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BATUBARA
DISAJIKAN OLEH: DR. CHAIRUL NAS
PADA WORKSHOP PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA
KUALITAS BATUBARA
PEMBENTUKAN KUALITAS BATUBARA
Faktor-faktor pembentukan kualitas
batubara
Distribusi kualitas batubara
PEMBENTUKAN BATUBARA
Kondisi umum yang diperlukan:
Ada tumbuh-tumbuhan (karena batubara berasal dari
tumbuhan)
Kecepatan tumbuh lebih besar dari kecepatan degradasi
Pembusukan lebih kecil dari penumpukan tumbuhan mati
Ada pengawetan/penyimpanan sisa-sisa tumbuhan yang
mati di tempat (autochthonous) atau sudah berpindah
tempat (allochthonous) lalu ditimbun oleh sedimen
Terhindar dari intervensi sedimentasi klastik
Terhindar dari gangguan air laut
Terhindar dari proses pembusukan total
Dikontrol oleh 2 faktor:
Faktor-faktor Allogenik
Faktor-faktor Autogenik
PROSES PEMBATUBARAAN
coal (maturity)
Rank classification of coal: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, semianthracite, anthracite, meta-anthracite
Vitrinite Reflectance, Calorific Value (CV), Volatile Matter, as rank indicators
in coal
Rank in Indonesian coals:
Paleogene coals (commonly high rank)
Neogene coals (commonly low rank; some high rank coals)
KUALITAS BATUBARA
TERKAIT DENGAN
PENGGUNAANNYA
KUALITAS BATUBARA
Kualitas batubara: sifat fisik dan kimia batubara yang
berpengaruh pada penggunaannya
COAL
SAPROPELIC
COAL
HUMIC COAL
MOSTLY BANDED
VITRINITE AND INERTINITE
MINOR LIPTINITE
STEAMING COAL
LIGNITE UP TO
ANTHRACITE
COKING COAL
MOSTLY BITUMINOUS
MOSTLY UNBANDED
LIPTINITE RICH
CANNEL COAL
BOGHEAD COAL
BLACK
SPORINITE RICH
BROWNISH
ALGINITE RICH
OIL SHALE
BROWN
ALGINITE RICH
SHALE
COAL
MACERALS
TELO
VITRINITE
VITRINITE
GROUP
INERTINITE
GROUP
MODERATELY BRIGHT
BRIGHT
DETRO
VITRINITE
STRUCTURED
UNSTRUCTURED
GELO
VITRINITE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
DARK
Detroinertinite
Teloinertinite
Geloinertinite
telinite
desmocollinite
gelocollinite
fusinite
inertodetrinite
telocollinite
vitrodetrinite
corpogelinite
semi-fusinite
micrinite
sclerotinite
LIPTINITE
GROUP
PRIMARY
LIPTINITES
macrinite
SECONDARY
LIPTINITES
SPORINITE
CUTINITE
SUBERINITE
ALGINITE
EXUDATINITE
LIPTODETRINITE
RESINITE
BITUMINITE
FLUORINITE
Bahan inorganik
dalam batubara
PARAMETER KUALITAS
BATUBARA
PROXIMATE
ULTIMATE
PARAMETER LAIN
Surface moisture
Total Moisture
Air-dried moisture
Ash
Mineral matter
As received
Air-dried
Fixed carbon
Dry
Volatile
organic matter
dmmf
Pure coal
Volatile
matter
dry ash free
Volatile
mineral matter
AIR DRIED
COAL SAMPLE
Heating at 105oC
heating
at 950oC
DRY COAL
MINERAL MATTERS
calculated by difference
ASH YIELD
FIXED CARBON
CARBON
Non-Vol
Residue
VOLATILE
MATTER
MOISTURE (IM, %)
ASH YIELD (AC, %)
VOLATILE MATTER (VM, %)
FIXED CARBON (FC, %)
IM+AC+VM+FC = 100%
FC DIPEROLEH DARI HASIL PENGURANGAN
MOISTURE
KANDUNGAN MOISTURE DI DALAM BATUBARA DAPAT
DIJELASKAN SBB:
MOISTURE
RENTAN TERJADI KESALAHAN
DISEBABKAN HAL-HAL SBB:
1. KESALAHAN PENANGANAN CONTO DI
LAPANGAN
2. KESALAHAN PENANGANAN DAN
PREPARASI CONTO DI LAB
3. KESALAHAN ANALISIS DI LAB (PERLU
ROUND ROBIN)
Anthracit
e
CVmmmf (BTU/Ton)
16,000
15,000
14,000
Bituminous
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
Sub Bituminous
9,000
8,000
0
10
20
30
VMdmmf (%)
40
50
60
SULFUR
SULFUR
ORGANIK
Terikat secara
organik di
dalam maseral
PIRITIK
Primer
Pada lapisan
maseral
Mengisi
struktur botani
berupa
Framboidal
SULFAT
Sekunder
Mengisi
rekahan makro
dan mikro
Gipsum
dan
FeSulfat
VARIASI KANDUNGAN
SULFUR SECARA
LATERAL DAN
VERTIKAL
PADA LAPISAN
BATUBARA
SANGATTA,
KALIMANTAN TIMUR
PETA KONTUR
KANDUNGAN
SULFUR
LAPISAN BATUBARA
SANGATTA,
KALIMANTAN TIMUR
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Analisis Ultimate mengukur kandungan unsur-unsur kimia yang
terdapat di dalam bahan organik batubara saja. Unsur-unsur
tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
4/18/2012
Standard : (MJ/kg)
British
Standard : (MJ/kg)
ASTM
Standard : (J/g)
ASTM
Standard : (Btu/lb)
Abrasion index :
4/18/2012
Densitas :
49
54
100
MV
HV
80
LV1
LV2
COKING COALS
60
MV
LV1
40
20
STEAM COALS
MED RANK
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
DILATATION
Dilatation is a measure of change in the length when a coal
pencil is slowly heated in the absence of air in a confined tube
using Audibert Arnu dilatometer. The change caused by the
increase of temperature is continuously recorded. In the early
stage of heating the pencil firstly shortens and then starts to
lengthen as the temperature is slowly increased. The data
obtained from this dilatation test include: 1) the softening
temperature; 2) the temperature of maximum contraction; 3)
percentage of maximum contraction; 4) the temperature of
maximum dilatation; and 5) percentage of maximum dilatation.
The most important value from the data would be the total
maximum dilatation. The maximum dilatation can be regarded
as a more precise measure of swelling, and should be used
together with the values of CSN.
1.9
0
50
1.5
G1
100
1.3
G3
G2
KALIMANTAN
COKING COAL
1.1
G5
0.9
0.7
250
G4
250
100
G6
50
0
0.5
1.7
TOTAL DILATATION
50
40
30
20
10
FLUIDITY
Fluidity is a measure of the degree of plasticity or
ductility of coal when heated in the absence of air using
Gieseler plastometer. In the plastometer, a constant
torque is applied to a mechanical stirrer within the coal
sample. The coal will show initial softening at a particular
temperature and then is fused when the stirrer starts to
move at five dial divisions per minute (5 ddpm). As the
temperature is increased and the sample reaches its
maximum fluidity, the stirrer will rotate to a maximum
ddpm, and finally slows gradually when the coal starts
the process of resolidification. The data obtained from
this fluidity test include: 1) the temperature of initial
softening; 2) the fusion temperature; 3) the temperature
at the maximum fluidity; 4) the ddpm value at the
maximum fluidity; 5) the temperature of resolidification.
1.9
G1
1.5
100
1000
1.3
G3
G2
5000
1.1
G4
10000
0.7
0.9
Kal. coal
G5
G6
0.5
1.7
MAX. FLUIDITY
50
40
30
20
10
COKING COAL
Composition
Unit
Minimum
Maximum
Average
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
MnO
SO3
P2O5
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
19.39
4.81
7.44
0.38
0.21
0.14
0.24
0.18
0.01
<0.01
0.01
69.84
28.65
67.39
1.71
0.75
1.56
1.21
0.81
0.05
1.44
0.27
44.87
15.18
32.80
0.95
0.40
0.69
0.66
0.60
0.03
0.40
0.11
BASAL SEAM
Quality Parameters
CORE
Inh. Moisture (%, adb)
Ash content (%, adb)
Vol. Matter (%, adb)
Fixed Carbon (%, adb)
Cal. Value (kcal/kg, adb)
Sulfur Content (%, adb)
P in air-dried coal (%)
CSN
Rvmax (%)
Max. Fluidity (ddpm)
1.10 1.61
1.84 5.80
34.20 35.59
58.90 61.50
7963 8449
0.46 1.03
0.003-0.008
9 9++
0.83 0.90
22936 - 31070
TEST PIT
TEST PIT
1.83 2.50
3.41 6.00
31.50 33.58
60.00 61.18
7600 8118
0.71 1.85
0.92 - 0.93
2.01 5.05
4.70 7.53
28.93 30.59
58.49 62.70
6747 8005
0.46 0.64
-
Group
Rank
(Romax)
Inert
Content
Max.
Dilation
Max.
Fluidity
Name
No.
(%)
(%)
(%)
(ddpm)
KEYSTONE
G1
> 1.50
8-30
0 to 70
5-100
PITTSTON
G2
1.0-1.4
8-30
80 to 260
1500-30000
BALMER
G3
1.2-1.5
25-45
-10 to 100
MOURA
G4
0.9-1.2
25-45
KELLERMAN
G5
0.8-1.0
BIG BEN
G6
< 0.9
CSN
Volatile
Matter
Coke Strength
(%)
6-9
16-19
92-93.5
50-65
7-9+
22-34
91-94
48-65+
3-1500
5-8
19-26
90.5-93.5
40-62
-10 to 100
3-2500
5-8
25-32
90-92.5
45-57
0-25
100 to 300
1500>30000
7-9+
32-38
75-90.5
20-48
5-20
-10 to 100
3-1000
5-7
37-40
50-80
0-30