Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Pharmacology Equations
1) Vol. of Distribution (Vd)

2) Clearance (CL)

3) Loading Dose

4) Maintenance Dose

Acid Equations
1) Anion Gap

2) Henderson-Hasselbalch

3) Winters Formula

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Cardiac Equations
1) Cardiac Output (CO)

2) Stroke Volume (SV)

3) Ejection Fraction (EF)

4) Fick Principle

5) Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

6) Pulse Pressure

7) Wall Tension, Law of LaPlace

8) Resistance

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Pulmonary Equations
1) Determination of Physiologic Dead Space

2) Minute Ventilation (VE): Total volume of gas entering lungs per minute

3) Alveolar Ventilation (VA): Volume of gas per unit time that reaches alveoli

4) Alveolar Gas Equation

Pulmonary Equations
Lung
Equation
Volume

IRV
TV
ERV
RV
IC
FRC
VC
TLC

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Hypothalamic Nuclei
Hypothalamic Nuclei
Nucleus

Action

Destruction

Supraoptic Nucleus

Paraventricular
Nucleus

Lateral Area

Ventromedial Area

Anterior
Hypothalamus
Posterior
Hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic
Nucleus

OVLT

Area Postrema

Thalamic Nuclei
Thalamic Nuclei
Nucleus

Input

Info

Medial Geniculate
Nucleus (MGN)

Ventral Lateral VL

Ventral
Posteriolateral (VPL)
Ventral
Posteriomedial
(VPM)
Lateral Geniculate
Nucleus (LGN)

Destination

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Innervation of the Tongue

Taste

Pain

Anterior 2/3: _____

Anterior 2/3: _____

Posterior 1/3: _____

Posterior 1/3: _____

Epiglottic: _____

Epiglottic: _____

Motor: _____, ______

Neurotransmitters in Disease
Norepinephrine:
Locus ceruleus

Dopamine:
Ventral Tegmentum,
Substantia Nigra
Pars Compacta

Serotonin (5-HT):
Raphe Nuclei

Acetylcholine:
Basal Nucleus of Meynert

GABA:
Nucleus Accumbens

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin (5-HT)

Acetylcholine

GABA

Anxiety

Depression

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin (5-HT)

Acetylcholine

GABA

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin (5-HT)

Acetylcholine

GABA

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin (5-HT)

Acetylcholine

GABA

Huntingtons Disease

Parkinson Disease

Alzheimer Disease

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Cell Surface Proteins

Cell Surface Proteins
Cell Type

Cytokines

Surface Protein

Cytokine

T-Cells

Action

Secreted by Macrophages

IL-1

Helper T-Cells

IL-6

Cytotoxic T-Cells

IL-8

Regulatory T-Cells

IL-12

B Cells

Macrophages

TNF-

Secreted by All T-Cells

Hematopoietic Stem
Cell

IL-3

Secreted by Th1 Cells

IFN-

Secreted by Th2 Cells

NK Cells

IL-2

IL-4

IL-5
IL-10

Vitamin Names
Water Soluble Vitamins

Lipid Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin

Vitamin

Name

Vit B1

Vit A

Vit B2

Vit D

Vit B3

Vit E

Vit B5

Vit K

Name

Vit B6
Vit B7
Vit B9
Vit B12
Vit C

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
Class

Agent

Action

LTC4

LTD4

LTE4

LTB4

PGI2

PGE1

PGE2

PGF2

TXA2

Analog

Leukotrienes

Prostacyclin

Prostaglandin

Thromboxane

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Aortic Arch Derivatives

Aortic Arch Derivatives
Arch

Arterial Derivative

st

Mneminic

1st arch is Maximal

Second = Stapedial

rd

3rd letter of alphabet = C

th

th

1 Arch
nd

2 Arch

3 Arch

4 Arch

6 Arch

Brachial Arch Derivatives

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Mesoderm
Arch

Cartilage

st

1 Arch: M & T
Structures

nd

2 Arch: S
Structures,
Second = Stapedius

Muscles

Nerves

Meckel Cartilage

Reichert Cartilage

rd

3 Arch:
-pharyngeals

th

th

4 6 Arch:
Cricothyroid
Laryngeal

4th Arch:

4th Arch:

6th Arch:

6th Arch:

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Brachial Pouch Derivatives

Brachial Pouch Derivatives: Endoderm
Pouch
st

1 Pouch: Ear
nd

2 Pouch: Tonsils

rd

3 Pouch

th

4 Pouch

Derivatives

Mneminic

Ears, Tonsils, Bottom-toTop

1: Ear
2: Tonsils
3: Bottom (inf. para.)
Top (thymus)
4: Top (sup. para.)

Neural Crest Derivatives

Neural Crest Derivatives
Peripheral Nervous
System
Head

Ear

Eye

Adrenal Gland

Mouth

Heart

Digestive System

Thyroid

Skin

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Teratogens
Teratogens
ACE Inhibitors

Aminoglycosides

Fluoroquinolones

Tetracyclines

Cyclophosphamide

Methotrexate (X)

Carbamazepine

Valproic Acid

Phenytoin

Lithium

Statins (X)

Warfarin (X)

Isotretinoin (X)

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
(X)

Thalidomide (X)

10

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Disease

Findings

Deficient Enzyme

Accumulated Substrate

Inherita
nce

Sphingolipidases
Fabry Disease

Gaucher Disease

Neimann-Pick Disease

Tay-Sachs Disease

Krabbe Disease

Metachromatic
Leukodystrophy

Pain Peripheral Neuropathy

Angiokeratomas
Cardiovascular Disease
Renal Disease
Hepatosplenomegaly
Panycytopenia
Bone Disease
Gaucher Cells
Progressive Neurodegeneration
Hepatosplenomegaly*
Cherry-red spot on macula
Progressive Neurodegeneration
NO Hepatosplenomegaly*
Cherry-red spot on macula
Progressive Neurodegeneration
Optic Neuropathy
Globoid Cells
Onset: 3-6 mos of Life
Progressive Neurodegeneration
Ataxia, Dementia
Onset: after 1st year of life

Gargolyism/Dwarfism
Corneal Clouding*
Like Hurler Syndrome
+ Aggressive Behavior
NO Corneal Clouding*

XR

AR

AR

AR

AR

AR

Mucopolysaccharidoses
Hurler Syndrome
Hunter Syndrome

P450 INDUCERS: Guinness, Coronas, and

PBRs cause Chronic Alcoholism
G
C
P
B
R
S
C

AR
XR

P450 INHIBITORS: CRACK AMIGOS

C
R
A
C
K
A
M
I
G
O
S

11

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Organophosphate Poisoning: Cholinesterase

Inhibitor
DUMBBELS
D
U
M
B
B
E
L
S
S

Atropine Poisoning: Muscarinic Antagonist

Hot as a hair:
Dry as a bone:
Red as a beet:
Blind as a bat:
Mad as a hatter:

Antidote:

Antidote:
Disulfiram-Like Reactions: PoMPouS PMT
P
o
M
P
o
u
1st gen. S
-P
-M
-T
Drugs that cause Photosensitivity:
SAT For photo(sensitivity)
S
A
T
F
o
r

Sulfa Drugs: Popular FACTSSS

P
F
A
C
T
S
S
S

Drug-Induced Lupus: SHIPPE

S
H
I
P
P
E

Photosensitivity.

12

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Direct Cholinergic Agonists

Agent

Uses

Bethanechol

Carbachol

Methacholine

Pilocarpine

Indirect Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterases

Agent

Uses

1. Donepezil
2. Galantamine
3. Rivastigmine

Edrophonium

Neostigmine

Phyostigmine

Pyridostigmine

Cholinergic Antagonists
Agent

Uses

Atropine

Benztropine

Glycopyrrolate

Hyoscymine

Iprotroprium

Oxybutinin

Scopolamine

Sympathomimentics
Receptor

Agent

2 > 1

Albuterol

1 > 2 =

Dobutamine

D1 = D2 > >

Dopamine

>

Epinephrine

1 = 2

Isoproterenol

1 > 2 > 1

Norepinephrine

1 > 2

Phenylephrine

Uses

13

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Autonomic Nervous System

Receptor

Recptor Class

Major Functions

Sympathetic

Gq (DAG, IP3)

Gi (cAMP)

Gs ( cAMP)

Gs ( cAMP)

Parasympathetic

M1

Gq (DAG, IP3)

M2

Gi (cAMP)

M3

Gq (DAG, IP3)

Dopamine

D1

Gs ( cAMP)

D2

Gi (cAMP)

Histamine

H1

Gq (DAG, IP3)

H2

Gs ( cAMP)

Vasopressin

V1
V2

Gq (DAG, IP3)
Gs ( cAMP)

14

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

GRAM-POSITIVE ALGORITHM

_______________
Anaerobic, Not acid fast

Gram Stain

Branching Filaments

Gram (+) purple/blue

_______________
Aerobic, Acid Fast
Bacilli

_______________
Cocci

Capsule
Optochin sensitive
Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)

______________________

Partial Hemolysis
(green)

_______________
No Capsule
Optochin resistant
Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)

Catalase (+): clusters

Catalase (-): chains

_______________

_______________

Hemolysis

Group A
Complete Hemolysis
(clear)

_______________
Bacitracin sensitive

Group B

Coagulase (+)

_______________

Coagulase (-)
Novobiocin sensitive

Bacitracin resistant

_______________
_______________
Novobiocin resistant

Group D, Growth in:

Bile, AND 6.5% NaCl

_______________

Enterococcus
_______________

No Hemolysis

Group D, Growth in:

Bile, But NOT 6.5% NaCl

Non-enterococcus
_______________

15

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

GRAM-NEGATIVE ALGORITHM
Gram Stain
Grows at 42 C

Oxidase (+)
CommaShaped

Gram (-) Pink

Grows in Alkaline Media

Produces Urease:
Urease Breath Test

___________

Rods

Coccoid Rods

Diplococci

1
2
3

Maltose

Lactose

Maltose
Fermenter

Maltose
Non-Fermenter

_______________

_______________

Fast Lactose
Fermenter

Lactose Fermenter:
White on MacConkey

Lactose NonFermenter:
Pink on MacConkey

Slow Lactose
Fermenter

3
Oxidase

Produce H2S

1
2

Black on TSI or
Hektoen Agar

3
Oxidase (-)
Oxidase (+)

________
Does NOT
Produce H2S

____________

No Change on TSI or
Green on Hektoen Agar

16

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Encapsulated Bacteria: SHiNE SKiS

S
H

Catalase (+) Bacteria: Cats Need

PLACESS to hide
Catalase: H2O2 H2O + O-(Fe Complex)

i
N
E
S
K
iS
Inc. Risk for Infection:

N
P
L
A
C
E
S
S
Inc. Risk for Infection:

Transplacental Transmission:
ToRCHHeS
T
Other:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
R
C
H
He
S

17

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Metronizdazole: GET GAP on the Metro Tetracyclines: GET GAP on the Metro
Anaerobes below the diaphragm
Bind 30S subunit: prevent attachment
of aminoacyl-tRNA
Toxic Free radicals DNA Damage
VACUuM THe BedRoom
G
E
V
T
A
C
G
U
A
u
P
M
Toxicities:

T
H
e
B
e
d
R
Toxicities

18

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin Cephalosporins

1st Gen:
Extended-Spectrum: HHELPSS
1. Cefazolin
2. Cephalexin
H
H
E
L
P
S
2nd Gen:
S
1. Cefoxitin
2. Cefaclor
3. Cefuroxime

PEcK
and Gram (+) cocci
P
E
c
K
HENS PEcK
and Gram (+) cocci
H
E
N*
S
P
E
c
K
*growing resistance

3rd Gen:
1. Ceftriaxone
2. Cefotaxime
3. Ceftazidine

Ceftriaxone
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
Ceftazidimine
1. ______________

4th Gen: Cefepime

1. ______________
2. ______________
5th Gen: Ceftaroline

No
19

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Elevated Anion Gap Acidosis:

MUDPILES
M
U
D
P
I
L
E
S

Normal Anion Gap Acidosis (8-12mEq/L):

HARD-ASS
H
A
R
D

or I
A
S
S

20