Part A: (139%) The di ASTRONOMY 101 ‘THIRD HOUR EXAM — NAME alasegh am at right illustrates ‘models for the interiors of Europa, Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune. Each model has four layers. Fill in the composition and physical state (¢. “liquid unobtainium”) ofeach layer inthe table below. In every ease, layer “A” isthe outermost layer (the one you see visually) and is usually to thin to show up on the diagram. For example, Layer A on Jupiter isis atmosphere, Inthe last row ofthe table, foreach object, identity the layer (use the letter) which astronomers believe is responsible for ‘generating that object's magnetic field eee i 18 F 8 Neptune saturn Tape Tee Sm Tepe “ Tee (utter) | Melee A, Ie ben ares phere! 17, Fete ¥ = | ‘pid weer | BOR | Mebewlor | pola Liye fiaegen | thdgen Hyder c Aerallc 7) igh pepo wa] Melallic | gtua’” 7 | ite Va yéegen Mysegen | ° ka atte | robice | hear | rob jet ene (gold) core Gad ere concn |B we | ow | BePart B: (21%) Explain the significance the following objects or concepts in the context ofthe course, Do any 7. Write the numbers ofthe two items you wish to omit here: omrr 2 Janay 1 The planets encountered bythe Voyager2spacerat ving Seewent om a Grand Tour” of fhe osler ke Sher bry, ne. The idermehin ex fiom 1 iter Shans Uranus, and Mephune. The Hits eee vias als a so eect cod ae 2 be eel” ack of Ye ple, is “footie Spee. Ser el + 2, The Tharsis dome = 3 i nization oy "gen hy doyen is tented and oled inl ike sens by ai ue pardicles " Boacear ace chewed ox e ve es bee elle cf Agiler wl Seboon. 4, ALH84001 a“ 5. Deimos Deimos is one of fy Macs’ solelles. Te is aa Han the other {obe) eines has an ineegalar shee and fhe! composi fan fe cele lr ls it is possible tat Deimas wos coptred from pore: 26. Cassini's Division Cassini's Division yicon Minas or division ea ws BEA wings, Saturn's ad ig raqponitile for He. in plhee -l P cents ‘4 moone, Dt ig responsible fr Eneelelvel is Milty sore 2 Seat et Sy eel ab hothe ee Seti Brcladas is very oe Td aber Hak clo a8 dels 93 voek ON SI Be Cgeelades a conte opting ote, ont of gfe on m meapes ie geovhy gad | composes the F vi Be pie eater epee EE iT eblokes is ge cai a 8, Clathrate 9, Neptune’s internal source tod. The t Nene Hs sarolure 7s hiker Hon ex pected. This Ge Oe LS Sp slant Howaters et here fan Preeplfalin (like Klara docs) end dhrald ave long age lest its grantaheu) ‘21g. onergy fromm Lovim tion. Wile TE ne 1606 Hl) have grow'tofon) StH oe Cian enced wei the the Hen cits (only M eed 1 be ‘adjueted. woot Part C: (34%) Muluple choice. Select the appropriate completion. Enter the letter in the blank. 1A isthe most sbundant consent ofthe mass-energy content ofthe Universe? *) Dark Enersy Inertia H+ He 6) Hand Hein stars &) Dark Mater ©) Newwinos_C Compared to the seasons on Earth, the changes due to seasons on Mars ‘A) are milder because of reduced axial til 'B)are more extreme because the Martian atmosphere isso thin. (are more extreme because ofa larger orbital eccentricity 1D) are more extreme because ofa larger axial tilt are milder because itis always so cold on Mars seasons can have little effect. ‘Shephera” satellites are so called because they A) restrict the orbits of planetary ring particles BB) tend t collect and concentrate the magnetic field lines in a planet's magnetosphere ©) eject particles into a “herd” that follows the shepherd in its orbit D) move medium-sized satellites into orbits that are in resonance with theirs ) cause rings to clump up inspiral density waves 4.E The atmosphere of Earth is mostly nitrogen, with a surface pressure of 1000 milibars. The ‘atmosphere of Titan is A) mostly methane, with a sure pressure of 1100 mlibas. 'B) mostly carbon dioxide, with a surface pressure of 6 millibars, ©) mostly hydrogen, with a surface pressure of 600 millibars D) mostly oxygen, negligible surface pressure ) mostly nitrogen, with a surface pressure of 1600 millibars 5. Bythe Valle of the Mariners on Mars is ‘A. adried river bed/outflow channel similar to the Grand Canyon, but aseetenicstike Faber much larger ‘atectoniccike fault ‘lava channel fed by several extinet voleanos ‘a scar produced by ancient tidal stresses, crackin the Martian erust caused by an ancient impact roap 6. _Ettuyzens isthe name of ‘A) the German astronomer who discovered a planet by accident the German astronomer who discovered a planet based on mathematical predictions of its existence and position (C) a spacecraft that landed on the surface of Titan B) a Dutch painter in the baroque period who depicted mythological scenes like the encounters of Jupiter and lo yan American astronomer who popularized the Idea of ineligent Ife on Mars 7. the sings of Neptune itfer from those of Uranus in that {A they are one continaous sheet, like Jupiter's, but with few gaps 'B) they form distinct bright ares, rather than complete rings. ) they lie more than $ planetary radi rom the planet D) they are notin the plant's equatorial plane. B) they are all produced by ejection of material from the surfaces of Neptune's moons8D. the polar caps of Mats are made of 'A) pure slid earbon dioxide B) water ice ammonia 1D) solid carbon dioxide and water ice ) water ie and ammonia. Yr ite tae o0n oF Nepane. is eres a oun ce and geysers emiting fA) water vp st sa B)aiogen paul dioxide D) carbon dioxide E) methane 10 A the ntrnationl Astronomical Union as ben desided tht Pio should clled “dwarf planet,” rather than a “planet” because it ‘As not cleared its orbit of other objects, some of which are about the same size B) is made of ie, softs into neither the Jovian nor the terestral planet category ‘©phas neither a magnetic field nor an atmosphere D)is too small E)all ofthe above 11. ons te ote slr stem tat how alow dens of impact raters on ii Surfaces probably ‘A) have, or have “recently” had, warm interiors. B) are shielded by the bulk and the gravitaonal fel oftheir planet. (Cate shielded by the magnetosphere of ther planet. D) ae captured asteroids or dwatf planets. £) have had their smaller erates obliterated by one large impact. 12E ‘The trend among the four Jovian planes is that those withthe larger masses also tend to have A) more prominent rings B) slower rotation rates © greater density _D) poorer alignment of orbital and spin axes. Bj closer alignment of magnetic field and spin axes 15..B nie ote ftowing statements is tre? Because ofl forces ‘Ay Ta prices n Son's ings il venta fal inf it etephee 3) Ton wl we deatoyed Stn as he egestas fay planet D) Manda experiences vleanie—ptons B Allo the abovejanymede, the largest satellite in the solar system, has a surface "A) made of rock, with an age similar to that of the lunar highlands. 'B) made ofa mixture of ice and rock, with many extinct shield voleanos, and an age similar to that of the lunar maa (©) made of solid hydrogen, with an age similar to that ofthe lunar highlands. 1D) made of water ice, with some very old, but some relatively young tetain showing ‘evidence of ancient tectonie activity .) made of water ie, with an age of less than a billion years due to recent melt 15, AP Most of the surface ofthe planet Mars falls into one or the other of two categories: (Af 4) Old southern highlands // younger northern lowlands BB) planet-wide rolling plains // two isolated, very young “continents” © very dry polar regions // equatorial regions dominated by underground water in the form of permafrost heavily cratered lowlands 3 Gyr-old voleanic uplands. )a light reddish-colored “leading” hemisphere // a darker-red “tailing hemisphere” 16, C Ifa large asteroid like Ceres wanders inside the Roche limit ofa plane, it ‘A) will be captured and become a satellite of the planet in almost every case B) wil slow down, but wil only be captured if t's density is lower than that of the planet. ©) willbe torn into small fragments by tidal effects. 'D) can be accelerated by the planet's magnetic field, and may wind up in the Oortclovd if ‘the angle is right. E) will stow down singe it has entered the planet's atmosphere, and will most likely impact the planet ina few thousand orbits. 1A. Models forthe atmosphere of Titan prec recitation of liquid methane o thane CObcrvatonal evidence supporting these model nee, ‘A) Sie looking synthe aperure radar nage tht show raar-dark areas inthe polar region that paren vay ise wih ssn Ulivi mages that show fled iver alleys ()spestoscopic measurement ta show th presen of iid hydrocarbons, possibly thane ling fom the atmosphere Dp. two of tee probes dropped tough he aospheremmeatly sank blow he turfs and cs asian tal distortion observed for Titan cn only be expand if ha tigi sure lyrPart B: (12%) Answer any TWO of following questions witha short essay, Write the number of the item you wish to omit here: 1. The effective surface temperature of Saturn is 95 K. This temperature is higher than expected for small objects with similar albedos and locations. (e.g, Saturn's satellite Rhea, or particles in its rings) (a) What is albedo? (b) How do astronomers account for Saturn’s high temperature? / 2. Vera Rubin (Vasa, 1948 is often sited as the woman who discovered dark mate.” Robin's discovery stemmed fom her wotkon the rotation curves of individual galaxies like MBI Explain what th rotation carve” of gaan iste on) and how cou be sed o det _ the presence of dark mater, eater mal of the rolattenl apeed us. tle di fron oe a tDiedh aged ile tors of be ly ne edie n Mess, lex pee The expe! oll i oe ecomel the sche cee fot haere f vesenhle Line fT BE Ish fo fle couluton tok thee must be rare conus, “Mrenwell Thoyht, This wnexpeeleh mass coms from , 3 re, fle galcy Hn provely deck matter. / a ~ pale Disfance3. No space fas very ome cls enough to dse he individu bet hat make up the tings of any ple etantonomes ae oer) god ena hes oe pares ar Crp apart rigs ot Una ss Speaysrein, when temee Son's ‘apni fan aoe ome Seo 9 Speoamcstome pp mpage Fe ecnrant oP peluds hes to do, wnth te tte id sai ayctom wish b ehikn sized of peices, 0p gl a ote ‘C eydeon is "beth wal ia He’ gun. A spececrAl ts repired ee th Slee the picking , : lane} fare, will have, bright cad, Seder bards where the Vilas Oe Te Ps ae Boch is ease ie Ciligeer gle rigs Faller perticks ave Pt, pt Tage Chilahoshy b = aoPart F: (10%) Answer any ONE of following questions with a short essay. Write the number of the item you wish to omit here: 1, Describe the evidence thatthe surface of Mars was warmer and much wetter in the past. Secitically, explain (a) How long ago was it actually raining on the surface of Mars? What is the evidence for this date? Be specific. (b) What is the evidence that there once was liquid water on Mars, but without rain, How long ago? What is the evidence for this dat {(€) Whats the evidence that rocks at certain lander sites on Mars were once under water? a {(@) Whats the evidence that water is present on Mars right now inthe form of ice? {c) some claim that there is evidence that water has liquefied on or very near the surface of Mars [ou extdesrites te suc of ate “ost ate inthe slr se” Is fvesuee odor goug” Hote cold How dome know? {0 Deseret kntsof acy king pon ound evens at hiatal Tnpeang. Menton te prea rss inted Deh mcbride 89 a Ot Iprown ct ee Mts 684 Tk ee olden. The KLE Re real of Be Ef) Gout on To en ip endened by He volasen ny ach lecwves, which ore cotsheath chaying iS ome Eales od 1 eh “alte panes oma, ens ic explions. Tos tage eleenee, Leki, 1s cm ig shel rs pimgretesphere. ‘These pertioles are sun eet pel Lh ehey Flange nag. In. Topilrs spe ple I Coe He cave of aclistl, on To. 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