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Form 4
2|P age
Standard Answers
is the temperature at which the substance at its solid state
changes to liquid state at certain pressure.
are atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons (or with the same proton number but
different nucleon numbers).
Heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the
forces of attraction between the molecules so that the solid can
turn into liquid.
The heat lost to the surroundings is exactly balanced by the heat
energy given out / released as the molecules attracted one
another to form solid.
An atom contains three types of subatomic particles; proton,
neutron and electron.
Subatomic particle
Proton
Symbol
p
Relative mass
1
Relative charge
+1
Electron
1/1840
-1
Neutron
neutral
Standard Answers
Standard Answers
Alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They are soft metals and can be cut easily with a knife.
All alkali metals are grey in colour with silvery and shiny
surfaces when freshly cut.
They have relatively low melting and boiling points compare to
other metals such as iron (MP : 1540C).
There have low densities end float on surface of water.
Halogens exits as diatomic molecules.
Halogens have low melting and boiling points.
They are good insulator of electricity.
They are poor conductors of heat.
3|P age
39
14) State the position of element , 20
in
Periodic table of Elements. Explain
your answer
4|P age
Standard Answers
22) State two physical properties of ionic High melting point and boiling point
compounds.
Conduct electricity in aqueous solution molten state.
Usually soluble in water but do not dissolve in organic solvent.
23) State two physical properties of
Low melting point and boiling point.
covalent compounds.
Do not conduct electricity in all state.
Usually dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene but do not
dissolve in water.
24) Explain why sodium chloride can
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
conduct electricity in aqueous state
In solid state, sodium and chloride ions are held by strong
but cannot conduct electricity in
electrostatic forces of attraction in the lattice structure.
solid state.
Ions are in fixed positions and cannot move freely. Hence, ionic
compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity.
In aqueous or molten state, ions are free to move. Therefore the
compound can conduct electricity.
25) Magnesium chloride and hydrogen
Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound whereas hydrogen
chloride are two compounds of
chloride is a covalent compound.
chlorine. At room condition,
Magnesium ion and chloride ions are held together by strong
magnesium chloride exists as a solid
electrostatic forces of attraction. Therefore, it has very high
but hydrogen chloride exists as a
melting point and boiling point and exists as solid at room
gas. Explain why.
condition.
Hydrogen chloride consists of neutral molecules.
The intermolecular force between the molecules is week.
Therefore, it has low melting point and boiling point and exist as
gas at room condition.
26) Explain the formation of ionic bond
Magnesium atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.2
It donates 2 valence electrons to achieve the stable octet
between magnesium atom, 24
12
16
electron arrangement, 2.8.
and oxygen atom, 8
A positive ion, Mg2+ is formed.
Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6
It receives 2 electrons from magnesium atom to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement.
A negative ion, O2- is formed
Positive ion, Mg2+, and negative ion, O2-, are attracted together
by strong electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound with
the formula MgO.
27) Explain the formation of covalent
Carbon atom has electron arrangement of 2.4
12
bond between carbon atom, 6 and Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7
1 carbon atom contributes 4 valence electrons to 4 chlorine
chlorine atom, 35
17 .
atoms.
nazmymo@yahoo.com : Frequently Asked Questions
5|P age
Standard Answers
6|P age
Standard Answers
A strong acid is an acid that ionizes / dissociates completely in
water to form high concentration of hydrogen ions, H+
A weak alkali is an alkali that ionises / dissociates partially in
water to form low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base / alkali to
produce salt and water only
Glacial ethanoic acid, CH,COOH is a dry acid (without water)
which is consists of neutral molecules only. There is no
hydrogen ions, H+. Therefore, it does not show acidic property.
In dilute ethanoic acid, the molecules of ethanoic acid ionise to
produce hydrogen ions, H+.
The presence of hydrogen ions, H+ will cause the aqueous
solution of ethanoic acid, show its acidic property.
Dry ammonia gas (or ammonia gas) dissolved in
trichloromethane consists of neutral molecules, NH3 only.
There is no hydroxide ions, OH-. Therefore, it does not show
alkaline property.
In water, the NH3 molecules will ionise to produce hydroxide
ions, OH-.
The presence of hydroxide ions, OH- will cause the aqueous
ammonia solution to show alkaline properties.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
It ionizes partially in water, to produce hydrogen ions with low
concentration. Hence, pH is high.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
It ionizes completely in water to produce hydrogen ions with
high concentration. Hence, pH is low.
Nitric acid is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid is a
diprotic acid.
The concentration of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid is double
than that in nitric acid.
As a result, the volume of sulphuric acid required is half
compared to nitric acid.
Standard Answers
A salt is a (ionic) compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ from
an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+.
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8|P age
of lead(Il) ion.
Pour 2 cm3 of an unknown solution into a test tube.
Add sodium hydroxide solution is added into the test tube
Heat the mixture and place a damp red litmus paper near the
mouth of test tube.
The damp red litmus paper turns blue. Ammonium ions present.
Standard Answers
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed
composition in which the major component is a metal.
Improve the appearance of the pure metal
Improve the strength and hardness of the pure metal
Increase the resistance to corrosion of the pure metal
Catalyst
- Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
Temperature - 450C
Pressure
- 1 atmosphere.
Catalyst
- Iron filling
Temperature - 450C - 550C
Pressure
- 200 atmospheres
Polymers are long chain molecules made up of many identical
repeating units called monomers.
Ethene and chloroethene respectively.
Copper atoms in copper block are of the same sizes and
arranged in an orderly arrangement.
The layers of copper atoms slide over easily if force is applied.
The copper atoms and the tin atoms are of different sizes.
The presence of tin atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement of
copper atoms to bronze block.
This reduces the layers of copper atoms from sliding over one
another easily.
Molten sulphur is burnt in excess air to produce sulphur dioxide
gas.
S + O2 SO2
Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over
vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at 450C and pressure of 1
atmosphere.
2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3
Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to
form oleum
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
The oleum is then diluted in water to produce dilute sulphuric
acid
H2S2O7 + H2O 2 H2SO4
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