Aboveground Storage Tank Types

Flammable Liquid Aboveground

Storage Tank Workshop
February 2, 2011

Portable containers

Shop-fabricated

Field-erected

Ab
Aboveground
d Tank
T k Fabrication
F b i ti Standards
St d d
Dana Schmidt, PE
Project Engineer
Steel Tank Institute, div. of STI/SPFA

Portable containers

Portable containers

3 types of Portable Containers

1.
2.
3.

Metal and plastic drums

IBC (Intermediate Bulk Container)
IM (Intermodal) or UN (United Nations)
portable tank

Metal and plastic drums

NFPA 30 Portable Container

Requirements
y

Metal containers
Metal IBC, Metal portable tanks
Conform to USDOT Hazardous Materials
Regulation 49 CFR*, OR
Part
P t 6 off UN Recommendations
R
d ti
on the
th
Transport of Dangerous Goods

IBC (Intermediate Bulk Container)

*see
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisid
x_04/49cfr178_04.html

NFPA 30 Portable Container

Requirements
y

Rigid nonmetallic IBC

USDOT Hazardous Materials Regulations, 49
CFR
Part 6 of UN Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods for Classes
31H1, 31H2, 31HZ1

IM or UN portable tank

Shop Fabricated Aboveground

Storage Tanks Standards

50,000 Gallons

V ertical
Indoo r

F ire R ated
G enerator

O u tdo or

D ik ed

AST Standards
for Shop Fabricated Tanks
y

API - American
Petroleum Institute
API 12F
API 650,
650 Appendix J

UL - Underwriters
Laboratories

API Specifications
y

Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for

Storage of Production Liquids
Vertical, cylindrical only
y

Table 1 Tank Dimensions includes:

Capacity
Outside diameter
g
Height
Connection details

API 650, Appendix J

Shop Assembled Welded Steel Tanks for Oil
Storage
Vertical, cylindrical only

UL 142
UL 2085

API 12F

API 12F

API 12F
y

Specifies steel thickness

BOTTOM:
1/4 in. (except sump to be 3/8 in.)
SHELL:
3/16 in. or 1/4 in. as requested by purchaser
DECK (TOP):
same as shell except
15 ft.-6 in. diameter tanks to be 1/4 in.

API 12 F Tank
Layout

Aux Line
Connection
Vent Line
Connection

Fill Line
Connection
Overflow Line
Connections

A, B & C Dimensions are

all provided in copy of API
12 F Table 1 at back of
binder.

A
B

Note: All capacities are in

barrels not gallons.

C
D

(1 barrel = 42 gals.)
Drain Line
Connection

24" x 36"
Clean Out
Pipeline
Connection

API 12F continued

y

API 12F Painting

Emergency venting per Table C-1

based on tank dimensions given in Table 1

Pressure testing with air at 1 1/2 times

design pressure and apply soap solution
y Nameplate
y

Manufacturer, serial number, year built

Nominal diameter, height, capacity
Thickness of bottom, shell, deck
Design pressure

API 650, Appendix J

Shell thickness

API 650, Appendix J

y
y

Metal primer required

Finish coating optional

Limited to 20 ft. diameter

Steel thickness:
BOTTOM:
SHELLS:

1/4 in.
calculations required and
Diameter

ROOFS:

Minimum

to 10.5 ft.

3/16 in.

over 10.5 ft.

1/4 in.

calculations required
cone, dome and umbrella

t=

2.6 D( H 1)G
+ CA
( E )(21,000)

t = minimum thickness
D = nominal diameter
H = liquid level
Diameter
to 10.5 ft.
over 10.5 ft.

G = liquid specific gravity

E = joint efficiency
CA = corrosion allowance
Minimum
3/16 in.
1/4 in.

API 650, App. J (continued)

API 650, App. J (continued)

Relies on Fire Codes for emergency

venting requirements
y Pressure testing

diameters to 12 ft.=5
ft. 5 psig
diameters over 12 ft.=2 to 3 psig
y

Nameplate
API 650, App. J, serial number, year built
Nominal diameter, height, maximum capacity
Design pressure, temperature, liquid level

Underwriters Laboratories

Does include:
Qualified welders requirement
X-ray of some welds and magnetic particle
testing of nozzles

Does not include:

requirements for secondary containment
requirements for painting

UL 142

ISBN 1-55989-385-0

Steel Aboveground Tanks for

Flammable and Combustible
Liquids

UL 142 Steel Aboveground

Tanks for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids
y UL 2085 Protected
Protected
Aboveground Tanks for
Flammable and Combustible
Liquids
y UL 2244 Aboveground
Flammable Liquid Tank Systems
y

Underwriters Laboratories
UL 142

Atmospheric Tank
-0.5 to 1 psig

Single wall
y Double wall
y Steel Diked Tanks
y

Open or Closed Top

Carbon or stainless
steel
y Stationary use only
y

UL 142 Steel thickness

Capacities up to
50,000 gallons
y Specifies steel
thicknesses
y

Primary tank
Secondary tank
Shells and heads

Underwriters Laboratories
UL 142
y

STI AST Technologies (UL 142)

Performance testing required for:

Rectangular tanks
Optional support designs
p
tank accessories
Ladders and other optional

Manufacturing tests required:

Air test at 1-1/2 to 5 psig with soap suds
(based on tank type)
Hydrostatic pressure (with water)

Underwriters Laboratories
UL 142
y

Horizontal Cylindrical

Steel thickness specified, including shell and heads

Optional support design requires testing or calculations
Diameters to 12 feet
Air test at 5 psi

Underwriters Laboratories
UL 142
y

Underwriters Laboratories
UL 142

Rectangular
Requires performance
testing to prove design
Manufacturing air test at
3 psi

Vertical cylindrical
Steel thickness specified
Manufacturing air test at 1 1/2
to 2 1/2 psi
Dished or conical roof required

Open Diked Tanks (F911)

18 Performance
18.1 Hydrostatic strength test
18.1.1 The tank shall be tested to
demonstrate that the strength of the
assembly and the welded joints are in
accordance with these requirements.
18.1.2 The tank shall not rupture or
leak when subjected to the Hydrostatic
Strength Test, Section 40.
18.2 Top load test
18.2.1 After being subjected to the Top
Load Test, Section 41, the tank shall
then be subjected to the Leakage Test,
Section 39, and shall not leak.

Diked Tanks with Rainshields

UL 142 Supports
y
y

Maximum height of
12 inches
Must withstand 2
times the weight of a
full tank
Design using
calculations
approved by UL
Design using
Performance Test

UL 142 Venting Requirements

y

Normal vents
Allow air to enter the tank when fluid is being
withdrawn and also exhausts air when the
tank is being filled
Required on Primary tank (each
compartment)
Size per Table 8.2 in UL 142

Closed Diked Tanks

UL 142 Welding
y
y

Specifies weld joint

designs
Does not require
qualified welders

UL 142 Emergency Venting

y

Emergency vents
Prevent damage to the tank by allowing
excess pressure to be vented. They are
designed to relieve excess pressure in the
event of an emergency, such as a fire.
Required on
x Primary tank and
x Secondary tank

UL 142 Emergency Venting

y

UL 142 Painting

Emergency vent device size

No paint required on
Stainless steel tanks
y One coat of paint
required
q
on Carbon
steel tanks

Wetted surface area

x Horizontal cylindrical tanks = 75% of total surface

area
x Vertical tanks = shell surface area (and bottom if
elevated)
x Rectangular tanks = surface area of sides and
bottom

Table 8.1 in UL 142 gives

x Emergency vent capacity
x Size

UL 142 Label

UL 2085

Protected Tank

ISBN 0-7629-0238-8

Protected Aboveground Tanks for

Flammable and Combustible
Liquids

Part of the construction of

the tank, monitorable

UL Serial No._________

Will have one of these statements:

Aboveground Tank for Flammable Liquids
Aboveground
Ab
dT
Tankk ffor Fl
Flammable
bl Liquids
L d on Supports
S
Secondary Containment Aboveground Tank for Flammable
Liquids

Integral Secondary
containment

Insulation
Reduce heat in a fire
y Protection from physical
damage
y
y

Open Top Diked Aboveground Tank for Flammable Liquids

Open Top Diked Secondary Containment Aboveground
Tank for Flammable Liquids
Closed Top Diked Aboveground Tank for Flammable
Liquids
Closed Top Diked Secondary Containment Aboveground
Tank for Flammable Liquids

Vehicle Impact Resistance Option

2 Hour
2000 Degree
Exposure

Ballistics Resistance Option

UL 2085
Tank Construction
y

Refer to UL 142

Steel thickness
Welding
pp
design
g
Support
Vents
Emergency vents

Must have provisions for monitoring

interstitial space

Cutaway of Insulated Tank

Technology

Concrete Encased

Cylindrical Tanks

Rectangular Tanks

Vertical Cylindrical

CARB Enhanced Vapor Recovery

Fireguard passed the Standing Loss
Control portion of CARB EVR
certification requirement in 2008
yC
CARB requirement
equ e e t of
o
Emission Factor < 0.57/1000 gallons
corresponds to a 90% reduction in
emissions
y

As compared to a single-wall tank without a

P/V vent.

UL 2085 Label

Vaulted Tanks - UL 2245

10

Generator Base Tanks

y

UL 142 Special Purpose Tank

Provides sturdy support for emergency

power generator

Stores fuel supply

Small Field
Field--erected tanks

API 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
y

Shell courses

2.6 D ( H 1)G
td =
+ CA
Sd

API 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
y

Bottom plates
Minimum
1 projection beyond shell

td = design thickness (in.)

D = nominal tank diameter (ft.)
H = height of liquid (ft.)
G = specific gravity
CA = corrosion allowance (ft.)
Sd = allowable stress (psi)

11

API 650 Shell openings

API 650 tanks

Reinforcement usually required

y Spacing specified

Nameplate

Manufacturer, serial number, year built

Nominal diameter, height, capacity
Thickness of bottom,, shell,, deck
Design pressure

12

Did you know?

There may be more regulated ASTs
than USTs in the U.S.
y Tanks under 300,000 gallons likely
represent
ep ese t 90% o
of the
t e actual
actua tank
ta units
u ts in
operation
y STI estimates that there are over 4
million such tanks in existence today
y

Flammable Liquid Aboveground

Storage Tank Workshop
February 2, 2011

T k IInspections
Tank
ti
per STI SP001
Dana Schmidt, PE
Project Engineer
Steel Tank Institute, div. of STI/SPFA

Risk based inspections

Tank owners view - addition of safeguards
to reduce or simplify expensive tank
inspections makes good business sense.
y Regulators
egu ato s view
v ew aaddition
t o of
o safeguards
sa egua s
minimize and eliminate releases.
y

SP001 Scope
y

Inspection of
aboveground storage
tanks
Shop-fabricated
Field-erected
Portable containers

Inspection based on installation

type and its risk to environment
Tanks offering
greatest risk have
significantly
g
y more
inspections
y Tanks with less
risk have less
inspections
y

AST Types in STI SP001

y

Storing liquids

Portable containers

Flammable or
Combustible
Specific gravity 1.0
A bi
to 200F
Ambient

Shop-fabricated

Atmospheric pressure

Field-erected

Facilities with a mix of tanks

Portable container
y

3 types of Portable Containers

1.
2.
3.

Metal and plastic drums

IBC (Intermediate Bulk Container)
IM (Intermodal) or UN (United Nations)
portable tank

Greater than 55 gallons and not intended

for fixed installation

Shop-Fabricated AST
Shop(per SP001)
Welded metal AST fabricated in a
manufacturing facility OR
y An AST without a nameplate with a
volume
vo
u e less
ess tthan
a o
or equa
equal to 50,000
U.S. gallons
y

50,000 Gallons

V ertical
Indoo r

F ire R ated
G enerator

O u tdo or

D ik ed

AST Standards
for Shop Fabricated Tanks
y

API - American
Petroleum Institute
API 12F
API 650, Appendix J

UL - Underwriters
Laboratories
UL 142
UL 2085

SP001 Key terms

Release Prevention Barrier (RPB)
y Continuous Release Detection Method
(CRDM)
y

Field-erected AST
Field(per SP001)
y
y

Welded metal AST erected on-site

where it will be used.
Limited to a maximum shell height
g of
50 feet and a maximum diameter of
30 feet
An AST without a nameplate that is more
than 50,000 U.S. gallons and a
maximum shell height of 50 feet and a
maximum diameter of 30 feet

Release Prevention Barrier (RPB)

y

Sufficiently
impervious
Under the AST

Release prevention barrier ???

Liquid containment
barrier

Diverts leaks toward

the perimeter of the
AST where they can
be easily detected

Continuous Release Detection Method

(CRDM)
A means of detecting a release of
liquid through inherent design. It is
passive because it does not require
sensors or power to operate. Liquid
releases are visually detected by facility
operators.
Tank with Release Prevention Barrier
Secondary containment AST including doublewall ASTs
Elevated AST with release prevention barrier

Spill Control

Tanks with CRDM

Prevent release of liquid to environment

y Includes:
y

Remote impounding
Secondary containment dike/berm
Secondary containment AST
Secondary containment system

Owners checklists

Inspection types
y

Owner monthly inspections

Formal External inspections

Leak test

Formal Internal inspections

Check operation of vents, coating, foundation

Certified inspector, but no entry
one time test to determine if container leaking.
Entry into tank is necessary for full assessment

Table of Inspection Schedules

y

Category 1

Spill control
CRDM

Category 2

Category 3

Spill control
No safeguards

y
y

Category 1

P Owner
inspection
E External by
inspector
I Internal by
inspector
L Leak testing
Double-wall Tank

Double-bottom Tank
in Concrete Dike

Category 2

Category 3

Formal External and

Formal Internal Inspections

Risk Matrix concept

More Risk
Tank Size

More
e Risk

Shop
built
tanks

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(2)]

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(10)

P **

Field erected
Portable
containers

Performed by Qualified Tank Inspector

STI Trained and Certified
API Certified (with additional SP001
certification)

External inspections

Internal inspections

Containment area
y Stairways, ladders
y Normal vents
y Emergency
E
vents
y Overfill alarms
y Fire valves

UT of accessible
areas, near base of
tank (internal
inspection
spect o if
problems found)

Check all external inspection items

UT of entire tank bottom
elevated tanks do not require entry

UT methods
UTT point measurements (15 points per sq. ft.)
UTS full scan if problems found in UTT

UT qualifications
y

UTT (15 points per sq. ft.)

Digital thickness meter
Training of minimum one hour (thickness
ranges, couplants, transducer types)

UTS (full
(f ll scan))
Flaw detector
Certified per ASNT TC-1A Personnel
Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing

Suitability for continued service

y
y
y

Leak tests by qualified personnel

Gas pressure decay
y Gas pressure with soap bubbles
y Gas and soil tracers
y Mass measurement
y Level measurement
y Hydrostatic test
y

MIC corrosion

MIC corrosion Repair immediately. Next

inspection 2 years
Category 3 less than 75%, then repair. Next
inspection 5 years
Category 2 3 in a sq. ft. is less than 75%, or
l
less
th
than 50%
50%, then
th repair.
i Next
N t inspection
i
ti 5
years
Category 1 - 3 in a sq. ft. is less than 50%, or
less than 25%, then repair. Next inspection 5
years

Other tank damage

AST Inspector Certification

Fire
Natural disaster flooding, winds
y Excessive settlement
y Overpressure
y Cracking of welds
y Leak

y
y

Meet experience and education

requirements
y Attend seminar
y Pass exam
y Visual acuity exam

Seminar topics

Experience and education

Bachelor of Science
degree and at least one
year of experience, OR
y 2 year certificate in
engineering or
technology and at least
two years of experience,
OR
y High School diploma or
equivalent and at least
three years of
experience.
y

Related experience
Construction of,
operation of, or
inspection and
maintenance of steel
storage tanks, pressure
vessels, or steel piping
systems.
Also acceptable is
engineers developing
SPCC plans

y
y
y
y

Tank Fabrication
Standards
Corrosion Basics
Inspection
Techniques
Regulatory
Requirements

y
y
y
y
y

Fire codes
Valves and Piping
Level Monitoring
g
Electrical Issues
Hands on
Demonstrations

Exam
2 sections:
x Open book
x AST Standards
x Corrosion

x Closed book
x Inspection, safety

80% total with no section under 70%

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

5,001 30,000
30,001 50,000
Field Erect Tank
Portable
Containers

Category 3

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Category 3

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Category 3 Portable containers

** Owner shall either discontinue use of portable
container or have DOT tested

Plastic container - 7 years

Steel container - 12 years
S i l
Stainless
SSteell container
i
- 17 years

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Category 3

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P E(5) & L(2)]
[P,

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Category 3

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P,
[P E(5) & L(2)]

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

Category 3

Insulated AST
Remove insulation where moisture or
product collects
y If vapor barrier damaged, remove sections
of insulation
o
su at o
y

Inspection Schedule/Table
PPeriodic Inspection by Owner E-External Inspection by Certified Inspector IInternal Inspection L-Leak Test
Category 1

Category 2

0 - 1100

P, E&L(10)

1101 5,000

P, E&L(10)

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P,
[P E(5) & L(2)]

Size, Gallons

Shop
built
tank

Category 3

UST as AST

5,001 30,000

P, E(20)

[P, E(10)& I(20)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(10)]

[P, E&L(5), I(10)]

or
[P, E(5) & L(1)]

30,001 50,000

P, E(20)

P, E&L(5), I(15)

P, E&L(5), I(10)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P, E(5), I(20)

P **

Field Erect Tank

Portable
Containers

10

Repairs
Per STI Standard SP031 covers shopfabricated tanks only
y Qualified personnel for repairs
y

Facility that manufactures STI, UL, etc. tanks

ASME Section IX welders
AWS D1.1 welders

Shop-Fabricated
Typical Bottom or Head

Field-Fabricated
Typical Bottom

Standard Organization
y
y
y
y

1.0 Scope
2.0 Definitions
3.0 Safety
Considerations
4.0 Personnel
Qualifications

y
y
y
y

5.0 Materials and

Welding
6.0 Modifications
7.0 Repairs
8.0 Testing

Repair & Inspection

Special Consideration in
Shop--Fabricated Tanks
Shop

Scope
y

Aboveground Tanks

Personnel Qualifications
y

Flammable & Combustible

Atmospheric
Built to national standards
y

Repair/Modify
Manufacturer of Labeled/Listed Tanks
ASME Section IX
AWS

What is not included?

Underground Tanks
API tanks
Bolted and Riveted Tanks

Tester
Final Inspection
STI SP001
API 653
Manufacturer of labeled/listed tanks

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Modifications Section
y

Repairs at knuckle

Items

New pipe connections

x Reinforcing plate when
pipe >2

Manways

Limited repairs in
knuckle area
Otherwise, replace
the bottom or head.

x Reinforcing plate when

below liquid level

New second bottom

x Knuckle at bottom

Shell Repair
y

Bottom Repairs

Lap Weld Patch

plates
Shape
Over existing welds

y
y

Weld Spacing
Plate Inserts

T Joints and Knuckles

Testing
Testing of all repairs and modifications
required
y Significant repair examples (requires tank
pressure
p
essu e test)
y

Complete replacement of bottom

Patch plate greater than 12 square feet
Openings greater than 12 inches diameter
y

Final inspection by SP001 inspector or

tank manufacturer

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