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Epidemiology- study of how disease is distrubuted is populations abd the factors that
inluence or determine this distrubution
Objectives:
-identify cause and risk factors of a disease
-how is it transmitted
-determine extent of disease in community
-study natural history and prognosis of disease
-identify high risk groups: find specific factors/change
-Primary Prevention: (ultimate goal) prevent in healthy people beofre
Secondary Prevention: already developed disease in early stages intervene
Population based approach: preventative measure applied to population
High-risk approach: applied to high-risk group of people
-Diagnosis and prognosis are often population based- whats going around (helpful- not
always occur)
1) Determne whether association is b/w factor (ie environmental exposure) or
Characterisitic and development of disease in question=study characteristic of
groups and individual
a) find differences- make sure c comparable data and try to find why (high
risk people? Ethnicity?) disease is almost always based on interactiony,
even if genetic.
-Clinical disease- characterized by signs and symptoms
-Host must be susceptible
-Disease tranmitted directly (person to person) or indirectly (water supply)
-Non-clinical disease:
prechricail disease- not yet clinically apparent
subclinical disease- not clinically apparent and never will be
presistant (chronic)- persists for years
-Latent: infection with no active mult. Of virus
-Horizontal transmission: person to person
-Vertical tansmission: generation to generation (usually genetic)
-Host: ie person
Agent: bacteria
Environment: contaminating water supply
Vector: ie mosquito
-Carrier state: person harbors organism but is not know to be infected and can infect
others (usually not very many)
-Endemic: habitual presence of disease in given geographic area
Epidemic: occurance in a community or region of a group of illnesses of a similar nature
-Pandemic: worldwide epidemic
Characterizing by person: use characteristics (age and sex esp) of population , summarize
#6. hypothesize- source of agent, mode (vehicle/vector) of transmission, exposures
causing disease should be able to be tested talk to a few people, use descriptions,
epidemiology