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Qu significa?
Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (abbreviated as
CRISPR, pronounced crisper)/ repeticiones palindrmicas cortas agrupadas y
regularmente interespaciadas
Que son?
Son loci de ADN que contienen repeticiones cortas de secuencias de bases.
Tras cada repeticin siguen segmentos cortos de "ADN espaciador" proveniente
de exposiciones previas a un virus. Se encuentran en aproximadamente el 40%
de los genomas bacterianos y en el 90% de los genomas secuenciados de las
arqueas. Con frecuencia se hallan asociados con los genes cas, que codifican
para protenas nucleasas relacionadas con los CRISPR.
Qu tcnica se usa?
CRISPR es una regin del ADN procariota que consiste de unidades repetidas
espaciadas por secuencias variadas de origen externo, formando un mdulo
que puede llegar a tener ms de cien unidades espaciador+repeticin. Bien,
este mdulo se transcribe a ARN, y ese ARN largo luego ser procesado
(cortado) para dejar pequeos ARNs que contienen el espaciador y un cachito
Cas 9
Jennifer
Doudna
and
Emmanuelle Charpentier had independently been exploring CRISPR-associated
proteins to learn how bacteria use spacers in their immune defenses.[37] They
jointly studied a simpler CRISPR system that relies on a protein called Cas9.
They found that bacteria respond to an invading phage by transcribing spacers
and palindromic DNA into a long RNA molecule. The cell then uses tracrRNA
and Cas9 to cut this long RNA molecule into pieces called crRNAs.
Cas9 is a nuclease, an enzyme specialized for cutting DNA. It has two active
cutting sites (HNH and RuvC), one for each strand of the DNA's double helix.
The team demonstrated that they could disable one or both sites while
preserving Cas9's ability to home in on its target DNA. In 2012, a group
including both Doudna and Charpentier combined tracrRNA and spacer RNA
into a "single-guide RNA" molecule that, mixed with Cas9, could find and cut
the correct DNA targets. Their study proposed that such synthetic guide RNAs
could be used for gene editing.
Referencias:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975014001931
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906146
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6213/1258096