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com/2011/09/synthetic-biology-engineering-life-or-engineering-for-better-life/sytheticbiology/

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Monohybrid Cross
LO To explain monohybrid inheritance

Get to know yourself

Its all in the genes

Do you have dark or light

hair?
Dark hair is dominant.
Dominant genotypes
DD or Dd
Recessive genotype
dd

Are you right or left

handed?
Right handedness is
dominant.

Dominant genotypes
RR or Rr
Recessive genotype
rr

Is your ear lobe free or

attached?
The gene for free
earlobes is dominant.
Dominant genotypes
EE or Ee
Recessive genotype
ee

Do you have freckles?

Freckles are dominant.

Dominant genotypes
FF or Ff
Recessive genotype
ff

Can you roll your tongue?

Tongue rolling is
dominant.

Dominant genotypes
TT or Tt
Recessive genotype
tt

Are your little fingers curved or

straight?
Curved little fingers
are dominant.
Dominant genotypes
CC or Cc
Recessive genotype
cc

Do you have brown or blue

eyes?
Brown eyes are
dominant.

Dominant genotypes
BB or Bb
Recessive genotype
David Bowie has one
of each!

bb

Which arm is on top when you cross

them?
Right arm on top is
dominant.
Dominant genotypes
AA or Aa
Recessive genotype
aa

Is your thumb curved or

straight?
Straight thumbs are
dominant.

Dominant genotypes
TT or Tt
Recessive genotype
tt

Is your second toe longer than your

big toe?
Longer second toes are
dominant.
Dominant genotypes
SS or Ss
Note: Do not take
your shoes off to
check if you have
already had PE
today!

Recessive genotype
ss

And finally

whats special about these

toes?

More Key Terms

Phenotype and genotype

The overall appearance of an organism depends on

two things:
1. its genes (inherited characteristics)
2. the effects of the environment in which it lives.

All the observable characteristics of an organism are called

its phenotype.
The full set of genes of an organism is called its genotype.
An organisms phenotype therefore depends on its
genotype plus environmental effects.
phenotype = genotype + environmental effects

Different versions of genes

Chromosomes in a homologous pair contain the same

type of genes that code for the same characteristics,
such as eye colour.
Each chromosome in the pair,
however, may have a different
version of the gene.

allele for
brown
eyes

For example, the version of

a gene on one chromosome
may code for brown eyes,
whereas the version of the gene
on the other chromosome may
code for blue eyes.

Each different version of a gene is called an allele.

allele
for blue
eyes

Homozygous alleles

If the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are

the same, the organism is said to be homozygous for
that characteristic.
What colour eyes will these homozygous pairs of
alleles produce?

allele for
brown
eyes

allele for
brown
eyes

allele for
blue
eyes

allele for
blue
eyes

Heterozygous alleles

If the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are

different, the organism is said to be heterozygous for
that characteristic.
What colour eyes will this heterozygous pair of
alleles produce?

?
allele for
brown
eyes

allele for
blue
eyes

The characteristic expressed

by heterozygous alleles will
depend on which allele is
dominant and which allele
is recessive.

Dominant or recessive?

The phenotype for a particular characteristic depends on

which allele is dominant and which allele is recessive.
Dominant alleles are always expressed in a cells
phenotype. Only one copy of the dominant allele
needs to be inherited in order for it to be expressed.
Dominant alleles (e.g. brown eyes) are represented
by an upper case letter (e.g. B).
Recessive alleles are only expressed in a cells
phenotype if there is no dominant allele present.
If a dominant allele is present, the
effect of the recessive allele
is masked. Recessive alleles
(e.g. blue eyes) are represented
by a lower case letter (e.g. b).

What eye colour?

The genotype for someone with an allele for blue eyes and
an allele for brown eyes would be written Bb.
The dominant allele (brown eyes) has a capital letter and
is written before the recessive allele (blue eyes).
So, what colour will the eyes be of an individual who is
heterozygous for eye colour?

allele for
brown
eyes

allele for
blue
eyes

The individual will have

brown eyes, because the
allele for brown eyes masks
the allele for blue eyes.

Genotype

Phenotype

bb

Bb

BB

Revision of key words 1

Different forms of
the same gene
are called alleles
Each gene controls a different
feature (e.g. eye colour)
We have 23 pairs
(or 46 single)
chromosomes.
Chromosomes
are found in the
nucleus

Chromosomes
are found in pairs
ininmost
mostcells
cells

A gene is a short
section of the
chromosome
except for the
sex cells (egg
and sperm)

Revision of key words 2

For each characteristic, a child
inherits one allele from the mother
and one allele from the father.
This means that we have two
alleles for every characteristic (e.g.
eye colour).
The alleles in a pair can be the same
as each other or different.
Alleles can be dominant or

Revision of key words 3

B = brown eye allele
b = blue eye allele

2 dominant alleles

BB
2 recessive

bb

There are only dominant

brown eye alleles so the
child will have brown eyes.

There are only recessive blue

alleles eye alleles so the child will
have blue eyes.

1 dominant and 1 recessive allele

Bb

The dominant brown eye

allele wins so the child will
have brown eyes.

the Punnet Square

Review of punnet
squares

k:

Is the magical allele dominant

or recessive?

Discuss the following information with your partner and use

it to decide whether the magical allele is dominant or
recessive.

Harrys parents were both wizards.

Rons parents are both magical and all
of his brothers and sisters are witches and
wizards too.
Both of Hermiones parents are Muggles
but she has still inherited magical abilities.

Remember:
Harrys mums family
The magical (m) allele is RECESSIVE
The muggle (M) allele is DOMINANT

Mm
M

Mm

Harrys grandparents

MM

Aunt Petunia

Mm

mM

Muggle

Muggle

Muggle

Your task:

Harrys mum

mm
MAGIC

So, what was the % chance of Harrys mum being magic?

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares
Mothers alleles

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares
Mothers alleles

Fathers alleles

M
m

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares
Mothers alleles

Fathers alleles

MM

Mm

mM

mm

Your task:

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams

Punnet squares
Mothers alleles

Fathers alleles

MM

Mm

mM

mm

Aunt
Petunia

Remember:
The Dursley family
The magic (m) allele is RECESSIVE
The muggle (M) allele is DOMINANT

Uncle
Vernon

MM

Mm
M

Your task:

Cousin Dudley

MM

MM

mM

mM

Muggle

Muggle

Muggle

Muggle

So, what was the % chance of Dudley being magic?

The Weasley family

Mr Weasley

Bill
Weasley

Charlie
Weasley

Mrs Weasley

mm

mm
m

Your task:

Percy
Weasley

mm

mm

MAGIC

MAGIC

Fred and
George
Weasley

Ron
Weasley

mm

mm

MAGIC

MAGIC

Ginny
Weasley

What was the % chance of the Weasley children being magic?

Muggle-born witches and wizards

Hermiones
mum and dad
are both
Muggles

(Some people question how

Muggles are able to produce
magical children. It is likely
that they would have a magical
ancestor, possibly several
generations ago.)

but
Hermione is a
witch.

What combination of alleles must

Mr and

Is it possible for a child with

one magical parent and one
Muggle parent to be born with
magical abilities?
(Voldemort was a half-blood as his
father, Tom Riddle, was a Muggle
and his mother was pure-blood.)

Squibs
A Squib is a child born
to magical parents but
who has no magical
ability.
(It is often considered
embarrassing to have a
Squib in the family.)

So how come Argus Filch is a Squib even

though both of his parents are magic?

Punnet Squares
Claire has blue eyes and her husband is homozygous dominant for
brown eyes. What is the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring?
1. Write out the phenotype of the parents:
Mother: blue eyes
x Father brown eyes

Punnet Squares
Claire has blue eyes and her husband is homozygous dominant for
brown eyes. What is the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring?
1. Write out the phenotype of the parents:
Mother: blue eyes
x Father brown eyes
2. Write out the genotype of the parents:
Mother bb
x Father BB

Punnet Squares
Claire has blue eyes and her husband is homozygous dominant for
brown eyes. What is the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring?
1. Write out the phenotype of the parents:
Mother: blue eyes
x Father brown eyes
2. Write out the genotype of the parents:
Mother bb
x Father BB
3. Write out the possible gametes formed from each parent
b

Punnet Squares
Claire has blue eyes and her husband is homozygous dominant for
brown eyes. What is the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring?
4. Draw and complete your punnet square

Punnet Squares
Claire has blue eyes and her husband is homozygous dominant for
brown eyes. What is the ratio of the genotype and phenotype of
their offspring?
4. Draw and complete your punnet square
5. Write out the genotype and phenotype ratio: 100% Bb (brown
eyes)
B

Bb

Bb

Bb

Bb

Lets do this one together

In hamsters black hair is dominant to white hair. A heterozygous
hamster is crossed with a white hamster. What is the genotype and
phonotype of their offspring?
1.

Write out the phenotype of the parents:

2. Write out the genotype of the parents:

3. Write out the possible gametes formed from each parent
4. Draw and complete your punnet square
5. Write out the genotype and phenotype ratio:

Your go.
In hamsters black hair is dominant to white hair.
Two heterozygous hamsters have a family. What is the expected
genotypes and phonotypes of their offspring?
1.

Write out the phenotype of the parents:

2. Write out the genotype of the parents:

3. Write out the possible gametes formed from each parent
4. Draw and complete your punnet square
5. Write out the genotype and phenotype ratio:
Worksheet

Inheritance
STARTER: FOR ALL PROBLEMS
-state the phenotype and genotype of parents
-the gametes
-draw a punnet grid
-show genotypes of offspring
-state a key for example tt=small
-state phenotype/genotype ratio off offspring.

1. In pea plants, the allele for tallness is dominant (T) and

shortness (t) is recessive. A homozygous dominant (TT) is
crossed with a homozygous recessive (tt). What are the
possible phenotypes of the offspring?

Co-dominance and sex linkage

1. Example of co-dominance (blood group)
2. Example of sex linkage (colour blindness)

Blood groups
There are three different alleles for
blood IA IB IO
There are four blood groups A, B, AB and
O

Use the following information to work out what combination of alleles must be
present in each blood group. Remember you must have two alleles (one from each
parent)
The allele for blood group O is recessive.
The allele for blood group A is dominant to blood group O but co dominant with
B
The allele for blood group B is dominant to blood group O but co dominant with A

Blood group
Alleles
present

AB

Use the following information to work out what combination of alleles must be
present in each blood group. Remember you must have two alleles (one from each
parent)
The allele for blood group O is recessive.
The allele for blood group A is dominant to blood group O but co dominant with
B
The allele for blood group B is dominant to blood group O but co dominant with A

Blood group

AB

Alleles
present

IAIA
IAIO

IBIB
IBIO

IAIB

IOIO

1. Bob is blood type O and his wife Roberta is blood type

A. They have two children. Paul is blood type A and Paula
is blood type O. What are Bob and Robertas genotypes?
2. If Paula (blood type O) has a child with Phil (blood type
AB) what are the possible genotypes of their children.
Use a genetic diagram to explain your answer.
3. Mrs X is not sure who the father of her children is. Mrs
X is blood type A. Father 1 is blood type O and Father 2
is blood type A. Child 3 is blood type O and child 4 is
blood type A. Who is the father of each child?

A sex-linked characteristic is a characteristic in which

the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome
and that this makes it more common in one sex than in
the other e.g. colour blindness.

Monohybrid Cross
A colour blind man is planning on having a child with a normal female.
What are the chances of their offspring being colour blind.
Step 1: What is the genotype of each parent?
Step 2: Punnet square
Step 3: Genotype and phenotype of offspring
Xc
X

XC

Mother XCXC

Y-

X X

X Y

XCXc

XCY-

Father XcY-

50% Female Carrier XCXc

50% Male non-colourblind XCY-

Monohybrid Cross
If one of the girls from the pervious coupe has a child with a non
colour blind man. What are the possible genotypes of their offspring?
Step 1: What is the genotype of each parent?
Step 2: Punnet square
Father XCY- Mother XCXc
Step 3: Genotype and phenotype of offspring

XC
X

Xc

YC

X X

X Y

XCXc

XcY-

25%
25%
25%
25%

Healthy Female XCXC

Female carrier XCXc
Healthy male XCYColour blind male XcY-

1. A man who is colourblind has a child with an X CXC

woman. What are the percentage chances that their
children will be born colourblind.
2. A woman who is a carrier of the colourblind gene has
a child with a man without colourblindress. What are
the percentage chances that their children will be
born colourblind?

A mouse is blood type b. How can we use a

test cross to find out its genotype?

Kahoot topic 17 crosses and

pedigree