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Transformer Connections
Overcurrent Protection
Directional Protection of Parallel Transformers
Partial Differential Protection of Parallel Transformers
Earth Faults on Transformer Windings
Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Biased Differential Protection of 2 and 3 Winding
Transformers
Transformer Connections
A2
EP
A1
A2
EP
A1
a2
ES
a1
IP
A2
EP
A1
a2
ES
a1
IS
Transformer Connections
a a2
A
C1
A2
C2
C B1
A
B
C
A2
B2
C2
A1
B1
C1
a1
b1
c1
c1
A1
B2 B
a2
b2
c2
a1
b1
b2
c2
c
a
b
Phase displacement
Yy0
Dd0
Zd0
Phase displacement
Yy6
Dd6
Dz6
Yd1
Dy1
Yz1
Yd11
Dy11
Yz11
Group 1
0
Group 2
180
Group 3
30
Group 4
30
10
Transformer Connections
A2
B2
C2
Low
Voltage
Windings
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
A1
11
Dy 11
12
11
30
12
Dy 11
1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors
A Line Designation a
30
13
Dy 11
2. Draw Delta Connection
A
14
Dy 11
3. Draw A Phase Windings
A
a
a2
A2
a
1
A
1
B
15
Dy 11
4. Complete Connections (a)
A
a
C1
A2
C
2
C
16
a
c 1b
1 1
A
1
B
1
a2
B
2
c
2
c
b
2
Dy 11
4. Complete Connections (b)
A
2
B
2
17
C
2
A
1
a1
a2
B
1
b
1
b
2
C1
c
1
c
2
18
Fuse
kVA
Full load
current (A)
Rated
current (A)
Operating time at
3 x rating(s)
100
5.25
16
3.0
200
10.5
25
3.0
300
15.8
36
10.0
500
26.2
50
20.0
1000
52.5
90
30.0
1500/5
51
50
1MVA
3.3/0.44kV
51
N
64
19
1500/5
5
1N
5
0N
5
0
6
4
1000/
5
5MVA
11/3.3kV
5
N
1
6
4
1000/
5
3.3k
20
Overcurrent Protection
21
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
22
HV
Source
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
23
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
I1 - I2
x 100
I2
I2
I1
24
D.
C
.
> Transformer Protection
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
5
1
LV
5
1
HV
1
5
1
HV
2
HV1
Tim
e
HV2
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
25
Curren
t
I3
I3
0.866
I3
I3
26
HV relay
0.4 sec
LV relay
0.866 I3 I3
27
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)
51
Grid supply
67
Feeders
51
67
51
28
51
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (2)
51
Grid supply
51
Bus
Section
Feeders
51
51
29
51
Parallel Transformers
Partial Differential Scheme
Grid supply
P
1
P
2
S
1
S
2
6
7
6
7
5
1
S S
2 1
P2 P1
5
1
30
5
1
5
1
31
IP
PR
Protective
Relay
ResistorlimitsE/Fcurrentto fullloadvalues
IF
Thus,primarycurrent, P
. F.L.
3
2
circuit
3
32
x .F.L.
3
IF
0.8
Star
Side
0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay
0.4
Delta
Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
IF
Star
Side
7
6
51
Overcurrent
Relay
4
3
2
Delta
Side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
34
IF
9
8
7
6
IP
IN
IP
5
4
3
2
IN
35
p.u..
I=
2
3
Differential
Relay
Setting = IS
36
Thus 59% of
20%
41%
30%
28%
40%
17%
50%
7%
51
N
5
1
37
5
1
5
1
51
N
51
N
5
1
5
1
5
1
Protected
Zone
RE
F
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
40
41
Source
Protected zone
REF
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
IS
VS
RL
RL
RS
RT
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT =
4.9
80MV
A
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
46
RS
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
p.u.
1 P.U.
Total impedance = 14
1
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
= 111296 Amps
I2
IF
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
47
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
48
Solution (3)
Weber/m2 (Tesla)
(multiply by Kv to obtain RMS
secondary volts)
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.04
0.08
0.12
AT/mm
(multiply by Ki to obtain total
exciting current in Amps)
49
Kv
Ki
Line &
Neutral CT
158
0.341
Earth CT
236
0.275
Solution (4)
(3) Effective setting IP = CT ratio x (IS + IMAG)
Line & Neutral CTs
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.592 Tesla
158
From graph, mag. Force at 0.592 Tesla = 0.015 AT/mm
Mag. Current = 0.015 x 0.341 = 0.0051 Amps
Earth CT
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6 = 0.396 Tesla
236
From graph, mag. Force at 0.396 Tesla = 0.012 AT/mm
Mag. Current = 0.012 x 0.275 = 0.0033 Amps
Thus, effective setting = 1600 x (0.1 + [(4 x 0.0051) + 0.0033])
Effective setting = 198 Amps
Transformer full load current = 1391 Amps
Effective setting = 198 x 100% = 14.2% x rated
1391
50
Solution (5)
(4)
51
Parallel Transformers
T
1
N A B C
Bus Section
T2
415 Volt
Switchboard
52
Parallel Transformers
CT in Earth
N A BC
T1
51N
Bus Section
Open
T
2
51N
53
415 Volt
Switchboar
d
Parallel Transformers CT in
Earth and Neutral
N A BC
T1
51N
Bus Section
Open
T
2
51N
54
415 Volt
Switchboar
d
Parallel Transformers
Residual Connections
NA BC
T1
F2
Bus section
Will maloperate if bus section is open
for fault at F1 T2
F1
415 volt switchboard
No maloperation for fault at F2 (but setting must be
greater than load neutral current)
55
200/5
51 5
0
10MVA
33/11KV
600/5
51
N
64
600/5
5/5A
56
87
Differential Protection
57
Differential Protection
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
OPERATE
BIAS I
2
I1 I2
OPERATE
I1 I2
RESTRAIN
I1 +
I2
2
59
Mean Through
Current
Differential Protection
HV
PROTECTED
ZONE
LV
Differential Connections
P1
P2
A2
A1
61
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
> Transformer Protection
P2
S2
S2
62
a2
P2
S1
Differential Protection
150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Differential Protection
800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
P1
S2
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
= 62.7 kV
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
65
Connections Check
Arbitrary Current Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
66
a2
S1
P1
P2
P1
S1
Connections Check
Add Delta Winding Current
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
67
a2
S1
P1
P2
P1
S1
Connections Check
Complete Primary Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
68
a2
S1
P1
P2
P1
S1
Connections Check
Complete Secondary Distribution
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
S2
R
R
R
P2
S2
S2
69
a2
S1
P1
P2
P1
S1
P2
A1
A2
a1
a2
P2
P1
S2 S1
S2 S1 T2 T1 P1 P2
70
P1
P2
A1
A2
P2
P1
S2 S1
S2 S1 P1 P2
71
EARTHING
TRANSF.
900/1
TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
72
EARTHING
TRANSF.
300/1
1/0.33
TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
73
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
P2
S1
S2
REF
S2
P2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
74
Restricted earth
fault relay
64
Bias windings
87
75
87
87
Differential relay
operating windings
PHASE a
T1
PHASE b
PHASE c
A
A
T1
G G
BEF
T2
T3
J
T4
Rb
2
H H H
Rb
2
Rb
2
Ro
Ro
Ro
OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
76
300/5
25MV
A
11KV
1600/5
50MV
A
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
78
Numeric
Relay
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
79
Differential
element
Virtual interposing CT
Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
80
+ m
V
Im
- m
81
Im
2m
82
83
84
85
86
A
B
C
87
Detection of Typical
Magnetising Inrush (50Hz)
Bias
Differential
Threshold
Differential
comparator
T1 = 5ms
T2 = 22ms
Trip
88
Trip
Differential
comparator
Differential input
Comparator output
T1
T2
89
Trip
Reset
T1 = 5ms
T2 = 22ms
Bias
Differential
Threshold
Trip
Differential
comparator
Differential input
Comparator output
T1
T2
90
Trip
Reset
T1 = 5ms
T2 = 22ms
Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays
(a) Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
87
91
High impedance
relay
Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays
(b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
a
b
c
87 87 87
n
92
93
Inter-Turn Fault
CT
E
Load
Shorted
turn
- 11,000 / 240
- 11,000 / 1
- 1 / 11,000
94
10
Fault current in short
circuited turns
80
Fault current
(multiples of
rated current)
60
6
Primary input current
40
20
10
15
20
25
95
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Conservator
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer
96
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket
Counter balance
weight
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
97
Deflector plate
Overfluxing Protection
98
Overfluxing
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
99
V = kf
2m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
EFFECTS
100
Ie
V K
f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
101
V/Hz Characteristics
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
1000
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K=5
K=1
100
Operating
time (s)
10
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
M = V Hz
Setting
102
1.5
1.6
Overfluxing Relay
Ex
VT
AVR
103
R
L
Circuit breaker
position repeat relay
RL1-1
VAA relay
Lower AVR
DC
Inhibit AVR
raise
Alarm
RL2-1
RL2-2
104
Alarm
DC
105
Relative
rate
of using
life
10
With ambient of 20 C.
Hot spot rise of 78 C is
design normal.
A further rise of 6 C
doubles rate of
using life.
1.0
98
0.1
80
106
Overheating Protection
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
Trip
I load
On
Fan
control
Off
On
Pump
control
Off
Heater
Temp. indication
Local
Thermal
replica
107
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
Overload Protection
Current based
Flexible characteristics
Single or dual time constant
Reset facility
Time
Non-volatile
Current
108
Thermal Overload
Oil Filled Transformers
Trip time (s)
10000
Single
characteristic:
= 120 mins
1000
Dual
characteristic
100
10
1
109
2
3
4
5
6
Current (multiple of thermal setting)
Single
characteristic:
= 5 mins
TripTime ln
where
P
IREF
2
I
K TRIP
I REF
TRIP
K
110
Transformer Feeders
111
Protection of Parallel
Transformer Feeders
Higher voltage
busbar
Z
OC
OC
FTS
FTS
REF
REF
DP
DP
Bh
WT
WT
Bh
REF
DOC
REF
SBEF
2 stage
SBEF
2 stage
OC
OC
Load
Load
112
Lower voltage
busbar
DOC
CTs
CTs
HV LV
CTs
CTs
TRIP
Feeder
Differential
Protection
PILOTS
Feeder
Differential
Protection
Transformer
Differential
Protection
UNSTABILISE
TRIP
TRIP
113
Transformer Feeders
FEEDE
R
PW
PILOT
S
P
W
P1
S1
P2
S2
23
24
25
26
27
28
II
ii
III
iii
MCTH
MBCI
27
28
MFAC
14
19
17
17
PILOTS
18
19
18 17
19
1
+ MVTW
02
13
14
115
S1
A
B
C
17
19
P1
S2
MCTH 23
17
23
24
25
26
27
28
P2
MBCI
18
24
25
26
27
28
23
24
25
26
27
28
Power transformer
P540
Scheme
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
116
Virtual interposing CT