Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
EXERCISE
NOTE:
Chapter 9:
Physical and Cognitive Development in
Middle and Late Childhood
1
Physical Changes and Health
Injuries - are the leading cause of death during middle and late
childhood
Overweight Children
NOTE:
THE BRAIN
Body mass index categorizes an individual to be obese,
NOTE:
NOTE:
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Cardiovascular Diseases
NOTE:
Cancer
Cancer - is the 2nd leading cause of death in children 514 years old
bone
lymph nodes
kidney
brain
muscles
nervous system
2
CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES
Possible Causes:
Intervention:
SCOPE OF DISABILITIES
Learning Disabilities
Learning disability difficulty in learning that involves
understanding or using spoken or written language, and the
difficulty can appear in listening, reading, thinking, writing, and
spelling
Minimum IQ level
Significant difficulty in a school-related area
Exclusion of severe emotional disorders, second-language
background, sensory disabilities, and/or specific neurological
deficits
Genetics
Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development
Cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development
Later peak for cerebral cortex thickening
ADHD Treatment:
NOTE:
Causes:
Genetics
Brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and
neurotransmitters
Mutations missing or duplicated pieces of DNA on
chromosome 16
EDUCATIONAL ISSUES
1975 laws passed requiring all public schools to serve disabled
Criticism:
children
Neo-Piagetians argue that Piaget got some things right, but that
theory needs considerable revision
- more emphasis on attention, memory, and
strategy use
INFORMATION PROCESSING
3
COGNITIVE CHANGES
PIAGETS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY
Concrete Operational Stage
Concrete operational stage
-
ages 7 to 11
children can perform concrete operations and reason logically
reasoning can only be applied to specific, concrete examples
ability to classify things into different sets and consider their
interrelationships
Memory
long-term memory relatively permanent and unlimited type of
memory, increases with age during middle and late childhood
STRATEGIES
Strategies deliberate and mental activities to improve the
processing of information
concrete objects
NOTE:
INTELLIGENCE
Thinking
Aspects of thinking
1. Critical Thinking thinking reflectively and productively,
2.
Divergent thinking
- produces many different answers to the same
question
3.
Scientific Thinking
school
relative to others
Encourage brainstorming
Provide environments that stimulate creativity
Dont overcontrol students
Encourage internal motivation
Build childrens confidence
Guide children to be persistent and delay gratification
Encourage children to take intellectual risks
Introduce children to creative people
Metacognition
Metacognition cognition about cognition
- knowing about knowing
- knowledge about strategies
3.
th
2.
rd
Types of Intelligence
2.
3.
Cons:
o
o
o
B. Environmental Influences:
C.
Group Differences:
Pros:
o
E.
Communication of parents
Schooling
Flynn Effect: rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the
world
o
Increasing levels of education attained by more
people
o
Explosion of available information
Interventions designed to help children at risk for
impoverished intelligence
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE
Mental Retardation
Mental retardation a condition of limited mental ability in which
an individual has a low IQ (usually below 70) on a traditional test
of intelligence, and has a difficulty adapting to everyday life
Categories:
1. Mild
- 55 to 70
- able to live independently as adults
- work at variety of jobs
2.
4
LANGUAGE
Moderate
- 40 to 54
- attain a second-grade level
- support themselves as adult through some types
of labor
3.
Severe
- 25 to 39
- talk and accomplish simple tasks
- require extensive support
Metalinguistic Awareness
Causes:
1. Organic retardation
- caused by genetic disorder or by brain damage
- organic refers to the tissues or organs of the
body
- 0 to 50
2.
Cultural-familial retardation
- Mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain
damage
- 50 to 70
READING
NOTE:
Giftedness
-
2.
Phonics approach
-
Three criteria:
1. Precocity master earlier than peers, inborn high ability
2.
Marching to their
own drummer
minimal
3.
NOTED:
WRITING
Note:
BILINGUALISM
NOTE: