A New Phase Detecting Method for Power Conversion Systems Considering Distorted Conditions in Power System ‘Sang-Joon Lee, Jun-Koo Kang, and Seung-Ki Sul ‘School of Electrical Engineering #024, Seoul National Univesity ‘Kwanak P.O. BOX 34, Seoul, Korea (ZIP 151-742) ‘Tel: +82-2-880-7243 Fax : +82-2-878-1452 URL : eepel.sou.ac.kr Abstract ~ In this paper, 2 new phase detecting method is proposed for PWM rectifiers and active filters considering distorted utility conditions. The accurate phase angle information of utility voltage is essential to the active power conversion systems tied to the utility line. The angle information can be easily corrupted by the distorted utility voltage such as voltage unbalance and ‘harmonics in waveform. Thus large harmonies may be ‘caused in the current or voltage reference signal whose phase angle is based on the detected voltage phase angle. First, focusing on the distorted utility condition, effects of the ‘everal phase angle detecting methods on the operation of PWM rectifiers and active filters are investigated. Then a new voltage phase angle detector is proposed using voltage sequence detector and PI controller. Proposed method does not cause harmonics in ‘the reference signal by adequately eliminating unbalance ‘components and high-order harmonic terms in the wt voltage. The basic principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed strategy comparing with the ‘conventional method. L INTRODUCTION In ac power conversion systems, the accurate phase angle information of utility voltage is essential, where current or voltage reference is synchronized with the phase ofthe utility voltage for power factor correction, activeireactive power control, harmonic current compensation, and so_ forth However there is no perfectly balanced source in real situation, and waveforms ofthe utility voltage ar also rich in hharmonics because there are many factors that contribute to unbalance and harmonic distortions in industrial fields (1-3) “Moreover itis reasonable to expect that the level of these harmonics will increase in the future. Therefore phase angle detector should be fast but robust to the distorted utility (0-7803-5589.299/810.00 © 1999 IEEE, E-mail: ulsk@plazasnu.ackr voltage because its sensitivity causes large harmonics in the reference signal and eventually severe harmonies in line ‘current. There have been many studies onthe contol strategy fof the power conversion system under distorted utility condition, But only a few papers deal with the phase @ Ey = [Eon + En + 2E pay COS(201 +8, +0,)]? where and ©, 2 Fig. 3 shows the problems of the synchronous d-q PLL. system under unbalanced condition. The utility voltage in Fig 3(a) has amplitude unbalance with 20% unbalance factor and hase angle is shifted by: +8 degree. PI contoller drives Fu into zero and E,has 20 ripple as shown in Fig, 3(b). The detected angle®. and real phase angle®s(=+8,—>) are shown in Fig. 3(). As it can be seen from Fig. 3(d), the resulting 3-phase sine reference signals are rich in low-order harmonics (results of FFT analysis are presented in the experiments), Ee 4 q ‘al ae ; L, fan] i F pit A Aa £ & 27 . 3 Box sa q be imps ema) 8 amma oom Fig 3. Simulation results ofthe conventional input phase detector. a) Unbalanced uty voltage. () Utility volae in synchronous efeence fame. (c) Real nd detested angle» 8, (Sine references using detected phase angle, 21682 a = vy RI 3" we WN 7 4 Bo is, Al, : Pd bos 0) *190} ED Rg “Te * oS mk may ene) Fig Simulation ests ofthe conventional input phase detector with harmonic of Worder.() Usty voltage with amon ofS, Pad 118 rer () Us voltage in synchronous reference fame (e) Rea phase angle By, and detected phise angle 8, (8) -phae sinusoidal ference seals sing dete B. Voltage Harmonics Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) in the utility volage is typically less than 5%. At industrial site, however, it probably could be higher than $% due to various nonlinear loads [3]. Just as a case, the utility voltage in Fig. 4a) has 7% of the 5*, 5% of the 7 and 11® harmonies respectively resuking THD 99% In ideal case, PI. controller regulates E, into zero and E,,has high order ripple voltage as shown in Fig, 4(b). The detected angle, and real phase angle @, are shown in Fig. 4(c) As it ean be seen from Fig, 4@), the resuiting 3-phase sine and cosine functions have hharmonics whose order is same to that of input voltage. The effects of high-order harmonics in the utility voltage can be cut-off by lowering system bandwidth. But if the dynamics of PLL system is designed to cut-off low-order harmonics, PLL. system becomes t60 shuggish. From the simulation results of Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it ean be concluded that the conventional system is prone to distortion ofthe utility voltage. IIL, PROPOSED PHASE DETECTION STRATEGY A. Elimination of Unbalance Effects Fig. 5 shows the proposed d-q synchronous PLL system ted phase angle 8, with a positive sequence computation block and a second order filter To eliminate the voltage unbalance effects, positive sequence components of the phase voltage are used as an input ofthe PLL system. Using ths block, the effect of negative sequence components that causes20 ripple toL,andE,, can be eliminated sequence ‘components of utility can be expressed as Positive where, a= Digital implementation of (5) is possible by combining all- ass 90° phase-shifter and constant gun. 8, ®, 2 eau i G7 qj) PiContvoter ©—>1Z] rg Flee ao we B _ is ayes ‘Synchronous d-q frame ee Positive sequence computation Fig. Blok diagram ofthe proposed phase voltage deteston unruly distortion, 2169Fig. The consol block diagram of the proposed PLL sytem, B. Elimination of Harmonics Components Second-order low-pass fer is added to reduce the cffects of high-order harmonics of 5*, 7, 11% etc as shown in FigS. By eliminating the effects of volage unbalance and high-order harmonics, the bandwidth of PLL system can be increased for fast dynamics without distortion of reference signal, The positive sequence voltage ean be obtained using (©). Fa in Fig. 5 has de component and relatively high frequency ripples due to harmonics of S*, 7 and 11°, ete which are dominant harmonis in real distribution systems. Since Es has high frequency riple, low-pass filter can be designed to have relatively higher cutoff frequency which ‘minimizes the degradation of system dynamics. Fig. 6 shows the control block diagram of the proposed PLL system where positive sequence computation block is ‘not included and is Bode plot is shown in Fig. 7. PI controller i st to have bandwidth of 300 rads as shown in Fig7 ea a { ef" == a i tar 7 Fig.8. Voltage unbalance of 20 % for experiments. Fig. Bode plot ofthe proposed system, IV, EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ‘To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed PLL system, some experimental comparison with the conventional PLL. system have been carried out. Two distorted utility conditions, ie, voltage unbalance and voltage harmonics are tested using the hardware of DSP TMS320C40 based PWM. converter system. Control time interval of PLL system is 150ps. A. Voltage Unbalance ig. 8 shows the 3-phase voltage unbalance under power faulty conditions for the experiments. At fault instant, voltage ‘unbalance of 20% occurs and phase angle is shifted by +8 degree. Fig. 9 shows the performance of the conventional synchronous d-q PLL systems with 100 rad/s system bandwidth. Voltage unbalance occurs at t ~ 30 ms, and q- and d-axes rotationary frame voltages Ey and Fu: begin to ‘oscillate. Detected angle has +8° shift to real phase angle after about 100 ms. In Fig. 9(b) sinusoidal reference signal hhas harmonies of 3%,5°, 7” and etc. But it isnot serious. The faster dynamies can be obtained by tuning gains of Pl controler in the phase detector. But it inevitably amplifies the ripple component in the detected angle. Fig. 10 shows the performance of the conventional synchronous d-q PLL system with theoretically infinite system bandwidth, ie, £,,=O instantaneously. Then, detected angle largely oscillates and large harmonics are observed in the sinusoidal reference signal in Fig. 10(b). In the proposed method shown in Fig. 11, the effects of voltage unbalance are eliminated by the positive sequence computation. Therefore, 20 frequency ripples are not shown in the estimated angle. Thus, bandwidth of the proposed PLL system method can be increased to 300 rad/s for fast dynamics. It takes only about 5 ms to reaches to +8 degree. There are small harmonies of $*, 7 and etc. inthe resulting sinusoidal reference signal which 2170Se Aage(de) BO), BW), Bae), © Ta 7 @ o Fig. 9. Input voltage phase dttion wth low PLL system dynamics (bandwidth of 100 rade). (a (Fam tpt bottom) Thse-phase vole, ¢ ‘avs vllge,d-xs voltage and angle (8) (From top to bottom) Sinusoidal reference signa sine, harmonics coaind inthe reference ia H NAA A AA A AN WAV VV VY Aodie(des) Ble(W) Bee), be) a ° rT te Fig. 10. Input voltage phase detection in idea cae (2) (From op Teta 7 Cy 1 bono) Thee phase voltage, qi voltage, als voltage and ange (9) (From tpt bot) Sinusoidal reference slr sin Be, Ye harmonies contained nthe relerece sgn To) ° ® Fig. 1, Proposed metho(andwidh of 30 rade) From tp to bottom) Three phase voltage, qacisveliag, és volage and angle. (0) (rom tpt botiom) Sinusoidal eleence signal sn Oe, % harmonies conaicd i the eletence signal 27VEetivatanies @ Fig. 12 PLL system comparison wih bandwidth of 30 rads. (8) Conventional PL system, (From top to botom) Uility voltage and snsoidl reference signal sn Ge. 8) Proposed PLL system. (Fom tpt btn) Uti voltae and sinusoidal reference signal sin is based on detected angle. B. Voltage Harmonic Distortion In Fig. 12, utility voltage is 160 V (phase, peak) with 7% of the 5%, 5% of the 7 and 11° harmonic distortion. Fig. 12(a) shows the conventional synchronous dq PLL systems with the bandwidth of 300 rad/s. The sinusoidal reference signal is distorted because Eu has a lot of ripples (not displayed here). FFT result shows that sinusoidal reference has harmonics of 3% of the 5*, 5% of the 7 and 2% of 9, etc. Fig. 12(b) shows the proposed PLL systems withthe bandwidth of 300 rad/s. Since the ripple in Ex are reduced by second-order low-pass filer, the resulting sinusoidal reference signal has rot seriously affected by the distorted utility. FFT result shows that sinusoidal reference has very small harmonics of the 3%, 5" and 7®. Here second order even harmonic comes from de offset error of measuring system. V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, a new phase angle detection method has been proposed, which has fast and robust performances under distorted utility voltage condition. To achieve this, a new voltage phase detector has been designed including positive sequence computation block and second-order low-pass filter. By blocking negative sequence component, the effects of voltage unbalance are eliminated. The second-order low-pass filter reduces the effects of high-order harmonics. Thus this ‘method does not cause harmonics in the resulting sinusoidal reference signal by adequately eliminating the negative sequence component and high-order harmonic terms in the utility voltage. The feasibility of the proposed method has been verified through the experimental result, This is useful to all active ac conversion system tied to ac line such as PWM rectifier and active power filter. REFERENCES. (ED. Makram, RB. ines, A.A. Gigs," Etec ofhamonis distortion in recive power easrement, “EEE Trans on Ind. Appl, Not pp 782-787 1992 (214. Methor, TD. Davis, GE. Beam ,* Vole sags; Their impact on ‘he wily and instal cstomets "EEE Transom Ind. Arp VOL.34, 1No3, pp 59-555, 1998 13) 6 Valdokiya, MEL. Bollen, PA. Crossley, * Charaseriation of voltage sags in industrial dstibuon systems,” in Cont. Rec. 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