PAINTS AND COATINGS

PAINT
A fluid suspension applied thinly to the
surface of objects for the purpose of
decoration, protection or preservation.

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 protects and prolongs the life of the surface

that has been painted [as wall surfaces tend to
chip and crack, metals corrode, while wooden
items get bruised and get old]
Painting also enhances the visual appeal the
surface and surroundings .
Hides defects and flaws

Why
paint?

PAINT INGREDIENTS AND QUALITY

In general all paints appear similar in looks but
there are certain differences which define their
QUALITY

Basic paint ingredients can

comprise of:

Solvents
Pigments
Resins
Additives
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 Solvents(also called carriers) are the liquids that transport the

pigments and resins from the brush or roller onto the wall. In latex
paint the main solvent is water; in oil-based paint its primarily
mineral spirits. These evaporate as the paint dries.
Pigmentsare finely ground particles that give paint its opacity
and ability to hide the surface its applied to
Resins(or binders) are the ingredients that hold the pigments
and colorants in place after the paint dries
Additivesare the chemicals that affect everything from mildew
resistance to workability.

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High Quality vs. Low Quality

Quality of paints:
SOLVENTS
High-quality painthas more total solids (pigments
plus resins) and fewer solvents than lower-quality
paint. So while the two may go on with the same
thickness, when the solvents evaporate, a high-quality
paint leaves a thicker, tougher paint film.

Low-quality painthas fewer solids and more

solvents. Once the solvents evaporate, the thinner
paint film left behind is less durable and doesnt cover as
well. Youll spend more time and money repainting to
achieve the performance of a high-quality paint.
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http://www.familyhandyman.com/painting/high-qualitypaint/view-all

PIGMENTS AND RESINS

High-quality paint has better

pigments, so it hides better
AND
High-quality paint has better resins
so it sticks better and lasts longer

Better Pigments Mean

Better Coverage
The pigments in the
high-quality paint on
the left are smaller
and purer, so they do
a better job of filling
in and blocking the
color of the surface
theyre applied over

Better Resins
Means Better
Adhesion
The resins in the
high-quality paint
are smaller and
better able to cling
to each other and
penetrate the
surface they're
applied to. This
High-quality
paint has better resins so it sticks better and lasts longer
means
a stronger,
Resinssometimes called bindersare the plastic-like
longer-lasting
paint
ingredients in paint that bind together to create a film,
film.
encapsulating the pigments
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Glossy paints:
contain more resins and less pigment than flat paint;
its the resins that make a glossy paint glossy.
But a high-quality gloss paint will
havemoreresins than a low-quality gloss paint, and
those resins will behigher quality. Since resins are
the most expensive component in any paint, highquality paint with high-quality resins is more
expensive.
SHEEN is determined by the ratio of binders to
pigments:
Flat paint has more pigment and less resin;
glossy paint has less pigment and more resin.

But paint sheen aside, high-quality paints

will have morecombined solids(pigments
and resins) and less water than inexpensive
paints.

ADDITIVES
improves application and protective qualities
high-quality paints contain more or better additives
EXAMPLES:

Thickeners: slightly slow down and smooth out your brush stroke
so you leave an even, thick coat of pain
Surfactants: help paint soak into the wood and adhere better as
well as help stabilize the color and viscosity of paint.
Mildewcide: limit mildew growth after the paint has been applied
(at least for a few years).

PROPERTIES OF GOOD PAINTS :

The main properties of a good paint are as follows:
It should give a thin and uniform coating.
It should be hard and durable on drying.
The painted surface should not crack on drying.
It should be resistant to weathering and corrosive action.
It should be water-repellent (except water paints).
It should have good spread.
It should have good adhesive power. It should give a good
finish with attractive colour, design and appearance.
The colours should be fast and permanent.
It should be cheap and economical.

FINISH PAINTS
The two types of paints used: ALKYDS AND LATEX

Alkyd solvent based (oil based)

The term "Oil based" is used to refer to paints that have a
linseed oil or Alkyd base. 'Alkyd" is a synthetic oil base.
These paints require a solvent such as mineral spirits for
thinning and clean up. Oil or Alkyd based paints are almost
exclusively considered "enamels" due to their hard durable
gloss or semigloss finish and are typically used for coating
windows, doors, and woodwork trim. ( color will yellow or
darken over time )
The term "Enamel" is normally associated with paints that
have some gloss to the finish. Enamels are formulated with
higher concentrations of resin as they are intended to be
http://www.hytechsales.com/howtopaint/paint_types.html
subjected to more wear and tear.

http://painterforum.com/types.htm

Latex - water based

provides an excellent finish, while being an easier
paint to use. Latex paint cleans up with soap and
water, dries quickly, has less odor, is nonflammable, easy to touch up, they remain more
flexible and allow moisture to evaporate through the
film thus reducing blistering, cracking and peeling.
Inexpensive latex paints use softer vinyl resins
(binders) and more water in the formulation while
the more durable of the latex paints use 100%
acrylic resins and less water

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Types of coating products

PRIMER
This is a base or first coating put on materials before painting.
Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases
paint durability, and provides additional protection for the material
being painted.
Different types of surfaces and different types of paints required
different types of prime
Primers seal the surface off and provide a "tooth" for the finish
paint, they are used on bare wood and metal, previously painted
surfaces that have been repaired or are in poor condition, ( flaking,
peeling), or if the existing surface is to be painted with a new color
that is much darker or lighter than the existing.
Primers/Sealers are also used block out stains like water stains,
crayon, smoke, soot, ink and on woods that will bleed through a
paint coating, e.g., cedar or redwood.
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EMULSION
high quality formed by mixing oil/water and an emulsifying agent to
prevent the combination separating.
Easily applied and washable
both interior and exterior emulsion paints exist

Matt emulsionis smooth, velvety and helps to hide

imperfections on less-than-perfect walls.
Flat matt emulsionis even more velvety and because matt
surfaces don't reflect light, they make all colours look as
similar as they can be in very different light conditions. Flat
matt works wonders on deeper shades, too.
DISTEMPER

Durable and economical

water based
Comprises of colouring agents, chalk and lime.
Used for decades and still are excellent budget painting solutions. Even
the distempers now used are more varied and have special properties

https://www.dulux.co.uk/en/decorating-tips-and-advice/dr-dulux-paintfinishes-explained
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ENAMEL
These are hard, washable and usually glossy paints.
They can be oil based or alkyd based
Applied on metal surfaces, interior walls and wooden
surfaces.
The term "Enamel" is normally associated with paints
that have some gloss to the finish. Enamels are
formulated with higher concentrations of resin as they
are intended to be subjected to more wear and tear.
come in several sheens, from eggshell or low-lustre to
satin, semi-gloss and high-gloss.

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LEVELS of GLOSS:
The sheen of a paint is the amount of light reflected by the surface of a paint
finish.
There are four basic sheens: flat, satin, semi gloss and gloss.

SatinandSilkare 'mid-sheen' finishes, which means they look

like a slightly polished surface and reflect a bit of light. Silk is a
finish associated with walls and satin for woodwork.
Eggshellhas less of a sheen than silk or satin and it does look
like the surface of an eggshell (the clue's in the name). It sits
somewhere between matt and a silk finish and gives a beautiful
classic look to woodwork and can also be used on walls when
you want a heritage style look with a tough finish.
https://www.dulux.co.uk/en/decorating-tips-and-advice/dr-dulux-paintfinishes-explained
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Flat Paints
Matte finish with non-reflective properties
helps in hiding surface imperfections,
and is normally used for ceilings and walls in areas not subjected to a lot of wear and
Satin Finish also know as eggshell finish,
provides a soft luster sheen similar to that of an eggshell.
A satin finish provides a harder surface finish which is more durable and more stain resistant
than a flat finish.
This durability makes satin paint a good choice for walls in high activity areas.
Semi gloss Paints
are very durable, they are easier to clean, and are more stain resistant than satin finish paints.
Semi gloss paints are most often used on heavy wear surfaces or areas that are frequently
cleaned such as kitchens and bathrooms. Semi gloss paint is also used on wood trim and
cabinets.
Gloss Paint
Glossis a shiny finish designed for woodwork and it reflects lots of light
is a harder, more durable, more stain resistant paint finish.
It is easier to clean than all the other paint finishes.
Gloss finishes generally make surface imperfections more noticeable.
Gloss finishes are the best choice for heavy wear areas like kitchens, bathrooms, furniture and
cabinets, floors, stairs, handrails, high traffic doors and trim.

WOOD FINISHES
These are different from the usual wall paints and are
formulated specifically for application on wooden surfaces.
They have better capacity of adhering to the wooden surfaces
and enhancing the appeal of the wooden textures.
These include wood sealers, varnishes, preservatives etc

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PUTTY
These base coats applied to walls before painting;
they provide a protective layer for the expensive paint.
Putties are generally non-hygroscopic and resist moisture giving more life
to the painting surfaces.
Not only do they provide smooth surfaces by levelling undulations, cracks
etc but also are helpful in increasing the coverage of the paints applied.

ALUMINIUM PAINT
These are paints containing Aluminium blended in a resin base.
Despite its name, aluminium paint is actually used to paint a variety of
materials, including metals, wood, and masonry.
It is long-lasting and durable, and is one of the best types of paint to use
around oil, grease, and chemicals.
The painted surface offers realistic aluminium finishes, and is highly
resistant to rust and corrosion.
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TEXTURED PAINTS:
Texture paints are used to create to desired visual effects on the
walls.
Usually applied by brushes, rollers, putty knives, trowels and other
applications resulting in a variety of patterns.
Other paints can be applied on the textures to create desired
effects. Sometimes, texture paints are tinted prior to application,
giving the desired colour. Texture paints also help in covering
undulations and levelling surfaces.

CEMENT PAINTS:
It is a special paint coatings made for masonry and cement-based
materials, including concrete, mortar (and brick), concrete block
and stucco.
Not only it adds to the aesthetics of the wall but also provides a
waterproofing coating and can supplement the role of putty.
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Painting process:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Clean the surface (walls) - Remove dust, dirt, and grease spots
(which can ruin a smooth finish) with water, a little mild
dishwashing detergent, and a cellulose sponge. Rinse walls with
clean water to remove the soap residue.
Fill uneven surfaces gaps etc with putty
Mask the windows/door frames or any surface not to be painted
using a masking tape remove the tape before wall dries
When the walls are completely dry, tape where the trim meets
the wall. Paint the moldings and the door and window frames
Use primer paint
Apply one coat of paint via Roller or Brush
Check for uneven surfaces
Apply second coat (as needed)
Apply paint with brush to those areas where roller cannot reach

CLASSIFICATION OF
PAINTS:
Paints in common use are
classified as:
source: Unknown (26-31)

(1) Oil Paints:

The oil paints are very widely and commonly used for
painting wooden and metallic surfaces in all kinds of
engineering, industrial and other decorative works. In
these paints various oils like linseed oil, poppy oil and
castor oil etc are used as carrier. These paints are
available in different colours and under different trade
names. While using these paints it is proper to give
two to three coatings so as to obtain good results.

(2) Plastic Paints:

In addition to other ingredients this paint
contains the requisite amount of plastic. That is
why; all such paints are known as plastic paints.
Plastic paints are used wherever high class work
is required, such as sophisticated buildings,
show-rooms, theatres and auditoriums. They can
be easily applied on the plastered walls.

(3)Cement Paints:
The cement paint essentially consists of White
Cement (about 70%), Hydrated Lime (about 15%),
Pigments (about 5 to 8%), Sodium or Calcium
chloride as the hygroscopic salts (about 5%) and
small amount of about 1% aluminium. These paints
are made available in powder form. Water is added
to the paint just before use. It is necessary to mix
the paint from time to time while using it. The
plastered surface to be painted, like walls etc are
first made wet. As the painted surface dries, water is
again sprinkled over it for proper setting of the paint.
Cement paints mainly used over the plastered
surfaces.

(4) Bituminous Paints:

Bituminous paints are prepared by dissolving

bitumen in petroleum or other solvent oil. These
black coloured paints leave hard, tough and
elastic surfaces. These are highly resistant to
water and are specially used for submerged iron
and steel structures.

(5) Water Paints:

A water paint is the mixture of pigment, binder,
drier and water (the carrier). Casein is the most
common binder used in these paints. A variety of
pigments are used to obtain different colours.
These paints are cheap, easily workable and also
washable when properly set. They also give a
good finish and are suitable for the inside walls.

(6) Distemper Paints:

Distemper consists of chalk (finely powdered),
pigment and glue (animal glue). These are in powder
form and available in a large variety of attractive
shades. Sometimes these are available in the form of
paste also (with the addition of linseed oil). These
are mixed with water at the time of use and applied
on the plastered surfaces (like walls, ceilings etc)
with brushes. These may be considered as superior
quality water paints. However they give a better
finish and are long lasting. They are suitable for
high-class interior decorative finishing work on the
walls and ceilings of all kinds of buildings.