Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
M. Barjenbruch, E. Exner
FG Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, TU Berlin
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D - 13355 Berlin
Phone: +49 / (0) 30 / 314 72246; Fax: +49 / (0) 30 / 314 72248
e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de, e.exner@tu-berlin.de
Importance of phosphorus
12. frequent element of the crust of earth
Phosphorus is a chemical element. Symbol P
ordinal number 15 and has a specific weight of 31 g/mol
Greek - lichttragend, given by the shining of the white
phosphorus in the reaction with oxygen.
P was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German pharmacist
and alchemist.
Phosphorus is essential important for all organism.
P-compounds are parts of DNA- and RNA-molecules
The phosphorus containing compounds ADP/ATP are playing and
important parts in the energy metabolism of all cells.
Lakes, dammed or tide influenced water bodies, Northern Sea of Baltic Sea
Factor of minimum for the growth of plants: N : P = 7:1.
Classification of lakes:
Eutrophic; nutrient rich lakes, in depth about 0-30%,
O2-saturation, only 2 m sight in depth, high production of algae,
tot. P~ 45 - 85 g/l
River according the German Surface water ordinance
g P/l large rivers in the middle mountain; inlets to the Baltic Sea
50
50/100 g P/l all other rivers
Surveillance value of WWTP according wastewater ordinance
10,000 - < 100,000 PE: 2.0 mg P/l
Examples of Eutrophication
1975
2005
Metabolism products1)
1,6
1,6
2,252)
05)
0,752)
0,246)
Other P-sources3)
0,42)
0,054)
Sum, related to PE
5,0
1,9
1,28)
1,27)
15,7
6,9
CPe
PA
SF
Simultaneous
precipitation
= 1,2 1,5
Combined
precipitation
PA
PS
PA
AT
SS
PA
PA SS
= 1,2 1,5
PA PA
PS
TF/AT
PS
AT
2 mg/l
1-1,5 mg/l
z.T. < 1,0
= 2 2,5
PA
PA
SS
CF
X Me / AM Me
X P , Fll / AM P
with:
XMe
XP,Fll
[mol Me / mol P ]
AMMe
atomic mass of metal (mg/mmol),
AMP
atomic mass of phosphors (mg/mmol)
and the atomic mass AM: (P) Phosphor: 31; (Fe) iron 56 ; (Al) aluminium 27
According the kind of bounded P in the sludge:
= 1,0 % (nitrification, COD Elimination)
XPBM
XPBDN = 0,5 % (denitrification)
XPBioP = 1,0 % (anaerobic tank)
Concurrent reactions
Parallel to the precipitation reaction several concurrent
reactions appear:
Hydroxyd development
Me3+ + 3OH- Me(OH)3
Carbonate development
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
-value
1,2
2,0
2,8
3,6
Common precipitants
Product description
aluminium chloride
Iron (III)-chloride
Iron (III)-chloridsulphate
iron(II)-sulphate
Sodium aluminate
Chemical formu
AlCl3
FeCl3
FeClSO4
FeSO4 7 H2O
NaAl(OH)4
Calciumhydroxid
White lime hydrate
(extinguihedr lime)
stabilisied lime milkj
(20 %ig)
Ca(OH)2
polyaluminium-(hydroxid)chloride (PAC)
[Al(OH)3-xClx]n
typical
delivery form
density or
bulk density
[t/m3]
storage and
dosage
effective kation
for
P-precipitation
dilution
1,3
reservoir
acid-resitent pump
Al3+
dilution
1,41 1,43
reservoir
acid-resitent pump
Fe3+
dilution
1,43 1,52
reservoir
acid-resitent pump
Fe3+
residual damp
(green-) salt
1
Einsumpfbunker
acid-resitent pump
Fe2+ Fe3+
dilution
1,3 1,5
reservoir
pump
Al3+
powder
0,45
suspension
1,15
Silo
Schnecke
Tank
Exzenterpumpe
Ca2+
dilution
1,2 1,37
Al3+
reservoir
acid-resitent pump
common
active substances
per kg
delivery form
pH
from
(saturated)
dilution
58 60 g/kg
2,2 mol/kg
123 g/kg
2,2 mol/kg
62 105 g/kg
2,3 3,9 mol/kg
376 g/kg
9,4 mol/kg
75 g/kg
1,9 mol/kg
70 90 g/kg
2,6 3,3 mol/kg
14
12,5
13
[mg/mol ESMe]
Lead (Pb)
15
Cadmium (Cd)
0,2
Chromium (Cr)
15
Copper (Cu)
15
Nickel (Ni)
20
Mercury (Hg)
0,15
Zinc (Zn)
50
AOX
(Fe2+)
Precipitation agent
blast pipe
Sewage
Cnannel
Venturi
Flow breaker
Break, bend
Bad solution
good solution
B
ANAEROBIC
P-Release
PO4 -P
AEROBIC
P-Up-take
luxery uptake
C
Time
Biological P-elimination
Advantages:
No additional agents (flocculants) necessary
Decrease of salts in the effluent of a WWTP
Lower additional sludge production
No additional heavy metals in the sludge
No disturbances possible for the nitrification process
Disadvantages
Higher investment cost for the construction
of the anaerobic tank
A little bit more instable process, so often additional chemical dosage
is required
In winter time higher tendency of bulking sludge
Dimensioning
Contact time and Detention time
Detention time
tR =
VAN
QIn
Contact time
tc =
VAN
(Qrs + Q In)
Bio-P
Phoredox-process (Detention time: 0,5 to 0,75 h)
aerated zone
anaerobic anoxic zone
zone denitrification COD-elimination
& nitrification
Inlet
= 1,2 1,5
PA
CPe
1-1,5
mg/l
2,0 mg/l
z.T. < 1,0
Effluent
Aeration
Internal recirculation
Secondary Settler
Return sludge
Excess Sludge
Example
WWTP Lbeck-Priwall
Modified-UCT-Process
Inlet
effluent
Aeration
interanl recirculation
Secondary
settler
Return slduge
Excess sludge
ISAH-process
Inlet
Return
sludge
Denitrifcation
Effluent
Aeration
Internal recirculation
Secondary
Settler
Return sludge
Excess Sludge
Ptot-Effluent
values
Pges.-Ablaufwert
[mg/L] [mg/l]
4
3,5
3,5
Inlet:
14 5.6 mg P/l
3
2,5
2
1,70
1,5
2,4
1
0,5
Effluent:
1.0 0.49 mg P/l
1,20
1,00
Pges.Abl-Nord-Ost
2,4
1,70
1,00
Pges.-Abl. D[mg/L]
0,90
1,00
0,90
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
DWA, 2010
Year
Jahr
55
50
73
45
KP [mol Me/kg P]
15
107
40
14
44
35
30
25
20
26
38
14
15
10
5
0
Bio-P
Deni
Chem-P
60
55
Zulauf Biologie
Rcklaufschlamm
50
108
45
KP [mol Me/kg P]
Ablauf Biologie
Mehrfachdosierung
7
13
27
67
40
12
12
35
30
25
20
23
31
11
15
10
5
0
Bio-P
Deni
Chem-P
Thank your
for attention
Bio-P-Becken 1. Biologische Stufe