A Cultural

History of India
Edited by
A. L. BASHAM

OXPORD
UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS
List of Plates and Maps

xi

Chronological Tables

xiii

Notes on the Pronunciation of Indian Words

xvi
xix

List of Contributors
Introduction

A. L. BASHAM

PART ONE: THE ANCIENT HERITAGE

ii. The Indus Civilization

HI. The Early Aryans

B. B. LAL

T. BURROW

iv. The Early Dravidians

20

JOHN P. MARR

. Asokan India and the Gupta Age

vi. Medieval Hindu India

ROMILA THAPAR

A. L. BASHAM

30

38

51

vu. Hinduism

S. RADHAKRISHNAN

60

VIII. Buddhism

BHIKSHU SANGHARAKSHITA

83

ix. Jainism

A. N. UPADHYE

x. Philosophy

100

S. N. DAS GUPTA

XI. Social and Political Thought and Institutions

J. DUNCAN M. DERRETT

xii. Science

H. J. J. WINTER

124

141

xui. Ancient and Modern Languages T. BURROW

162

xiv. Classical Literature A. K. WARDER

170

xv. Early Art and Architecture

P. S. RAWSON

xvi. Music N. JAIRAZBHOY

197
212

PART TWO: THE AGE OF MUSLIM DOMINANCE

xvii. The Muslim Ruling Dynasties

S. A. A. Rizvi

xvra. Medieval Hindu Devotionalism J. T. F. JORDENS

xix. Islam in Medieval India
xx. Sikhism

S. A. A. RIZVI

HEW MCLBOD

xxi. Medieval Indian Literature KRISHNA KRIPALANI

245
266
281
294

303

Contents
Muslim Architecture in India

MARTIN S. BRIGGS

Medieval Indian Miniature Painting PRAMOD CHANDRA

310

326

PART THREE: CHALLENGE AND RESPONSETHE COMING OF THE WEST

xxiv. The Portuguese J. . HARRISON

337

xxv. The Mughals and the British

348

PERCIVAL SPEAR

xxvi. Hindu Religious and Social Reform in British India

J. T. F. JORDENS 365
xxvn. Islamic Reform Movements Aziz AHMAD

383

The Nationalist Movement HUGH OWEN

xxx. Modern Literature KRISHNA KRIPALANI

391
406

PART FOUR: INDIA AND THE WORLD OUTSIDE

xxx. Early Contacts between India and Europe H. G. RAWLINSON

425

xxx. Indian Influence in Ancient South-East Asia ALASTAIR LAMB 442

Appendix

H. H. E. LOOFS 452

xxxii. Indian Influences on China J. LEROY DAVIDSON

455

xxxra. India and the Medieval Islamic World S. A. A. Rizvi

461

xxxiv. India and the Modern West

FRIEDRICH WILHELM AND

H. G. RAWLINSON

xxxv. Conclusion A. L. BASHAM

Books for Further Reading
Index

470

487
501