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V.PAVITHRA
SUKANYAH .V.K
RIZWANA SULTANA
INTRODUCTI
ON
Modern technological advance growth of
scientific techniques
Operations Research (O.R.) recent addition
to scientific tools
O.R. new outlook to many conventional
management problems
Seeks the determination of best (optimum)
course of action of a decision problem under
the limiting factor of limited resources
WHAT IS
OR?
Operational
CHARACTERISTIC NATURE OF OR
PHASES TO
OR
Judgment
phase
Research phase
Observation and data collection
Formulation of hypothesis and models
Observation and experimentation to test the hypothesis
Prediction of various results, generalization, consideration
of alternative method
Action phase
METHODOLOGY
OF OR
Formulating the problem
Constructing the model
Deriving the solution
Analytical method
Numerical method
Simulation method
Testing the validity
Controlling the solution
Implementing the result
PROBLEMS IN OR
Allocation
Replacement
Sequencing
Routing
Inventory
Queuing
Competitive
Search
OR TECHINIQES
Linear programming
Waiting line or queuing theory
Inventory control / planning
Game theory
Decision theory
Network analysis
Program Evaluation and Review Technique
Critical Path Method (CPM) etc.
Simulation
Integrated production models
SIGNIFICANCE OF OR
Provides a tool for scientific analysis
Provides solution for various business problems
Enables proper deployment of resources
Helps in minimizing waiting and servicing costs
Enables the management to decide when to buy
and how much to buy?
Assists in choosing an optimum strategy
Renders great help in optimum resource allocation
Facilitates the process of decision making
Management can know the reactions of the
integrated
business systems.
Helps a lot in the preparation of future managers.
LIMITATIONS OF OR
The inherent limitations concerning mathematical
expressions
High costs are involved in the use of O.R. techniques
O.R. does not take into consideration the intangible
factors
O.R. is only a tool of analysis and not the complete
decision-making process
Other limitations
Bias
Inadequate objective functions
Internal resistance
Competence
Reliability of the prepared solution
Linear programming
is to be optimized i.e
of the variable x1,x2xn which satisy the constraints is called the solution of Lpp.
of the variable x1,x2xn which satisy the constraints and also the non negative conditio
Recognizing LP Problems
Problems in OM
objective must be stated.
ative courses of action.
nt of the objective must be constrained by scarce resources
ch of the constraints must be expressed as linear mathema
Linear Programming
LP Problems in General
Examples of lpp
PROBLEMS
SOLUTION
Max R =10x1 + 5x
Subject to:
Skilled labour constraint: 25x1 +10x2<=1000
Unskilled labour constraint: 20x1 +50x2 <=1500
Non-negativity constraints: x1 ,x2 >=0
Example: LP Formulation
Pounds of each alloy needed per frame
Aluminum Alloy Steel Alloy
Deluxe
2
3 deluxe
Professional
e the objective
mize total weekly profit
e the decision variables
= number of Deluxe frames produced weekly
= number of Professional frames produced
the mathematical objective function
ax Z = 10x1 + 15x2
we
LP in Final Form
Max Z = 10x1 + 15x2
Subject To
2x1 + 4x2 < 100 ( aluminum constraint)
3x1 + 2x2 < 80 ( steel constraint)
x1 , x2 > 0
(non-negativity constraints
Example:graphical method
Example:graphical method
20
Example:graphical method
y
20
15
(5,5)
0
Example:graphical method
y
20
15
(5,5)
0
Example:graphical method
20
15
(5,5)
0
Example:graphical method
20
15
Example:graphical method
20
15
(5,5)
0
Example:graphical method
y
20
15
(5,5)
0
t (0,0), P = 0
Increasing x can increase P the most (x coefficient has larger magnitude than the
y coefficient)
Compute check ratios to find pivot row (smallest ratio)
can increase P the most (x coefficient has larger magnitude than the
eck ratios to findpivot row (smallest ratio)
the element inboth pivot column and row
x
RHS
s1
s2
s1
s2
RHS
s1 s2 P
RHS
THE
END