Unit 1 Intro - 6 Learning

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Schools of Psychology
Name:
SchoolsofPsychology
MultipleChoice
Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.
1."IamprimarilyinterestedinthinkingprocessesIama__________psychologist."
a. cognitive
b. learning
c. perception
d. personality
2.LikeCarlRogers,Ibelievepeoplechoosetolivemorecreativeandmeaningfullives.Myname
is
a. Wertheimer.
b. Washburn.
c. Skinner.
d. Maslow.
3.Comparativepsychologistsareprimarilyinterestedin
a. stimulusresponseconnections.
b. animalbehavior.
c. thecomparisonoffunctionalandbehavioralpsychology.
d. thecomparisonofdifferenttypesofpsychotherapy.
4.Ofthefollowing,whoisassociatedwiththeGestaltschoolofpsychology?
a. IvanPavlov
b. B.F.Skinner
c. MaxWertheimer
d. JohnWatson
5.Ofthefollowing,whoisahumanisticpsychologist?
a. SigmundFreud
b. AbrahamMaslow
c. B.F.Skinner
d. JohnWatson
6.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsanempiricalstatement?
a. Governmentexpertsagreethatafuturedownturnintheeconomyislikely.
b. Thetemperaturetodayishigherthanitwasayearagotoday.
c. IQisdefinedasmentalage,dividedbyageinyears,times100.
d. Grandmothersknowbest.
7.Apsychologistperformsthefollowingexperiment:shegivessubjectsphotographsoffemale
facesandasksthemtoratetheattractivenessofeachface.However,someofthesubjectshave
justhadtotakeaverydifficultmathtest,whileothershavetakenaveryeasymathtest.The
psychologistwouldprobablybea__________psychologist.
a. industrial
b. comparative
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c. developmental
d. social
8.AccordingtoJohnWatson,introspectionwas
a. avalidmethodofresearch.
b. unscientific.
c. thecornerstoneofbehaviorism.
d. thestudyofthemindinuse.
9.Oneofthereasonstostudypsychologyis
a. tounderstandthehumanmindandhowitworks.
b. tolearnhowtomanipulateothers.
c. tocompletelyunderstandandpredicthumanbehavior.
d. tohavetheanswerstoalloflife'squestions.
10.Apsychologistwhostudiesfamilydynamicsandtheireffectsonbehaviorofindividualsin
differentregionswouldprobablybea__________psychologist.
a. learning
b. cultural
c. developmental
d. cognitive
11.Whichofthefollowingpsychologicaltheoriesisknownastheonethatemphasizes"freewill"?
a. psychodynamicpsychology
b. behaviorism
c. humanisticpsychology
d. neoFreudianpsychology
12.Thestudyofsimilaritiesanddifferencesinthebehaviorofdifferentspeciesiscalled
a. biology.
b. comparativepsychology.
c. environmentalpsychology.
d. differentialpsychology.
13.Whichofthefollowingisthebestexampleofcovertbehavior?
a. blinkinginresponsetoalight
b. imitatingafriend'sgesture
c. rememberingapleasantexperience
d. rapideyemovementswhilesleeping
14.Whichofthefollowingbehaviorscanbestbedescribedasovertbehavior?
a. watchingaTVgameshow
b. thinkingabouttheanswertoacontestant'squestion
c. beingsadthatthecontestantansweredincorrectly
d. wonderingifthereareanyfrozenwafflesleftinthefreezer
15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningpsychodynamicpsychologyistrue?
a. Freud'stheorieswereveryinvolvedandextensive,buttheyendedup
contributingverylittletoourunderstandingofhumanbehavior.
b. Freud'stheoriesremaininfluentialtodayandarelargelyunchangedfrom
theirfirstconceptualizations.
c. Almostimmediately,manyofFreud'sstudentsbrokeawayfromhis
theoriesinordertomodifyandchangethem.
d. Psychodynamicpsychologyfocusesonobservablebehaviors.
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16.Brainmechanismsinvolvedinhungerandthirstwouldmostlikelybestudiedbya
a. personalitytheorist.
b. sensorypsychologist.
c. learningtheorist.
d. biopsychologist.
17."Thewholeisgreaterthanthesumofitsparts"isrepresentedbywhichofthefollowing?
a. theGestaltpsychologists.
b. thebehaviorists.
c. thestructuralists.
d. thefunctionalists.
18.Thegoalsofpsychologyareto
a. developeffectivemethodsofpsychotherapy.
b. describe,predict,understand,andcontrolbehavior.
c. explainthefunctioningofthehumanmind.
d. compare,analyze,andcontrolhumanbehavior.
19.Freudbelievedthatallthoughtsandactionsaredeterminedby
a. thefirstyearoflife.
b. forcesinthepersonalitythatareoftenunconscious.
c. needsforloveandselfesteem.
d. thedriveforselfactualization.
20.Thelargestareaofspecializationamongpsychologistsis
a. industrialandorganizational.
b. experimental,physiological,andcomparative.
c. socialandpersonality.
d. clinicalandcounseling.
21.Thetermcognitionrefersto
a. predictingthefuture.
b. analysisandsynthesis.
c. thinkingorknowing.
d. introspection.
22.Barbaraisapplyingconditioningprinciplestoteachlanguageskillstoretardedchildren.Asa
psychologist,herpointofviewappearstobe
a. Freudian.
b. Gestalt.
c. functionalist.
d. behaviorist.
23.Strictbehavioristswerecriticizedforoverlookingtherolethat__________playsinourlives.
a. reward
b. thinking
c. punishment
d. stimuli
24.Apsychologistwhois"eclectic"canbestbedescribedas
a. rejectingdeterminisminfavoroffreewill.
b. cognitiveratherthanbehavioral.
c. drawingfrommanypsychologicalapproaches.
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d. preferringpseudopsychologicalapproaches.
25.Thestudyofmentalprocessessuchasthinking,perception,informationprocessing,etc.isa
keyelementin__________psychology.
a. humanistic
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. biological
26.Overtbehavioris
a. anythingapersondoes.
b. onlythosethingsapersondoeswhichyoucansee.
c. onlythosethingswhichcanberecordedbyacamera.
d. onlythosethingswhichapersoncanseewithhis/hersenses.
27.Whichareainpsychologywouldbemostlikelytostudythephenomenonof"peerinfluence"?
a. social
b. comparative
c. physiological
d. school
28.Psychologistsareall
a. scientists.
b. practitioners.
c. bothscientistsandpractitioners.
d. eitherscientistsorpractitioners.
29.Ifyouweretowalkintoalaboratorywheretheeffectsofintensepunishmentonarat'sability
toformadiscriminationwasbeingstudied,youwouldbeinthelabofa__________
psychologist.
a. physiological
b. developmental
c. learning
d. social
30.Maslowproposedaneedtodevelopone'spotentialandbethebestonecanbe,whichhecalled
a. selfimage.
b. selfconcept.
c. selfesteem.
d. selfactualization.
31.Thepsychodynamicviewemphasizestheroleof__________indevelopment.
a. externalrewardsandpunishments
b. internalimpulses,desires,andconflicts
c. subjectiveexperiences,potentials,andideals
d. physiology,genetics,biochemistry,andevolution
32.Psychologyis
a. thestudyofhumanorigins,evolution,andcultures.
b. thescientificstudyofbehaviorandmentalprocessesofanylivingcreature.
c. anaturalscienceintegratingphysiologyandneurology.
d. thedeductivestudyofformsandfunctionsofhumangroups.
33.Ofthefollowing,whowasastructuralist?
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a. B.F.Skinner
b. JohnWatson
c. WilhelmWundt
d. WilliamJames
34.Somemodernpsychodynamictheorists,orneoFreudians,focusedon
a. thewhole.
b. socialmotivesandrelationshipsthatinfluenceourbehavior.
c. humanexperience,problems,potentials,andideals.
d. observablebehaviors.
35.Sometopicsinpsychologyaredifficulttostudybecause
a. theyoverlapwithotherfields,suchaslawandbusiness.
b. ofethicalconsiderations.
c. advancedtechnologythatmeasuresbrainwavesisnotavailable.
d. ofalackofinterestinhumanbehavior.
36.Behaviorismhelpedmakepsychologya
a. fad.
b. science.
c. specialty.
d. hoax.
37.Psychiatristsdifferfrompsychologistsinthatpsychiatrists
a. arephysicianswithaspecializationinabnormalbehaviorand
psychotherapy.
b. areextensivelytrainedinthetheoriesandtechniquesofSigmundFreud.
c. aregenerallymoreeclecticthanpsychologists.
d. haveaMastersorPh.D.degreewithspecialtraininginpsychological
theoryandresearchmethods.
38.Developmentalpsychologistsstudytheeffectsof__________onbehavior.
a. marketing
b. learningdisabilities
c. aging
d. robotics
39.ThekindoftherapydevelopedbyFreudiscalled
a. Gestalttherapy.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. behaviormodification.
d. SRtherapy.
40.Freudstressedtheroleof__________inshapingourpersonalities.
a. thestructureofthemind
b. thefunctionofourbehaviors
c. ourhistoryofrewardsandpunishments
d. theunconscious
41.The"father"ofpsychologyandfounderofthefirstpsychologicallaboratorywas
a. WilhelmWundt.
b. SigmundFreud.
c. JohnB.Watson.
d. B.F.Skinner.
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42.Youseeapsychologistandtellherthatyouarefeelingdepressed.Thepsychologisttalksto
youaboutyourpastandattemptstolinkyourpresentsituationwithpatternsdevelopedinyour
childhoodduringyourrelationshipwithyourparents.Thepsychologistwouldprobablybelong
towhichschoolofpsychology?
a. humanisticpsychology
b. psychodynamicpsychology
c. behaviorism
d. Gestaltpsychology
43.Thestructuralistschoolofpsychology
a. usedintrospectiontoanalyzeconsciousexperience.
b. reliedheavilyontheconceptofnaturalselection.
c. wasconcernedwithexperiencesas"wholes."
d. useddreamanalysistorevealtheunconscious.
44."Experiencecannotbeanalyzedsuccessfullyintoitselements"wouldlikelybesaidbya
a. Gestaltpsychology.
b. behaviorist.
c. structuralist.
d. functionalist.
45.Thekeyideainthebehavioristicviewisthat
a. behaviorisshapedandcontrolledbyone'senvironment.
b. behavioristheresultofclashingforceswiththepersonality.
c. behaviorcanbeunderstoodintermsofthementalprocessingof
information.
d. environmentplaysaverysmallroleincontrollingone'sbehavior.
46.Evolutionarypsychologistswouldstudy
a. thebiologicalmakeupofthehumanmindacrosscultures.
b. historicalbehaviorofasinglespecies.
c. developmentallyhowchimpanzeesandhumansaresimilar.
d. maleandfemaletrendsinmatingchoices.
47.ApractitionerwhoisintensivelytrainedinthetheoriesofFreudandtreatspatientsbytalking
tothemisprobablya
a. psychiatrist.
b. clinicalpsychologist.
c. psychoanalyst.
d. counselingpsychologist.
48.Youseeapsychologistandtellherthatyouarefeelingdepressed.Thepsychologistfocuseson
thoseactivitiesyouengageincurrentlyaroundwhichyoufeeldepressed,andshetalkswith
youaboutchangingtheseactivitiesandthoughtsthatmakeyoufeel"down"anddoingthings
whichmakeyouhappy.Thispsychologistwouldprobablybelongtothe__________schoolof
psychology.
a. humanistic
b. psychodynamic
c. behaviorist
d. Gestalt
Asocialscientistwhocharacterizeshis/herworkasthestudyoftherelationshipbetween
49.environmentaleventsandthebehaviortheyproducewithoutregardforexperienceor
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consciousnessisa
a. functionalist.
b. structuralist.
c. Gestaltpsychologist.
d. behaviorist.
50.TheAPAprofessionalcodestresses
a. highlevelsofcompetence,integrity,andresponsibility.
b. useofthescientificmethodintestinghypotheses.
c. deceptionasatechniquetoengagethepsyche.
d. cooperationwithauthoritieswhenaclientissuspectedofacrime.
51.Apsychologistwhoseviewpointispsychodynamic
a. focusesonselfimageandselfactualizationtoexplainbehavior.
b. believesbehaviorisdirectedbyforceswithinone'spersonalitywhichare
oftenunconscious.
c. emphasizesthestudyofobservablebehavior.
d. isusuallyeclecticinhispractice.
52.Youseeapsychologistandtellherthatyouarefeelingdepressed.Shetalkstoyouaboutthe
goalsyouhaveforyourself,aboutyourimageofyourself,andaboutthechoicesthatyoumake
inyourlifeandthatyoucouldmakeinyourlife.Thispsychologistwouldprobablybelongto
the__________schoolofpsychology.
a. humanistic
b. psychodynamic
c. behavioristic
d. Gestalt
53.Apsychologistwhostudiesgenderissuesfocuseson
a. learningthedifferencesbetweenthesexesandhowtheydevelop.
b. culturalandfamilyrelationships.
c. peergroupformation.
d. cognitiveprocesses.
54.__________psychologyisconcernedwiththinking,language,andproblemsolving.
a. Behavioristic
b. Psychoanalytic
c. Cognitive
d. Humanistic
55.Eclecticpsychologistsareknownfor
a. studyingthebrainandnervoussystem.
b. drawingonavarietyoftheoreticalviews.
c. prescribingdrugstotreatemotionaldisorders.
d. stressingtheroleoftheunconscious.
56.Psychologyisconsideredasciencebecauseit
a. gainsinformationthroughnewmethodsandtechnology.
b. acceptswhatseemsplausibleandsensible.
c. reliesondirectobservationandmeasurementofbehavior.
d. studiesanimalaswellashumanbehavior.
57.Covertbehavioris
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d. onlythosethingswhicharenotobservablebyothers.
58.Whoamongthefollowingcanprescribedrugstotreatemotionalproblems?
a. psychiatrist
b. socialworker
c. psychologist
d. Gestalttherapist
59.Theproperuseofreward,punishment,andbehaviormodificationareresultsof
a. functionalism.
b. humanism.
c. structuralism.
d. behaviorism.
60.Theeclecticapproach
a. stressestheGestaltperspective.
b. emphasizesstructuralistprinciples.
c. embracesavarietyoftheoreticalviews.
d. hasdisappearedentirelyasaperspectiveinpsychology.
61.Repressionrefersto
a. thoughtsmistakenlyheldoutofawareness.
b. thoughtsactivelyheldoutofawareness.
c. forgetfulness.
d. thefactthatallthoughts,emotions,andactionsaredetermined.
62.Psychologistsuseanimalsinexperimentsinorderto
a. avoidusingunreliablehumansubjects.
b. complywithgovernmentprohibitionsagainstanyunpleasantexperiments
usinghumansubjects.
c. investigateproblemsthatcannotbestudiedwithhumansubjectsinorderto
discoverprinciplesthatapplytohumans.
d. eliminatetheeffectoftheanthropomorphicfallacy.
63.Acommonsenseapproachtopsychologyis
a. themostreliable.
b. oftencontradictedbyempiricalevidence.
c. thebasisformostpsychologicaltheories.
d. thebasisforcollectingdata(observedfacts).
64.Ofthetheoristslistedbelow,whohelpedtodevelopthehumanisticapproachinpsychology?
a. Rogers
b. Skinner
c. Titchener
d. Freud
65.WilliamJameswrotePrinciplesofPsychologyandfounded
a. structuralism.
b. functionalism.
c. behaviorism.
d. humanism.
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66.__________focustheirworkontheattempttoexplainallbehaviorintermsofinternal
physicalmechanisms.
a. Biopsychologists
b. Behaviorists
c. Psychoanalysts
d. Humanists
67.Psychodynamicpsychologydiffersfromotherapproachesbecauseitisbasedon
a. animalratherthanhumanmodels.
b. thoughtsandimpulsesoutsideofconsciousexperience.
c. introspectionbytrainedsubjects.
d. laboratorystudiesincontrolledsettings.
68.Thehumanisticviewpointemphasizes
a. freewill,selfimage,andselfactualization.
b. determinism,theunconscious,andbiologicaldrives.
c. naturalselectionandpracticalskills.
d. theideathat"theenvironmentisthekeycausalmatrix."
69.AccordingtoJohnB.Watson,psychologyisthestudyof
a. themind.
b. consciousexperience.
c. mentalstates.
d. behavior.
70."Iseektounderstandtheprincipleswherebyachilddevelopstheabilitytothink,speak,
perceive,andlearn."Thisstatementidentifiesoneasa__________psychologist.
a. physiological
b. social
c. developmental
d. sensory/perceptual
71.Behavioris
d. onlythosethingswhichapersoncanseewithhis/hersenses.
72.Accordingtothe__________view,theneedforlove,selfesteem,belonging,selfexpression,
andcreativityareasimportantasbiologicalneeds.
a. psychodynamic
b. behavioristic
c. humanistic
d. cognitive
73.Biopsychologists
a. limitthescopeoftheirstudytoanimals.
b. areconcernedwithselfactualizationandfreewill.
c. stresstheunconsciousaspectofbehavior.
d. attempttoexplainbehaviorintermsofbiologicalorphysicalmechanisms.
74.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMaslow'sconceptofselfactualization?
a. theneedtoprotectone'sselfimagethroughselfdeception
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b. theneedtofeelapartofahigherspiritualorder
c. theneedtodevelopone'spotentialfully
d. selfactualization
75.Whichviewofhumannatureisconsideredtobethemostphilosophicalandtheleastscientific?
a. behaviorism
b. cognitivepsychology
c. humanism
d. psychoanalysis
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Research Methods
Name:
ResearchMethods
MultipleChoice
1.Apsychologistusingthemethodofnaturalisticobservationwould
a. carefullydesigncontrolledsituationsinwhichtoobservebehavior.
b. relyonobservationsofsubjects'responsestoquestionnaires.
c. observebehaviorasithappensoutsidethelaboratoryorclinic.
d. makerecordsofthebehaviorofclientstreatedintherapy.
2.Inastudyofeffectsofalcoholondrivingability,thecontrolgroupshouldbegiven
a. ahighdosageofalcohol.
b. onehalfthedosagegiventheexperimentalgroup.
c. adrivingtestbeforeandafterdrinkingalcohol.
d. noalcoholatall.
3.Ascientificexplanationthatremainstentativeuntilithasbeenadequatelytestediscalleda(n)
a. theory.
b. law.
c. hypothesis.
d. experiment.
4.Astudytodeterminethedegreeofrelationshipbetweentwoeventsiscalled
a. naturalisticobservation.
b. thecorrelationalmethod.
c. acontrolledexperiment.
d. thesurveymethod.
5.__________isanabilitytoevaluate,compare,analyze,critique,andsynthesizeinformation.
a. Criticalthinking
b. Transductivethinking
c. Deductivethinking
d. Creativethinking
6.Thephrase"atheorymustalsobefalsifiable"means
a. researchersmisrepresenttheirdata.
b. atheorymustbedefinedsoitcanbedisconfirmed.
c. theoriesarearicharrayofobservationsregardingbehaviorbutwithfew
factstosupportthem.
d. nothing.
7.Theproductsofnaturalisticobservationarebestdescribedintermsof
a. explanation.
b. theory.
c. prediction.
d. description.
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8.Ateacherbelievesthatonegroupofchildrenisverybrightandthatasecondisbelowaverage
inability.Actually,thegroupsareidentical,butthefirstgroupprogressesmorerapidlythan
thesecond.Thisdemonstrates
a. theselffulfillingprophecy.
b. theplaceboeffectinanaturalexperiment.
c. observerbiasinnaturalisticobservation.
d. theethicalproblemsoffieldexperiments.
9.Apsychologistobservestheconfrontationbetweentworivalneighborhoodgangsfromthe
windowofanabandonedbuilding.Thismethodofcollectingobservationsisbestdescribedas
a. experimentalregression.
b. naturalisticobservation.
c. controlledexperimentation.
d. clinicalcasestudy.
10.InanexperimenttofindoutiftakingginsengincreasesIQscores,theIQscoreswouldbe
a. theindependentvariable.
b. acontrolvariable.
c. anextraneousvariable.
d. thedependentvariable.
11.Whichofthefollowingisconsideredadisadvantageofnaturalisticobservation?
a. Itprovidesanoverabundanceofinformation.
b. Itdealswithbehaviornottamperedwithbyoutsideinfluences.
c. Itlimitsbiasedobservationsthroughcarefulrecordkeeping.
d. Itdoesnotidentifythecauseofobservedbehavior.
12.Subjectsaresaidtobeassignedrandomlywhen
a. theyareassignedtoexperimentalandcontrolgroupsfromasamplewhich
isrepresentativeofthelargerpopulation.
b. theyeachhaveanequalchanceofbeingassignedtoeitherthe
experimentalorcontrolgroup.
c. theyareassignedtoexperimentalandcontrolgroupssothatthegroups
differonsomecriticalvariablebeforetheexperimentbegins.
d. neithertheexperimenternorthesubjectknowswhetherthesubjectisinthe
experimentalorcontrolgroup.
13.Apsychologistwatchestherapideyemovementsofsleepingsubjectsandwakesthemtofind
theyreportthattheyweredreaming.Sheconcludesthatdreamsarelinkedtorapideye
movements.Thisconclusionisbasedon
a. purespeculation.
b. directobservation.
c. deductionfromdirectobservation.
d. priorprediction.
14.Topreventethicalabuseinpsychologicalresearch,theAPAhassuggestedthat
a. psychologistsmusttreatallsubjectswithrespectandconcernforthe
subject'sdignity.
b. psychologistsmustavoiddeceptionwithusinghumansubjects.
c. alldatacollectedfromapersonmustbemadepublic.
d. allpsychologicalharmtosubjectsmustbecorrectedbycounseling.
15.Acommonmethodforselectingrepresentativesamplesistoselectthem
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a. randomlyfromthelargerpopulation.
b. strictlyfromvolunteers.
c. bythreateningorcoercinginstitutionalizedpopulations.
d. fromconfidentiallistsofmailorderfirms.
16.Threemajorethicalconcernsofpsychologicalresearchersaredeception,lastingharmto
subjects,and
a. moralityofthequestionunderinvestigation.
b. lossoffutureresearchpossibilities.
c. falsifiedresults.
d. invasionofprivacy.
17.Anexperimenterconductsanexperimentontheeffectsofadrugtocontrolhallucinations.He
declarestheresultstobe"statisticallysignificant,"whichusuallymeansthat
a. eventhoughappropriatestatisticswereused,nodifferencescouldbe
detectedbetweenexperimentalandcontrolgroups.
b. theresultshaveimportantimplicationsfortheoryorpractice.
c. differencesbetweenexperimentalandcontrolgroupsofthissizeoccurby
chanceonly5timesoutof100(orless).
d. differencesbetweenexperimentalandcontrolgroupsweresolargethey
couldneveroccurbychancealone.
18.Wewishtotestthehypothesisthatmusicimproveslearning.Wecomparetestscoresof
studentswhostudytomusicwiththosewhostudyinsilence.Whichofthefollowingisan
extraneousvariableinthisexperiment?
a. thepresenceorabsenceofmusic
b. thestudents'testscores
c. theamountoftimeallowedforthestudying
d. silence
19.Thestatisticaltechniquethatcombinesresultsofalargenumberofstudiesiscalled
a. experimentalcorrelation.
b. statisticallinearanalysist.
c. metaanalysis.
d. hypotheticalanalysis.
20.Anexperimentisperformedtoseeifbackgroundmusicimproveslearning.Twogroupsstudy
thesamematerial,onewhilelisteningtomusicandanotherwithoutmusic.Theindependent
variableis
a. learning.
b. thesizeofthegroup.
c. thematerialstudied.
d. music.
21.Thechieffunctionofthecontrolgroupinanexperimentisthatit
a. allowsmathematicalrelationshipstobeestablished.
b. providesapointofreferenceagainstwhichthebehaviorofthe
experimentalgroupcanbecompared.
c. balancestheexperimenttoeliminateallextraneousvariables.
d. isnotreallynecessary.
22.Whichofthefollowingcoefficientsofcorrelationindicatesthestrongestrelationshipbetween
twosetsofvariables?
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Research Methods
a. 0.98
b. 0.90
c. 0.00
d. 1.20
23.Themostpowerfulresearchtoolisa(an)
a. clinicalstudy.
b. experiment.
c. survey.
d. correlationalstudy.
24.Amajordisadvantageoftheexperimentalmethodisthat
a. privatefundingcanneverbeobtained.
b. APAEthicalReviewCommitteesoftendonotapproveoftheresearch
techniques.
c. thereisacertainamountofartificialityattachedtoit.
d. subjectsaredifficulttofindforresearchprojects.
25.Aresearcherdeterminesthatthecrimerateinalargecityfluctuateswiththephasesofthe
moon.Heconcludesthatthegravitationalpullofthemooninfluenceshumanbehavior.Hehas
committedwhaterror?
a. Heincorrectlyinferredcorrelationfromcausation.
b. Heincorrectlyinferredcausationfromcorrelation.
c. Hefailedtomeasurethegravitationalpulltotesthishypothesis.
d. Hehasoverlookedtheplaceboeffect.
26.Studentswhodobetterinhighschooltendtodobetterincollege.Thisisanexampleof
a. anegativecorrelation.
b. azerocorrelation.
c. apositivecorrelation.
d. aperfectcorrelation.
27.Inthetraditionallearningexperiment,theeffectofpracticeonperformanceisinvestigated.
Performanceisthe__________variable.
a. independent
b. extraneous
c. dependent
d. control
28.Collectionofobservableevidence,precisedefinition,andreplicationofresultsallformthe
basisfor
a. scientificobservation.
b. thescientificmethod.
c. definingascientificproblem.
d. hypothesisgeneration.
29.Anadvantageoftheexperimentalmethodinpsychologyis
a. theidentificationofacauseandeffectrelationship.
b. similartothecorrelationalmethodinthatcausalityisdetermined.
c. thatthesurroundingsarealwayssimilartoreallifeexperiences.
d. thatitisaninformalwaytoinvestigatebehavior.
30.Acorrelationcoefficientof0meansthatthereis
a. astrongnegativerelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
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b. astrongpositiverelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
c. aperfectpositiverelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
d. norelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
31.Theindependentvariableinanexperimentis
a. thesubjecthimself.
b. ameasureofthesubject'sbehavior.
c. thevariablethattheexperimenterchoosestomanipulate.
d. anyunwantedvariablethatmayadverselyaffectthesubject'sperformance.
32.Inordertosummarizeororganizeaseriesofobservationsinsomemeaningfulway,
psychologistsmaydevelop
a. hypotheses.
b. experiments.
c. surveys.
d. theories.
33.Basicethicalguidelinesforpsychologicalresearchersinclude
a. ensuringthatparticipationisinvoluntary.
b. harmingthesubjectswhennecessary.
c. minimizingconfidentiality.
d. providingresultsandinterpretationstoparticipants.
34.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesadoubleblindexperimentalprocedure?
a. Allsubjectsgettheexperimentalprocedure.
b. Halfthesubjectsgettheexperimentalprocedure,halftheplacebowhich
theyreceiveisknownonlytotheexperimenter.
c. Halfthesubjectsgettheexperimentalprocedure,halftheplacebowhich
theyreceiveisnotknowntosubjectsorexperimenters.
d. Allsubjectsgetthecontrolprocedure.
35.Asetofexactproceduresthatrepresentparticularvariablesiscalleda(n)
a. abstractdefinition.
b. operationaldefinition.
c. casestudy.
d. definingcharacteristic.
36.AfriendstatesthatsincehehasbeentakingvitaminC,hehasnothadasinglecold.His
observationhaslittlevalueinassessingtheeffectsofvitaminCbecause
a. therewasnocontrolgroupforcomparison.
b. hehasnotcalculatedacorrelationcoefficient.
c. oftheeffectoftheobserverontheobserved.
d. hedoesnotspecifyhisdosageofvitaminC.
37.Asimpleexperimenthastwogroupsofsubjectscalled
a. thedependentgroupandtheindependentgroup.
b. theextraneousgroupandtheindependentgroup.
c. thebeforegroupandtheaftergroup.
d. thecontrolgroupandtheexperimentalgroup.
38.Anexampleofthe"experimentereffect"wouldbeasituationinwhichtheexperimenter
a. actsouttheproperbehaviorforthesubjects.
b. deceivesthesubjectastotherealpurposeoftheexperiment.
c. unknowinglyhintstosubjectswhatisexpectedofthem.
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d. overtlytellsthesubjectshowtorespond.
39.Whichofthefollowingisconsideredbythetexttobeapseudopsychology?
a. cognitivepsychology
b. behaviorism
c. Gestaltpsychology
d. astrology
40.Toinvestigatetheeffectsofaparticularstudymethodonstudentperformance,twodifferent
methodsaretried,eachwithadifferentgroupofsubjects.Ifonlytheexperimenterknows
whichmethodisunderinvestigation,theprocedurebeingusedisdescribedas
a. doubleblind.
b. singleblind.
c. selffulfillingprophesy.
d. representativesampling.
41.TheresultsofcarefullycontrolledobservationsofCleverHansandhisabilitytosolvemath
problemsshowed
a. hecoulddomath.
b. hecouldadd,buthecouldnotsubtract.
c. hewascuedbytheownerlookingupordown.
d. noneofthesecouldbedeterminedbyobservation.
42.Thestudyofunusualeventsisto__________asinformationfromalargenumberofpeopleis
to__________.
a. clinicalmethodnaturalisticobservation
b. correlationalmethodsurveymethod
c. experimentalmethodnaturalisticobservation
d. clinicalmethodsurveymethod
43.Oneofthelimitationsofthesurveymethodis
a. observerbias.
b. thatitsetsupanartificialsituation.
c. thatrepliesmaynotbeaccurate.
d. theselffulfillingprophecy.
44.Iworkatauniversity,andmyresearchisdesignedtobeofimmediateuseintheclassroom.
Myresearchwouldbecalled
a. basic.
b. applied.
c. impractical.
d. ethical.
45.Intermsofcriticalthinkingandtesting,resultsshould
a. beincredible.
b. berepeatable.
c. besubjective.
d. bemetaanalytical.
46.Avariable,suchasthepersonalityofasubject,thatmightaffecttheoutcomeofanexperiment
wouldbecontrolledby
a. randomassignmentofsubjects.
b. assumingtheeffectsofthevariablearenegligible.
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c. manipulatingthedependentvariablessimultaneously.
d. repeatingtheexperimentseveraltimesuntiltheresultsareconsistent.
47.Inmyexperiment,Iamgoingtoinvestigatehowsleepaffectsanxiety.Thenumberofhoursof
sleepthesubjectshaveiscalledthe__________variable.
a. control
b. experiential
c. dependent
d. independent
48.Withrespecttoastrology,palmistry,andphrenology,itcanbesaidthat
a. allarepseudopsychology's.
b. noneissubjecttotheP.T.Barnumeffect.
c. theyrarelyappearto"work"duetothefallacyofpositiveinstances.
d. astrologyistheonlysystemwithascientificbasis.
49.Amajorproblemwiththesurveymethodis
a. identifyingthegrouptobequestioned.
b. obtainingarepresentativesampleofsubjectstobequestioned.
c. obtainingenoughinformationinashortamountoftime.
d. thatitcannotrevealverymuchaboutsignificantpsychologicaleventsin
thelivesofthepeopletested.
50.Anobservationthatthehighertheairtemperature,thelowertheactivityoftestanimalswould
beanexampleofa
a. negativecorrelation.
b. positivecorrelation.
c. causalrelationship.
d. zerocorrelation.
51.Toassessclients'abilities,aphrenologistwouldwantto
a. readtheirhandwriting.
b. examinetheirskulls.
c. studytheirpalms.
d. recordtheirEEGs.
52.Toreplicateanexperimentmeansto
a. usecontrolgroupsandexperimentalgroups.
b. usestatisticstodeterminetheeffectofchance.
c. controlfortheeffectsofextraneousvariables.
d. repeattheexperimentusingeitheridenticalorimprovedresearchmethods.
53.Theconditionsthataresearcherwishestopreventfromaffectingtheexperimentarecalled
a. constants.
b. dependentvariables.
c. extraneousvariables.
d. independentvariables.
54.Oneofthecharacteristicsofthescientificmethodis
a. repeatableresults.
b. topsecretinformation.
c. analysismeasurement.
d. emotivereasoning.
55.
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55.Inthesimplestexperiment,thetwogroupsofsubjectsaretreatedexactlyalikeexceptforthe
__________variable.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. extraneous
d. control
56.Thestepsinvolvedinthescientificmethodinclude?
a. axioms
b. commonsense
c. experimentation
d. hypotheticaltheoryformulation
57.__________isaninherentpartofthescientificmethod.
a. observation
b. commonsense
c. reinforcement
d. analysis
58.ThestoryofCleverHans,themathematicalhorse,illustratestheuseofcontrolledobservation
totestaseriesof
a. hypotheses.
b. theories.
c. axioms.
d. learningstrategies.
59.Whensubjectsinanexperimentarechosensothateachhasanequalchanceofbeingineither
theexperimentalgrouporthecontrolgroup,wesaythatthesubjectshavebeenassigned
a. alternately.
b. hypothetically.
c. randomly.
d. consecutively.
60.Thesurveymethodinvolves
a. anindepthstudyoftheopinionsandattitudesofaselectedindividual.
b. anoverviewoftheattitudesandbackgroundsofselectedgroups.
c. directobservationandrecordingofarepresentativesampleofbehavior.
d. carefulquestioningofarepresentativesampleofpeople.
61.Thefollowingtypeofmethodcanbeusedinordertocreatearealworldlaboratory.
a. correlationalcoefficients
b. fieldexperiment
c. casestudy
d. randomassignment
62.Tobeconfidentthatacauseandeffectrelationshipexists,itisnecessaryto
a. engageinnaturalisticobservation.
b. developapositivecorrelation.
c. performacontrolledexperiment.
d. testforanegativecorrelation.
63.Anexperimentisperformedtotesttheeffectsofsleepdeprivationonrotememory.Inthis
experiment,thedependentvariableisthe
a. numberofhourssubjectsgowithoutsleep.
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b. rotememoryscores.
c. numberofsubjectsdeprivedofsleepintheexperimentalgroup.
d. correlationbetweenhoursofsleepandfatigue.
64.Thefortunetellerwhostudiesyourpalmcarefullybeforeannouncingthat"greatfortuneliesin
yourimmediatefuture"ispracticing__________psychology.
a. applied
b. commonsense
c. pseudo
d. forensic
65.Researchonthebenefitofaspirintopreventheartattacksusedonlymalesubjectsinthe
sample.Bothmenandwomenaregiventhisadvice.Theproblemwiththisrecommendation
reflects
a. genderbias.
b. courtesybias.
c. culturalbias.
d. agebias.
66.Toestimatethedegreeoftherelationshipbetweenbirthorderandachievementmotivation,a
researcherwoulddoa(n)__________study.
a. naturalistic
b. inventory
c. correlational
d. experimental
67.Inthemethodofnaturalisticobservation,psychologists
a. haphazardlyencounterbehaviorasitnaturallyoccurs.
b. setupcontrolledexperimentsbywhichtheyuncovercausalelementsin
behavior.
c. setouttoactivelyobservesubjectsintheirnaturalenvironments.
d. interviewsubjectsatdifferentages.
68.Twovariablesmaybesaidtobecausallyrelatedif
a. theyshowastrongpositivecorrelation.
b. allextraneousvariablesarecontrolled,andtheindependentvariable
createsconsistentdifferencesinbehavioroftheexperimentalgroup.
c. theyareobservedtocovaryonmanyseparateoccasions.
d. theyhavebeenobservedinalaboratorysetting.
69.Theproblemsofobserversseeingonlywhattheyexpecttoseeiscalled
a. observerbias.
b. theexperimentereffect.
c. theeffectsoftheobserver.
d. thehaloeffect.
70.Givingplacebosindrugexperimentsisnecessaryto
a. counteracttherandomassignmentofsubjects.
b. counteractthesideeffectsofthedrug.
c. controlfortheeffectsofsuggestionandexpectation.
d. keepcontrolsubjectsfromknowingtheyhavebeengiventhedrug.
71.Whichofthefollowingcouldserveasanexperimentalhypothesis?
a. Although25%ofU.S.driverssaythattheyusetheseatbeltsintheircars,
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only14%reallydo.
b. Acasehistoryofmultiplepersonalityappearedtobecausedbytraumatic
childhoodexperiences.
c. Collegewomenwhoareanxioustendtowanttobetogether.
d. Asthetemperatureincreases,thenumberofhitbattersinbaseball
increases.
72.Theoriesexplainresults,predictfutureoutcomes,and
a. relyonlyonnaturalisticobservations.
b. guideresearchforfuturestudies.
c. relyonlyonsurveys.
d. relyonlyoncasestudies.
73.Whichofthefollowingcoefficientsofcorrelationindicatestheweakestrelationshipbetween
twosetsofvariables?
a. 0.08
b. 0.29
c. 0.48
d. 1.00
74.Acorrelationcoefficientof1.09indicatesa(n)
a. strongpositivecorrelation.
b. strongnegativecorrelation.
c. cause/effectrelationship.
d. errorincomputation.
75.Arepresentativesampleisanessentialelementofthe
a. surveymethod.
b. psychoanalyticmethod.
c. naturalexperimentorcasestudy.
d. clinicalmethod.
76.Theeffectsofbraininjuryonpersonalitywouldusuallybeinvestigatedbytheuseofthe
a. experimentalmethod.
b. casestudymethod.
c. naturalisticobservationmethod.
d. surveymethod.
77.Oneofthelimitationsofthecasestudyisthat
a. therearefewsubjectsforwhichitisapplicable.
b. therearenocontrolgroups.
c. itisnotapplicabletothestudyofbizarrebehavior.
d. itrequiresalargeandexpensivesamplesize.
78.Ascientistwantstofindoutifthereisempiricalevidenceforarelationshipbetweencaffeine
andaggressivebehavior.Shewould
a. interviewpeopletogettheiropinions.
b. correlatenewspaperaccountsandthetypesofbeveragesconsumed.
c. testtheideabyconductinganexperiment.
d. researchwhatotherexpertshadthought.
79.Theessenceoftheexperimentalmethodis
a. accuratecalculationofcorrelation's.
b. obtainingdirectreportsfromsubjectsabouttheirsubjectiveexperiences.
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c. carefulmeasurementandrecordkeeping.
d. usingcontroltoidentifycauseandeffectconnections.
80.Ifyou'retryingtoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenareinforcerandincreased
performance,youshouldusea(n)__________method.
a. clinicalstudy
b. experimental
c. survey
d. correlational
81.Inaweightreductionexperiment,anoverweightindividualwasgivenwhattheresearcher
calledanewtypeofdietpillthatwouldhelpcurbthedesiretoeat.Infact,thepillreally
containedpowderedmilk,buteversincetheindividualstartedtakingthedietpill,hehas
reportedthathisdesiretoeathasdecreased.Thisillustratesthe
a. curvilinearrelationship.
b. effectofextraneousvariables.
c. naturalexperiment.
d. placeboeffect.
82.Aneducatedguessaboutwhatiscontrollingsomebehavioriscalled
a. experimentalcontrol.
b. ahypothesis.
c. anexperimentalvariable.
d. atheory.
83.Acorrelationcoefficientisbestcharacterizedasa(n)
a. measureoftheextentoftherelationshipbetweentwovariables.
b. indexofthecausaldirectionbetweenanindependentanddependent
variable.
c. indicationofthelikelihoodthatanexperimentalfindingwillbereplicated
byothers.
d. measureofthelikelihoodthatobserveddifferencesmaybeattributedto
chance.
84.Inordertodeterminethecauseofbehavior,thequestionsweaskmustbe
a. tentative.
b. testable.
c. basedontheory.
d. novel.
85.Acommonsenseapproachtopsychologyis
a. themostreliable.
b. oftencontradictedbyempiricalevidence.
c. thebasisformostpsychologicaltheories.
d. thebasisforcollectingdata(observedfacts).
86.Respondingtoasubstancelikeasugarpillasifitwereadrugiscalled
a. theplaceboeffect.
b. anextraneousfactor.
c. variability.
d. psychosomaticillness.
87.Thecontrolgroupandtheexperimentalgroupinanexperimentaretreatedexactlythesame
exceptforthe
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a. dependentvariable.
b. independentvariable.
c. extraneousvariables.
d. replicationvariables.
88.Afieldexperimentisonethat
a. usesthe"realworld"asalaboratory.
b. testsafieldor"range"ofindependentvariables.
c. differslittlefromnaturalisticobservation.
d. requiresnomeasurementofdependentvariables.
89.Characteristicsofthescientificmethodinclude
a. anecdotaldefinition.
b. controlledobservation.
c. analysisformulation.
d. adherencetoinductivethinkingorcommonsensereasoning.
90.Acorrelationalstudyisonethatdetermines
a. therelationshipbetweentheindependentandthedependentvariable.
b. theeffectsoftheobserverontheobserved.
c. causeeffectrelationships.
d. therelationshipbetweentwoevents.
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Neuroscience Quiz
Name:
NeuroscienceQuiz
MultipleChoice
1.Themainfunctionofmyelinisto
a. formaprotectivecoatingovernerveaxons.
b. affectthespeedofnerveimpulses.
c. blockthereceptionofacetylcholine.
d. aidanerve'sreceptivitytoneurotransmittersbyincreasingthenumberof
receptorsitesavailable.
2.Thepartofthenervecellspecializedforconductinginformationisthe
a. axon.
b. cellbody.
c. soma.
d. neurilemma.
3.Thecellbodyofaneuronisalsocalledthe
a. dendrite.
b. axon.
c. myelin.
d. soma.
4.Neuronsaremadeupofdendrites,asoma,and
a. axons.
b. axles.
c. atoms.
d. axes.
5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTapartofaneuron?
a. axon
b. axonterminal
c. synapse
d. soma
6.Thenatureofanerveimpulseisprimarilya/an__________eventwhereas,thenatureofthe
communicationbetweenneuronsisprimarilya/an__________event.
a. chemicalelectrical
b. acetylcholinecatecholamine
c. dendriteaxon
d. electricalchemical
7.Acetylcholine,epinephrine,dopamine,andhistamineare
a. prescriptiononlydrugs.
b. synapses.
c. neurotransmitters.
d. betablockers.
http://www.appsychology.com/HowPass/MC%20quizes/Neuroscience/neuroscience.htm
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8.Theconductionofanerveimpulsedowntheaxoniscalleda(n)
a. ionpotential.
b. actionpotential.
c. restingdischarge.
d. synapse.
9.Communicationwithinaneuronis__________,whilecommunicationbetweenneuronsis
__________.
a. chemicalelectrical
b. electricalmechanical
c. electricalchemical
d. mechanicalelectrical
10.Thebranchingfibersofthe__________endin__________andlinkwithpartsofother
neurons.
a. somasomaticmembranes
b. nucleusnucleicdampers
c. dendritedendriticarcs
d. axonaxonterminals
11.Aftersuccessfullyrunningfromthelarge,snarling,droolinggrizzlybearthatwasrunning
directlytowardyou,youpausetocatchyourbreathandcollectyourwits.Thephysical
symptomsyounowexperiencearecontrolledbythe
a. sympatheticnervoussystem.
b. parasympatheticnervoussystem.
c. centralnervoussystem.
d. neurotransmitteracetylcholine.
12.Anactionpotentialactuallyoccursbecause
a. theinteriorofthenervecellbecomespositive.
b. theinteriorofthenervecellbecomesnegative.
c. potassiumionsenterthenervecell.
d. sodiumionsleavethenervecell.
13.Thechargethatexistsacrossthenervecellmembraneisaresultofdiffering
a. amountsofDNAandRNA.
b. typesofneurotransmittersoneithersideofthenervecellmembrane.
c. typesofneuronsinsideandoutsidethenervecellmembrane.
d. concentrationsofionsoneithersideofthenervecellmembrane.
14.Thepartoftheneuronthatspecializesinreceivingmessagesfromotherneuronsisthe
a. axon.
b. myelin.
c. axonterminal.
d. dendrite.
15.Nervecellbodiesanddendritesarenottheonlylocationssensitivetoneurotransmitters.
Receptorsitescanalsobefoundon
a. musclesandglands.
b. skeletaljoints.
c. axonterminals.
d. allvitalorgans.
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16.Thechannelsthattransportsodiumandpotassiumwithintheaxonarecalled
a. DNAandRNAchannels.
b. membranechannels.
c. neuronschannels.
d. ionchannels.
17.Neuronsconductanactionpotential
a. whensodiumispumpedoutoftheneuron.
b. whenmoleculargatesopentoallowsodiumionsintoaneuron.
c. whentheelectricalstimulationdipsbelow70millivolts.
d. onlyifsurroundedbyamyelinsheath.
18.Neurotransmittersareprimarilyassociatedwiththe
a. synapse.
b. soma.
c. neurilemma.
d. productionofionpotentials.
19.Bodycellsspecializedtocarryandprocessinformationarecalled
a. neurotransmitters.
b. synapses.
c. ions.
d. neurons.
20.Whichisthebestexplanationofhowanerveimpulseiscarriedfromoneneurontoanother?
Theactionpotentialorimpulse
a. jumpsthesynapsesimilartothewayasparkjumpsthegapinasparkplug.
b. causestheaxonterminaltosquirtoutachemicaltowardthenextneuron.
c. causestheaxonterminaltoexpandandtouchareceptorsite.
d. burstsopenagapinthewallofthenextneuron'sdendrite.
21.Thefastestneuronscansendimpulsesatabout__________milesperhour.
a. 200
b. 425
c. 150
d. 45
22.Anervecellcarryinginformationfromyourbraintomusclesandglandsiscalleda(n)
a. motorneuron.
b. effectorcell.
c. connectorneuron.
d. sensoryneuron.
23.The"emergency"partofthenervoussystemthatpreparesthebodyfor"fightorflight"isthe
__________branch.
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. central
d. peripheral
24.Theeffectofmindalteringdrugsmaybearesultoftheir
a. toxiceffectsonsensitiveneuraltissues.
b. abilitytolowerneuralthresholdsinbraintissue.
c. abilitytoimitateorblockneurotransmitters.
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d. stimulationofenkephalinproductioninregulator.
25.Anerveimpulseisalsocalleda(n)
a. negativeafterimage.
b. actionpotential.
c. refractoryenergyburst.
d. restingenergyburst.
26.Musclescancontractbecausetheyaremadeupof
a. motorneurons.
b. effectorcells.
c. connectorneurons.
d. sensoryneurons.
27.The"allornothingevent"referstothefactthat
a. nervecellsarecontinuouslyactive.
b. actionpotentialsoccurcompletelyornotatall.
c. anelectricalcurrentcrossesthesynapsecompletelyornotatall.
d. alltheneuronsinaparticular"lobe"ofthebrainfireornoneofthemfire.
28.Abarefootchildstepsonabee,thenjerkshisorherfootbackinresponsetothesting.This
responsehaslikelyinvolvedallpartsofthenervoussystemEXCEPT
a. thebrain.
b. thespinalcord.
c. motorneurons.
d. connectorneuronsorinterneurons.
29.Thechemicalsreleasedatanaxonterminalarecalled
a. axonicions.
b. neuralfacilitators.
c. neurotransmitters.
d. synapticfacilitators.
30.Neurotransmittersarereleasedatthe
a. axonhillock.
b. myelinsheath.
c. axonterminals.
d. telodendria.
31.Anactionpotentialreferstothetravelingofanerveimpulsealongthe
a. axon.
b. dendrite.
c. axonterminal.
d. cellmembrane.
32.Theroleofthe__________nervoussystemistorelaxthebodyandreturnittoalowerlevelof
arousal.
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. endocrine
d. somatic
33.Electricallychargedparticlesoftheelements__________arecrucialinthetransmissionofthe
nerveimpulse.
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Neuroscience Quiz
a. ironandsodium
b. ironandpotassium
c. sodiumandnickel
d. sodiumandpotassium
34.Theautonomicnervoussystemcontainstwobranchescalledthe
a. spinalnervesandcranialnerves.
b. somaticandspinalsystems.
c. sympatheticandparasympatheticsystems.
d. parasympatheticandspinalsystems.
35.__________isthecorrectsequenceofeventsincommunicatingastimulus(suchasstepping
onatack)toanotherneuron.
a. Stimuluselectricalimpulseneurotransmitterreceptorsite
b. Electricalimpulsereceptorsiteneurotransmitterstimulus
c. Receptorsiteelectricalimpulsestimulusneurotransmitter
d. Receptorsitestimuluselectricalimpulseneurotransmitter
36.Informationisfirstreceivedbyanervecellatthe
a. axon.
b. nucleus.
c. dendrites.
d. telodendria.
37.Inthenervoussystem,electricalchargesaresetupbecauseofunequalconcentrationsofions
insideandoutsidethecell.Thisstateisknownasa(n)
a. restingpotential.
b. equilibriumpotential.
c. stateofpotentialnerveenergy.
d. actionpotential.
38.Thefunctionofthesympatheticnervoussystemistopreparethebodyfor
a. "fightorflight."
b. returningtoequilibrium.
c. maintainingvitalbodilyfunctions.
d. inputfromcranialnerves.
39.Themicroscopicspacebetweentwoneuronsiscalleda(n)
a. enkephalins.
b. acetylcholine.
c. catecholamine.
d. synapse.
40.Anervecellcarryinginformationfromyoureyes,ears,fingers,etc.towardtheCNSiscalled
a(n)
a. motorneuron.
b. effectorcell.
c. connectorneuron.
d. sensoryneuron.
41.Emotionalresponsestoatraumaticeventaremostdirectlyunderthecontrolofthe
a. somaticnervoussystem.
b. centralnervoussystem.
c. autonomicnervoussystem.
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d. cerebralcortex.
42.Thefattylayeroftissuethatgivesmanynervesawhitishcoloriscalled
a. myelin.
b. neurilemma.
c. neuropeptides.
d. endorphins.
43.Thesomaisthepartofthenervecellthat
a. servesasaspecializedreceivingareaforinformation.
b. collectsandcombinesincominginformation.
c. carriesnerveimpulsesoverlargedistances.
d. formsbranchingconnectionsattheendofeachaxon.
44.Whateffectdoneurotransmittersfromoneneuronhaveonthenextneuron?
a. Theyhavenoeffect.
b. Theyexciteit.
c. Theyinhibitit.
d. Theymayexciteorinhibitit.
45.Manyofthechemicalsthataffectthebrainoperateby
a. absorbingneuralimpulses.
b. imitatingorcancelingtheeffectsofneurotransmitters.
c. changingthesodiumbalanceinthesynapse.
d. duplicatingtheeffectofpotassiuminthenuclei.
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The Brain
Name:
TheBrain
MultipleChoice
1.Themostobviousdifferencebetweenthehumanbrainandthebrainofacarpwouldbeinthe
a. hypothalamus.
b. thalamus.
c. cerebellum.
d. cerebralcortex.
2.Themajorlinkbetweenthebrainandtheglandularsystemisthe
a. hypothalamus.
b. pituitary.
c. CNS.
d. midbrain.
3.__________iscloselyrelatedtogrammarandpronunciation.
a. Aphasia
b. Broca'sarea
c. Wernicke'sarea
d. Agnosia
4.Oneofthemaindifferencesbetweenthebrainsofpeoplewhoscorehighonmentaltestsand
thosewhoscorelowindicatethathigherscorershave
a. higherlevelsofgraymatter.
b. lowerlevelsofgraymatter.
c. lowerPETscanrecordings.
d. higherPETscanrecordings.
5.Damagetothecerebellumwouldmostlikelyresultin
a. heartstoppageorrespiratoryfailure.
b. alossofhearingability.
c. alossofmuscularcoordination.
d. areductioninemotionalresponse.
6.Theendocrinesystem
a. istheonlycommunicationsnetworkinthebody.
b. dependsonelectricalmessagesforcommunication.
c. secreteshormonesintothebloodstreamforcommunication.
d. secreteshormonesintotheexocrineductsforcommunication.
7.Anelderlyacquaintanceofyourshassufferedfrompartialblindnesssinceshehadastroke.
Apparentlythestrokedamagedher
a. occipitallobe.
b. parietallobe.
c. temporallobes.
d. reticularformation.
http://www.appsychology.com/HowPass/MC%20quizes/The%20Brain/the_brain.htm
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8.Theponsactsasabridgebetweenthemedullaandotherbrainareasandinfluences
a. activity.
b. sleepandarousal.
c. motorbehavior.
d. higherreasoning.
9.Youarewalkingthroughabadpartoftown,downadarkalley,andcarryingalargeamountof
cash.Behindyou,youhearadooropenandclosesuddenly,andyouimmediatelydiveintothe
nearesttrashcontainer.Thepartoftheforebrainmainlyresponsibleforyourreactionisthe
a. hippocampus.
b. medulla.
c. cerebrum.
d. amygdala.
10.AnEEGrecords
a. thenumberofneuronsinthebrain.
b. electricalimpulsesfromthebrain.
c. chemicalactivityinthecranialnerves.
d. directelectricalstimulationandactivationofthebrain.
11.Aswemovefromlowertohigheranimalsalargerproportionofthebrainisdevotedto
a. unusuallylargeoccipitallobes.
b. thecorpuscallosum.
c. thecerebrum.
d. thespinalcord.
12.Usinganelectrode,anexperimenterproducesflashesofcoloredlightandsimplevisual
experiencesinapatientundergoingbrainsurgery.Mostlikelyshehasactivatedthe
a. parietallobe.
b. frontallobe.
c. occipitallobe.
d. temporallobe.
13.Thecerebralcortexiscomposedoftwosidesor__________.
a. pons
b. positrons
c. connectorneurons
d. hemispheres
14.Thebrainstemconsistsmainlyofthe
a. cerebellumandthecerebralcortex.
b. cerebrumandthemedulla.
c. medullaandthecerebellum.
d. cerebralcortexandthemedulla.
15.Apersonwhohaddifficulty__________wouldbedescribedashavingaphasia.
a. walking
b. smelling
c. eating
d. communicating
16.Inordertoperformasplitbrainoperation,the__________mustbesevered.
a. pons
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The Brain
b. cerebellum
c. corpuscallosum
d. cerebralcortex
17.The__________cerebralhemisphereissuperioratperceptualskillsanddetecting
andexpressingemotion.
a. right
b. left
c. cortical
d. subcortical
18.Byusingelectricalstimulation,reward(or"pleasurecenters")andpunishment(or"aversive"
areas)canbeshowntoexistinthe
a. corpuscallosum.
b. limbicsystem.
c. occipitallobe.
d. thalamus.
19.Manyaddictivedrugsstimulatethepleasurecentersofthe
a. medulla.
b. cerebellum.
c. frontalcortex.
d. limbicsystem.
20.Agnosiamaysometimesbehelpedby
a. cuesoftouch.
b. visualcues.
c. waitinglongenoughtothinkthroughananswer.
d. speechtherapy.
21.Thereisagreaterportionofmotorcortexforthe
a. mouth.
b. handsandfingers.
c. feetandtoes.
d. legs.
22.Thelimbicsystemisresponsiblefor
a. thecontrolofhunger,thirst,andsex.
b. executivefunctions.
c. heartbeatandbreathingregulation.
d. auditoryprocessing.
23.Aninnovativescanningtechniquethatusesmagnetictechnologytovisualizebrainactivityis
called
a. PET.
b. MRI.
c. CAT.
d. fMRI.
24.Thetechniquethatusesamagneticfieldtodevelopanimageofthebrainiscalledthe
a. clinicalscan
b. ablationtechnique
c. MRIscan
d. EEG
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25.Thereismoresomatosensorycortexforthe
a. mouth.
b. shoulder.
c. feet.
d. legs.
26.Thesenseofsmelldependsonthe__________lobe.
a. frontal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. temporal
27.Ifthebrainweresimilartothepostalsystem,thefunctionofthethalamuswouldbesimilarto
theroleof
a. postmaster.
b. mailsorter.
c. mailcarrier.
d. PostmasterGeneral.
28.Theuseofanelectrodetodestroysmallareasofthebrainbeneaththesurfaceiscalled
a. ablation.
b. deeplesioning.
c. surfacelesioning.
d. electroencephalography.
29.Whichofthefollowingismostcloselyassociatedwithlanguagecomprehension?
a. aphasia
b. Broca'sarea
c. Wernicke'sarea
d. agnosia
30.The__________cortexisallareasofthecerebralcortexthatarenotsensoryormotorin
function.
a. association
b. aphasia
c. Broca's
d. agnosia
31.Whichofthefollowingismostcloselyassociatedwithlanguageproduction?
a. aphasia
b. Broca'sarea
c. Wernicke'sarea
d. agnosia
32.Thereflexcontrolcentersforvitallifefunctionslikeheartrateandbreathingarefoundinthe
a. forebrain.
b. medulla.
c. pleasurecenter.
d. pituitarygland.
33.Experimentswithanimalshavefoundpleasurecenterstobelocatedinthe
a. pituitarygland.
b. leftparietallobe.
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c. hypothalamus.
d. amygdala.
34.Whichofthefollowinginvolveselectricalbrainwavemeasurement?
a. clinicalstudies
b. ablation
c. MRIscan
d. EEG
35.Theareaofthefrontallobethatdirectsthebody'smusclesiscalledthe
a. somatosensoryarea.
b. associativearea.
c. motorcortex.
d. cerebralcortex.
36.Bodilysensationssuchastouch,temperature,andpressureregisterinwhichbrainarea?
a. theoccipitallobes
b. theparietallobes
c. thetemporallobes
d. thefrontallobes
37.Thesurgicalprocedureofcuttingthecorpuscallosumisdoneincasesof
a. communicationproblems.
b. severeepilepsy.
c. injuryorstroke.
d. splitpersonality.
38.Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthebrainistrue?
a. Becausethecerebrumissoindispensabletofunctioning,damagetoitmay
endangeraperson'slife.
b. Evenifdamageislimitedtolesscrucialareasofthecortex,theperson's
behaviorchangessoradicallythatevencasualobserversknowthatsome
braindamagehasoccurred.
c. Damagetothesubcortexmayendangeraperson'slife.
d. Thecerebralcortexisconsideredapartofthehindbrain.
39.Whichofthefollowingisamajorfunctionofthesomatosensoryareaofthecerebralcortex?
a. primaryareaforreceivingvisualinformation
b. analysisofbodysensations
c. locationofmotorcontrolofthebody
d. primaryareaforreceivingauditoryinformation
40.Anelderlywomansufferedastroke,andtherewasinjurytoBroca'sareaofherbrain.Her
resultingspeechimpairmentiscalled
a. aphasia.
b. agnosia.
c. mindblindness.
d. neglect.
41.Whichofthefollowingchangeswouldyouexpecttooccurinsomeonewhosefrontallobes
weredamagedinanaccident?
a. developmentofblankspotsinthevisualfield
b. reducedcapacitytohearhighfrequencysounds
c. reducedreasoningandplanningabilitiesandchangesinpersonality
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d. inabilitytodemonstratecomplexmotorskills
42.Whichofthefollowingdescribesbrainsofpersonswhodowellonmentaltests?
a. Theyseemtoworkthehardest.
b. Theyseemtoconsumetheleastglucose.
c. Theyhavethelargestcorpuscallosums.
d. TheyaretheeasiesttostudyusingEEGs.
43.Creatingthemagicofconsciousnessiscarriedoutprimarilyby
a. thehindbrain.
b. themidbrain.
c. theforebrain.
d. thebrainstem.
44.Thetwocerebralhemispheresareconnectedbyabandoffiberscalled
a. thecorpuscallosum.
b. thecortex.
c. connectorneurons.
d. associationfibers.
45.Electricalstimulationofthebrain
a. beginswiththeimplantationofthinmetalelectrodesdeepwithinthebrain.
b. cannotbeusedtoelectricallyactivatespecificbrainareas.
c. takesminutestocallforthaggressivebehavior.
d. cannoteffectbehaviorssuchassleepingandeuphoria.
46.Languageiscontrolledbythe__________ofthebrain.
a. righthemisphere
b. lefthemisphere
c. subcorticalregion
d. occipitallobe
47.The__________glandisinvolvedintheregulationofgrowth.
a. pituitary
b. pineal
c. thyroid
d. adrenal
48.Theincreasedsizeandwrinklingofthecerebralcortexinhigheranimalsisreferredtoas
a. cerebralization.
b. hemispherization.
c. corticalization.
d. reticulation.
49.Anaccidentvictimisshownapictureofacarandsays,"dar."Thispersonissufferingfrom
a. Broca'saphasia.
b. mindblindness.
c. damagetoWernicke'sarea.
d. agnosia.
50.Thevisualareaofthebrainislocatedinthe__________lobe.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
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d. temporal
51.Weeksafteranautomobileaccident,afriendcontinuestohavedifficultymaintainingbalance
andmovements.Youshouldsuspectthatdamagemayhaveoccurredtothe
a. corpuscallosum.
b. cerebellum.
c. medulla.
d. reticularformation.
52.Anaphasiaisaspeechdisturbanceanagnosiais
a. theinabilitytoidentifyobjects.
b. alsorelatedtothespeechcenter.
c. controlledbythethalamus.
d. athoughtdisturbance.
53.Thereticularformation(RF)isassociatedwith
a. hungerandthirst.
b. attentionandwakefulness.
c. sex,rage,andemotion.
d. pleasureandpunishment.
54.Theassociationareasofthecerebralcortex
a. arelargestinthebrainsofloweranimals.
b. aredirectlyrelatedtosuchfunctionsasthinking,language,andmemory
andincludeBroca'sandWernicke'sareas.
c. processsimplesensoryinformation,likelight,sound,andtouch.
d. arenotessentialtotheperformanceofhighermentalfunctions.
55.Whichofthecerebralhemispheresissuperioratdrawingapicture?
a. left
b. right
c. subcortical
d. mid
56.Inmostpeople,therighthemisphereofthebrainisinchargeof
a. language.
b. logic.
c. art.
d. mathematics.
57.Ifa"splitbrain"subjectweregivenakey(hiddenfromsight)tofeelwithhisleft
hand,he
a. couldeasilynamewhathehadtouched.
b. wouldbeunabletodescribetheobject.
c. wouldbeabletopointtothekeywithhisrighthand.
d. wouldhavetowaitfortheinformationtransfertotakeplacebefore
describingit.
58.Asonemovesuptheevolutionaryscale,developmentofthenervoussystemshows
a. anincreaseinthebraintissuedevotedtothecerebralcortex.
b. corticalizationoftheperipheralnervoussystem.
c. adecreaseinthesizeofcorticalassociationareas.
d. adiminishingimportanceofthecorpuscallosum.
59.
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59.Whichofthefollowingismostinvolvedintheproductionofemotion?
a. theoccipitallobe
b. thelimbicsystem
c. themedulla
d. thepituitarygland
60.Inhigheranimals,visibleportionsofthebrainarecoveredwithawrinkledlayerofgraymatter
calledthe
a. cerebralcortex.
b. cerebellum.
c. corpuscallosum.
d. forebrain.
61.Althoughthehumanbrainweighsapproximately3pounds,itisalsoimportanttotakeinto
consideration__________whencomparingittothebrainofanelephantorwhale.
a. thecortexweight
b. thebodyweight
c. thecaloricintakeweighttobrainweightratio
d. thebrainweighttobodyweightratio
62.Theoccipitallobeistovisionastheparietallobeisto
a. smell.
b. touch.
c. hearing.
d. complexbehaviors.
63.Surgicalremovalofpartsofthebraintodeterminetheirfunctionreliesonatechniquecalled
a. positronemission.
b. corticalization.
c. ablation.
d. ultrasound.
64.Broca'sareaislocatedonthe
a. rightparietallobe.
b. leftparietallobe.
c. rightfrontallobe.
d. leftfrontallobe.
65.Apatientwhohassufferedbraindamagetothelefthemisphereislikelyto
experiencediminishedcapacityfor
a. namingobjects.
b. recognizingfaces.
c. composingmelodies.
d. identifyingemotions.
66.Thefunctionsoftheamygdalainclude
a. deliveryofelectricalstimulationtothelimbicsystem.
b. stoppingelectricalstimulationtothelimbicsystem.
c. stimulatingthe"pleasure"centersofthelimbicsystem.
d. helpingusreacttodangerousstimulithroughaquickfearresponse.
67.Doeshavingalargerbrainmakeapersonsmarter?
a. Recentresearchfoundapositivecorrelationbetweenintelligenceandthe
sizeofseveralhigherbrainstructures.
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b. TheoverallvolumeofgraymatterisnotcorrelatedwithIQtestscores.
c. Brainsizealonedetermineshumanintelligence.
d. Environmenthasclearlybeenfoundtobethesoledeterminantofhuman
intelligence.
68.Thecerebralcortexis
a. thetwolargehemispheresthatcovertheupperpartofthebrain.
b. thehighestandlargestbrainareainhumans.
c. thebundleoffibersconnectingthecerebralhemispheres.
d. theouterlayerofthecerebrum.
69.Braincentersformostvitalfunctionsare
a. distributedrandomlythroughoutthecerebralcortex.
b. localizedintheleftcerebralhemisphere.
c. localizedintherightcerebralhemisphere.
d. localizeddeepwithinthebrainintheupperbrainstem.
70.Thehippocampus
a. ispartofthehypothalamus.
b. isassociatedwithforminglastingmemories.
c. hasdirectconnectionstotheoccipitallobe.
d. isinvolvedwithsensingemotion.
71.WhichstatementconcerningbrainfunctionisTRUE?
a. Theleftsideofthebodyisgenerallycontrolledbythelefthemisphere.
b. Theleftsideofthebodyisgenerallycontrolledbytherighthemisphere.
c. Therighthemisphereisthedominanthemisphereinmalesbutnotin
females.
d. Astroketoaperson'slefthemispherewillaffecttheleftsideofhisorher
body.
72.Suehasrecoveredfromextensiveinjurytoherleftcerebralhemisphereandhascontinuedher
careerwithlittlesignofimpairment.Heroccupationismostlikely
a. graphicartist.
b. accountant.
c. Englishteacher.
d. sportswriterforanewspaper.
73.Anew,improvedbrainimagingtechniqueformeasuringglucosemetabolismofthebrainis
called
a. MANSCAN.
b. PETscan.
c. MRI.
d. CTscan.
74.Thegreaterthesensitivityofapartofthebody,
a. thelargertheareaofsomatosensorycortexassociatedwithit.
b. thesmallertheareaofsomatosensorycortexassociatedwithit.
c. thesmallertheareaofmotorcortexassociatedwithit.
d. thelargertheareaofthecerebellumassociatedwithit.
75.The__________areainthebrainactsasafinal"switchingstation"formostincomingsensory
information.
a. superiorcolliculus
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b. reticularformation(RF)
c. autonomicnervoussystem
d. thalamus
76.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcontrolledbythehypothalamus?
a. sex
b. eatinganddrinking
c. temperaturecontrol
d. posture
77.Thesomatosensoryareaislocatedinthe
a. temporallobes.
b. parietallobes.
c. occipitallobes.
d. frontallobes.
78.Destructionofthereticularactivatingsystemwouldresultin
a. coma.
b. dizziness.
c. blurredvision.
d. aphasia.
79.The__________isthepartofthebrainthatstoreslastingmemories.
a. hindbrain
b. temporallobe
c. occipitallobe
d. hippocampus
80.__________measuresthestructureofthebrainbyutilizingaseriesofxrays.
a. EEG
b. CTscan
c. MRIscan
d. PET
81.Johnhassomeparalysisandlossofsensationinhisrightsideafteramotorcycleaccident.Itis
likelythatthereisbraindamageinthe
a. cerebellum.
b. lefthemisphere.
c. corpuscallosum.
d. righthemisphere.
82.Davehasjusthadsomemedicaltestsconducted.OneofthetestsrecordedDave'sbrainwaves
onamovingsheetofpaper.Davewasprobablygiventhe
a. EEG.
b. CTscan.
c. MRIscan.
d. PETscan.
83.The__________regulatesthefunctioningofotherglands.
a. pituitarygland
b. pinealgland
c. thyroidgland
d. adrenalgland
84.
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84.Hormones
a. aretheelectricalmessengersoftheglands.
b. arerelatedtoneurotransmitters.
c. generallymaintainasteadystateinourbodilyfunctions.
d. aresimilartoneurotransmitters,butunlikeneurotransmitters,hormonesdo
notrequirereceptorsites.
85.Abriefelectricalcurrentisappliedtothecortexcausingmovementsandmusculartwitchesin
variouspartsofthebody.Theareastimulatedisthe
a. somestheticareaoftheparietallobe.
b. associationcortexoftheoccipitallobes.
c. interpretativecortexofthetemporallobes.
d. motorcortexofthefrontallobes.
86.Thebraincenterforauditionisinthe__________lobe.
a. temporal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. frontal
87.Jimdoesnotunderstandalgebra,buthe'sagoodartist.Jim's__________brainis
probablymorefullydeveloped.
a. left
b. right
c. mid
d. subcortical
88.Inthebrain,thefunctionofthereticularformationissimilartothehotelserviceknownas
a. advanceregistration.
b. maidservice.
c. wakeupcall.
d. roomservice.
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Name:
Sensation
MultipleChoice
1.Inbrightlight,theiris__________andthepupil__________tocontroltheamountoflight
enteringtheeye.
a. expandsconstricts
b. constrictsexpands
c. focusesconstricts
d. constrictsfocuses
2.Thepainkillingeffectsofacupuncturemayberelatedto
a. sensoryadaptation.
b. stabilizationofphysiologicalnystagmus.
c. thetriggeringofperceptualdefensesystems.
d. releaseofendorphins.
3.Informationpickedupbythebody'sreceptorcellsistermed
a. cognition
b. perception.
c. adaptation.
d. sensation.
4.Thefunctionofthelensisto
a. locateanimage.
b. focusanimageontheretina.
c. combinethelocationandprojectionontheblindspot.
d. projectanimageonthecornea.
5.Hearingaidsareofnousetoanindividualwith__________deafness.
a. ossicle
b. nerve
c. conduction
d. auditory
6.Informationprocessedbelowthenormallevelofawarenessiscalled
a. adaptive.
b. subnormal.
c. psychophysical.
d. subliminal.
7.TheideathattheamountofchangeinastimulusnecessarytoproduceaJNDisaconstant
proportionofthestimulusintensityiscalled
a. James'law.
b. theallornoneprinciple.
c. thelawofdiminishingreturns.
d. Weber'slaw.
http://www.appsychology.com/HowPass/MC%20quizes/Sensation/sensation.htm
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8.Neuralcircuitsofmanysensorysystems
a. respondtospecificstimuluspatterns.
b. respondtothewholevisualfield.
c. respondprimarilytostationaryobjects.
d. developonlyafterbirth.
9.Aresearcherpresentstwolightsofvaryingbrightnesstoasubjectwhoisaskedtorespond
"same"or"different"bycomparingtheirintensities.Theresearcherisseekingthe
a. justnoticeabledifference.
b. absolutethreshold.
c. subliminalthreshold.
d. minimalthreshold.
10.Seeingoutofthecornerofyoureye,oftenimportantinsportsactivitiesanddriving,iscalled
a. tunnelvision.
b. peripheralvision.
c. astigmatism.
d. featuredetection.
11.Braincellsthatanalyzeincomingsensoryinformationintolines,angles,shading,and
movementarecalled
a. sightcells.
b. secondstagesensors.
c. featuredetectors.
d. visionneurons.
12.Whichwouldrepresentthegreatestlosstoaprofessionalwinetasterorchef?
a. vestibularloss
b. injurytothepinna
c. olfactoryloss
d. injurytothecochlea
13.Photoreceptorsarethe__________sensitivecellsthatlinetheretina.
a. wideband
b. narrowband
c. combination
d. light
14.Differencethresholds
a. occurwhenwecanfirstdetectsomestimulus.
b. occurwhenwecandetectthechangeintheintensityofastimulus.
c. dependontheenergynecessarytostimulateasensoryreceptor.
d. aremeasuredinJudgmentalNormalDifferences.
15.Itisnowbelievedthatsubliminaladvertising
a. isapowerfulinfluenceandshouldbelegallycontrolled.
b. iseffectiveonlywhenusedinwidescreenmovies.
c. issuccessfulbecausethestimuliusedregisterunconsciously.
d. hasaweakeffect,ifanyatall.
16.Inorderforafrog'svisual"bugdetector"towork,thebugmustbe
a. colored.
b. comingclosertothefrog.
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c. stationary.
d. moving.
17.Subliminalperception
a. involvesthepresentationofstimulitoorapidlyortooweaklytobe
consciouslyrecognized.
b. hasnotbeenusedbyadvertisersinanattempttoincreasesales.
c. hasdramaticeffectsonaperson'semotions.
d. changesanindividual'sintendedbehavior.
18.Avisualdefectknownasastigmatismistheresultof
a. aneyeballthatistooshort.
b. aneyeballthatistoolong.
c. anabnormaldistributionofvisualreceptorsintheretina.
d. amisshapencorneaorlens.
19.Whichsensoryreceptorisfoundingreatestnumbersintheskin?
a. touchreceptors
b. warmthreceptors
c. pressurereceptors
d. painreceptors
20.Frequencyisto__________asamplitudeisto__________.
a. compressionrarefaction
b. rarefactioncompression
c. pitchloudness
d. loudnesspitch
21.Limenrefersto
a. athreshold.
b. perceptualdefense.
c. asensation.
d. subliminalmessages.
22.Theprocesswherethelensoftheeyechangesshapeiscalled
a. accommodation.
b. plasticity.
c. adaptation.
d. regulation.
23.Hearinglosscausedwhentheeardrumsorossiclesaredamagedbydiseaseorinjuryiscalled
a. Hunter'snotch.
b. conductiondeafness.
c. stimulationdeafness.
d. nervedeafness.
24.Theincomingflowofinformationfromoursensorysystemsisreferredtoas
a. sensation.
b. perception.
c. adaptation.
d. cognition.
25.Whatsensoryorgansresponsibleforbalancearealsorelatedtomotionsickness?
a. ciliarymuscles.
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b. thecochlea.
c. theolfactorybulb.
d. thesemicircularcanals
26.Theconesoftheretina
a. aredenselypackedinanareacalledthefovea.
b. arespecializedforblackandwhitesensations.
c. functionbestindimlight.
d. arenotwellspecializedforfinedetail.
27.Theorganofhearing,wheresensitivecellsrespondtoauditorystimuli,isknownasthe
a. auditoryossicles.
b. retina.
c. cochlea.
d. ovalwindow.
28.Myopiaistheconditionoftheeyesinwhichthepersoncannot
a. focusondistantobjects.
b. seeverywellindimillumination.
c. focusonobjectsneartheeyes.
d. seeclearlybecausethelensispigmented.
29.Theiriscontrolsthe
a. thicknessofthelens.
b. sizeofthepupil.
c. flexibilityofthecornea.
d. distancebetweenthelensandretina.
30.Braincellsthatanalyzeincomingsensoryinformationintolines,angles,shadingand
movementarecalled
a. sightcells.
b. secondstagesensors.
d. visionneurons.
31.Thepsychologicaldimensioncorrespondingtotheamplitudeoflightwavesis
a. hue.
b. brightness.
c. transparency.
d. timbre.
32.Sensereceptorsarebiologicaltransducers,whichmeansthatthey
a. selectfromabroadrangeofstimulation.
b. analyzetheenvironmentintoimportantfeatures.
c. convertoneformofenergytoanother.
d. detectonlyalimitedrangeofenergies.
33.Airbornechemicalsignalswhichgreatlyaffectmating,sexualbehavior,andterritorial
markingamonganimalsarecalled
a. hormones.
b. pheromones.
c. anosmias.
d. lockandkeysignals.
34.
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Sensation
Intheeye,focusingisaccomplishedby
a. changingthethicknessofthecornea.
b. relaxingorconstrictingthefovea.
c. changingthedistancebetweenthelensandtheretina.
d. changingthethickness(orshape)ofthelens.
35.Whichtheoryofhearingexplainstheperceptionofhighersounds?
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
36.Whichtheoryofcolorvisioniscorrect?
a. opponentprocess
b. trichromatic
c. afterimage
d. bothopponentprocessandtrichromatic
37.Visualacuityisbestwhen
a. animagefallsontherods.
b. colorsattheedgesofthevisiblespectrumareused.
c. animagefallsonthefovea.
d. boththerodsandtheconesareused.
38.Skinmappingindicatesthat
a. theforearmisthemostsensitiveareaofthebody.
b. skinreceptorsarefoundinvaryingconcentrations,reflectingthe
sensitivityofthebodyareas.
c. painreceptorsdonotvaryinconcentration,butareuniformforallpartsof
thebody.
d. temperaturesensitivityisgreatestinthechestandtrunkareas.
39.Whenanimageisstabilizedontheretina,afterabriefperiodoftimetheimage
a. isseenwithnormalvisualacuity.
b. isseenwithbetterthannormalacuity.
c. fadesanddisappears.
d. becomesdistortedinshapeandcolor.
40.Visualperceptionisultimatelyafunctionofthe
a. muscularmovementsoftheeye.
b. neuralactivityoftherodsandcones.
c. particularpathwaysoverwhichneuralimpulsestravel.
d. neuralactivityinthebrain.
41.Thepartoftheeyewheretheopticnerveleavestheeyeiscalledthe
a. lens.
b. retina.
c. blindspot.
d. pupil.
42.Thepointatwhichachangeinsensorystimulationisdetectediscalledthe
a. absolutethreshold.
b. psychophysicalequation.
c. justnoticeabledifference.
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d. WeberEffect.
43.Nightvisionismainlyduetoanincreasein
a. rhodopsin.
b. visualacuity.
c. peripheralvision.
d. thesensitivityofthelens.
44.Thevestibularsensehelpskeepusfrom
a. eatingtoomuch.
b. starvingtodeath.
c. beingblindedbythesun.
d. fallingover.
45.Theminimumamountofenergyneededforasensationtooccuriscalled
a. theabsolutethreshold.
b. atransducer.
c. datareduction.
d. minimallevel.
46.Theelectromagneticspectrumincludesvisiblelight,infraredandultravioletlight,radio
waves,and
a. abroadrangeofnerveimpulses.
b. televisionbroadcasts,gammarays,andotherenergies.
c. asingleformofenergy.
d. manykindsofnerveimpulses.
47.Whichofthefollowingisaskinsensation?
a. oomami
b. olfaction
c. pain
d. gravity
48.Tastebudssensitivetosweetsubstancesarefoundprimarilyonthe__________ofthe
tongue.
a. tip
b. side
c. back
d. middle
49.Thestimuliforauditionare
a. soundpressurewaves.
b. transductionwaves.
c. electricalwaves.
d. auditrons.
50.The__________theoryexplainsthathearinghighorlowtonesdependsuponwhichareaof
thecochleaismoststronglystimulated.
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
Kinestheticsensationresultsfrom
51.
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51.
Sensation
a. receptorsintheinnerearthatsignalbalance.
b. receptorsintheskin.
c. mechanicaldistortionofthesemicircularcanals.
d. receptorsinthemusclesandjointsrespondingtomovement.
52.Thestapesisattachedtoasecondmembrane,ordrumhead,calledthe__________.Asthis
movesbackandforth,itmakeswavesinafluidwithinthe__________.
a. cochleaeardrum
b. eardrumtympanicmembrane
c. cochleaovalwindow
d. ovalwindowcochlea
53.Theconversionofelectromagneticenergyintoaneuralimpulseinvolves
a. featureanalysis.
b. phosphenes.
c. transduction.
d. localizationoffunction.
54.Thethreeauditoryossiclesarethemalleus,incus,andthe
a. stapes.
b. anvil.
c. cochlea.
d. organofCorti.
55.Theamountofchangenecessaryinagivenstimulustoproduceajustnoticeabledifferenceis
aconstantproportionoftheoriginalstimulus.Thisdefines
a. perceptualconstancy.
b. perceptualset.
c. Weber'sLaw.
d. psychophysics.
56.Senseorgansinthejointsandmusclescontributetoour__________sense.
a. skin
b. kinesthetic
c. pressure
d. temperature
57.Humansrespondtodifferentwavelengthsoflightbyexperiencingdiffering
a. hues.
b. levelsofbrightness.
c. amountsofsaturation.
d. amplitudes.
58.Thepartoftheeyethatfocusestheimageiscalledthe
a. lens.
b. retina.
c. iris.
d. pupil.
59.Thescientifictermforfarsightednessis
a. hyperopia.
b. myopia.
c. retinitis.
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d. astigmatism.
60.Olfactionisanothernameforthesenseof
a. taste.
b. smell.
c. hearing.
d. vision.
61.Thethreesmallbonesoftheinnereararecalledthe
a. cochlearbones.
b. tympanicbones.
c. basilarossicles.
d. auditoryossicles.
62.Thathumansarenotvisuallysensitivetoultravioletradiationsuggeststhatsensorysystems
functionas
a. transducers.
b. encodingsystems.
d. datareductionsystems.
63.Whichofthefollowingbodyareasismostsensitivetopain?
a. thebuttocks
b. thecheek
c. thethumbpad
d. behindtheknee
64.Subliminalperception
a. involvesthepresentationofstimulirapidlybutstrongenoughtobe
consciouslyrecognized.
b. hasbeenusedbyadvertisingcompaniesandpoliticiansinanattemptto
increasesalesorchangeopinions.
c. hasstrongemotionaleffectsonaperson.
d. hasbeenshowntomakepeoplebypopcornwhenusedinmovietheaters.
65.Tastebudsaremainlylocated
a. nearthebackofthetongue.
b. nearthetipofthetongue.
c. nearthemiddleofthetongue.
d. onthetopsideofthetongueespeciallyaroundtheedges.
66.AccordingtoWeber'sLaw,iftwolightbulbsmustgooutinaroominwhichtwentyare
burningtomaketheroomnoticeablydimmer,thenaroominwhichfortyareburningwill
becomenoticeablydimmerwhen__________bulbsgoout.
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. eight
67.Themostwidelyacceptedexplanationformotionsicknessisprovidedby
a. dynamicmovementtheory.
b. sensoryconflicttheory.
c. integrationofthesensestheory.
d. theGestaltprinciplesofperception.
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68.Sensoryadaptationreferstoadecreaseinsensoryresponsethataccompanies
a. perceptualdefense.
b. thresholdshifts.
c. anunchangingstimulus.
d. selectiveattention.
69.Intheauditorysystem,thefirstanatomicalstructuretorespondtothesoundwaveis/arethe
a. auditoryossicles.
b. cochlea.
c. eardrum.
d. roundwindow.
70.Theringingsensationfollowingexposuretoloudsoundsiscalled
a. olfaction.
b. tinnitus.
c. anosmia.
d. gustation.
71.Messagesfromthebody'spainwarningsystem
a. closethespinalgatedirectly.
b. passthroughthepaingateandontoa"centralbiasingsystem."
c. inhibittheproductionofendorphins.
d. areprocessedintherighthemisphere.
72.Thatyoudonothearthetrafficoutsideyourpsychologyclassbecauseyouareengrossedin
thelectureisagoodexampleof
a. sensorygating.
b. sensoryadaptation.
c. selectiveattention.
d. selectivedetention.
73.The__________theoryexplainshowsoundsupto4000hertzreachthebrain.
a. place
b. auditory
c. frequency
d. tone
74.Thefinalstep(withintheear)requiredtoconvertvibrationsintosoundsensationsis
movementofthe
a. haircells.
b. cochlea.
c. pinna.
d. ossicles.
75.Asystemisdevelopedwhereatelevisioncameraproducesan"image"oftouchpointsapplied
tothebackofablindperson.Suchasysteminvolves
a. aconversionoflightintoJNDs.
b. transducinglightintopressure.
c. themechanicalproductionofphosphenes.
d. applyingthe"lockandkey"theoryoftouch.
Whenyouwereinseventhgrade,youhadtogetglassesbecauseyoucouldnotseetheboard
76.atschool.Yourvisionproblemiscalled
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a.
b.
c.
d.
hyperopia.
astigmatism.
presbyopia.
myopia.
77.Apopulartheoryofolfactionwhichstatesthatodorsarerelatedtotheshapesofchemical
moleculesisthe__________theory.
a. flavor/fragrance
b. place
c. lockandkey
d. frequency
78.Whichtheoryofhearingexplainstheperceptionoflowersounds?
a. tone
b. place
c. frequency
d. auditory
79.Filmistocameraas__________istoeye.
a. retina
b. iris
c. lens
d. pupil
80.Newmotherswhoareemotionallydepressedtakelongerthannondepressedwomento
recognizepicturesrelatedtopregnancy,birth,andbabies.Thisisanexampleof
a. aversivestimulation.
b. perceptualdefense.
c. absolutethreshold.
d. unconsciousguard.
81.Oneofthecharacteristicsthatallsensorysystemshaveincommonis
a. electromagneticsensitivity.
b. transduction.
c. conversion.
d. corticalization.
82.A"silent"dogwhistletakesadvantageofacharacteristicofsensorysystemsknownas
a. theabsolutethreshold.
b. thedifferencethreshold.
c. perceptualdefense.
d. ajustnoticeabledifference.
83.Skinsenses,kinestheticsenses,andvestibularsensescomprisewhichsensesystem?
a. perceptualfeedbacksystem
b. somestheticsensesystem
c. signalbalancesystem
d. motionsensesystem
84.MelzackandWall'stheorythatsomepainmessagescanblockotherpainmessagesiscalled
a. physiologicalnystagmus.
b. endorphintheory.
c. gatecontroltheory.
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d. receptorinterlocking.
85.Thetheoryofcolorvisionwhichstatesthatthevisualsystemanalyzesinformationinto
"eitheror"messagesisthe__________theory.
a. opponentprocess
b. trichromatic
c. primarycolor
d. polaroid
86.__________isconcernedwithrelatingchangesinphysicalstimulitocorresponding
psychologicalsensations.
a. Physiologicalpsychology
b. Psychokinesis
c. Psychophysics
d. Psychometry
87.Blackandwhitevisionwithgreatestsensitivityunderlowlevelsofilluminationdescribesthe
functionof
a. thecones.
b. thevisualpigments.
c. therods.
d. thephosphenes.
88.Thefactthatweseenegativeafterimagessupportswhichtheoryofcolorvision?
a. opponentprocess
b. trichromatic
c. imageformation
d. bothopponentprocessandtrichromatic
89.Oneofthemoretouchsensitiveareasofthehumanbodyisthe
a. face.
b. thigh.
c. back.
d. upperarm.
90.Unpleasantstimulimayraisethethresholdforrecognition.Thisphenomenoniscalled
a. aversivestimulation.
b. absolutethreshold.
d. unconsciousguard.
91.Afteramusicalconcertthatyouenjoyedwithoutdistraction,acompanioncomplainsthatshe
heardlittleofthemusicduetofrequentshufflingandthroatclearingintheaudience.The
differenceinyourexperienceandhersisrelatedto
a. justnoticeabledifferences.
b. subliminalthresholds.
c. sensoryadaptation.
d. selectiveattention.
92.Sensoryadaptationisnormallymostrapidforthesenseof
a. vision.
b. olfaction.
c. taste.
d. kinesthesis.
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93.Visualproblemssuchasnearsightedness,farsightedness,andastigmatismaretheresultof
a. irregularitiesinthevisualcortex.
b. nutritionalortraumaticdamagetothesensorynerves.
c. physicalabnormalitiesinthestructureoftheeye.
d. defectiveprocessingofsensoryinformationinthevisualcortex.
94.Theexternal,orvisible,partoftheeariscalledthe
a. cochlea.
b. pinna.
c. innerear.
d. tympanicmembrane.
95.Localizationoffunctionmeansthat
a. senseorgansrespondtoonlyoneformofstimulation.
b. specificareasofthebrainarespecializedtointerpretinputfromparticular
senseorgans.
c. eachsensesystemhasthemeansofdetecting,encoding,andinterpreting
sensoryinformationinaparticularsenseorgan.
d. thenatureofone'sexperienceofastimulusdependsentirelyonwhereitis
locatedinthevisualfield.
96.Theconesoftheretina
a. aredenselypackedintheperipheryoftheretina.
b. arespecializedforblack,white,andgraysensations.
c. functionbestinbrightlight.
d. areresponsiblefornightvision.
97.Thesensationyouexperienceultimatelydependsonwhichofthefollowing?
a. thenatureofthesensoryreceptorsactivated
b. theparticularprocessesinvolvedintransduction
c. theparticularareaofthebrainthatisactivated
d. thepathwaystraveledbynerveimpulsesfromsensoryreceptors
98.Thefrequencyofasounddeterminesits
a. hue.
b. intensity.
c. amplitude.
d. pitch.
99.Trichromatictheorystatesthattherearethreekindsof__________intheeye.
a. rods
b. iopolarcells
c. ganglioncells
d. cones
100.TheIshiharatest
a. isatestforcolordeficiencies.
b. consistsofcoloredchipsthatmustbeplacedinarow.
c. isscoredasincorrectifyouseedotsandfigures.
d. istheonlymeansofassessingtruecolorblindness.
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Name:
Perception
MultipleChoice
1.Experimentsinvolvinginfants'perceptionof3Dfigures,whencombinedwithvisualcliffdata,
suggestthat
a. atleastsomelevelofdepthperceptionisinnate.
b. depthperceptionisheavilydependentonskillfulmotorcoordination.
c. depthperceptionisalmostentirelylearned.
d. neitherinnatemechanismsnorlearninghavemucheffectondepth
perception.
2.Wheninfantsareplacedinthemiddleofavisualcliff,theyusually
a. remainstill.
b. movetotheshallowsideoftheapparatus.
c. movetothedeepsideoftheapparatus.
d. approachtheirmotherswhencalled,whetherthatrequiresmovingtothe
shallowordeepside.
3.Ifyoustandinthemiddleofacobblestonestreet,thestreetwilllookcoarsenearyourfeetand
finerifyoulookintothedistance.Thisiscalled
a. texturegradient.
b. linearperspective.
c. relativesize.
d. relativemotion.
4.Whentravelinginacar,nearobjectsseemtomovepastyoufasterthandistantobjects.Thisis
called
a. aerialperspective.
c. relativesize.
d. relativemotion.
5.Internalstandardsusedtojudgestimuliarereferredtoas
a. adaptationlevel.
b. context.
c. intuition.
d. framesofreference.
6.Illusionsare
a. distortionsofexistingstimuli.
b. thesameashallucinations.
c. theresultofinnatemechanisms.
d. notbasedonexternalreality.
7.Anindustrialpsychologistinterestedinhumanfactorswouldmostlikelyparticipatein
a. thecollectionofbiodata.
http://www.appsychology.com/HowPass/MC%20quizes/Perception/perception.htm
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b. vocationalinteresttesting.
c. anassessmentcenterevaluation.
d. machinedesign.
8.Thefactthatwecanwalkandchewgumatthesametimeillustratesthat
a. ourattentiondependsondifferentmotorsystems.
b. weuseselectiveattention.
c. weusedividedattention.
d. weusesequentialattention.
9.YouaresittinginthepitareaattheIndianapolis500.Youcloselywatchoneofthecarswhiz
aroundonthetrackinfrontoftheseethingmassofhumanitycrammedintothestands.You
haveorganizedthisvisualscenesuchthattheracecaris__________andthepeopleandthe
standsare__________.
a. figureground
b. groundfigure
c. figurecommonregion
d. commonregioncamouflage
10.Thefactthatobjectsthatareneareachothertendtobegroupedtogetherisknownas
a. closure.
b. continuation.
c. similarity.
d. nearness.
11.Theunderlyingmechanismforperceptualexpectanciesis
a. amisleadingperceptionthatdistortsormisjudgesastimulus.
b. topdownprocessing.
c. theorganizationofperceptionbybeginningwithlowlevelfeatures.
d. bottomupprocessing.
12.Whichofthefollowingisconsideredamonocularcuefordepth?
a. convergence
b. accommodation
c. depthperspective
d. singularity
13.Inductivereasoninggoesfromthespecifictothegeneral.Whichofthefollowingisanalogous
toinductivereasoning?
a. topdownprocessing
b. bottomupprocessing
c. perceptualexpectancies
d. illusions
14.Comparedtomaleswhohadnotreadasexuallyarousingwrittenpassage,maleswhohadread
thepassagewere
a. morelikelytoperceiveafemaleasattractive.
b. lesslikelytoperceiveafemaleasattractive.
c. nomorelikelytoperceiveafemaleasattractive.
d. greatlyaffectedintheirratesofhabituationtoanattractivefemale.
15.Thetendencytogrouptogetherobjectsthatarethesamesize,shape,color,orformisknownas
a. closure.
b. continuation.
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c. similarity.
d. nearness.
16.Asadooropenstowardyou,youperceiveitasarectangulardoorratherthangoingthrough
actualimagechangesontheretina(fromrectangulartotrapezoid).Thisisanexampleof
a. perceptualclosure.
b. shapeconstancy.
c. ambiguousstimuli.
d. retinaldisparity.
17.Closure,nearness,similarity,andcontinuationarecategoriesof
a. perceptual(Gestalt)organization.
b. cognitivestyle.
c. cognitiveorganization.
d. perceptualintegration.
18.Aman6feetinheightwilllook"tall"whensurroundedbyothersofaverageheight,and
"short"amongagroupofprofessionalbasketballplayers.Thisisanexampleof
a. invertedvision.
b. activemovement.
c. adaptationlevel.
d. context.
19.Thetendencytofillingapsintheperceptionofafigureiscalled
a. sensorycompletion.
b. closure.
c. figureground.
d. continuation.
20.Twentyextremelyaccurateclocksarelockedintwobankvaults(tenineach).Asubjectwho
claimstohaveparanormalpowersconcentratesontheclocksinoneofthevaults,attemptingto
makethemrunfaster.Ifshesucceeds,shewillhavedemonstrated
a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. mesmerism.
d. psychokinesis.
21.A70yearoldmandefinesmiddleageas50yearsofage.A10yearoldchilddefinesmiddle
ageas35yearsofage.Theirestimatesdifferbecauseof
a. selectiveattention.
b. perceptualconstancy.
d. theirframeofreference.
22.Theorganizationalprincipledemonstratedbythestimulibelowisknownas
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
XOXOX
a. continuity.
b. figureground.
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c. similarity.
d. nearness.
23.Thetext'sillustrationofthepoliceofficer'sfaulty"eyewitness"identificationisanexampleof
a. thefactthatperceptionsareoftenreconstructionsofevents.
b. thelowdegreeofaccuracyofhumanpsiphenomena.
c. perceptualclosureoperatinginareallifesituation.
d. an"innocenceofvision"instressfulsituations.
24.Youobservetwocarsofidenticalmakeandmodel.Althoughoneroarsawayanditsimageon
yourretinaischanged,youstillperceivethecarsasidentical.Thisphenomenonis
a. sizeconstancy.
b. shapeconstancy.
c. conceptconstancy.
d. formconstancy.
25.Attentionisarousedby
a. subtledifferencesinstimuli.
b. brightstimuli.
c. contrastorchangeinstimulation.
d. subliminalstimuli.
26.Decreasedperceptualresponsetoarepeatedstimulusiscalled
a. habituation.
b. selectiveattention.
c. dividedattention.
d. hallucination.
27.Interpositionisthepictorialdepthcuemorecommonlyknownas
a. relativemotion.
b. overlap.
c. linearperspective.
d. motionparallax.
28.Themostconvincingevidencethatdepthperceptionisnativetohumans(andpossiblyother
species)isits
a. importanceinadaptiveactivity.
b. earlyemergenceasaperceptualskill.
c. integrationwithmotorskills.
d. relianceonmonocularandbinocularcues.
29.Improvedresearchtechniquesinparapsychologyhaveresultedin
a. theabilitytorepeatspectacularresults.
b. morepositiveresults.
c. lessskepticismamongscientists.
d. fewerpositiveresults.
30.Researchevidencehasshownthatthepresenceofaweapon
a. increasestheaccuracyoftheaccount.
b. reducestheambiguityoftheinterpretationofthesituation.
c. impairsaneyewitness'saccuracyofadescriptionofasuspect.
d. allowsaneyewitnesstoremembertheeventlonger.
31.Thepurportedabilitytoperceiveeventsatadistanceorthroughphysicalbarriersistermed
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a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. precognition.
d. psychokinesis.
32.AcheetahscramblinguparockyslopeinMontanaislikelytobeperceivedasamountainlion
because
a. perceptionisguidedbyexpectations.
b. figureandgroundhavebeenconfused.
c. contiguityisapowerfulinfluenceonperception.
d. thesettingprovidesanidealcamouflage.
33.Awhiteshirtreflectsmorelightoutdoorsthaninadimlylitroomhowever,itisseenasbeing
equallybrightinbothplaces.Thisdemonstratestheroleof__________inperception.
a. brightnessconstancy
b. lightnessconstancy
c. brightnessparallax
d. visualsystemlimitations
34.Themostbasicsourceofnormaldepthperceptionandstereoscopicvisionis
a. accommodation.
b. convergence.
c. retinaldisparity.
d. linearperspective.
35.__________processingislikeputtingtogetherapicturepuzzleyou'veneverseenbefore.
a. Bottomup
b. Topdown
c. Leftright
d. Selective
36.Deductivereasoninggoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Whichofthefollowingisanalogous
todeductivereasoning?
a. topdownprocessing
b. bottomupprocessing
c. perceptualexpectancies
d. illusions
37.AmajorcriticismofESPresearchisthat
a. iftheexperimenterreallybelievesinESP,heorsheismuchmorelikelyto
interpretcoincidenceascauseandeffect.
b. ESPresearchershavemadenoattempttobeobjectiveorscientific.
c. parapsychologicalskillsaretooconsistenttobereal.
d. researchershavebeenunwillingtoinvestigatepsychicphenomenain
laboratorysettings.
38.YoucallthePsychicHotlineandtalkwithareal,livepsychic.Hetellsyouaboutfutureevents
inyourlifethatheclaimsto"see."Thepsychicwouldpossesswhichpsiability?
a. telepathy
b. precognition
c. clairvoyance
d. psychokinesis
39.Thetendencytocompleteafigureiscalled
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a. continuation.
b. similarity.
c. continuity.
d. closure.
40.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofeyewitnesstestimony?
a. Mostvictimsdonothaveanadequate"weaponfocus."
b. Victimscertainoftheirtestimonyareusuallymoreaccurate.
c. Eyewitnesstestimonyisgenerallyveryaccurate.
d. Perceptionrarelyprovidesaninstantreplayofevents.
41.Thebodilydepthcuegeneratedbychangesintheshapeofthelensiscalled
a. retinaldisparity.
b. aerialperspective.
c. accommodation.
d. convergence.
42.Themoonillusionisbestexplainedby
a. theeffectsofdepthcuesonapparentdistance.
b. theperceptualclosureeffect.
c. magnificationcausedbythedenseratmospherealongthehorizon.
d. convergence.
43.A"guess"aboutwhatasensationrepresentsthatishelduntilmoreinformationisavailableis
referredtoasa
a. cognitivestyle.
b. perceptualhypothesis.
c. sensoryhypothesis.
d. perceptualclosure.
44.Parapsychologyis
a. apseudopsychologydealingwiththepredictionofthefuture.
b. thestudyofpsychicphenomenaorpsievents.
c. limitedtothestudyofextrasensoryperception.
d. anonscientificfieldconcernedwithclairvoyance,magic,andwitchcraft.
45.Whichofthefollowingillustratestheprincipleofcontiguity?
a. the"falsedawn"beforeasunrise
b. theshadowscastonacloudyday
c. aperson"lipsyncing"toarecord
d. adarkerballoonseenasfartherawaythanalighterone
46.Recentexperimentsoneyewitnesstestimonyhaveshownthattherelationshipbetweena
person'sconfidenceinhisorhertestimonyanditsaccuracy
a. dependsuponwhetherthewitnessismaleorfemale.
b. dependsuponwhetherthewitnesshasatleastahighschooleducation.
c. hasalmostnorelationship.
d. ismoresuspectforchildrenthanforadults.
47.AwidespreadincreaseinthereportedsightingsofUFOsfollowingnewspaperreportsof
similarsightingsmaybeattributedto
a. perceptualdefense.
b. coordinatedperceptualset.
c. masshallucination.
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d. perceptualexpectancy.
48.Thefactthatmanypeopleareunconcernedaboutthegradualdepletionoftheozonecanbe
attributedtothe__________.
a. pygmalioneffect
b. sizedistanceinvariance
c. boiledfrogsyndrome
d. habituationeffect
49.Theinformationsurroundingastimulusisknownasthe
a. adaptationlevel.
b. context.
c. aura.
d. internalframeofreference.
50.Psiphenomena
a. arethesubjectmatterofpsychophysicists.
b. includeclairvoyance,telepathy,andprecognition.
c. areconsideredanormalpartofthehumanexperience.
d. havebeenfoundtrueinallculturesstudiedthusfar.
51.Thestimulibelowareseenasonegroupofcircles
andonegroupofsquaresduetotheorganizationalprincipleof
a. similarity.
b. nearness.
c. closure.
d. continuity.
52.Illusionsdifferfromhallucinationsinthat
a. illusionsarebasedonperceptionsthathavenoexternalreality.
b. hallucinationsaresimplymisjudgmentsofsensoryinformation.
c. illusionsarebasedonperceptuallearning.
d. hallucinationsaretheresultofpastexperience.
53.Assemblingsensationsintousablepatternsiscalled
a. attention.
b. evaluation.
c. habituation.
d. perception.
54.The__________believethatdepthperceptionislearned.
a. nativists
b. empiricists
c. humanists
d. structuralists
55.WhenJewishsubjectstriedtorememberbrieflyflashedgroupsofstimuli,theyrecognized
feweritemswhenonewasaswastika.Thiswasbecause
a. theywereconcentratingharderontheotherstimuli.
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b. thestimuliwerefigureswhichhadnomeaning.
c. theirattentionwasshiftedawayfromotherinformation.
d. theirattentionspandecreasedwithconstantrepetitionofthestimuli.
56.Figureandgroundcanbeswitchedin
a. shapeperception.
b. depthperception.
c. reversiblefigures.
d. nonlinearfigures.
57.Eventhoughtheretinalimageofanobjectmaychangedrastically,theobjectappears
unchanged.Thisistheprincipleunderlying
b. shapeconstancy.
c. ambiguousstimuli.
d. retinaldisparity.
58.Anabilityto"read"anotherperson'smindistermed
a. clairvoyance.
b. telepathy.
c. precognition.
d. psychokinesis.
59.ThefilmStarWarscreatedillusionsofdepthbyquicklychangingimagesofthesizesof
planetsandstarshipsusingthepictorialdepthcuecalled
a. convergence.
b. accommodation.
c. linearperspective.
d. relativesize.
60.Thefactthatinfantswilloftencrawlofftablesorbedsshowsthat
a. depthperceptioniscompletelylearned.
b. humandepthperceptionemergesatabout4monthsofage.
c. integrationofdepthperceptionwithmotorskillshasnotyetbeen
accomplished.
d. depthperceptioniscompletelyinnate.
61.Experimentswiththevisualcliffshowthat
a. humaninfantsareawareofshapeconstancy.
b. humanandanimaldepthperceptionisentirelylearned.
c. perceptualgroupingdoesnotbeginuntilababyisfromsixtofourteen
monthsold.
d. humaninfantsperceivedepthbytheageofsixmonths.
62.Motionparallax
a. isnotenough,alone,toindicatedepthwhenmostothercuesfail.
b. referstotheillusionthatdistantobjectsmoveslightlyagainsta
background,whilecloserobjectsmoveasizabledistance.
c. isresponsibleformotionsickness.
d. isdependentonstereoscopicvision.
63.Thestimulibelowareorganizedasthreecolumnsratherthan
sixcolumnsbecauseoftheorganizationalprincipleof
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a. similarity.
b. nearness.
c. closure.
d. continuity.
64.Featuresoftheenvironment,ormessagesfromthebody,thatsupplyinformationabout
distanceandspacearecalled
a. sensations.
b. depthcues.
c. muscularcues.
d. sizedistancephenomena.
65.Whichofthefollowingisamonoculardepthcue?
a. linearperspective
b. retinaldisparity
c. convergence
d. divergence
66.Sensationsareorganizedintomeaningfulperceptionsby
a. perceptualconstancies.
b. localizationofmeaning.
c. perceptualgrouping(Gestalt)principles.
d. sensoryadaptation.
67.Animaginaryperception,suchasseeing,hearing,orsmellingsomethingthatdoesnotexistin
theexternalworldiscalleda(n)
a. illusion.
b. hallucination.
c. stroboscopicmovement.
d. MllerLyerillusion.
68.Theabilitytoidentifythedirectionfromwhichasoundoriginatesisstronglydependenton
havingtwoearsseparatedinspacebyseveralinches.Theabilitytoperceivevisualdepthis
relatedtoasimilarpropertyknownas
a. accommodation.
b. aerialperspective.
d. invertedvision.
69.The__________believethatdepthperceptionisinborn.
a. nativists
b. empiricists
c. humanists
d. behaviorists
70.Crossculturalexperiencessuggestthatpictorialcuesfordepthperceptionare
a. universal.
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b. learned.
c. irrelevant.
d. illusions.
71.Theanalysisofinformationstartingwithpreexistingknowledgeinordertoorganizefeatures
intoameaningfulwholeisknownas
a. perceptualexpectancy.
c. bottomupprocessing.
d. Gregory'sphenomenon.
72.Thepurportedabilitytopredictfutureeventsiscalled
a. clairvoyance.
b. precognition.
c. psychokinesis.
d. telepathy.
73.Highwayengineerssometimespaintstripesonfreewayofframpstoenhancetheperceptionof
depth,usingthecueof
a. aerialperspective.
b. parallax.
c. texturegradients.
d. overlap.
74.Inmakingacharcoalpencildrawing,whichpictorialdepthcuecouldyoumosteffectivelyuse?
a. accommodation
b. retinalfusion
c. convergence
d. lightandshadow
75.Toperceivethesizeofanobjectremainingthesameeventhoughtheretinalimagechangesis
called
b. sizeconstancy.
d. psychophysics.
76.Assemblingajigsawpuzzlewithoutknowingwhatitportrayedwouldrequire
a. bottomupprocessing.
b. holisticreasoning.
c. synthesis.
d. topdownprocessing.
77.Theideathatmanypeopleseemunabletodetectgradualbutdeadlytrendsinmodern
civilizationisanexampleof
a. the"HawthorneEffect."
b. the"BoiledFrogSyndrome."
c. the"ZeigarnikEffect."
d. the"vonRestorffPhenomenon."
78.Themostbasicperceptualorganizationis
a. shapeconstancy.
b. depthperception.
c. figureground.
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d. sizeconstancy.
79.Afieldthatfocusesprimarilyonthepsychologyofworkandadaptationofmachinesfor
humanuseis
a. engineeringpsychology.
b. systemspsychology.
c. socialpsychology.
d. environmentalpsychology.
80.Perceptionisaprocessbywhich
a. environmentalstimuliaresensed.
b. sensationsareassembledintomeaningfulpatternsthatrepresentexternal
events.
c. sensationsandexperiencesarestoredpermanentlyinthebrain.
d. manydifferentformsofstimulusenergyareconvertedintoelectrical
signalsforusebythenervoussystem.
81.Theabilitytoseethreedimensionalspaceandtoaccuratelyjudgedistancesiscalled
a. sizeconstancy.
b. shapeconstancy.
c. depthperception.
d. perceptualorganization.
82.ManynaturalESPoccurrencesareapparentlyaresultof
a. practice.
b. coincidence.
c. misrepresentation.
d. unconsciouspsychologicalprocesses.
83.Disney'scartoonsaremadeupofthousandsofstillpictures,butweseemotioninthese
cartoonsbecauseof
a. motionparallax.
c. stroboscopicmovement.
d. theMllerLyerillusion.
84.Whenyouestimateadistanceunder50feet(aswhenyouapproachastopsignorplaycatch),
youareusing
a. convergence.
b. accommodation.
d. relativesize.
85.Placingprioritiesonsensorymessagesoccursintheprocessof
a. selectiveattention.
b. dividedperception.
c. repetitiousstimulation.
d. subliminalattention.
86.Thebinocularcueofconvergenceoccurs
a. becausetheeyesareabout2.5inchesapart.
b. whenthelensineacheyebendsorbulgestofocusonnearbyobjects.
c. justaseasilyinapersonwithonlyoneeye.
d. whentryingtofocusonanobjectlessthan50feetindistance.
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Perception
87.Televisionadsthatareinblackandwhitearejusttryingtotakeadvantageofwhichattention
gettingtechnique?
a. loudness
b. motion
c. contrast
d. repetition
88.Psychologistsbelievethatdepthperceptionis
a. innate.
b. learned.
c. imprinted.
d. partlylearnedandpartlyinnate.
89.Theanalysisofinformationstartingwithfeaturesandbuildingintoacompleteperceptionis
knownas
a. perceptualexpectancy.
c. bottomupprocessing.
d. Gregory'sphenomenon.
90.Whichtypeofpsychologistwouldmostlikelybeinterestedinthingssuchasdisplays,controls,
andsensoryandmotorcapabilities?
a. industrial/organizationalpsychologist
b. socialpsychologist
c. humanfactorsengineer
d. cognitivepsychologist
91.Theillusionthatrailroadtrackscometogetherinthedistanceinvolvesthedepthcueof
a. atmosphericperspective.
b. texturegradient.
c. lightandshadow.
d. linearperspective.
92.Apersonlivinginthedesertcallsa60degreeday"cold"whereasonelivinginAlaskacallsit
"warm."Theirperceptionsdifferbecauseof
a. attentionshifts.
b. theirframeofreference.
c. temperatureparallax.
d. perceptualconstancy.
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States of Consciousness
Name:
StatesofConsciousness
MultipleChoice
1.Thechiefcharacteristicofhypnosisis
a. heightenedarousal.
b. increasedsuggestibility.
c. enhancedcreativity.
d. increasedclairvoyance.
2.ThemostfrequentlyusedpsychoactivedrugintheUnitedStatesis
a. marijuana.
b. cocaine.
c. alcohol.
d. caffeine.
3.WhichofthefollowingsleepphenomenacouldbedetectedwithouttheaidofanEEG
machine?
a. Stage2sleep
b. REMsleep
c. Stage3sleep
d. sleepspindles
4.Dissociationorasplitinawarenessisanexperiencecommonlyassociatedwith
a. hypnoticinduction.
b. amphetamineintoxication.
c. withdrawalsymptoms.
d. relaxationtraining.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthestabilityofsleepcycles?
a. Theyareinnatesotheycannotbemodified.
b. Theyareinnatebutcanbemodifiedintimesofemergency.
c. Theyareentirelylearnedbutaredifficulttomodify.
d. Theyareentirelylearnedand,thus,maybeeasilymodified.
6.Aloudnoiseawakensyouyouemergefromsleepconfusedanddonotrememberthenoise.
Youwereinwhichstageofsleep?
a. Stage1
b. Stage2
c. Stage3
d. Stage4
7.Whichofthefollowingisagoalofthetherapeuticuseofsensorydeprivation?
a. decompressionoftheventricularsystem.
b. experiencingrelaxationandreducingstress.
c. producingdelusions.
d. producinghallucinations.
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8.Hypnotizedsubjectswhoweretoldtoplungeonehandintoapainfulbathoficewater,and
weretoldtofeelnopain,
a. awokefromtheirhypnosis.
b. wrote"ithurts"withtheirfreehand.
c. didnotfeelanypain.
d. wentintoacoma.
9.BetawavesarecharacteristicintheEEGofapersonwhois
a. dreaming.
b. asleepbutnotdreaming.
c. awakeandalert.
d. inStage2sleep.
10.Physicalcravingsforadrugandunpleasantreactionswhenthedrugiswithheldaresignsof
a. drugtolerance.
b. psychologicaldependence.
c. emotionaldependence.
d. physicaladdiction.
11.Drugabuseassociatedwithwhichofthefollowingdrugsiscorrelatedwithbreastcysts,birth
defects,miscarriage,andcontributestobladdercancer,heartproblems,andhighblood
pressure?
a. caffeine
b. cocaine
c. nicotine
d. heroin
12.Whichofthefollowingdrugsisphysicallyaddictive?
a. morphine
b. cocaine
c. heroin
d. allofthese
13.Thereductioninthebody'sresponsetoadrugwhichmayaccompanydruguseiscalled
a. withdrawal.
b. addiction.
c. dependence.
d. tolerance.
14.Asudden,irresistibleurgetosleep,whichlastsafewminutestohalfanhourduringthe
daytime,iscalled
a. narcolepsy.
b. hypersomnia.
c. sleepapnea.
d. sleepwalkingdisorder.
15.Aparticularlydangerous(oftenfatal)combinationofdrugsis
a. marijuanaandhashish.
b. amphetaminesanddexedrine.
c. alcoholandbarbiturates.
d. caffeineandnicotine.
16.Thesurestwaytoalterhumanconsciousnessis
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a. throughmeditation.
b. bysleeping.
c. toadministerapsychoactivedrug.
d. tousesensorydeprivation.
17.Freudbelievedthat,inordertoprotectsleepandpreventthearousalofconscience,thecontent
ofourdreamsis
a. suppressed.
b. disguised.
c. enriched.
d. synthesized.
18.Asleepdisturbanceinwhichoneawakensseveraltimesduringthenightandhasdifficulty
returningtosleepis
a. narcolepsy.
b. sleepapnea.
c. somnambulism.
d. insomnia.
19.Whenapersonstopstakingcocaine,allofthefollowingoccurEXCEPT
a. occasionalcravingsforaslongasamonth.
b. depression.
c. anincreasedsenseofenergy.
d. anhedonia.
20.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytooccurasaconsequenceofhypnosis?
a. increaseinstrengthtosuperhumanlevels
b. genuineregressiontoearlieragelevels
c. alteredsensoryexperiences
d. increasedclarityandaccuracyofmemory
21.Smokedformsofcocainearecommonlycalled
a. meth.
b. crack.
c. ice.
d. uppers.
22.Confusion,disorientation,delusions,andhallucinationsarecharacteristicof
a. microsleeps.
b. circadianrhythms.
c. sleepdeprivationpsychosis.
d. sleepnarcosis.
23.Someonewhoishungrymayshow
a. anincreaseindreamsaboutfoodandeating.
b. adecreaseindreamsaboutfoodandeating.
c. noparticularincreaseindreamsaboutfoodandeating.
d. noincreaseinfoodsymbolsintheirdreams.
24.Duringhypnosis,EEG(brainwave)recordings
a. resemblethoseobtainedduringsleep.
b. resemblethoseobtainedwhenapersonisawake.
c. slowalmosttoastop.
d. showclearlyidentifiable"trancewaves."
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25.Nicotineisclassifiedasa
a. narcotic.
b. depressant.
c. relaxant.
d. stimulant.
26.ThesafestsleeppositionformostinfantsinordertopreventSIDSis
a. facedown.
b. ontheirbacksorsides.
c. REMrebound.
d. noneofthese.
27.Infantssleep
a. in68hourblocksoftime.
b. 12hoursaday.
c. in24hourblocksoftime.
d. intotallyirregularpatterns.
28.Themostcommonreactionstosleeplossupto48hours
a. includeinattention,staring,andtremorofthehands.
b. includehallucinationsanddelusions.
c. includeinsomnia.
d. aresimilartothosefoundinpsychosis.
29.Inanewborninfant,onecouldexpecttotalsleeptimeeachdaytoapproach
a. 24hours.
b. 20hours.
c. 12hours.
d. 8hours.
30.Oursleeprhythmsaretiedtoa24hourdaybecause
a. thetimeofpeakactivityisinvariantfrompersontoperson.
b. theyaretiedtoexternaltimemarkerslikelightanddark.
c. theyhaveadaptedtotechnologicalimprovementsmadeinthelastcentury.
d. everyoneneedsatleast8hoursofsleepeverynight.
31.DrugswithnameslikeXanax,Halcion,andValiumare
a. barbiturates.
b. stimulants.
c. hallucinogens.
d. tranquilizers.
32.Substancescapableofalteringhumanconsciousnessareclassifiedas
a. pharmacologicdrugs.
b. addictive.
c. psychoactivedrugs.
d. narcotics.
33.Theorderinganddurationofdailysleepandwakingperiodsareknownas
a. meridianrhythms.
b. sleeppatterns.
c. REMcycles.
d. sleepstages.
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34.Themajorcauseoftemporaryinsomniais
a. REMdeprivation.
b. worry,stress,orexcitement.
c. dropinbloodsugarduringthenight.
d. stresscombinedwiththeuseofsleepingpills.
35.Researchsuggeststhatthetwomostbasicstatesofsleepare
a. alphasleepandbetasleep.
b. lightsleepanddeepsleep.
c. REMsleepandnonREMsleep.
d. REMsleepandparadoxicalsleep.
36.Whenapersonisshutofffromtheworldsuchthatheorshecannoteventellwhattimeitisby
lightordark,theirsleepwakingcycle
a. staysatabout24hours.
b. shortenstoanaverageofabout20hours.
c. lengthenstoanaverageofabout25hours.
d. becomescompletelydisrupted.
37.Hypnosis
a. wasintroducedbytheAustrianphysician,KarlZener.
b. ischaracterizedbybrainwavepatternssimilartosleep.
c. isanalteredstatecharacterizedbynarrowedattentionandincreased
opennesstosuggestion.
d. isasleepstateinwhichthesubjectsarepartiallyawareoftheiractionsand
abletoperformmanyactivitiesnotnormallycarriedoutduringsleep.
38.Therhythmsofsleepandwaking
a. coincidewithcyclesofthemoon.
b. areconsiderablyshorterthan24hours.
c. areabout24hourslong.
d. averagearound36hours.
39.Whichofthefollowingisamajorwayinwhichalteredstatesofconsciousnessareproduced?
a. prolongedmentalexertion
b. hypnosis
c. luciddreaming
d. maintainingroutinesleeppatterns
40.Theaverageratiooftimeawaketotimeasleepis
a. 1to1.
b. 2to1.
c. 3to1.
d. unknown.
41.Nightterrorsmostoftenoccurduring
a. Stage1NREMsleep.
b. Stage2REMsleep.
c. Stage3NREMsleep.
d. Stage4NREMsleep.
42.AccordingtoFreud,dreamsareveryoftenameansof
a. wishfulfillment.
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b. solvingdaytimeproblems.
c. tellingoneselfwhat'smissinginone'slife.
d. categorizingone'sexperience.
43.Lindsayishavingtroublegoingtosleep.Whichfoodwouldberecommendedforhertoeatif
shewantedtoincreaseherintakeoftryptophan?
a. aturkeysandwichandabanana
b. ahamburger
c. fruitsalad
d. aglassofredwine
44.Excessivedaytimesleepinessisaconditioncalled
a. narcolepsy.
b. hypersomnia.
c. sleepapnea.
d. sleepwalkingdisorder.
45.ImmediatelybeforesleeptheEEGshiftstopatternsoflargerandslowerwavescalled
__________waves.
a. alpha
b. beta
c. delta
d. spindle
46.Perhapsthebestknownhallucinogenis
a. cocaine.
b. alcohol.
c. LSD.
d. nicotine.
47.Dreamsusually
a. occurtwicenightly.
b. lastonlyaboutfiveminuteseach.
c. areaboutninetyminutesapartwitheachsucceedingdreamlastingalittle
longer.
d. areinstantaneous,beingaflashofvisualimages.
48.Whichofthefollowingisaprimarycharacteristicofdreamsleep?
a. irregularheartrateandbloodpressure
b. sexualarousal
c. increasedmuscletension
d. rapideyemovements
49.Whichstageofsleeptypicallyhasspindles?
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth
50.NREMsleepoccursmainlyin
a. Stage2sleep.
b. Stage3sleep.
c. Stage4sleep.
d. allofthese.
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51.ThatthereisaneedforREMsleepissuggestedby
a. REMrebound.
b. REMtolerance.
c. eyemovementsaccompanyingREMsleep.
d. emotionalcatharsisduringREMsleep.
52.Hypnosisisparticularlyuseful
a. fortesttakingduetoincreasedmemory.
b. inhelpingasubjectregresstochildhood.
c. forcreatingmomentarysuperhumanburstsofstrength.
d. incontrollingphantomlimbpain.
53.RecentevidencesuggeststhatTHC,theactiveingredientinmarijuana,
a. isharmless.
b. isphysicallyaddictive.
c. isfatalinmilddoses.
d. accumulatesinfattytissue.
54.Shorttermdrugusebasedlargelyoncuriosityiscalled
a. experimental.
b. compulsive.
c. situational.
d. regressive.
55.Asleepdisturbancecharacterizedbysnoring,shortsilences,andgaspsiscalled
a. sleepapnea.
b. narcolepsy.
c. somnambulism.
d. insomnia.
56.Hypnosiscurrentlyhasitsgreatestvalueasa(n)
a. cureallcounselingapproach.
b. combinationtreatmentwithacupunctureandmassage.
c. toolforinducingrelaxation.
d. valuabletechniqueforuncoveringrepressedmemories.
57.SomephysiciansbelievethatSIDS,orcribdeath,maybecausedby
a. prematurity.
b. sleepapnea.
c. narcolepsy.
d. snoring.
58.__________isanaminoacidthatcanhelppeoplesleepandcanbefoundinaglassof
__________.
a. Teratogenorangejuice
b. Tetracyclinenaturalsparklingwater
c. Tryptophanmilk
d. Thalidomidewine
59.Whichofthefollowingisacorrectmatch?
a. Stage1lightsleep
b. Stage2betawaves
c. Stage3alphawaves
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Learning
Name:
Learning
MultipleChoice
1.In__________reinforcement,thereinforcerfollowseverycorrectresponse.
a. intermittent
b. partial
c. negative
d. continuous
2.InPavlov'sexperimentswithdogs,salivationwasthe
a. conditionedresponse.
b. unconditionedstimulus.
c. conditionedstimulus.
d. unconditionedresponse.
3.Thepresentationofanaversivestimulusortheremovalofapositivestimulusareboth
examplesof
a. negativereinforcement.
b. punishment.
c. positivereinforcement.
d. secondaryreinforcement.
4.Inclassicalconditioning,learningisevidentwhena
a. stimulusautomaticallyproducesaresponsewithoutapriorhistoryof
experience.
b. stimuluswhichdidnotinitiallyproducearesponsenowelicitsthat
response.
c. spontaneouslyemittedresponseincreasesinfrequencyasaresultofits
consequences.
d. subjectrepeatsanactionheorshehasobservedinanotherandispraised
forit.
5.InThorndike'slawofeffect,eventscriticalforconditioning
a. occuraftertheresponse.
b. occurbeforetheresponse.
c. occursimultaneouslywiththeresponse.
d. areunrelatedtotheresponseexceptduringextinction.
6.Ifyouhaveasnakephobiabecauseyouonceheardaloudnoisewhilelookingatasnake,for
youasnakeisa(n)
a. US.
b. CS.
c. UR.
d. CR.
7.Aseriesofresponsesthatgraduallyapproachadesiredpatternofbehaviorarecalled
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a. adaptations.
b. gradients.
c. successiveapproximations.
d. conditioningtrials.
8.Iftheconditionedstimulusispresentedmanytimeswithoutreinforcement,wecanexpect
a. anincreaseinstimulusgeneralization.
b. thestrengthoftheURtoincrease.
c. anincreaseinresponsegeneralization.
d. extinctiontooccur.
9.Achildhaslearnedtoavoidafurry,blackcat.However,shestillplayswithhergrandmother's
shorthairedtabby.Herresponsedemonstrates
a. negativetransfer.
b. extinction.
c. discrimination.
d. successiveapproximation.
10.Punishmentismosteffectiveinsuppressingbehaviorwhenitis
a. immediate,consistent,andintense.
b. delayed,consistent,andmild.
c. immediate,consistent,andmild.
d. delayed,inconsistent,andintense.
11.Thegreatestdegreeofresistancetoextinctionistypicallycausedbya__________scheduleof
reinforcement.
a. variableinterval
b. variableratio
c. fixedinterval
d. fixedratio
12.InPavlov'sexperimentswithdogs,theconditionedstimuluswasthe
a. food.
b. bell.
c. salivationtothefood.
d. salivationtothebell.
13.IvanPavlovhasbeencreditedwiththeinitialdiscoveryof
a. operantconditioning.
b. reinforcement.
c. classicalconditioning.
d. vicariousconditioning.
14.InPavlov'sexperimentswithdogs,thebell(priortoconditioning)wasthe
a. neutralstimulus.
15.Reinforcementinoperantconditioningismosteffectivewhenitis
a. responsecontingent.
b. stimuluscontingent.
c. USCScontingent.
d. NSCScontingent.
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16.AfterpairingtheCSandUSinaseriesofconditioningtrials,theorganismlearnstorespondto
theCSalone.Thisresponseisthencalled
a. unconditionedstimulus.
b. conditionedstimulus.
c. unconditionedresponse.
d. conditionedresponse.
17.Jimmyhelpshisfatherputawaythedishesafterdinner.Jimmy'sfatherwantstoincreasethe
probabilityofthisbehaviorandwillbemostsuccessfulbypraisingJimmy
a. afterallthedishesareputaway.
b. atbedtime.
c. thenextmorningatbreakfast.
d. thenexttimetheyareputtingawaydishes.
18.Afteraresponsehasbeenextinguished,itwilloftenreappearafterashorttimehaspassed.
Thisiscalled
a. adaptiveness.
b. expectationchecking.
c. extinctionrecovery.
d. spontaneousrecovery.
19.Thefirstgradeteachergivesstudentsstickerswhentheyperformwell.Iftheyearnfivestickers
inonedaytheyareexemptfromhomework.Thestickersinthisexamplecouldalsobecalled
a. tokens.
b. primaryreinforcers.
c. generalizedreinforcers.
d. prepotentresponses.
20.Astudentdoesagoodjobonmathproblemsforhomework,andtheteacherawardsasticker.
Thisdemonstratestheuseof
a. extinction.
b. reinforcement.
c. spontaneousrecovery.
d. antecedents.
21.InPavlov'sexperimentswithdogs,thebell(duringandafterconditioning)wasthe
22.Onedifferencebetweenclassicalandoperantconditioningisthat
a. animalslearnonlybyoperantconditioning.
b. operantconditioninginvolveslearninginwhichantecedenteventsare
associatedwithoneanother.
c. classicalconditioninginvolveslearninginwhichantecedenteventsare
associatedwithoneanother.
d. operantconditioningoccurswhenaresponseisnotaffectedby
consequences.
23.Inclassicalconditioning,eventscriticaltothelearningoccur__________theresponse.
a. before
b. after
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c. simultaneouslywith
d. inamannerunrelatedto
24.Apunishercanbe
a. theonsetofanunpleasantevent.
b. theremovalofapositivestateofaffairs.
c. anyconsequencethatreducestheoccurrenceofabehavior.
d. apositivereinforcer.
25.Inastudyofpunishment,shockisadministeredtoahamsterthroughawiregridonthebottom
ofthecage.Totheresearcher'ssurprise,thehamsterlearnstorollonitsbackwhenshockedso
thatitsfurinsulatesitfromtheshock.Thehamster'sresponsedemonstrates
a. positivereinforcement.
b. negativereinforcement.
c. discoverylearning.
d. cognitivelearning.
26.Becomingaddictedtogamblingisrelatedtotheeffectsof
a. shaping.
b. vicariousclassicalconditioning.
c. unconditionedemotionalreflexes.
d. partialreinforcement.
27.Thetechniqueofusingdesensitizationinvolves
a. floodingthepersonwithimagesofthefearedstimulus.
b. graduallyexposingthepersontothefearedstimulus.
c. graduallyexposingthepersontothefearedstimulusonlywhentheyare
fullyrelaxed.
d. systematicallyincreasingthestimulusintensityuptothebreakingpoint.
28.Adogthatgetsrewardedforthefirstbarkitmakesineachtenminuteperiodisbeing
reinforcedona__________scheduleofreinforcement.
a. continuous
b. fixedinterval
c. variableinterval
d. fixedratio
29.InPavlov'sexperimentswithdogs,foodwasthe
30.TostrengthentheconnectionbetweentheCSandtheCR,theCSmust
a. generalizetotheUR.
b. precedetheUS.
c. beidenticaltotheUS.
d. befollowedbytheUR.
31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpunishmentisFALSE?
a. Punishmentteachesnewresponses.
b. Punishmenttemporarilysuppressesaresponse.
c. Punishmentmaypermanentlysuppressaresponse.
d. Punishmentappliesanaversiveevent.
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32.Operantconditioningwasstudiedby
a. Pavlov.
b. Maslow.
c. Freud.
d. Skinner.
33.Usingpokerchipstoreinforcementalpatientsforhealthybehaviorwouldbeanexampleof
using
a. negativereinforcement.
b. classicalconditioning.
c. extinction.
d. tokens.
34.Advertisersoftentrytousehigherorderconditioningby
a. pairingimagesthatevokegoodfeelingswithpicturesoftheirproducts.
b. soundingloudtonesatkeypointsintheadvertisement.
c. reducingfearoranxietyastheyrepeatedlyshowthesamecommercial.
d. associatingtheunconditionedstimuluswithacognitiveresponse.
35.Aneutralstimulusisonethat
a. leadstoanincreaseoftheUR.
b. leadstoadecreaseoftheUR.
c. dependsonthesizeoftheUR.
d. doesnotevoketheUR.
36.Whichofthefollowingmightserveasasecondaryreinforcer?
a. sex
b. grades
c. food
d. apainrelievingdrug
37.Forconditioningtooccur,theproperorderofeventsis
a. USURCR.
b. CSCRUR.
c. CSUSUR.
d. URUSCR.
38.Ateamcoachwhobenchesaplayerforpoorperformanceisusing
a. aversiveconditioning.
b. modeling.
c. negativereinforcement.
d. punishment.
39.FortheconnectionbetweentheCSandtheCRtobestrengthened,theCSmust
a. generalizetotheUR.
b. precedetheUS.
c. beidenticaltotheUS.
d. befollowedbytheUR.
40.Inoperantconditioning,whatistherelationshipbetweeneventscriticaltolearningandthe
responsetobelearned?
a. Theyoccurbeforetheresponse.
b. Theyoccuraftertheresponse.
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c. Theyoccursimultaneouslywiththeresponse.
d. Theyareunrelatedtotheresponse.
41.Theunconditionedstimulus,bydefinition,leadstoa(n)
b. conditionedstimulus.
c. unconditionedresponse.
d. classicresponse.
42.Inaclassicexperiment,"LittleAlbert,"averyyoungboy,wasconditionedtobeafraidofarat.
Healsobecamefearfulofwhitefurryrabbitsandbeardedmen.Thisisanexampleof
a. spontaneousrecovery.
b. higherorderconditioning.
c. extinction.
d. stimulusgeneralization.
43.Whenastimulusacquiresthepowertoelicitaresponseasaresultofbeingpairedwitha
stimulusthatalreadyproducestheresponse
a. classicalconditioninghasoccurred.
b. spontaneousrecoveryhasoccurred.
c. operantconditioninghasoccurred.
d. aversiveconditioninghasoccurred.
44.Whichofthefollowingdescribesthestateofaffairsafterconditioning?
a. CSCR
b. USCR
c. CSUR
d. USUR
45.Themostbasicformoflearningthatisnotheavilydependentonhigherorderintellectual
processesisknownas
a. symbolicinteraction.
b. informationprocessing.
c. reductionism.
d. conditioning.
46.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribespunishment?
a. additionofapositiveevent
b. additionofanaversiveevent
c. decliningresponsefrequency
d. withdrawalofanegativeevent
47.Negativereinforcement__________respondingpunishment__________responding.
a. increasesincreases
b. decreasesdecreases
c. increasesdecreases
d. decreasesincreases
48.Twoschedulesofreinforcementthatproducethehighestratesofresponseare
a. continuousandfixedinterval.
b. fixedintervalandvariableinterval.
c. variableintervalandvariableratio.
d. fixedratioandvariableratio.
49.
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49.
Learning
__________occurswhenmakingaresponseremovesanunpleasantevent.
a. Positivereinforcement
b. Negativereinforcement
c. Extinction
d. Punishment
50.Toshapethebehavioroftheirstudents,teachersemploy
a. tertiaryreinforcers.
b. secondaryreinforcers.
c. negativereinforcers.
d. vicariousconditioning.
51.Ifyougiveachildherfavoritelicoricecandyfordoingwellinschoolandshecontinuestodo
wellinschool,thelicoricecandyis
a. arewardandareinforcer.
b. areward,butnotareinforcer.
c. areinforcer,butnotareward.
d. neitherareinforcernorareward.
52.Increasedfeedback
a. sometimesimproveslearningandperformance.
b. hasnoeffectonlearningandperformance.
c. almostalwaysimproveslearningandperformance.
d. isnotaseffectiveascomputerassistedlearning.
53.Achildisconditionedtofearafurry,blackcat.Soonshebecomesfearfulofanyblack,furry
object.Hernewresponsedemonstrates
b. negativetransfer.
c. stimulusgeneralization.
d. operantconditioning.
54.Thescheduleofreinforcementinwhichasetnumberofresponsesmustbemadeforeach
rewardiscalled
a. fixedratio.
b. fixedinterval.
c. variableratio.
d. variableinterval.
55.Thefactthatresponsesbecomemoreresistanttoextinction,afterpartialreinforcement,is
called
a. thestimulusgeneralizationeffect.
b. thepartialreinforcementeffect.
c. theSkinnereffect.
d. theresistanceeffect.
56.Ifyouslowdowneverytimeyouseeapolicecar,yourslowingdownisprobablydueto
a. positivereinforcement.
b. negativereinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. extinction.
Yourniecehasatempertantruminthestorewhensheisshopping.Ifyoubuyheratoyyouare
57.a. beingpractical.
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b. beingkind.
c. encouragingmoretantrums.
d. discouragingmoredestructivebehaviors.
58.Negativereinforcementandpunishment
a. haveoppositeeffectsonbehavior.
b. aredifferenttermsforthesameprocedure.
c. havethesameeffectonbehavior.
d. arenotveryeffectiveinchangingbehavior.
59.Apuppyhasbeguntocryandbarkinordertobeletintothehouse.Toextinguishthis
response,youwould
a. letthepuppyinthehouse.
b. ignorethecrying,lettingthepuppyinwhenquiet.
c. swatthepuppywithanewspaperwheneveritcried.
d. letthepuppyinwhenitcries,thenswatitwithanewspaper.
60.Acquiringafearofalightbecauseyousawsomeoneelsegettingshockedwhenthelightcame
onisanexampleof
a. vicariousconditioning.
b. instrumentalconditioning.
c. classicalextinction.
d. vicariouswithdrawal.
61.Secondaryreinforcersare
a. almostnevereffective.
b. muchmoreeffectivethanprimaryreinforcers.
c. innate.
d. learned.
62.WhichformoflearningwouldmostlikelybestudiedinaSkinnerbox?
a. classicalconditioning
b. vicariousconditioning
c. operantconditioning
d. conditionedemotionalresponses
63.Achildisfrightenedbyaloudnoisewhileplayingwithacat.Ifthechildlearnstofearthecat,
itcanbesaidthatthecatwas
a. theUR.
b. ageneralizationgradient.
c. theUS.
d. aCS.
64.Achildbittenbyawhitedogisnotafraidofblackdogs.Thisisanexampleof
a. discrimination.
b. spontaneousrecovery.
c. shaping.
d. generalization.
65.Presentingtheconditionedstimuluswithouttheunconditionedstimuluswillresultin
a. reinforcement.
b. generalization.
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d. extinction.
66.Acorporatepaypolicycomparabletoafixedratioscheduleofreinforcementis
a. payingemployeesafixedsalary.
b. paymentofemployeesonapieceworkbasis.
c. salaryadjustmentsbasedonthequalityofworkperformed.
d. payingemployeesattheendofeachday.
67.Byacontinuousreinforcementschedule,wemeanthat
a. reinforcementsoccurcontinuouslyregardlessofthesubject'sbehavior.
b. respondingwithoutpausingistherequirementforreinforcement.
c. eachcorrectresponseisreinforced.
d. reinforcementcontinuesevenwhenerrorsaremade.
68.Whenyouarefirstlearninggolf,youmayhitoneortwogreatshotsinanentireround.Youare
beingreinforcedonwhatkindofpartialreinforcementschedule?
a. fixedinterval
b. fixedratio
c. variableratio
d. variableinterval
69.Toteachachildtoeatspaghetti,youwouldreinforceinitialresponses,suchasholdingthe
fork,andthenincreasinglycloserapproximationstothefinalresponse,aprocedureknownas
a. counterconditioning.
b. secondaryconditioning.
c. desensitization.
d. shaping.
70.Aratlearnstopushabuttoninordertoturnonatonepreviouslyassociatedwithfood.The
buttonpushinghasbeenrewardedbya(n)__________reinforcer.
a. unconditioned
b. primary
c. secondary
d. generalized
71.Yourhandsomesuccessfulboyfriendwinksatyoueachtimebeforehetellsyou"Iloveyou."
Yourexpectationwhenhewinksisa(an)
a. unconditionalstimulus.
b. conditionedresponse.
d. unconditionalresponse.
72.Theprocessthroughwhicharesponseistaughtbyrewardingsuccessiveapproximationstothe
finaldesiredresponseis
a. extinction.
b. fading.
c. shaping.
d. secondaryreinforcement.
73.Achildwhooccasionallygetsrewardedwithcandyafteraskinghergrandmotherfora"treat"
isbeingrewardedona__________schedule.
a. fixedratio
b. variableratio
c. fixedinterval
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d. partialinterval
74.Teachingyourcattoturnonthelivingroomlightswouldbestbeaccomplishedby
b. shaping.
c. classicalconditioning.
d. extinction.
75.Inoperantconditioning,thereinforceroccurs__________theresponse,andinclassical
conditioning,itoccurs__________.
a. afterbefore
b. beforeafter
c. beforebefore
d. afterafter
76.Twoprinciplesofconditioningthathaveaidedourlearningandimprovedouradaptabilityasa
speciesare
a. stimulusgeneralizationandstimulusdiscrimination.
b. spontaneousrecoveryandextinction.
c. lowerorderandhigherorderconditioning.
d. extinctionandinhibition.
77.Learningisbestdefinedas
a. anychangeinbehavior.
b. arelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviorduetopastexperience.
c. apermanentchangeinbehaviorduetophysicaldevelopment.
d. anychangeinbehaviorcausedbypunishment.
78.Responsesthatarereinforcedandtendtoberepeatedillustrate
a. stimuluscontrol.
b. operantconditioning.
c. generalization.
d. discrimination.
79.Tobeeffective,punishmentshouldbe
a. deliveredlateintheday.
b. immediateandsevere.
c. explainedindetailtothechild.
d. pairedwithreinforcement.
80.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheunusualeventsthatoccurredinPavlov'slaboratory
leadinghimtothediscoveryofclassicalconditioning?
a. Dogssalivatedaftermeatpowderwasplacedintheirmouths.
b. Dogssometimessalivatedbeforemeatpowderwasplacedintheirmouths.
c. Salivationexistedindogsasanunlearnedreflex.
d. Dogssalivatedifandonlyiftheyweregivenareward.
81.Afterweeksofsuccessfulextinctiontrials,yourpetdachshundsuddenlyresumesburying
bonesinthefrontyard.Yourpettherapistadvisesyouthatthedog'sbehaviorisanexampleof
a. tokenreinforcement.
b. stimulusgeneralization.
d. satiation.
82.
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82.OperantconditioningistoSkinnerasclassicalconditioningisto
a. Pavlov.
b. Thorndike.
c. Miller.
d. Freud.
83.Classicalconditioningismostoftenusedtocondition
a. reflexes.
b. shorttermbehavior.
c. negativebehavior.
d. positivebehavior.
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