouldcauseourparticipantstobecomecomplacent.Thisundesirableresultcouldleadto

participantschoosinganswersatrandomwithoutgenuineconsideration,therebyreducingthe
validityoftheresearch.
Inbuildinganeffectivesurvey,researchersconfirmedthespecificneedsofoursurveyby
utilizingoutsideresources.Themostimportantconsiderationwhendesigningasurveyisto
selectthosequestionsthatwillbesthelpyouachievethegoalsestablishedforyourproject
(Barr,2005).Thiswasimportanttokeepinmindaswedevelopedoursurveyquestions,
maintainingasenseofcontinuityinlinewiththeinformationsoughtonNTNtrailusage.upon
furtherinvestigationoftheliterature,theresearchteamconfirmedthatthedevelopedsurveywas,
infact,ontherighttracktoeffectivelyservetheneedsoftheresearchquestion.
DataCollection
Participantscompletedasinglesurveyforthisstudy.Thedatawasgatheredfromtwo
differentformsdependingiftheywerepartoftheORLMprogramwhotookapapersurvey
comparedtothenonORLMstudentsatNorthernMichiganUniversitywhotookthesurvey
online.Thesurveyincludedtohelpdeterminewhichtrailswereusedthemost.Tocompletethe
survey,participantwereaskedtoansweraseriesofquestionsabouttheirtrailuseandwhat
activitytheydo.Alsowhattheirexperiencelevelisforthatactivity.Theparticipantwereasked
tocirclearangegrouporwhichoneismostlikeme.Alsotheparticipantswereaskedto
answerthequestionsinabriefsentenceortwo.Theobjectofthesurveywastofindwhichtrails
areinhigheruseandhowtheothertrailscanbeimprovedtoincreasetheknowledgeofthose
trailsthatarentbeingusedasmuch.
HandlingofData
Personalinformationoftheparticipantsremainanonymoustoensurethesafetyand

confidentialityoftheparticipantsinthisstudy.Thedatawascollectedfromtheonlinesurveysis
storedonasecure,passwordprotectedcomputer.ThepapersurveyssubmittedbytheORLM
programwereshreddedafterdatawascollected
AnalysisofData
AbreakdownoftheinformationcollectedthroughtheORLMandonlinesurveyshave
beensetagainsteachotherinordertoassesssimilaritiesanddifferencesintrailusagebetween
knownoutdoorrecreationenthusiastsandthegeneralpopulationoftheareainMarquette,MI.
Thisstudyutilizedstatisticalanalysisofthesurveyanswersprovidedandwerecarefully
analyzedforoutliersandvaliditywithintherangeofanswers.

ChapterIV

Results

AsurveywasconductedamongstOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement(ORLM)
studentsandfacultyatNorthernMichiganUniversity(NMU).Thesamesurveywasalsogiven
toothermajorsatNMU.Thesurveydatawillprovideresearchthatcomparesthetrailusagein
Marquette,MichiganamongstOutdoorRecreationMajorsandFacultyMembers,withother
studentsatNMU.Thetypesofrecreationaltrailusagewillbedeterminedaswellaswhattrail
routestheparticipantsusemostfrequently.Withresearchandevaluation,populartrailscanbe
determinedwhichcanhelpbettermanagehighfoottraffictrailsandlessfavoredtrailscanbe

determinedwhichcanhelptoimproveandpromotethelesspopulartrails,aswellasfindif
additionalmaintenancevolunteersandbettertrailadvertisementisneededthroughoutthe
network.
QualitativeData:
FourofthesurveyquestionsrequiredOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement
studentstoparticipantstorespondinshortanswerformat.FortypeoplefromtheOutdoor
RecreationLeadershipManagementdepartmentparticipatedinthestudy,andtwentyseven
studentsfromothermajorsatNorthernMichiganUniversityparticipatedinthestudy.
The1stshortanswerquestionaskshowparticipantsheardaboutthetrailsavailableinthe
Marquettearea.70%ofORLMstudents,and81%ofotherstudentssurveyed,heardofthe
differenttrailsthroughwordofmouthand/orthroughfriends.ManyoftheOutdoorRecreation
studentsalsofoundtrailsthroughexploring,researching,andstudyingmapsofthearea.ORLM
participantslistedOutdoorRecreationfacultyasanoutlettodiscovertrailsinMarquette.Only
fiveNonOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementmajorsfoundtrailsthroughexploring.A
largeportionoftheNonORLMstudentssurveyed,foundtrailsthroughsocialmediaand
brochures,inadditiontowordofmouth.
The2ndshortanswerquestionasksifanytrailsinMarquette,MIareunfamiliar.The
datashowninthetablebelow,representsthepercentageofparticipantsthatspecificallywrote
whichtrailswereunfamiliar.(SeeTable4.0)22%ofparticipantsfromnonORLMmajorsdid
notknowwhereanyofthetrailswerelocated,andmanyparticipantswereonlyawareofthe
MultiUsePathandPresqueIslePark.Atotalofnineparticipantschosenottoanswerthe
question.Veryfewparticipantsinbothcategoriesknewaboutallthetrailsavailablein

Marquette,Michigan.Thereweretwononmajorsandsevenmajorsawareofallthetrails
availableinthearea.
Shortanswerquestion3asksifparticipantswouldliketoseemoreactivities,orspecial
eventsonthetrails.59%ofnonORLMmajorschosetorespondtothequestion.Outofthose
whoresponded,12%ofparticipantssuggestedthetrailsneedbetterpublicity,ayearrounddog
parkwithafewtrails,andbeginnermountainbikingclasses.12%ofparticipantsalsodidnot
wanttoseeanyadditionalactivitiesonthetrails.However,onecommentstatedthereshouldbe
designatedtrailsforactivities.Othersuggestionsweretohavebikingandhikingactivitiesthat
connectedstudentswithothercommunitymembers,tohaveholidaywalkssuchasahaunted
walk,snowshoeraces,andworkshopswhereparticipantscantrycrosscountryskiing,or
snowshoeing.
52.5%ofORLMstudentsandfacultystatedmoreactivitiesandspecialeventsshouldbe
presentonthetrails.8%wouldenjoymorecrosscountry,ortrailrunningraces,and8%would
liketoseemoremountainbikingevents,especiallyforwomen.Otherideasweretrailawareness
day,opencommunityhikingandroadbikinggroups,guidedwaterfallhikes,obstaclecourses,
livemusic,andbirdandwildlifeeducation.Outofalltheparticipants,threeanswerswere
inappropriate.
Thefinalshortanswerquestionaskedparticipantsifanyimprovementsshouldbemade
tothetrailsystemsinMarquette,Michigan.75%ofOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement
studentsandfacultyansweredthequestion.Outofthat,fiftythreepercentofparticipantsstated
noimprovementscouldbemade.Outofthetotalparticipants13%stated,thetrailsneedbetter
signage,trailheads,andmaps.Another13%suggestedthetrailsshouldbebettermaintained

throughouttheseasons,andenvironmentalimpacttothetrailsshouldbereassessed.6%agreed
uponatrashproblemamongstthetrails.6%ofparticipantsnotedmoreadvertisingofthe
differenttrailsystemsshouldbepresent.Onepersonstatedthereshouldbemorecamping
accessibleoffcertaintrails.
FiftyfivepercentofotherstudentsatNorthernMichiganUniversityparticipatedinthe
finalquestion.Twentysixpercentofstudentsstatedtrailsshouldbebetteradvertisedoncampus,
andmapsandbrochuresshouldbeavailableforstudents.Another26%ofparticipantsstatedno
improvementscouldbemadetothetrailsystemsinMarquette,Michigan.Twentypercent
thoughttrashwasanissueonthetrails.Otherideasfortrailimprovementswerebenchesandrest
areas,havingagrillorfireareaondifferenttrails,andcollaboratingtrailbuildingortrailcleanup
workshopswithNorthernMichiganUniversitystudents.Anotherstudentstatedmore
informationorprogramsshouldbeavailableaboutdayhikesandovernights,specificallyonthe
NorthCountryTrail.

TablesandFigures:
Table4.0UnfamiliarTrailsinMarquette,MI

Noquemanon TheFitStrip

City

PresqueIsle

IronOre

Trails

MultiUse

ParkTrails

Heritage

Other

Trail

Path(Bike
Path)
ORLM

35%

42%

12.5%

0%

40%

HarlowLake

Students

Hogback

andfaculty

EchoLake
MorganFalls

NonORLM
Majors

3%

10%

0%

0%

28%

Topofthe
World(1)
LittleGarlic
(2)

ORLMMajors,Minors,andFacultyResults
Figure4.1ParticipantsResponsestotheSurveyQuestions

Thefigure4.1above,showsthequantitativeresultsforORLMstudentsatNMU.Acopy
ofthesurveyquestionscanbefoundinAppendixA.Question1showstherelationshipbetween
thestudentswhobike,hikeanddootheractivitiesonthetrials.Thebikersareinlightblue,the
hikersareinorangeandtheothercategoryiscoloredgray.Question2showstheamountof
timesthatourparticipantsusethedifferenttrailsystems.Thelightblueis03times,orangeis
47times,grayis815times,andyellowisfor16+timespermonth.Question3discusseswhich
trailstheparticipantsused.TheNoquemanonNorthTrailislightblue,theNoquemanonSouth
trailisorange,theFitStripisgray,theCityofMultiUsePathisyellow,thePresqueIslePark
Trailsareblue,theIronOreHeritageTrailisgreen,theNorthCountrytrailisdarkblue,andthe
othertrialsthatareusedaredarkorange.Question4askstheparticipantslevelofexperiencefor
mountainbiking.Iftheparticipantdoesnotmontainbike,theyareinlightblue.Orange

representsbeginnerskilllevel,grayisintermediate,expertisshowninyellow,and
semiprofessionalisblue.Sincetherearenoprofessionalmountainbikers,thereisnodatashown
fortheprofessionalcategory.Question5askshowoftenNorthernMichiganUniversityOutdoor
RecreationLeadershipManagementstudentsthinkfellowOutdoorRecreationLeadership
Managementstudentsusethetrails.Thelightblueisfor0to3times,orangeisfor4to7times,
grayisfor8to15times,andtheblueisfor16ormoretimesamonththeythinktheirfellow
OutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementclassmatesusethetrails.
Figure4.2WhichactivitiesdoyoupartakeonthetrailsintheMarquettearea?

Figure4.2showstherelationshipbetweenMountainBikers,Hikersandtheotherusesforthe
trailsintheMarquette,MichiganareathatthestudentsintheORLMstudentsatNMUpartake.

Figure4.3

Figure4.3showthecomparisonofhowmanytimeseachORLMstudentatNMUusesthetrail
systemspermonth.

Figure4.4Whichtrailssystemdoyouusemostfrequently?Ifyouusemultipletrails,
numberthemwith1beingthemostused.

Figure4.5Howwouldyourateyourlevelofmountainbikingexperience?

Figure4.5showsthelevelofmountainbikingexperienceforeachparticipantthatcompleted
thissurveyquestion.
Figure4.6HowoftendoyouthinkotherOutdoorRecreationstudentsusethetrailseach
month.

Figure4.6showshowoftenORLMstudentsatNMUthinkotherOutdoorRecreationstudentsat
NMUusetrailsystemsaroundtheMarquettearea.

NonORLMMajorsResults
Figure4.7WhichactivitiesdoyoupartakeonthetrailsintheMarquettearea?

Figure4.7showstherelationshipbetweenMountainBikers,hikersandtheotherusesforthe
trailsintheMarquette,MichiganareathatthestudentsinthenonOutdoorRecreation
LeadershipManagementstudentsatNMUpartakein.


Figure4.8Howfrequentdoyouusethetrailspermonth?

Figure4.8showsthecomparisonofhowmanytimeseachnonOutdoorRecreationLeadership
ManagementstudentatNMUusesthetrailsystemspermonth.


Table4.9RankwhichtrailsysteminMarquetteyouusemostfrequently

Table4.9

Figure5.0Howwouldyourateyourlevelofmountainbikingexperience?

Figure5.0above,showsthelevelofmountainbikingexperienceforeachnonOutdoor
RecreationLeadershipManagementparticipantthatcompletedthissurveyquestion


Table5.1HowOftendoyouthinkyourpeersusethetrailsystemseachmonth?

Table5.1

Figure5.1andTable5.1showhowoftennonOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement
studentsatNorthernMichiganUniversitythinkothernonOutdoorRecreationLeadership
ManagementstudentsatNMUUniversityusetrailsystemsaroundtheMarquettearea.

ChapterV
Discussion

SummaryofStudy
ThestudyprovidedresearchcomparingthetrailusageinMarquette,Michiganamongst
OutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementMajorsandFacultyMemberscomparedtoNon
OutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementMajors.Thepurposeofthestudyistogain
knowledgeofthetrailnetworkthroughtheassessmentoftrailusagebyknownoutdoor
enthusiasts(ORLMDepartment),comparedtootherstudentsatNorthernMichiganUniversityto
gainavarietyofdemographicsofMarquettecitizens/temporaryresidentsaffiliatedwiththe
University.Bycollectingthisinformation,thetrailsystemscanbeassessedtofindifany
improvementstothetrailscouldbemade,andiftrailawarenessshouldbeimproved.Thetypes
ofrecreationalactivitiestrailuserspartakewillbedeterminedaswellaswhattrailroutesthe
participantsusemostfrequently.Withresearchandevaluation,populartrailscanbedetermined
whichcanhelpbettermanagehighfoottraffictrailsandlessfavoredtrailscanbedetermined
whichcanhelptoimproveandpromotethelesspopulartrails.
DiscussionofFindings
Basedonsurveydata,moreOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement(ORLM)
studentspartakeinhikingmorethanmountainbikingandotheractivitiesonthetrailssystemsin
Marquette,Michigan.ThemostfrequentnumberoftimestheORLMstudentsusedthetrails
were715timesamonth,whiletheresultsshowedthattheremainingseventeenORLMstudents
thoughtthattheirfellowstudentsusedthetrails47timesamonth.ThirteenORLMstudents

thoughtthattheirfellowOLRMstudentsusedthetrails815timesamonth.Thedataalsoshows
thevariationintrailsusedbyORLMsurveyparticipantsduringthemonth,asobservedbythe
resultstoQuestion3ofthesurvey,foundinAppendixA.Thesignificancetotheresearchisin
theinformationgainedthevarietyoftrailsusedbyeachparticipantalongwithwhichtrailsare
themost,andleast,popularinthearea.Ofthoselistedinoursurvey,themostpopulartrailsare
theCityMultiUsePath,thePresqueIsleParkTrailsandtheNorthCountryTrail.Theleast
populartrailsaretheFitStripandtheIronOreHeritageTrail.
Fromthedata,morenonOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementstudentspartake
inhikingthanmountainbikinganddoingotheractivitiesonthetrailsystemsinMarquette,
Michigan.ThemostfrequentnumberoftimesthenonOutdoorRecreationLeadership
Managementstudentsusedthetrailswere0to3timesamonth.15studentsthoughtthattheir
peerswouldusethetrails4to7timesamonthandsixstudentsthoughtthattheirfellowstudents
wouldusethetrails8to15timesamonth.ThenonOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement
studentsuseddifferenttrailsthroughoutthemonthbecauseparticipantsusedmultipletrailson
questionthreeonthesurveywhichislocatedinAppendixA.Thisissignificantbecausethis
showsthattheparticipantsareusingmultipletrailsthroughoutthemonthandwhichtrailsarethe
morepopularandtheleastpopulartrailsinthearea.Themostpopulartrailsarewhatthe
participantsnumberonetheCityMultiUsePath,thePresqueIsleParkTrailsandtheNorth
CountryTrail.TheleastpopulartrailsarewhattheparticipantnumberedassevenistheIronOre
HeritageTrail.
ControlGroupComparison

ThecontrolgroupinthisstudyweretheparticipantsfromtheOutdoorRecreation
LeadershipManagementmajorandotherORLMpersonnel,incomparisonwiththegeneral
population,theexperimentalgroup.Itwasinterestingtoseethedifferenceandsimilarities
betweenthegroups.ItshowsthatthemajorityofOutdoorRecreationstudentsliketostayactive
bybeingoutdoors.ThestatisticsshowedthatOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagement
studentslikedtohikemostonthetrailsaroundtheMarquettearea.Thestudentsusethetrailsin
theMarquetteareaaround815timespermonth.ThemostcommonlyusedtrailintheMarquette
areaisthePresqueIsleParkTrails.Whenaskedtoratetheirmountainbikingexperiencelevel,
themajorityofstudentsconsideredthemselvesataBeginnerlevel.TheOutdoorRecreation
LeadershipManagementstudentsthinkthatotherOutdoorRecreationmajorsusethetrails815
timespermonth.
TheNonOutdoorRecreationstudentsalsoenjoyedhikingthemostonMarquettearea
trails.ThesestudentsusethetrailsaroundtheMarquettearea03timepermonth.Whenasked
whattrailsystemwasusedmostintheMarquettearea,PresqueIsleParkTrailswasreportedas
thethemostfrequented.Whenaskedtoratetheirpersonallevelofmountainbikingexperience,
themajorityofthestudentsgaveananswerofintermediate.Thestudentsthinkthattheirpeers
usethetrailsintheMarquetteareaaround47timespermonth.
Implications:
Thisstudyislegitimatebecauseitgivesaninsightintohowthetrialsarebeingused,as
wellaswhichtrailsareusedmost.Also,datafromthisstudyshowswhichtrailareusedfor
differenttypesofactivities.ByusingtheORLMstudentsasthecontroltheresearchgroupwas
abletocompareittothenonORLMstudentswhichwastheindependentvariable.Theresearch

groupwasabletodeterminethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthemandthisisimportant
becausetheresearcherscandeterminewhichtrailsthemajorityoftheparticipantsused.Also
whatthemajorityoftheparticipantslikedtodoonthetrails.
Therewereacoupleofissuesthattheresearchgroupcameacross,thefirstbeinga
restrictedamountoftimetocollectdata.Anotherwasensuringthatparticipantgavehonest
answerstothesurveyquestionandthat
all
surveyquestionswereanswered.Researchersalso
feltthatsomeofthesurveyquestionscouldberefined.Oneofthesequestionsaskedwhichtrails
aremostfrequentlyusedandforeachparticipanttoratetheirusagenumerically.
RecommendationsforFurtherResearch
:
ResearchingthetrailsystemsintheMarquetteareaposedmanyideastoimprovethetrail
systems.Whenanalyzingsurveyresults,manyNonORLMstudentswereinterestedin
participatinginoutdoorrecreationactivitiesandintegratingopportunitiesamongstallstudents,
andcommunitymembers,notjustthroughtheOutdoorRecreationdepartment.ManyNorthern
MichiganUniversitystudentsseemedtohaveaninterestinhikingorutilizingthedifferenttrail
systemsinMarquette,butwereunawareoftheopportunitiesaroundduetopoorlocationsof
signage,andlackofpromotion.NorthernMichiganUniversityshouldworkwiththeOutdoor
Recreationdepartment,andcommunityorganizationstobetterpromotethetrails,provideevents,
andactivities.ResearchonimprovingsignageandimplementingactivitiesforNorthern
MichiganStudentsshouldbeassessed.
Theresearchprocessposedafewimplications.Whenanalyzingsurveyquestionnaire
results,eachquestionparticipantswereaskedseemedtoevokefurtherquestioningorresearch.

Morequestionsshouldhavebeenaddedtothesurvey,andthewordingofthequestionsshould
havebeennarrowedinordertogainappropriateandusefulinformation.
Withanincreaseinmountainbikerparticipants,andagrowingrateoftourismin
Michigan,thetrailsystemsmustbemaintainedinordertoreduceimpactandpreservethetrails
forfuturegenerations.Furtherresearchontrailmaintenanceisrecommended.IMBAprovidesa
standard,forbuildingandmaintainingtrailsystems,whichcanbeacquiredthrough,
IMBATrail
Solutions
.AnotheroutletfortrailbuildingisthroughtheNationalParkService.NPScompileda
trailbuildingmanualavailableonlineforpublicuse.
ConcludingComments
Thetimeframeofthestudymadestudyingmountainbikingandhikingtrailsdifficult.
Thetimingofthefallseasonposedproblemsbecausetrailusagedecreasedoncetheweather
startedgettingcolder.Ifthesurveyandresearchofthisstudywasissuedinthesummerorduring
warmfallmonths,physicallygettingouttothedifferenttrailheadstoasktrailusersquestions,or
handoutawebsitelinktothesurvey,wouldhavegeneratedmoreresults.Itwassurprisingthat
peoplewereunawareoftheIronOreHeritageTrail.
BrianPolston
Itwasaninterestingdiscoverytofindmanyparticipantswereunawareofthe
NoquemanonTrailNetwork,whichisthemostrecognizabletrailsystemintheMarquettearea.
Manypeopleknowthetrails,butdonotknowtheexactnameofthetrail.WhenAnalyzing
results,moreinformationneededtoberequiredtogainbetterassumptionsandconnections
betweenstudentsandtrailusage.Whenparticipantswereaskedtorankthetrailsusedmost
frequently,thereasoningbehindthefrequentusagewasleftunanswered.Thesurveyshouldhave

alsoaddressedwhycertaintrailsarepreferedbytheparticipant,suchastrailfeatures,attractions,
terrain,seclusionoftrail,etc.ConductingresearchonmountainbiketrailsinMarquettewas
intriguingbecauseIspentthesummerbuildingmountainbikingandhikingtrailsthroughoutthe
UpperPeninsulathroughtheGreatLakesConservationCorps.Iwouldliketoproposethe
researchanddatacollectedinthefuturetohelpimprovetheMarquetteareatrailsystems,and
workwithNorthernMichiganUniversitytointegrateandenhanceoutdoorrecreation
opportunitiesforstudents.
NatalieKretlow
Ihavereallyenjoyconstructingourresearcharticle.Itturnedoutprettywell,thereis
someroomforimprovementsthough.Someofourquestioncouldhavebeenwordeddifferently,
ormoreclearlystatedtohelpusgetbetterresults.Ienjoyedourresearchtopicthoughitfitright
intoourOutdoorRecreationLeadershipManagementmajor.Mountainbikinghasbeengrowing
inpopularityasarecreationactivityandsport,especiallyhereinMarquette.
JoeyKrupp
Movingintothecoldermonths,ourinitialresearchquestion(basedontrailerosion)
wouldhavebeendifficulttostudy.Thequestionoftrailusage,Ithink,wasalsoimpactedbythe
timeofyear.IfthissurveyhadbeengiventostudentstowardtheendofSeptemberorearly
October,itismyopinionthattherewouldhavebeenahighernumberofresponses,withhigher
levelsoftrailusageforvaryingactivities,especiallybynonORLMstudents.Ifthatwerethe
case,itnullifiestheideathatwhenparticipantstookthesurvey,theywereconsideringpersonal
yearroundtrailusewhenansweringsurveyquestions.
ChrisPeterson

Appendix
A.

SurveyQuestions
1. WhichactivitiesdoyoupartakeonthetrailsintheMarquetteArea?
a. bike
b. hike
c. other_____________________

2. Howfrequentdoyouusethetrailspermonth?
a. 03times
b. 47times
c. 815times
d. 16ormore

3. Whichtrailsystemsdoyouusemostfrequently?Ifyouusemultipletrails,numberthem
with1beingthemostused.
a. NoquemanonNorthTrails
b. NoquemanonSouthTrails
c. TheFitStrip
d. CityMultiUsePath(BikePath)
e. PresqueIsleParkTrails
f. IronOreHeritageTrail
g. NorthCountryTrail
h. Other____________________

4. Howwouldyourateyourlevelofmountainbikingexperience?
a. Donotmountainbike
b. Beginner
c. Intermediate
d. Expert
e. SemiPro
f. Pro
g. ScottJordan

5. Howoftendoyouthinkotheroutdoorrecstudentsusethetraileachmonth?
a. 03
b. 47
c. 815
d. 16+

6. HowdidyoufindoutaboutthedifferenthikingandbikingtrailsavailableinMarquette?
7. ArethereanytrailsinMarquettethatyouareawareof,butunfamiliarwith,andtheir
trailheadloc?
8. Arethereanyactivitiesorspecialeventsyouwouldliketoseeatthetrails?
9. ArethereanyimprovementsthatcouldbemadetothetrailsystemsinMarquette?

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