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A Control Approach for Thrust-Propelled

Underactuated Vehicles and its Application to VTOL


Drones
Minh-Duc Hua, Tarek Hamel, Pascal Morin, Claude Samson

To cite this version:


Minh-Duc Hua, Tarek Hamel, Pascal Morin, Claude Samson. A Control Approach for ThrustPropelled Underactuated Vehicles and its Application to VTOL Drones. IEEE Transactions
on Automatic Control, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2009, VOL. 54 (NO.
8), pp.1837-1853. <hal-00415854>

HAL Id: hal-00415854


https://hal-unice.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00415854
Submitted on 11 Sep 2009

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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Control of Thrust-Propelled Underactuated Vehicles

N 6453
February 2008

apport
de recherche

ISRN INRIA/RR--6453--FR+ENG

Thme NUM

ISSN 0249-6399

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

Minh-Duc HUA Tarek HAMEL Pascal MORIN Claude SAMSON

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2004, route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
Tlphone : +33 4 92 38 77 77 Tlcopie : +33 4 92 38 77 65



 

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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

= ||e3 .

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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

 

 


 

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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

y := x + z



= 3 + ||k1 v3
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2
1
2 T S(Re1 )
2
(|| + 3 )
||
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008



 

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k12 s2
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008



a
3

(x,
t) =

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x +
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

s2
2 2

= 3 + ||k1 v3

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2
1
(||) 2 T S(Re1 )
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(|| + 3 )
||
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

e,d

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Czr{_ = (mg/m)e
x
= + (x)

rt_acVytozrsnT..c.c.yxrtz=v;0curtycuv (x)(x)= =(x)(c

ir{_cu c.c.yrtzv
/
m)|

x|

c
>
0
cu r{yptpq.zr{cuVzrt_cuy{qqnovbdzy cupu c r&wp&ptp{wabdcr{_Crr{_aciwav r{zv p{r zp&qc.vacE
on .OvH vpz}qcuyrs/CGp{p{zcK_z} cupy bdvaVrt_ac.ypzypruc r = g^&_acuv
ptr ) v = %lqzv.cr{_cvaytbk z}pvavq[.c.ytv vprtvGrE*vC
ptr = z}p+Owavacu(
on M gptpwabdqrtzv zpptrtzpcE;z M < mg/m %vr{_az}pKup{c |(x, t)|
ihTytc.cuyuz
Crt_acZcu|Gwazzaytzwab
z}p n
mg/m
pnobdqrtr{Mz}.>n0prtacT z cr{_acq<bmg/
zvmr{Mr{yrtzv;z}p R (,(v), ) =Bg(0,/0)cucuyuzbdCGpzva
rt_az}pKzvacu|Gwzrsnv M bnvarZCc% bdr{zaczr{_ rt_acptrtzp r{zv rt_ac vCqzrtzv M
_z_ wyvGr{cucupArt_acV}ytcuprCGp{p{zacqbzvr{r{y r{zv%vqcucu zv
c + c ((
rt_az}pZup{ccva,c%v_))p c = c = 0 c = c = c )v (c , v ) = v /p{Trt_rdrt_ac%.vazrtzv
zpVva cE|Gwazcuvrrt
R^&_ac.ytc y{c)rt_acptr{z}p rtzv
M c + c ((
ip{p{wabdqrtzvdvc ,&v
2 ))(
p{nobZar{rtzprtazzrsnytMcwytcvvrtc.cEVaytozqcErt_r
p

sup |x (t)| < mg/(mc


)
egEr{iprtazz.c/y{c.yytc cuy{cuv cMc.q zr{zcup*_az_qgvarptrtzpngrt_az}p*zvacE|wCzrsnEzr zp*vacu.cuptp{y{n
rtVwp{cKwacEpg M }ytcuyr{_Cv mg/m Bc.c.yrt_acKOp{zr{zGzrsn |(x, t)| uvTvVvacuygOc
wyvGrtc.cuoun%ytwavCvGny{c.c.ytc.v.ccuq zrsn/vr{_az}pgup{cazvpr{cE%M_aop{zva =
vacbdz_GrKpc.)pc.r
p%rt_r p{r
ptr
zrt_r{_az}pK_z} c
rt_acOp{zrtzozrsnV |(x, t)| z=p&v0rwav.vazrtz=v4qawqr(zrg)z}p=p{r{z}pscE(%zv%+r{_cva) c.z_oOyt_aooYvon
ytc cuy{cuv cAcuq.zrsnp{w_r{_r
p
G
x 6= mg/(mc
)e
y{b^&_acuytc.b <
2?),(
p{nobZar{rtzprtazzrsnz}p}pdartzvacEz M g + c v


inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008



ae

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a r



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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008





x
Rv

T
(1 ) : v = S()v ue3 + gR e3 + 1 RT Fae
m

RS()
R

(2 ) : J = S()J + + Mae

zr{_

1
mL S(e3 )

r{_accu r{y oyqzvrtcup F c.oy{cEp{p{cuzvr{_acVCp{zp&r{_aczvacuyrtzYybdc I

rt_acpwb Ycuy{qqnovbZz}iy{cErtzvyt.cupzruCaytobdbdc.vGr{wb qyo


F
{
r
_acc.or{c.ytvr{y|GwaczvCqw cE%GnVr{_acEpcAy cEp.
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p{c r{r{zva

1
1
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zrt_

Fae

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b
kg

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rt_rgr{_acytcuyozrsn..c.c.yrtzvz}p g = 9.81 ms rt_acytcuc._z.c  pbp{pz}p m = 3.2 kg
vr{_acytcuc._z.c  p&zvac.y{r{z}Zbr{ytzzp J = diag(0.13, 0.13, 0.04)
gbZvair{_ac/r{_aytc.c vrty{bdqqcup .vp{zac.ytcuzvr{_cCOc.yEEOp{zr{zvprtazzur{zvz}prt_acbZGpsr
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=
= S()J JK ( )
zr{_ K ZOp{zrtzcpnobdbdc r{ytz}zvbr{ytz_c.ytc_p{c.vqzv4
^&_aczvaGzvpvCVwavCr{zvCpytcwpcE

k = 0.24 k = 0.08 k = 12.8

K = diag(20; 20; 20)


zrt_ = 1.28 v = 12
h(s) =
 zrt_

(s) = tanh
= 0.9

zr{_ = 0.8 v = 0.8


k = 0.8 h (s) =
p{r p&zcuvon; <uGzrt_ = 8
p{r p&zcuvon4zr{_ M = 50
=0
e

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

d,3

ae

1+ 2 s/ 2

k1 s

k1

z
1+z2 s/z2



 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

pzcuvonzrt_ = 1
^&_cHzvp k k k h(0), k , h (0) _cOc.cuvqc rtc.ytbZzvacEGz} OcTa} cubdc.vGrVayto.c
away{cOc.y{ytbZcEv r{_aczvacEytzucup{nqpsrtc.b Zlonqpsrtc.b,E alonqpsrtc.b,<F=%r%r{_c;cE|wzzy{zwab
zv%rt_acy{r{z} wy.p{cYdy{c.c.ytc.v.cAr{yscu r{y{nV.vp{zpr{zva
(z = 0, z = 0, x
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.yty{cEpOvCaprtVr{_ccE|wzzy{zwab$r{r{zr{wacZp{p{q z}r{cEHzr{_;Vaqcu;qcup{zytcuTCGpzr{zvTzvTrt_acq
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

 

* GH

s+

05 ) " (  


 ( 
  (F'),(



;( ! A
2(!&





vHp{c.ytcuyulobc.yiwcup v rt_acKwacKp{p{q z}rtcuzr{_Hrt_acwavCr{zv;p{r z c

iytcp{aazcEK^&_acZCc.rrtc.yAr{yozvaOc.y{ytbv.cK)r{_az}p vGrty{c.yEC_z_
=6 =1
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   # % u q g 
^&_ac.vGr{ytqscu r{zczprtdr{ydrt_aczvadytc c.ytc.vC cir{yscu r{y{n


xr (t) = (10 cos(t/10), 10 sin(t/10), t)T

^&_cAzvazr{z}cu_az} $c  p/Op{zr{zvvrrtzrtwqcy{cizc.von = (45, 50, 10) v R(0) = I


ty cup{Ocurtzc.n vGr{cuy y{ytcu r{zvVzvCGpzr{zv%zp&wCpcEM^Zx(0)
rtcuprr{_acytawCpsrtvacuptprt_ac vGr{ytcuy
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cuy{ytypZqcu.y{cEp{cbdprzvacuy{nytb }ytc%zvzrtzwcupvCytc.bzvpb&r{_c.ytcurtc.yH p{c.c
zwaytc = rrt_acCcuzvavazvaH/r{_acVp{zbKwa}rtzv*qwcrtr{_acVp{bYwac z4 c

rt_acdr{_y{wp.crzvawqrytc.bzvpwavptrtwayr{cEpcucdzwaytc = .eiacup{azrtcy{cKzvazr{z}MOp{zrtzv;cu=y{yt6ypu
^&_cp{r{wayrtzv;qu wayty{zva}r{cuyvaway{zvaTp{_ay{rr{zbdcVzvrtc.yt}p.pKH.vp{cu|Gwacuv c&pr{ytv
zvo[wCpsrp.qzr{r{c cu rtpr{_cc.yOr{yozvaOc.y{ytbv.c
T

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008



i=1,2,3



 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

Fig. a) Position tracking error

Fig. b) Euler angles

10

50
40

t (s)

x
(m)

x
1 :

x
2 :
x
3 : .

x
1 :
x
2 :
x
3 : .

2
4

30

, , (o )

x
(m)

20
10
0

:
:
: .

10

t (s)
20

x
(m)

30

x
1 :

zwaytcH59Yc._az} c$ pdOp{zrtzv vrr{zr{wCqcHqp.r{zbdczqcu qcEpzy{cEOp{zrtzvezvGrtc.y


.yty{cErtzvvC = 12
20

40

60

t (s)

80

t (s)

, , x
(o )
(m)
x

1 ::

Fig. a) Position tracking error


10

50

30

t (s)

t (s)

(m)
, , x
(o )

1 :

2 :
x

.
3 :: .

x
(m)

1 ::

2 :

t (s)
4

, , (o )

3 : .

x
1 :
x
2 :
x
3 : .

40

60

80

t (s)

100

40

20
10
0

:
:
: .

10

t (s)
20

x
(m)

20

Fig. b) Euler angles

2 :
x

.
3 :: .

x
3 : .
, , x
(o )
(m)

x
3 : .

t (s)

x
2 :

40

x
2 :100

x
(m)
x
1 :

30

x
1 :

zwaytc 9Yc._z.c  pOp{zr{zv vr{r{zr{wacopudr{zbdczqcuqcup{zy{cEOp{zrtzv zr{_zvGrtc.y


.yty{cErtzv = 12 qv = 8

20

40

: .

60

t (s)

80

t (s)

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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

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20

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20

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15

e (ms2 )

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

10

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x3 (m)

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30

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10

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100

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40

40

t (s)

20
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10

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50

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2
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inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

40
40

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v rt.c.yt^*;rt_az}pdawaytCGpcMzrVp{wqV cEpZr{p_a r{_r
z}pCwavqcE vozc. /v<E/gptpwabdqrtzv o/vrt_ac%CwavqcEqvacuptpZ vYr{_zpd vqzr{zvVz}p
ptrtzpcEz v v tan (/2)
ytcCwavqcE
y{b ip{p{wabdqrtzvTaOr{_acCwavqcEqvacEp{pg vv%r{_acZytc.}r{zv v = R (x x ) zrip
rt_r x zpCwavqcE%^&_c.ytc ytc*wp{zvaTip{p{wabdqrtzvp <VvC;C*vacVqcEqw cEpr{_Cr v
y{ci}pCwavqcEqvdrt_r u zcuvVonT <*<E)z}p/p{c.qc CvacuvOwvqcu ^&_zpzbZzcup
rt_r x zc.von
o
x
= uRe + (x,
t)
z}p&Owavacu)lozv.c

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

k3 12 + 22
k3

tan2 (/2)
V = ||k1 v32
= ||k1 v32
k2 (|| + 3 )2
k2

d
dt

e
e
(x,
t)
x+
(x,
t),
x
t
x
x

zrK bdcupuy{bkgptpwbZar{zvp <dvC;HvTrt_acZ rr{_r v y{cdOwavCqcur{_r vC


ytc}pOwvqcuc riwpvap{_a rt_rvacE_Hp{nopr{cub  pipwqrtzvart_ac.ytcc.oz}prtp > 0

p{w_r{_r
G

|(t)|
, t
[rp/y{bk <*<E Gv%c.bdbVKr{_r
G
||
d
= k (

(1 cos )
v + v ) k
= k (
v + v ) k tan (/2)
dt
|| +
lqzv.c v v ytcCwavqcEavcuv%c.vp{waytcAr{_rr{_acuy{cc qz}psrp > 0 p{w_r{_r
e (x,
t) =

1 1

2 2

1 1

2 2

> 1 =
||

d
<0
(1 cos )
dt

/|wCr{zvH z}p rt_GwCpMp{r{z}psCcuzrt_ = min{ , |(0)|}


> 0 ^&_az}pYzbdazcupYr{_acOwvqcuq

vcuptp/ tan(/2)


v


p
C

G

{
y


b


a
v


zr{_gptp{wabdqr{zvKvrt_acA r

1/(|| + )
 4 t*q E 4s sus* g4E Ms4sE.AEs*E{
1



 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

rt_r v, , , ytcOwavacur{_az}p/c.vp{waytcup rt_rMrt_acg.vGr{ytazvaawartp v GvZrt_GwCp oytc


c.[qc.vacEvOwvqcu)lozvC c , v, , u ytcAOwvqcuqzrpy{bkEC)rt_r v z}p}p
Owvqcuzvnpzv.cCr{_ v ytcZOwvqcu*vacqcuqwC cupr{_r zpCwavqcE^&_ac
Owvqcuavacuptp tan (/2)
r{_c.vpy{b Gvy{br{_ac&OwavacuqvacEp{p 1/(||+ )

^&_zpi vC wqcupr{_acaytGYMwavazytb vrtzvowazrsn% vYrt_ac.vocuy{c.v.cA v v r{


uc.ytYer{cAytbk /rt_r v }pd voc.ytcgVr{uc.yt
^&_acuy{cHytc.bzvpr{p{_a rt_r v v v .vocuy{crt.cuy{C c.r qcuvartcr{_acTcu r{y
Mndqzy{cErgu} wa}rtzvovacqcEqw.cupytbc.bdbVv <&<E/r{_r
(
, )
G
d
= a(t) + b(t)
dt ||
zr{_
1

d
dt

1,2

1,2

k3 1
k
v

2
1

(|| + 3 )2
,
a(t) := 3

k3 2
k2 v2
(|| + 3 )2

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

b(t) :=

1
||

3 +

1 T
S(Re3 )
||2



[rzppsrtytz_r{ytytHr{Tc.ytznr{_r z}pOwavacu p{r{_Cr a(t) zpwvazy{bdn.vGr{zvowawCpt


Cp{cu vr{_cOwavCqcuqvcuptp v , , a(t)
)v
/cE.wpc b(t) zpZvarZvcu cEp{ptytzn
+ )
wvazy{bdn.vGr{zvowawCpOcu.wp{cV&r{_cV r{cuy{bp 1/(||

C
v

rt_ac.p{p{zuYc.ypzv&yt}r  p
c.bdbTqocEpvarZanT^&_az}pKc.ozvpr{_acwpc&r{_c p{z_Gr{nc.vc.yzucucuytp{zvzc.von
c.bdb p{c.ciaOc.vazV E Yfgp{zvar{_aciCwavqcEqvacuptpM ogptp{wabdqr{zvaGvZr{_acgay{Ccuy
rtzcEp)qrtzvcuVy{cuGzwCpn% z cY.vocuy{c.v.c r{.cuy{ZvOwvqcuavacuptp) ovacic.ytzcup
rt_r b(t) voc.ytcupMr{d.cuy{C gzy{cEraz}.r{zv% c.bdbdr{Vlonqpr{c.b Gc.vp{waytcup/r{_ac.vq
c.ytcuv ci
r{d.cuy{CYlqzv.c voc.ytcupMr{d.cuy{dvC || + > 0 or{_c voc.ytc.vC c
t
r


.

.
c
t
y



pu
v , v
ipAyAr{_acprtazzrsnHMrt_acdcu|Gwazzaytzwab (v, ) = (0, 0) zrz}p%qzytcu r.vp{cu|Gwacuv c <E
v <E
3

1,2

1,2
d
dt ||





1,2



 

y{b r{_cqc vzrtzv% zc.vGn <Ecu|GwrtzvEC&uv%Ccytc.ytzrr{cuv%p


ic Cvac
v pYzrpMzvoc.yp{c/wvrtzvMer{cy{b <E rt_r z}p)pr{ytz}r{n
zv.y{cEp{zfva: .svG7r{zvowah(s
wCpY)swav r{zfv)lqzv.c h zppr{ytz r{nOp{zrtzcGvaci_p f (0) = 0 ^&f_ac.ytc y{crt_ac
wCpc Mwva  p&zvcu|Gwzrsn p{c.c : >&p/r{dcEpsrazp{_%r{_aczvaytc.}rtzv
v = S()
v ue3 + RT RT h(|Iv |2 )Iv + RT c

c Iv |c||Iv |

* GH

|Iv |
0

f (s) ds +

|c|
0

f 1 (s) ds

05 ) " (  


 ( 
  (F'),(



;( ! A
2(!&





^&_zp&cuap&wp&rtd.vp{z}qc.y&rt_aczvad.vqz}artcnawavadwavCr{zv V qc.vacEon

5=
[rz}ppsrtytz_Gryt&yrtc.ytznr{_rZrt_ac%wav r{zv V z}pdOp{zrtzc%vy{CcuyZ yE rE vivac
c.ytzCcupgp{rt_r V z}pgy{Ccuyg yu ru I oncuy{znozvaVr{_rgr{_c Bgcuptpz}vTbr{ytz V  yE ru I
z}pqc.vazr{cVOp{zr{zcz4 c > 0 *wp{zvar{_ac vCqzrtzv <rt_acwavCr{zv h fgp{zvaG
c.bdbqavCrt_acytc.}r{zv I = Rv qvacc.rtp





1
1
S(Re )


+
V = v (ue + ) +
S(Re )

||k
||
lqwapr{zr{wqrtzvadrt_ac vGr{ytc qaytcuptpzv <*<EzvrtHavacqrzvp
* E
k +
V = ||k v
k (|| + )
^&_c.vqrt_acayto Y vGc.ytcuv cA
r{
ay{q.c.cuppy~MytOp{zrtzva/egr{c
zvTyrtz.wa}yrt_rAr{_cZ.vqzr{zv <E(I,vY,r{)_acwav(I r{z,0,v 0)h z}piwCpc.wartcuvp{way{cr{_acZCwavqcEqvacEp{p
 vTzrtp.bazvCr{zvzrt_;gptpwbZar{zv 000 )~)y{CGpzr{zv;zbdazcupirt_acdc qzpr{cuv c/
wvaz|Gwacdcurty I p{w_;r{_r h(|I | )I = c daway{r{_c.ytbZy{cr{aytcKr{_r I .vocuy{cuprt I
vac.v%aan&yt}r  pc.bdbdzc.vzvHgaCcuvqzK Ert Gzrt_
V =

1 T
1
v v +
2
k2

3
||

|Iv |

f (s) ds cT Iv +

|c|

f 1 (s) ds

2V
Iv2

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

2
1 3

2
1

2
2

2
v

a(t) := RT h(|Iv |2 )Iv + RT c ,

b(t) := S()
v ue3 + RT

ip y rt_acpsrazzrsnrt_accu|Gwazzaytzwb CzvGr
zrYzp)Aazytcu rY.vp{cu|Gwacuv c
= *E.avrt_ac rrt_rrt_az}pCzvGrz}pr{_ac(Iwva, vz|G, wa)c=bdz(IvazbK0,wab0) r{_acwavCr{zv V







 

y{bk1EC&vC;4.qzrpr{_Crr{_cr{zbZc.[ac.ytzrtzci v ptrtzpcEpr{_aczvcE|wCr{zv
_z_.vOcy{cuy{zrrtc.vHp

v = S()
v ue3 + RT z + RT (e x
r )

v = S()
v ue3 RT h(|y|2 )y + RT + RT c

zr{_ qc.vacEon5<   vpz}qcuy/rt_ac.vqz}artcnGawavwvrtzv


1
1
V = vT v +
2
k2

3
1
||

|y|
0

f (s) ds c y +

|c|

f 1 (s) ds

4
<E



 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

_c.ytcTr{_cqc.vazr{zv2 f z}pzc.vzvrt_ac;y{oK~MytOp{zrtzvv zp%zcuvon G


gvwp{nr{rt_acKy{oY ~)y{CGpzr{zvTqOvccuy{zcupr{_r V z}pOp{zrtzcKvCay{Ccuy yu ru
v y MfipzvaT4. vr{_cy{cur{zv y = Rv vacc.rtp
v
4
k +
V = ||k v
k (|| + )
y{b <F=qvacgc.ytzcEpMrt_r z, z qv z y{ciCwavqcEMaytb 45 <)v4.ovacqcuaw cEp)rt_r
v ytcACwavqcE/lozv c v ytciOwavCqcuar{_acytc.}rtzvp
v
y
zbdan;vrt_r x vC v y{c}pTz Owvqz cu;^&_acuvzrpy{b~Myy{=Ccuxyrs+n z  vr{_=cVvwa+v Rr{zvz
ptr G~MytOc.y{rsnT <Yr{_acgwavrtzv h qvCVlonqpsrtc.b < = rt_r z ytc.bzvpMOwvqcu ic.vr{c
r{_cwavaz}|wcdp{wqrtzvrt | )z = c Vy{b r{_acuy{czr{_r{_acVptbdcytwbZcuvGrtppzvr{_ac
z
y{o~MytOp{zrtzvaovcih(|z
qcEqw cEp/r{_ac vGc.ytcuv c (y, v, ) r{ (z , 0, 0) vdrt_acAprtazzrsn
rt_azpcu|Gwazzaytzwab *r{_ac (y, v, ) pwpnqpr{cub%
ic vc
3

2
1 3

2
1

2
2

(3)

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

y := y z ,

z := z z ,

w := z,

egrtcr{_r
zpgCwavqcETvCvaz}p_acEpwar{zbrtc.np{zv c vGc.ytcEpr{Vuc.yter{cKp{
rt_r x = yg(zy,=z)y zM^&_acuvClonqpr{c.b < =&.vOcy{cuy{zrrtc.vyp

z = w
ptr (z + z ) z ) k h (|z| )z + k g (y, z)
w = 2k w k z + k (
y&zv%r{_cbZy{c.bd r&ytb
4G
Z = F (Z) + G(
y , Z)
zr{_ Z := (z, w)


w
t
p

r
F (Z) :=
,
2k w k z + k (
(
z + z ) z ) k h (|
z | )
z
v G(y, Z) := (0, k g (y, z)) _az}_vazp{_acEp&wartzbr{c.n
ivacc.ytzCcupir{_r Z = 0 zpArt_acnTp{nobdqr{r{z}.npsracdCzvGr/rt_acVpnqpr{cub Z =
on.vp{zac.ytzvar{_czvad.vCqzr{cnwavadwav r{zv
F (Z)


Z
4G
1
1
w
1
h (s) ds + |
U=
z | + z +
2k
2
2
k
vCqc.cEqqz c.ytc.vGrtzr{zvaZfRvr{_acp{wqr{zvrt_acAp{nqpsrtc.b Z = F (Z) vCVwp{zvK~MytOc.y{rsn  
rt_acwav r{zvHp{r vgptpwbZar{zv 0 ~My{CGpzr{zv%aavacqrzvp


!



t
p

r
w
w


z | + z + z + (
U = h (|
z | )|
z | k |
z +
(
z+z )z )
k
k
4




2

gz (
y , z) := hz (|
y z| )(
y z) + hz (|
z |2 )
z

2
z

2
z

z z

z z

2
z

2
z

z z

z z

|
z |2

 



w
w
hz (|
z |2 )|
z |2 kz |
z |2 kz z + + 2kz |
z | z +
kz
kz

* GH

05 ) " (  


 ( 
  (F'),(



;( ! A
2(!&





lqzv.c z }z pOwavacu z z}p}pHOwvqcuytb zrpKqc.vazr{zvgpH vpcE|Gwac.v.cr{_acuy{cc.oz}prtp


pwC_r{_Cr h (|z| ) > ^&_az}p.vagzr{_zbdazcEp*r{_r*rt_ac.ytc/c.qzpr p{bdc& vpsrvGrtp
>0
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uc.yt
c rMwp CvnKcuprtz}p_Zrt_acpsrazzrsnCrt_accu|GwazzaytzwabOzvGr

y{bk <u&vC;4. (v, y, ) = (0, 0, 0) zpdprtaccE|wzzy{zwab(z,rt_az,cx ,vv,rt)y{=cu(zpnq,p0,r{cu0,b%a0,0)v


ytb Vv Z = 0 z}pvpnobdqrtr{z}.nprtacTcu|Gwazzaytzwb OzvGrrt_acp{nopr{cub
/lqzv.cr{_acwvrtzv zv &z}p vGr{zvGwwp&vCz}qcuvrtzun.cuy{Z_ac.v
qvac
Z
acuq=wF.cu(Z)
prt_r (v, y, , Z) = (0, 0,G 0, 0) zpp{Hpsraccu|Gwazzaytzwbkr{_cV vGrty{cuy=pnq0pr{cub%
^&_zpqzytcurtnzbdazcupr{_cpsrazzrsnV*rt_accu|Gwazzaytzwb (z, z, x, v, ) = (z , 0, 0, 0, 0)
z

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008







 

&^ _cKOp{zrtzozrsn%Yr{_acKr{_aytwprizvaawqr u zpgcup{zncuy{zcE%y{brt_acZac vazr{zv u zc.vHzv4


vHrt_acdptpwabdqrtzvpAv zcuvTzv;~MytOp{zrtzvo  vp{zqcuyvar{_acuvqz}ar{cdnawava
wvrtzv%zc.v%on; <u.Mfgp{zvaT4&vcubZb% p{c.cgaCcuvqz%K Gavacc rp
V = vT (ue3 + ) +

1
1
||k2



2
1

1
+ 2
||

T S(Re2 )
T S(Re1 )



= v3 (u + ||) v3 (|| 3 )


 T
 

 2
1
1
S(Re2 )
v
1 2
+ ||k2 1
+
+ 2
T

S(Re
)

v2
||k2
||
1
1
= v3 (u + ||)
1
1
+
||k2



2
1

1
+ 2
||

T S(Re2 )
T S(Re1 )

 
 
||k2 v3 1
v1
+ ||k2

v2
|| + 3 2

lqwapr{zr{wqrtzvadrt_ac vGr{ytc qaytcuptpzvzvrtH*=avacqrzvp

4*=

4
 y{b r{_zpcE|Gwzrsnor{_acy{o*r{_az}paytOp{zrtzvaytq cucuap&zcAr{_acayto ~My{CGpzr{zv%a
k3 12 + 22
V = ||k1 (
v3 )
v3
k2 (|| + 3 )2



=

 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2







 

^&_cwavazytb war{zbdr{cOwvqcuavacuptp& y{cEpwrp&y{bk&vC%ip{p{wabdqrtzvZonu} wa}rtzv


tr _acr{zbdc qc.ytzr{zc V = |x| vC%p{_ax zvaZr{_rzrz}pvacur{zcA_ac.v |x| c.a c.cEap cuyrzv
rt_aytcup{_a}YhHytcaytcu z}p{c.novac_Cp
1
2

V = x T (uRe3 + e (x,
t))

fipzvagptp{wabdqr{zvHdvr{_czvacE|Gwzrsnvacartzvp

c4 3
c3
|x|

V |x||u|

+ |x|
m
m

c4 2 
c3
|x|

|x|
1 + (2 + )|x|
m
m

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

p{Zr{_r x zp&w w Yon

c3  1
1
+
2 +
2
m
2

r

2 +

c3 2 41 c4
+
m
m

vozcu*ip{p{wabdqrtzv <ort_acAwavazytb wartzbr{cCwavqcEqvacEp{p pu lqzv.c }z pw w 


rt_acrt_ay{wCpsrgzvaawar u z}pgp{w w ^&_acuvvacKqcEqw.cup&ytbo&rt_r x z}pw w  x b azvzva
zr{_Hip{p{wabdqr{zv.<ar{_az}pzbZzcuprt_r zpp{w w 
e







^&_cizvaZr{cu_vazuc.bdbZzpwCpcEzv%r{_acaytoY^&_ac.y{cub <
   ' (F !* ;%,! M c + c ((c , v ))  (x, t)
ptr ( (x, t))) 0
&E
v R ( (x,
t)
 ^*/up{cupytc vCpz}qc.ytcu 9
z[ x, t)| < M ~MytOc.y{rsn  Grt_ac/ptrtwayr{zvAwavCr{zv p{r zbdazcupr{_r (x, t) =
ptr ( |(x, (t))
Cvr{_acytcup{warpu
zz}M[ | (x, t)| M zr)p ytb YvZr{_ci_az.ch r{_r |x| > (c , v ) ^&_c.v
wCpzvad~MytOc.y{rsn   *rt_acp{r{wayrtzvwvrtzv ptr * qrt_acytc.}r{zvCp ( (x, t)) 1 v
qvacc.rtp
R
v = x x
ptr ( (x, t))) = (1 ( (x, t)))(x x ) (x, t)
v R ( (x,
t)

e,d

e,d

2

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

e,d

(1 (e,d (x,
t)))(x
e,d (x,
t) + v
r |e,d (x,
t)|)

(1 (e,d (x,
t)))(
c4 |x|
3 c2 v
r |x|
2 c3 |x|
c1 v
r )

y{b r{_cqc vzrtzv%rt_acwav r{zv ar{_aczvacu|Gwzrsn

|x|
> (
ci , v
r )

c4 |x|
3 c2 v
r |x|
2 c3 |x|
c1 v
r 0

* GH

zbdazcup

05 ) " (  


 ( 
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^&_owpuqzvacu|Gwzrsn;4E/pu
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~)y{Ccuyrsn
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ytc.bzvpCwavqcEx  bKzvazvaHzr{_ip{p{(t)wabdqrtzv & EG v~)y{Ccuyrsn   rt_acwavC(x,r{zt)v
ptr r{_az}pzbdazcupr{_r ( x, t) zpg}pdOwavacu&gpi vCpcE|wc.v.cqzrpy{b 4rt_r
v ytcic.[qc.vacEvCVOwavacuvaZcu_pnqpr{c.b  p&pwqrtzvY^&_az}p.avaKzr{_r{_ac
u
Owvqcuavacuptp& aprtdacuqw.c~MytOc.y{rsn <rt_az}p&r{_acuytc.b
c rwpvcuprtaz}p{_%~)y{CcuyrsnV ;c_cgrt_rK bZCytcizr{_ Et
p{r ( (x, t)))

v = S()
v ue + R (x,
t) + R ( (x,
t)
^&_c.ytc ytcort_acr{zbdc qc.ytzr{zcr{_c.vCqzr{cnawavadwavCr{zv V qc.vacEGn <&v
rt_acp{nopr{cub  pp{wqr{zvCp&zp&zc.v%Gn
p{r ( ))
V =
v (u + ) + v R (
1

e,d

1,2

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

c.a}.zva
V

1
1
+
||k2

u, 1 , 2



e,d

2
1

1
+ 2
||

e,d

e,d

T S(Re2 )
T S(Re1 )

onr{_acuzyc.qay{cEp{p{zvpzv4.qvcAqrtzvCp

= ||k1 v32 (|| + 3 )

e,d

 
v
+ ||k2 1
v2

k3 12 + 22
+ vT RT (e,d
k2 (|| + 3 )2

ptr

<E

M (e,d ))

(1 (||))
(
1 T S(Re2 ) + 2 T S(Re1 ))

+
||3 k2

[rp/y{bk G&vip{p{wabdqrtzv%Zrt_r
p{r ( (x (t), t)) = (x (t), t)
_c.v M c + c v fgp{zvagptp{wabdqr{zvovacqcEqw cEpr{_r_c.v M > c + c v
ptr
y zvHvacuz_GOyt_aoq wayrt_ac.ytbdytcYp{zv.c
onHpt(p{wabdq(x,r{ zt))vT=vacacuq(wx,.cut)pgy{b x ort_r (||) = 1 zvx Vvacuz_oCy{_aoqH x )|Gw(0,
rtz)v
<uOcu.bdcup
M

e,d

e,d

e,d

2
2 r

e,d

2
2 r

k3 12 + 22
V = ||k1 v32 (|| + 3 )
k2 (|| + 3 )2

v%r{_caytGYq.p{nobdqr{r{z}psrazzrsnay{q.c.cupzcr{_acy{o Y~MytOp{zr{zvTqc.rgwp
v vpz}qcuygrt_ac.p{cK_c.v M c + c ((c , v )) v |(x, t)| , (x, t) Z^&_az}pi}r{r{cuy
.vazrtzvzbdazcupr{_r (||) = 1, (x, t) )^&_c.ytc ytcocE|wCr{zv <ECcE bdcEp
p{r ( ))
k +
V = ||k v (|| + )
+ v R (
1

2
1 3

2
1

2
2

k2 (|| + 3 )2

e,d

e,d



*E

 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

y{bcubdbd < vC <u avcacuqw.cup&rt_r


k3 12 + 22
V ||k1 v32 (|| + 3 )
k2 (|| + 3 )2

y{b _acuy{cor{_acaytoay{q.c.cup&zcAr{_cay{o*~MytOp{zrtzvo



 









 
1 T

1
d
S (
) 2 R S()
=
dt ||
||
||





 T
 2
1
3
1
d
S(Re2 )
1 2
+ 2
1
=
T S(Re1 )
1
dt
||
||
||

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

 egr{crt_r

||

= RT ||

gz c.ytc.vGr{z}rtzvaZrt_azpcu|GwrtzvqvcAc rp

d
dt

||

d
dt

||

hTytc.cuyuGvcA_Cp
^&_owpu

 

T d
= S()R
+R
||
dt ||
 

T d
= S()
+R
||
dt ||
 

1
T d
S(
) + R
=
||
dt ||
T

(||2 I3 T )
S()2
=
3
||
||3


^&_cytpry{cEpwr c.bdbdZz}p&artzvacEonVwCpzva&zv G)^&_cy{cEpwarzpzv%r{wy{vwp{cur{
qrtzv
RT

d
dt

d
dt

3
1
||

||

1
1 T
R S()2 = 3 S(
)RT S()
||3
||



1 T
1 T
) 2 R S()
= e3 S(
||
||



1
1
T

2 1 0 2 S(
=
)R
||
||




 2
 T S(Re2 )
1
1
1 2
+ 3 1 2
=
||
||
1
T S(Re1 )

egrtcirt_rrt_acytzr{zv% 1 + z}p&zvqc.Oc.vCqc.vGrr{_cn vawa}y&c.o.zrsn

3
||

* GH

05 ) " (  


 ( 
  (F'),(







 
0  
0 



 



 

;( ! A
2(!&





 



x = a(t) + b(t)
lim b(t) = 0

 ( (


2(    
!&'%6 ( '
501 6   !0  /01(
$(01
( 50 
), 0x(t)

A ,5)01       (
(%!
a(t)
lim x(t) = c

t+
(), ,+( / (
  ' 

egrtcirt_rrt_ac.pc


 



t+

lim x(t)

= 0

y{ytcup{Ovap/rtrt_ac }ptp{zucuytp{zv &ytr p/c.bdba


b=0

 !

t+

 


2&nrtZac r{cuy{bdzvacAr{_ac vGr{ytOzvp vpz}prtpzv% vpz}qcuy{zvart_acAzvacuy{zur{zvVlonqpr{c.b 1E


.bdac.bdc.vGrtcuzr{_  <F=rr{_ccu|Gwazzaytzwab z = 0, z = 0, x = 0 v = 0 R = I u = g
gyirt_acyrtz.wayAup{c_c.ytcKrt_acdy{c.c.ytc.v.cKrtytscurtytnzpaqcuCzvGrE

=0
vrt_acqcEpzytcunvawa}yicuq zrsn%zpicu|Gwr{.cuy{CvHr{_zpAaOc.vCqzOr{_cGFzvr{=wavamge
zvazp
Oc.y{ytbdcu;yr{_acVOp{zr{zv vGr{ytcuy&~My{CGpzr{zvavr{_acp{bZcdrtcu_avz|GwacaazcEpr{
rt_acrt_ac.y.vGr{ytc.yp.
egcuy&rt_acqcEpzy{cEcE|Gwazzay{zwab p&zc.v%on;45 <u&uv%CcaaytozbrtcuVon
3

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

lqc rrtzv

ic Cvac

ge3 + (h(0) + kz hz (0))


x + h(0)z 2kz z

w := z

vwpzvadrt_ac rrt_r

(s)
s |s=0

=1

qvcqcuqwC cupytb /r{_r

g + (h(0) + kz hz (0))
x3 + gk1 v3 + h(0)z3 + (gk1 2kz )w3
h(0)
k3
3 kz
4g
(h(0) + kz hz (0))
x2 gk2 v2 k34g
z2 (gk2 k2g
)w2 k43 (eT2 RT e3 )
h(0)
x1 + gk2 v1 + k34g
z1 + (gk2 k32gkz )w1 + k43 (eT1 RT e3 )
k4g3 (h(0) + kz hz (0))
0

/v := e R e [r bZcEpytb R = S()R 0 Mv


r
{

_

r
RI
,

fipzvaKr{_acOcAaaytqzbr{zvpuvacgqrtzvp)r{_cgzvKzvacEy&pnqpr{cub _z_zp/r{_cizvcuy
aaytqzbrtzvVr{_c vGrty{cuc.yty{y&p{nqpsrtc.bk E&.bdac.bdc.vGr{cEzr{_  <F=
1 := eT1 RT e3

T
2

=
=
=
=
=
=

w
2kz w + kz hz (0)
x
v
(g1 , g2 , (h(0) + kz hz (0))
x3 gk1 v3 h(0)z3 (gk1 2kz )w3 )T
h(0)
k3
3 kz
4g (h(0) + kz hz (0))
x1 gk2 v1 k34g
z1 (gk2 k2g
)w1 k43 1
h(0)
k3
3 kz
4g
(h(0) + kz hz (0))
x2 gk2 v2 k34g
z2 (gk2 k2g
))w2 k43 2



/<

 
  

!#"$%!&' (*)( +,!.-/,01)'
2

^&_cAy{cE cuazvap{nqpsrtc.buvCcacu bdCGpcEVzvrtdr{_aytc.czvqcuCcuvqc.vGrgp{wap{nqpsrtc.bp


(3 ) :

zi

w i
x i

v
i

(i ) :

z3

w
3
3
x


v3
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=
=

w3
2kz w3 + kz hz (0)
x3
v3
(h(0) + kz hz (0))
x3 gk1 v3 h(0)z3 (gk1 2kz )w3

wi
2kz wi + kz hz (0)
xi
vi
gi
k3
4g
(h(0) + kz hz (0))
xi gk2 vi

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

_p{c_Cyrtc.ytzpr{z}Onovabdz}}pytcizc.v%on

(i = 1, 2)
k3 h(0)
4g zi

(gk2

k3 kz
2g )wi

k3
4 i

P3 () = 4 + (2kz + gk1 )3 + (h(0) + 2gkz k1 + kz hz (0))2


+ (2kz h(0) + gkz hz (0)k1 ) + kz hz (0)h(0)






kz k3
h(0)k3
kz hz (0)k3
k3
4 + g 2 k 2 +
3 + 2g 2 kz k2 +
2
+
Pi () = 5 + 2kz +
4
2
4
4


kz h(0)k3
kz hz (0)h(0)k3
+ g 2 kz hz (0)k2 +
+
2
4

gbdvadbvonVOptpzazzr{zcupuqvc.voyzvpsrv.cqaytq cucu%pp.Y^c
h(0) = 2gk1 kz 4kz2 ,

^&_c.v


k2 =

k1 k3
,
4g

kz <

gk1
2


1
2
P3 () = ( + 2kz ) + gk1 + (2gk1 kz
+ kz hz (0)) + hz (0)(2gk1 kz 4kz )
2



1
k
3
2
3
2
2
4
+ gk1 + (2gk1 kz 4kz + kz hz (0)) + hz (0)(2gk1 kz 4kz )
Pi () = ( + 2kz ) +
4
2
3

4kz2

n;rtGzva 2k < gk Yvacqrzvpon az}.r{zv &rt_ac%wqrt_q6Bgwaytzrt ytzrtc.ytzvr{_rZ


ty orp P ()
_cvac.Grtzcy{cE*y{rtpug^&_acd bZcubZcuvGrtytnOptp{zazzrsnM_CGzvaytGrtp
 P () ytcuvac.Gr{zcvcE|Gwcuapr{_aop{c k , k , h (0) pp

3
k =
, k = , h (0) =
g
zr{_ qcuvartzvaTvy{zrtyty{nHOp{zrtzcvowabKOc.yEVer{cdr{_Cr h(0) = 2 v k = zv
rt_az}p.pcMivcAqrtzvCp
z

2
0

P3 () = ( + 0 )4


k3
4
3
Pi () = ( + 0 ) + ( + 0 )
4

* GH

30 k3
4g 2

05 ) " (  


 ( 
  (F'),(



;( ! A
2(!&





^&_c.vzrMpwa.cuprt_GGpc p{w_r{_r
zvZyqc.yr{Ac.r r{_ac&ytGrtp vacuyr{_aGpc
 P () := ( + ) +k  M^&_cAGzkvp k 4 k k h (0) h(0) wp{cuy&rt_aPc()
pzbKwr{zvp
lqcurtzv_cCcuc.vH..war{cEzr{_ = 0.8 v k = 12.8
i

 

3
k3
4












 

[ rYz}pYptpwbZcErt_r rt_acy{cEpwrvGr*yt.c F  cuy{qqnovbZz}Yyt.cupYaazcEprMiOzvGr P qc.vacE


on k gc.vac v := v v  _aGpccurtyY.Gytazvr{cEp c qaytcuptpcEKzvdr{_acgp{zp
rt_acGPOoa=n40.05
aqcuybdc B zp
ae

inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

ve = vP vf = (v + 0.05[1 , 2 , 0]T ) RT x f

c r
v


qc.vr{cTr{_acpwab zrvqyyt.cupu D r{_ac;bZbdc.vGr{wab qyC&v F :=


rt_acKytcup{wartvGryt.c zr{_ F v D qc.var{zvaVrt_acKcu r{yiM oytqzvr{cupg F
c.qay{cEp{p{cuzvrt_acpz}p&r{_acc._az} cup pytbZc av r{_accurty oytqzvr{cup
c qaytcuptpcEVzv%r{_acpz}p&*r{_aczvacuyrtzytbZc I Bvac_p F

Fa

F a + Dm

Dm

F ae

ae

ae

Fae = R(Fa + Dm )

y&rt_acpzbKwr{zvpc_cAwp{cu
Fa,i = k1e
Fa,3 =

e
2 + v2 v
ve,1
e,2 e,i k2 |ve |ve,i ,

2
k3e (ve,1

2
ve,2
)

i = 1, 2

k4e |ve,3 |ve,3

 zr{_ k = 0.13, k = 0.03, k = 0.03, k = 0.005 7iv D = 0.28p|T |v zrt_ T


rt_acrt_aytwpsriy c  pzvGr{cuvpzrsnA^&_acrty|wczvCqw cEHon%r{_acc or{cuy{vyt.cup_pOc.cuv;..wa}r{cE
..yqzvKrt
e
1

e
2

e
3

e
4

Mae = 0.05S(e3)RT Fae



inria-00258092, version 2 - 28 Feb 2008

Unit de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis


2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Futurs : Parc Club Orsay Universit - ZAC des Vignes
4, rue Jacques Monod - 91893 ORSAY Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Lorraine : LORIA, Technople de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique
615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-ls-Nancy Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rhne-Alpes : 655, avenue de lEurope - 38334 Montbonnot Saint-Ismier (France)
Unit de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

diteur
INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

  


  

ISSN 0249-6399

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