As Biology With Stafford Unit 3 Workbook Answers

Marking scheme for AS Biology with Stafford, Unit Three Practical Workbook. Book available at http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/s/ref=is _s_?
k=AS+A2 +Bi ology +with+ stafford
Marking schemes for

Advanced Level Biology
AS Biology with Stafford

Unit Three: Practical Workbook
Paper reference: 6BIO7
The book is available at the following link

http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/s/ref=is_s_?k=AS+A2+Biology+with+stafford
A copy of this marking scheme and many other resources can be downloaded from the
following link
http://www.facebook.com/groups/biologywithstafford/
and
www.staffordeducationalservices.com
AS Biology with Stafford. Unit Three: Practical Workbook answers / Unit three paper BIO7
Page 1
Marking scheme for AS Biology with Stafford, Unit Three Practical Workbook. Book available at http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/s/ref=is _s_?k=AS+A2 +Bi ology +with+ stafford
Copyright Stafford Valentine Redden

Unauthorized duplication contravenes applicable laws.
Typeset & layouts by
: Mohamed Sobir
Cover designed by
: Mohamed Sobir
Printed in Maldives by
: Copier Repair
Published by
: Author publisher
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be
Reproduced, stored in a database or
retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the author
ISBN: 978-81-910705-2-1
Note: A few graphs have been drawn to give students an idea on how to find the scale
and plot range or variability. Other graphs have not been drawn as students need to
practice the graph drawing. Do post your graphs on my FB group and I can give a
feedback on the graphs.
Any other queries on any aspect of the practical paper can be clarified on my FB group
http://www.facebook.com/groups/biologywithstafford/
I have also included additional notes on referencing, citation or bibliography at the end
of the document. Evaluation of references is also dealt with in detail.
Cheers and all the best.
Stafford Valentine Redden
(M.A; M.Sc.; M.Ed.; (Ph.D))
Head of Departm ent (Biology)
Villa International School,
Male, Republic of Maldives
Em ail: staffordv@yahoo.com
Mobile: +960 7765507
Page 2
SAQ1.
a. (i) Correct mean calculation; consistency with decimal places;
Relative
Caffeine Heartbeat rate of daphnia in beats per minute
concentration (%)
Daphnia 1 Daphnia 2 Daphnia 3 Mean
0 (pond water)
82
90
87
86.3
1.56
83
87
89
86.3
3.12
88
91
94
91.0
6.25
96
97
102
98.3
12.5
97
98
106
100.3
25
140
142
146
142.7
50
150
156
154
153.3
100 (pure Red Bull)
181
184
183
182.7
(ii) Relative caffeine concentration;
(1)
(iii) Heartbeat rate of daphnia;
(1)
(iv) Use Daphnia of the same size, as size or surface area to volume ratio could influence
the rate of absorption of caffeine into the body; it is not possible to measure the size or
surface area of Daphnia, but Daphnia of similar size can be selected for the experiment
by simple observation and judgement;
Do not keep the Daphnia on the cavity slide for too long after removing it from the water
bath, as the temperature could change and thereby influence the heartbeat rate;
This can be controlled by counting the heartbeat rate 30 seconds as soon as the
Daphnia is transferred to the cavity slide;
The concentration of dissolved oxygen in each caffeine soultion; this can be controlled
by aerating the solutions by passing air through it to saturate the solution with oxygen;
(b) Refer to graph 1, on page 2. Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale
more than 50% of graph covered; points clearly indicated with a cross or dot and circle
at the accurate position on the graph; single neat line drawn either with a ruler from
point to point or freehand curve / no extrapolation; range bars plotted accurately;
(c)Tap water contains chlorine, which could be toxic to daphnia. A beaker containing tap
water can be left open overnight to allow chlorine to evaporate.
(d) Metabolic activity is slowed down at low temperatures due to lack energy as
respiratory enzymes have low kinetic energy. The aeration ensures that the water gets
saturated with oxygen and metabolic activity is not limited by lack of oxygen for
respiration.
(e) As the caffeine concentration increases there is a corresponding increase in the
mean heartbeat rate of daphnia. The increase is not linear.
(f) Blind counting means that the person who is counting the heartbeat rate is not aware
of the caffeine concentration that the daphnia has been exposed to. This can help to
reduce bias while counting.
(Total 20 marks)
Page 3
Graph 1
(Total 20 marks)
SAQ 2
a. Duration since exposure to caffeine / time;
b. mean heartbeat rate of daphnia;
c. i. This is a random error. All other readings lies close to the expected values and
follow a trend. Only this value lies away from the trend and is unexpected. A systematic
error will lead to the entire set of data devaiting from the actual trend.
ii.
Duration since exposure Heartbeat / beats per minute
to caffeine / minutes
Flea 1 Flea 2 Flea 3 Mean
0
184
180
185
183
2
220
222
224
222
4
232
234
230
232
6
246
240
120
243
8
242
240
238
240
10
230
232
234
232
iii. Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph
covered; points clearly indicated with a cross or dot and circle at the accurate position
on the graph; single neat line drawn either with a ruler from point to point or freehand
curve / no extrapolation;
Page 4
d. The heartbeat rate of 182 beats per minute without caffeine is the control. All result s
from caffeine treatment must be compared with the control to make any conclusions
about caffeine exposure and heartbeat rate. The mean heartbeat rate increases with time
as more caffeine is absorbed into the body from the solution as time increases. So t he
greater caffeine concentration in tissues increases the heartbeat rate. However, after 8
minutes the heartbeat rate begins to decerase, maybe because diffusion stops or
caffeine begins to be excreted from the tissues.
e.
f. Use a microscope fitted with a video camera and integrate timer to record the
heartbeat rate. Then replay the video in slow motion and count the number of heartbeats
in one minute as shown on the integrated timer.
g.
Daphnia has reduced awareness of pain because of the lack of a well developed
nervous system.
It is transparent and its heart is visible without the need for dissection.
Daphnia is abundant in nature and there is no threat to it or its dependent species (food
chains).
Some people also feel that it is bred for fish food and will thus die anyway.
Daphnia can reproduce asexually and may be clones, therefore there is no loss of
genetic variation.
(Total 20 marks)
SAQ3
a. i. Concentration of nitrogenous fertilizer used
ii.) Vitamin C concentration of the oranges
iii.) concentration of other fertilizers in the soil;
Volume of water provided to each plant;
Edaphic factors / Soil type / Humus content of soil;
Pest control strategy and application;
b. i.) Blue
ii.) Colourless
iii.) Risk: The DCPIP solution could stain clothes and skin.
This could be minimized by using rubber gloves / wearing a laboratory coat / using a
pipette to transfer DCPIP;
c. i. And ii.
CB = (VA x CA) / VB
= (8 x 0.1) / mean volume
First example
(8 x 0.1) / 28
= 0.029
Page 5
Plot
Number
Mass of
fertilizer
used / kg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Volume of orange juice needed Concentration

of
-3
to reach the end point / cm
Vitamin C in the
oranges / mg cm-3
Orange 1 Orange 2 Mean
29
27
28.0
0.029
27
30
28.5
0.028
25
23
24.0
0.033
23
21
22.0
0.036
20
19
19.5
0.041
17
17
17.0
0.047
16
17
16.5
0.048
17
18
17.5
0.045
15
16
15.5
0.052
12
18
15.0
0.053
c. iii. Due to the orange colour of the juice, it is difficult to accurately observe the point at
which the DCPIP becomes colourless;
d. Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph
e. As the mass of fertilizer used increases there is a general increase in the vitamin C
concentration of the oranges; Suitable manipulation;
SAQ 4. (a)
Fruit
Grapefuit juice
Pineapple juice
Orange juice
Fresh lemon juice
Black currant juice
Volume of juice needed to

decolourise DCPIP / cm-3
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
1.50
1.70
1.65
12
11.20
11.50
2.00
2.25
2.10
1.90
1.70
1.60
24.0
23.5
24.5
Mean
1.62
11.57
2.17
1.73
24.0
Vitamin C concentration
/ mg cm-3
(VAxCA)/VB=CB
(0.6x10)/1.62= 3.75
(0.6x10)/11.57=0.52
(0.6x10)/2.17=2.76
(0.6x10)/1.73=3.46
(0.6x10)/24.0=0.25
(b) Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph
covered; Bar graph with space between the bars; Range bars to show range of data for
each fruit juice;concentration plotted as range bars; Refer to graph 2 on next page..
(c) Fresh lime juice shows the highest variability, as the data is spread far away from the
mean. The range bar is the longest. This indicates that the results are less reliable than
the others. The black currant juice shows the least variability in the results.
(d) The dark colour of the juice makes it difficult to observe the exact point at which the
DCPIP changes colour. So, the accuracy of the readings is likely tobe low and hence the
validity of the results will be low.
(e) Weigh 6mg of vitamin C powder by using an electronic balance; add distilled water
into a volumetric flask of 100cm-3 and dissolve the powder into the distilled water to
prepare 100 cm-3 of the vitamin C solution;;
(f) The vitamin C reduces the DCPIP.
Page 6
Graph 2
Page 7
SAQ 5. (a)(i) different beetroots may have different concentration of pigment / the
stability of eell membrane may vary due to different storage conditions or age of the
samples;
(b) (i) IV: Ethanol concentration;
(ii) DV: absorbance or permeability of the membrane
(iii) The filter used in the colorimeter must be the same for all samples. Set the
colorimeter filter knob to blue.
Or
Use discs cut from the same beetroot, so that genetic variation, storage conditions,
growth conditions will not influence the results.
(iv)
Ethanol
Concentration (%)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.5
Absorbance / arbitrary units

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
0
0
0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
Mean
0
0.3
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.1
(v) Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph
curve / no extrapolation; range bars plotted accurately;
(c) To remove cell debris and red pigment from the disc surface;
(d) As the ethanol concentration increases there is an increase in the absorbance of red
colouration in the solution. This increase in absorbance is not linear.
(e) Ethanol dissolves the phospholipids in the cell membrane and disrupts the
phospholipid bilayer. This makes the membrane freely permeable to the red pigment
which can rapidly diffuse out of the cells.
SAQ6
(a) (i) Independent Variable: Enzyme concentration;
(ii) Surface area to volume ratio of the meat; cut meat into cubes of equal length breath
and height by using a very sharp scalpel and ruler;
Protein content if meat; use Meat from the same source or animal;
Temperature; by using a thermostatic water bath;
pH of the solution should be 2 or 3 as it is a stomach enzyme; use a buffer solution of pH
3 to maintain a constant pH;
Page 8
(b) The student recorded the data in a table:

Concentration Time taken for the meat
of enzyme (%) completely/ sec
1
812
820 811 800 805 817 800 805 808.8
1.24
624
612 607 635 620 621 614 606 617.3
1.62
586
568 575 564 580 582 584 580 577.4
1.73
409
400 404 415 412 416 406 410 409
2.44
305
310 309 315 300 302 306 301 306.1
3.27
Distilled
water
1
means infinity (no reaction)

dissolve Mean
Rate = (1 / mean
time) x 1000
to
7
c. Time taken to dissolve the meat is inversely proportional to the rate and would be
difficult to interpret. I/mean time is directly proportionate to the rate and is easy to
interpret. However, 1/mean time gives very small numerical values which are difficult to
work with and plot on a graph. Multiplying by 1000 gives more convenient numbers.
d. Protease enzymes are proteins and could cause allergic reactions. So, avoid direct
contact with the enzyme by wearing gloves and using pipettes;
The meat pieces or broth produced can be a good nutrient medium for harmful
pathogenic bacteria to grow. So thoroughly clean all spills by wiping with bleach or 70%
ethanol.
A buffer solution of pH 3 could cause skin damage; avoid contact with skin;
(e) Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph
(f) As enzyme concentration increases, there is a non linear increase in the rate of
enzyme action.
(g) an enzyme concentration of 5% causes the fastest digestion of meat;
SAQ7 a)
Concentration of
catalase / mmol dm-3
0
20
45
95
155
180
Rate of
reaction / S-1
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.17
0.17
b) Axes labelled and correctly oriented with units; scale more than 50% of graph covered; points
clearly indicated with a cross or dot and circle at the accurate position on the graph; single neat
line drawn either with a ruler from point to point or freehand curve / no extrapol ation;
(3)
Page 9
c) a buffer solution maintains a constant and optimum pH.
(1)
d) (i) As enzyme concentration increases from 0 to 95 mmol dm-3 there is a general

increase in the rate of enzyme action; the increase is non linear; beyond 155 mmol dm-3
enzyme concentration the rate of enzyme action remains constant and maximum; (3)
(ii) As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction increases with a
decreasing gradient. This is because there will be a greater concentration of free active
sites, at any given time. So the rate of enzyme substrate complex formation increases.
Thus rate of reaction increases. The rate of reaction doesnt increase beyond the V m ax
because the substrate concentration becomes a limiting factor. Even though there will
be many free active sites, there will not be enough substrate molecules to bind with
them. So, rate of enzyme substrate complex formation remains constant at V m ax. (3)
(c) Repeating the experiment gives us a means of checking the reliability of the results; if
the data shows a lot of variability then it indicates that the results may not be reliable; if
the experiment is not repeated then we cannot check the reliability;
(2)
d) This instrument makes a more relevant and accurate measurement of the dependent
variable;; so the reliablity and validity of the results will improve;
(3)
e. i.
Concentration of
catalase (%)
0.5
2.5
5.5
7.5
9.5
11.5
13.5
Rate of
reaction / S-1
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.24
(ii) Each disc may not absorb the same volume of enzyme solution;
There will be reaction time errors when measuring time taken for discs to rise / low
accuracy of measurement;
(Total 25 marks)
SAQ 8. (a) Treat the root tissue with dilute Hydrochloric acid for 4 to 5 minutes. This softens the
tissue and allows easy squashing. Avoid contact with the acid by using a teat pipette to transfer
the acid into a watch glass. Stain the tissue with acetocarmine or acetoorcein (reddish or pink
dye). Chop or macerate into tiny pieces to mix the tissue with the dye. Place a cover slip slowly
and ensure no bubbles are produced. Squash the tissue by applying gentle pressure and a slight
sideways movement on the top of the cover slip. Squashing opens up cells so that
chromosomes become visible. Heat the slide gently. Heating makes the stain darker so that
chromosomes are more visible. Observe under high power magnification to observe the
chromosomes and cells in different stages of the cell cycle.
(4)
Page 10
(b)
(c) In all stages the range bars overlap, so the colchicine does not have any significant
effect in changing the number of cells in each stage of division;;;;
d. i. Treatment with colchicine
ii. Percentage of cells in a stage of cell division;
iii. Duration of exposure to colchicine;
All tissues exposed to same concentration of colchicine;
Temperature of growth and other nutrients available to the root during growth of roots;
(Total 18 marks)
SAQ9. a.i.
Percentage success rate (%)
Source of Petri Petri
explants
dish dish
1
2
Leaf discs 40
50
Root discs 60
50
Petri
dish
3
60
70
Petri
dish
4
40
80
Petri
dish
5
30
40
Petri
dish
6
50
50
Petri
dish
7
40
80
Petri
dish
8
50
90
Petri
dish
9
60
70
ii. Type of marigold plant tissue used as explant
Petri Mean
dish
10
50
47.0
90
68.0
(2)
(1)
iii. percentage success of callus formation
(1)
iv. Size of explants: as the surface area could influence the rate at which nutrients are
absorbed from the medium;
temperature: as it could influence the rate of metabolism in the explants tissues and
influence growth;
Page 11
concentration of nutrients in each dish: as this could influence the rate of nutrient
absorption into each explants and influence growth;
type of nutrients in each dish: the type of nutrients can influence development.
Forexample auxins in the medium stimulate root formation in the callus and cytokinins
can stimulate shoot formation. It also can influence growth of the explants;
type of tissue in the explants: lots of cambium can stimulate rapid growth and lots of
xylem will slow growth as xylem consists of dead cells;
(4)
b. Bar Graph with range bars.(4)
c.i. Follow aseptic techniques to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in the nutrient
medium;
Bleach could decolourise clothing and may also release chlorine; so avoid direct contact
with the bleach and do not inhale fumes from the bleach:
(2)
ii. The plant tissue (explants and callus) may be directly destroyed by the bacteria that
may enter the dish;
the bacteria may absorb nutrients from the agar medium and compete with the palnt
tissue for nutrients;
(2)
d. Since the range bars overlap, it means that the mean values are not significantly
different. So, both root discs and leaf discs are equally effective for use as explants; (2)
[Total marks 18]
SAQ10. a)
Sucrose concentration / Mass of callus / g Percentage change
mmol dm-3
in mass (%)
Initial
Final
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.7
2.6
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.4
23.8
46.2
100
100
100
(4)
b) Line graph
(4)
c.i. Sucrose concentration of the medium
(1)
ii. growth rate of the callus
(1)
iii) Size of explants;
temperature;
concentration of nutrients other than sucrose;
type of nutrients in each dish;
type of tissue in the explants;
(4)
(d) vegetative propagation / asexual reproduction;
(1)
(e) Grow more rapidly;
No genetic variation, so desirable characters can preserved;
(2)
(f) no genetic variation in plants produced by tissue culture so if virus destroys one plant
all others will be destroyed; in plants produced by seeds there will be genetic variation
so some plants may have features that help it to resist the viral attack;
(2)
(g) Auxins in high concentration will switch on the genes needed for root development
and cytokinins will switch on the genes for shoot formation;
(1)
[Total marks 20]
SAQ11. a. i. Add weights to the weight holder;
Increase the weight in suitable increments;
Keep adding weights till fibres snaps / breaks;
Take care to add the weights gently / do not drop the weights on to the holder;
Intially add larger increments and as the fibre begins to stretch then add smaller weights
to get a more accurate measurement;
Standardise the length and diameter of the fibres;
(4)
Page 12
ii.
Source
of
coconut
Fibre
Leaf
Fruit
Tensile
strengt
h /N
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 7 Mea
mm-2
n
12.3
11.2
13.2
12.8
13.6
14.4
13.7
13.0
25.9
18.5
17.3
16.7
17.9
19.5
16.8
19.5
18.0
28.9
(4)
iii. Paired bar graph with range bars for breaking force.
(3)
iv. The breaking force for leaf fibres has a range of 3.2N, where as the breaking force for
fruit fibres has a range of 2.8N. A higher range indicates lower reliability;
(2)
b. Source of plant fibre within the plant;
(1)
c. Breaking force or tensile strength;
(1)
d. Variable 1 cross sectional area or diameter of the fibres;
How the variable can be controlled: measure the diameter of many fibres and select the
fibres of the same diameter. Very thick fibres can be split and torn apart to reduce the
diameter;
Variable 2 length of the fibres;
How the variable can be controlled: Cut all fibres to the same length;
Moisture content in the fibres: dry all fibres in an oven at 90 0C ttill the mass is constant,
so that all fibres have no moisture;
(4)
e. The mean tensile strength of fruit fibres is higher than leaf fibres;
(1)
[Total 20 marks]
Breaking force of fibre / N
Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6
SAQ12 (a) line graph with two curves. Range bars plotted for each.
(4)
b) i. in both fibers the tensile strength decreases as the duration of retting increases; at
the end of 13 days of retting there is a decrease of 34% in the breaking force of hemp
fibers and 16% in breaking force for jute fibers.
(3)
ii. the standard deviation for hemp fibers is higher for jute fibers. This indicates a high
variability in the breaking force for hemp fibers and is suggestive of low reliability. This
could limit the validity of the results.
(3)
d) Temperature during the retting process;
As it could influence the rate of enzyme activity by decomposers;
Aeration; as aeration is necessary for decomposition of soft tissue by aerobic bacteria;
(4)
e) Micrometer screw gauge
(1)
f) Add weights in small increments;
Place weights gently on to the weight holder;
(2)
g) Wear eye protection to prevent the fibre from lashing you in the eye when the fibre
snaps;
Place a tray with cotton wool padding to hold the weights when the fibers break; (2)
h) Validity can be checked by comparing the results with identical studies which are
valid and have adopted a thorough scientific review;
(1)
(Total 20 marks)
Page 13
SAQ13. a.
Nitrate
Flask concentration
/ Arbitrary
units
A
0.0
B
0.2
C
0.4
D
0.6
E
0.8
F
1.0
Mass of algae at end of two days /g

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Mean
2.4
3.2
4.4
6.4
7.5
7.3
3.2
3.4
4.5
6.0
7.8
7.4
2.3
3.6
4.4
6.3
7.9
7.2
2.4
3.2
4.3
6.8
7.2
7.8
1.9
3.0
4.6
6.2
7.4
7.3
2.4
3.3
4.4
6.3
7.6
7.4
(3)
b. i. Nitrate concentration in the growth medium;
(1)
ii. Growth rate of algal culture;
(1)
iii. Temperature of incubation: incubate the flasks in an incubator at a fixed temperature;
volume of nutrient solution in each flask: use a measuring cylinder to accurately
measure the nutrient solution before adding it into the conical flasks;
light intensity: use a light bulb of fixed wattage and focus it from a fixed distance into the
incubator on to the flask, through the transparent glass door of the incubator;
carbon dioxide availability: dissolve a fixed mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate into
each flask to provide carbon dioxide;
(8)
c. Line graph with range bars for each concentration of nitrate.
(5)
d. as concentration of nitrates increases there is a non linear increase in the growth rate
of the algae; this is because nitrates are used for making proteins and nucleic acids
which promote the growth of the culture by enhancing rate of cell division;;
(3)
e. increasing the nitrate concentration up to 0.8 arbitrary units increases the growth rate
of algae; beyond this concentration there is no further increase in growth of algae;(2)
[Total 23 marks]
SAQ14. a)
Plant
Diameter of clear zone / mm
Area of clear zone / mm2
extract
Vertical Horizontal Diagonal Diagonal 2
Mean
1
Garlic
10.0
10.0
9.0
10.0
9.75
r2 = (4.8752)x3.14 = 74.6
Onion
7.5
7.5
7.0
6.0
7.00
r2 = (3.52)x3.14 =38.5
Mint
10.0
12.5
12.0
12.5
11.75 r2 = (5.8752)x3.14 =108.4
Control 2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
r2 = (12)x3.14 =3.14
b. Graph
c. i. count the number of squares covered by the clear zone;
the number of squares is equal to the area of the clear zone in mm2;
count only squares that are covered more than half;
ii.
Plant extract
Area of clear zone / mm2
Garlic
63
Onion
36
Mint
85
Control
4
iii. The photograph method is more accurate, as the direct measurement method
assumes that the clear zone is a circle (which is not the case); the photograph method
gives a more accurate means of counting the actual area of the clear zone;
Page 14
d. i. This gives enough time for the antibiotics to diffuse into the agar and inhibit the
growth of bacteria or kill bacteria; it also allows enough time for the colonies to grow in
areas where the antibiotic does not reach;
e) the mint extract is the most effective antibiotic against this bacteria; the area of the
clear zone is more than all other discs; this implies that the mint extract has a greater
antibacterial effect than other extracts;
f.i. Type of plant extract;
ii. antibacterial effect / diameter of clear zone;
iii. 1. standard procedure for preparation of extract same mass of plant tissue in the
same volume of distilled water or ethanol for each extract;
2. concentration / volume of extract in each disc;
3. size of each disc;
4. aseptic techniques followed in placing the discs on the agar / use sterile forceps to
place each disc on to the agar surface to prevent contamination of the culture;
5. bacteria must be spread evenly throughout the surface of the agar;
6. some form of standardisation of tissue from which the extract is prepared, for example
tissues from similar parts of each plant leaf extracts, root extracts, peeled tissue, etc.;
g. aseptic techniques prevent the culture from being contaminated by other bacteria
from the surroundings; this could allow pathogenic bacteria into the dish and prove
unsafe;
aseptic procedures also prevent bacteria from the Petri dish from contaminating the
surroundings;
h. if the extract is prepared by using distilled water, then the filter paper disc should be
soaked in distilled water; if the extract is prepared by using ethanol, then the filter paper
disc should be soaked in ethanol of the same concentration;
i. 37oC is a suitable temperature for growth of pathogenic bacteria that grow in the
human body; A temperature of 25oC will prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria;
[Total marks: 40]
Page 15
Articles marking schemes

Model article One
a. Somatic cell gene therapy inserts normal genes into somatic cells, where as, Germ
line gene therapy inserts normal genes into gametes or embryonic cells.
Somatic cell gene therapy is temporary and permitted, where as, Germ line gene therapy
is permanent by prohibited.
(2)
b.i.
Functions of the CFTR protein

The CFTR acts as a channel to transport negatively charged chloride ions out of the epithelial cells.
The CFTR protein also regulates the function of sodium ion channels.
1. CFTR channel is absent or dysfunctional and is not able to regulate the sodium channel.
2. Na+ channel is permanently open and Na+ ions continue to enter the cell at the apical end, through
the open Na+ channels.
3. No Cl secretion takes place.
4. Water is continually removed from mucus by osmosis.
Mucus is always thick and sticky.
(3)
ii.
Normal
(Carrier)
Father
x
Dd
Normal
(Carrier) Parent Phenotype
Mother
Dd
Parent Genotype
Meiosis
d Gametes
Fertilization
DD
Dd
Dd
dd
Offspring Genotype
Phenotype
Normal Normal Normal Cystic

(carrier) (carrier) Fibrosis Offspring
(4)
Page 16
c. i. Line 69 to 70
Because it explains how a foreign gene can get inserted into another gene
sequence, which is undesirable in gene therapy. It caused leukemia in this case.
Ideally the gene should be inserted into the junk. Both diagrams illustrate this idea.
ii. The student will have to cite the source of information in the following format in
the bibliography.
Author/editor, initials. (Year) Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available
from: URL [Accessed date].
(2)
d. Environmental issue: Genetically Modified plants may out-compete native plant
species and reduce biodiversity;
Social issue: Genetically Modified plants can increase food production and reduce food
shortage in many societies;
(2)
e. i. Line graph with axes appropriately labelled;
scale (more than 50% covered);
plotting accurately and clearly indicated;
neat single line;
(4)
[Total 20 marks]
Model article Two

a. Benefits
Line 10 - 11
Cell cultures can be used to study the effect of drugs.
line 44
Stem cells may provide a cure for people with serious physical injury
Risk
Line 16 - 17
Complications may arise from stem cell transplants
Line 22
May prompt people to use embryonic stem cells, which is unethical
b. Cystic fibrosis / Thalassaemia / eq.;
c.i. Transcription
The gene is unzipped by RNA Polymerase and antisense strand acts as a template for
mRNA formation.
Line 30
ii. Sequence of bases on mRNA act as a template for tRNA anticodons and specific
amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
i. Should not be considered as the sample size is too small to represent the views of the
entire population.
ii. (38 /100) x 50
= 19
(3)
c) From 1995 to 2010, there is a general increase in the success of embryonic stem cell
use, tissue stem cell use and induced pluripotent stem cells used in research;
Page 17
From 1995 to 2010, the percentage success of embryonic stem cells used in research
increases by 57% (87 30);;
In all the years, the success percentage of embryonic stem cells is greater than the other
types of stem cells;
(4)
d) I would insert the graph in the report at line 43
Reason: the section describes federal funding for stem cell research. So the graph
would provide a more easily understood record of funding at a glance;
(2)
e) UK stem cell bank can be cited;
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority can be cited;
Warnock report 1984 can be referred to;
Federal funding agency could be cited;
Evaluation can be done by directly looking into the information from the official websites
of these organizations and maybe even send an email of phone call to verify the
authenticity of the information cited; can even enquire about the vetting process
followed by these organizations;
(3)
[Total 20 marks]
Model article Three
a.) Ethical implication: embryos are destroyed during the process.
Explanation: Many people consider this as murder as the embryos are potential human
lives;
Economic implication: Federal funding is not distributed in favour of adult stem cells;
Explanation: more funds are allocated for treatment of other diseases and embryonic
stem cell research;
(4)
b.) The student found the following data for the distribution of US Government federal funds for
different fields of stem cell research.
Type of disease
Cardiovascular diseases
Neural
Diabetes
Liver
Kidney
Cancer
Distribution of funds
15
35
10
25
10
15
i) Line number 10
(1)
ii) The information can be verified by checking with the relevant official website or
organisation that distributes federal funds for research.
(2)
iii) Bar graph;
type of disease on x axis;
distribution of funds on Y axis;
(3)
c.) Advantage: Gives an indication about the toxicity or side effects and effectiveness of
the drug;
Disadvantage: The treatment may be effective in animals but may play out differently in
humans, so makes the animal trials futile. A lot of time and money is usually spent on
preclinical (animal trials).
(2)
Page 18
d.) i) When two studies on the same issue come up with different or conflicting results
then it is called as conflicting evidence. For example the two opinion polls show
conflicting views.
(3)
ii) The study that gave adequate information about the current status of stem cells
research and the different types of stem cell research, followed by a questionnaire will
be more reliable as people make well informed choices while polling.
(2)
iii) Total Number of people in each poll / neutrality or bias of people with regard to stem
cell research;
(1)
e.) If you are given a choice to obtain information about stem cells from bibliography reference
1 and bibliography reference 2, which would you choose. Give reason for your choice. (2)
Source: reference 2 (more reliable)
Reason: scientific journals follow a thorough vetting and review before publishing
information / no reason for bias as the work is academic with no vested interests;
Private companies could be biased as they have vested interests and commercial
incentives by promoting the use of stem cells; so information could be biased;
[Total 20 mark]
Page 19
Notes on bibliography or referencing and evaluation of references

3.1. Use information or arguments obtained from three or more sources (including at least one web
based and one non web based) when researching the visit or issue. Clearly identify any quotes from
sources.
Plagiarism
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original
ideas. But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
to use (another's production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying
about it afterward.
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that
certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to
find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.
Citing References in Text
Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or findings have directly influenced your
work, even if you are paraphrasing or describing someone else's idea. To avoid plagiarism, take
careful notes as you research to keep track of all sources and collect the information you need to cite
them properly.
Author-date citation technique
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using references, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using references" (p. 199);
what implications does this have for teachers?
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using references" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.
3.2. Provide information about the source, author and date of three or more references used in the
visit or issue report. Link references to the appropriate text in the visit or issue report.
A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by authors
surname.
A bibliography, however, may include resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well
as an annotated description of each one. Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by
subject, rather than alphabetically.
Points to remember
List all references in alphabetical order. Each reference is listed only once.
Page 20
Format for a reference from a Book

Redden, S.V. (2002). AS Biology with Stafford, Stafford Publications, Orissa, India, pp103106.
3.3. Evaluate at least two references used in the report
Remember that there is an ocean of information available today and it is often all too easy to
get lost and choose inaccurate or less reliable information. It is therefore important to
evaluate the sources from which we obtain information, lest we end up with information that
is misleading and inaccurate.
Some factors that we may consider are:
An article on space science would be reliable if written by a NASA scientist, rather than by a
college student. Likewise, you would not want to trust an article on acupuncture written by a
NASA scientist. It would be better to look for information provided by an acupuncture
specialist.
Remember: Use information from sources prepared by experts in their relevant field of
expertise.
Authors may have vested interests and may write article to promote their point of view, often
in a very convincing manner. These authors usually have affiliations to institutions with
vested interests. For example, a scientist employed by a fossil fuel company may write
articles that play down the effects of global warming and scientists who work for companies
that sell solar cells may magnify the effects of global warming.
Remember: Information from independent organisations with no vested interests will be
more valid and reliable than information from individuals working for organisations with
vested interests or individuals with their own biased views.
Scientific journals publish research finding from various individuals or organisations. The
methods of research, data procurement, data analysis and data interpretation can also
influence the validity of information. Renowned scientific journals publish work which has
been through a rigorous vetting process.
Remember: Work which has been reviewed by peers and other independent sources is
more valid and reliable.
Refer to more than one source while researching for information. If many source say the
same thing about the topic then it is likely to be more reliable. If many sources give conflicting
information, then further referencing or research is needed.
Remember: Cross referencing does not make the information more reliable, it simply is a
means to verify or assess the reliability of information in a source.
Page 21

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Marking scheme for AS Biology with Stafford, Unit Three Practical Workbook. Book available at http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/s/ref=is _s_?

k=AS+A2 +Bi ology +with+ stafford

Marking schemes for

AS Biology with Stafford

Paper reference: 6BIO7

The book is available at the following link

Copyright Stafford Valentine Redden

Volume of orange juice needed Concentration

Volume of juice needed to

Absorbance / arbitrary units

(b) The student recorded the data in a table:

820 811 800 805 817 800 805 808.8

612 607 635 620 621 614 606 617.3

568 575 564 580 582 584 580 577.4

400 404 415 412 416 406 410 409

310 309 315 300 302 306 301 306.1

means infinity (no reaction)

c) a buffer solution maintains a constant and optimum pH.

d) (i) As enzyme concentration increases from 0 to 95 mmol dm-3 there is a general

ii. Type of marigold plant tissue used as explant

iii. percentage success of callus formation

Mass of algae at end of two days /g

Articles marking schemes

Functions of the CFTR protein

Normal Normal Normal Cystic

Model article Two

Notes on bibliography or referencing and evaluation of references

Format for a reference from a Book

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