Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
Intelligence
Chapters 9-11,13
Psychology
Critical
Vocabulary
Classical Conditioning
A learning procedure in which
associations are made
between a natural stimulus
and a neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
Social Learning
Form of
learning in
which the
organism
observes,
explores, and
imitates the
behavior of
Cognition
Cognition is the
scientific term for
"the process of
thought".
Thought depends
on several
processes &
components:
Short-term Memory
Memory that is limited in
capacity to about seven items
for a short period of time
Sensory Memory
Very brief memory storage
immediately following initial
stimulation of a receptor
Long-term Memory
Refers to the storage of
information in the human
mind over extended periods
of time
Recall
The type of memory retrieval in
which a person reconstructs
previously learned material
without the aid of or with very
few external cues
E.g.What year was the
Declaration of Independence
written?
Recognition
The type of memory retrieval
in which a person is required
to identify an object, idea, or
situation as one he or she has
experienced before
E.g.What year was the
Declaration of Independence
written? A. 1774 B. 1776 C.
Language
A system of communication
that involves using rules to
make and combine symbols
in ways that produce
meaningful words and
sentences
Creativity
The ability to use information,
invent new solutions to
problems, or create original
and ingenious materials
Learning
A Relatively permanent change in
behavior that results from
experience
1)Inferred from a change in behavior or
performance
2)Results in an inferred change in
memory
3)The result of experience
4)Relatively permanent
Classical Conditioning
Mental associations are made
between a natural stimulus and a
neutral stimulus
Associating one stimulus with another
In classical conditioning a persons or an
animals OLD response becomes
attached to a NEW stimulus
Classical Conditioning
IVAN PAVLOVDoes the name Pavlov
ring a bell??
While studying the digestive patterns
of dogs, Pavlov noticed that just the
sight and smell of food made the
dogs salivate, so he began to study
this and theorized CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning
Pavlovs Dogs:
A tuning fork is struck
Food/meat powder is placed on the
dogs tongue
Dogs salivate
Repeat several times
Tuning fork is stuck
Dogs begin salivating at just the sound
of the bell with out the presence of the
food
Pavlovs Dogs
Classical Conditioning
General Principles:
N: A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response,
but can cause a formally unrelated response
UCS: an event that elicits a certain, predictable
response without previous training
UCR: an organisms natural or automatic response
to a stimulus
REFLEXES!!!
Classical Conditioning
How does an animal or person
acquire a conditioned response??
A CS is paired with an UCS multiple
times so that the CR is acquired and
strengthened
of
e
h
T IO N L
T IC A I
A
U SS ION
Q
E L A IT
C ND G
CO N
N + UCS = UCR
CS + UCS = CR
Classical Conditioning
Sooo.how then were Pavlovs Dogs
conditioned???
UCS
CS
UCR
CR
Presentatio
n of the
food or
meat
powder
The Tuning
fork or bell
Salivation:
food
causes the
dogs to
salivate
regardless
of any
conditionin
g
The dogs
hear a bell
and
instantly
salivate
Classical Conditioning
Common Conditional Responses:
(1)N + UCS =
UCR
Fear of
Sound of Drilling
the
the Drill into
Dentists
Teeth
Drill
Tension/
Pain
Advertisi
ng
Slogan/
Song
Catchy
Jingle or
Slogan
Product
Loathing
for the
Police
Flashing
Police
Lights
Speeding
Ticket
(2)CS + UCS=
Sound of
Drill/Sigh
t of
Dentist
CR
Drill into
Teeth
Hear
Drill/See
Dentist,
Feel
Tension
and Pain
Favorable Catchy
Feeling
Jingle or
Slogan
Product
Hear
Song or
Slogan,
Get a
Favorable
Feeling
Anger/Fe
ar
Speeding
Ticket
See
Flashing
lights, fell
anger
and fear
Flashing
Police
Lights
Classical Conditioning
If I am trying to condition sayMY
STUDENTS, how can I create the strongest
association between the CS and the
UCS?!?!
The Strongest associations are made when
the UCS is presented second before the
UCR
WHY?!
Classical Conditioning
Say you wake up daily to the same
alarm sound on your phone daily
this sound soon becomes very
unpleasant and brings about a
feeling of dread. What happens when
you hear a similar sound throughout
the day?
You shutter and have that same feeling
of unpleasant dread
GENERALIZATION
Classical Conditioning
Generalization: An animal responds to a
second stimulus similar to the original
CS without prior training with the
second stimulus
EX. Pavlovs tests with circles and ovals
Can you think of ways this process is
used in everyday life?!
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus DISCRIMINATION: the
ability of an animal to respond
differently to different stimuliThe
process that occurs if two stimuli are
sufficiently distinct from one another
that one evokes a conditioned
response but the other does not
EXAMPLES?!
Classical Conditioning
If a response can be learned or
conditioned, can it become EXTINCT?!
YESEXTINCTION occurs when the CS is
presented over time without the UCS
causing a Disappearance of the CR
Can it come back?! YES Spontaneous
Recovery: when a CR has become extinct,
it does not mean it is completely gone, it
may reappear but NOT at its original
strength
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning and Human
Behavior:
1)Emotional Responses
2)Fear Responses
3)Taste Aversions
Little Albert
By: John Watson
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
How are we
Classically
Conditioned in our
Everyday lives?!
Classical Conditioning in TV
The Office
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZf
MIHwSkU
Super Size Me
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpR
QhVd63Y8
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Learning in which a
certain action is reinforced or punished,
resulting in corresponding increases or
decreases in occurrence
How to control ones environment to elicit a
reward or avoid a punishment
Learning from the consequences of
Behavior!
Will the subject operate or respond the
same way in the future??
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
The study of how
VOLUNTARY behavior
is affected by its
consequences
Learner operates on
their environment
NO stimulus
Learning from the
consequences of behavior
choices
Operant Conditioning
REINFORCEMENT: Stimulus or event
that follows a response and increases
the likelihood that the response will
be repeated
Positive
Negative
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Occurs when
Occurs when
something the
something
animal wants is
Unpleasant is
ADDED after the TAKEN AWAY or
action
AVOIDED if the
animal performs
the action
Teach a dog a
trick with treats!
Punish a dog with
Operant Conditioning
BEHAVIOR
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcemen
t
CHANGED
Behavior
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
1950
Operant Conditioning
Primary
Reinforcers
Secondary
One
Reinforcers
that has been
paired with a
primary reinforcer
Satisfies a
and through
biological need
classical
Hunger
conditioning has
Thirst
acquired value and
reinforced
Sleep
MONEY
MORE EXAMPLES?!?!
What is a reinforcer for one person is not
necessarily the same for another person
Operant Conditioning
WOLF
to get food,
CHIMP-O-MAT
chimps must 1st get a
poker chip to place in
a slot to get food.
Soon chimps begin to
save, spend, and steal
chips like humans do
with money
Poker chips as a
Secondary Reinforcer
Operant
Conditioning
Continuous
Reinforcement
Schedule
Behavior that is
reinforced EVERY
time it occurs
To get the best
behavior
reinforcement
every time
Quick extinction is
the reinforcement
stops
**Reinforcement
is
dependent on
Partial
Positive
behavior
Reinforcement
occurs
only
Schedule
intermittently
Acquired more
slowly, but more
persistent
Behavior lasts
longer
Animals respond
differently to each
Partial
reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Schedules of ReinforcementThe
Fixed-Ratio:Skinner
behavior isBox
reinforced after a
set number of responses
Food given after a fixed number of responses
Operant Conditioning
FIXED RATIO: getting paid per jobs
done; sell this much, get this much; 5
fouls= ejection from basketball
VARIABLE RATIO: slot machines;
telemarketingnever know when
response will happen next; the more
you try, the more you get
Operant Conditioning
Fixed-Interval: test cycle of 9 week
course about one test per week:
study really hard right before the
test, but not as much afterwards;
pay-check cycle
Variable-Interval: calling a friend,
but getting a busy signal and calling
back until they answer; Slow, but
Steady
Operant Conditioning
INTERVAL SCHEDULES = TIME
RATIO SCHEDULES = # of
RESPONSES
Variable Less extinction; most
human relationships reinforced this
way
Operant Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
OPERANT CONDITIONING
PUNISHMENT
An unpleasant consequence occurs after a
behavior, decreasing the frequency of the
behavior
Behavior that is punished decreases or is NOT
repeated
CONS: 1) unwanted side effects 2) avoidance
of punisher 3) may only suppress, but not
diminish behavior 4) must be paired with
positive coaching and modeling to truly work
Operant Conditioning
Negative
Reinforcement
1. Unpleasant stimulus
2. Removal of
unpleasant stimulus
EX: Loud noise in study
area, move to a new
study area and from
now on avoid the loud
place
Punishment
1. Introducing an
unpleasant stimulus
EX: shocking
2. Withholding a
pleasant stimulus
EX: Not allowed to have
dessert
Operant Conditioning
What are some reasons to
avoid punishment situations,
and instead rely on positive
reinforcement?
Operant Conditioning
How could a therapist using
classical or operant
conditioning help cigarette
smokers quit smoking?
Operant Conditioning
Describe two TV or radio
commercials and how they
use classical or operant
conditioning.
Social Learning
Social Learning: The 3rd type of
Learning
What are the 1st and 2nd?
Explain them!
Social Learning
Social Learning, consisting of
cognitive learning and modeling,
involves how people make decisions
and act upon the information
available to them
Social learning is the Process of
altering behavior by observing and
imitating the behavior of others
Social Learning
The Bobo Doll
Albert BANDURAs
experiment with
modeling
An adult modeled extreme
aggression towards the
doll, and when left alone
the children who
observed this did as well
Social Learning
BOBO DOLL
Bandura
http://video.goog
le.com/videoplay?
docid=-4586465813
762682933#
Social Learning
There are 2 types of Social Learning
Cognitive Learning
Modeling
Social Learning
Cognitive Learning: is a form of
altering behavior that involves
mental processes and may result
from observation or imitation
How our brain and biological makeup
enables us to learn
Social Learning
Edward Tomlins Cognitive
Map of Mazes
A rat was placed in a maze
with food at the opposite
side, the rat began to
learn how to take the
quickest path to the food
every time, even when the
route was altered.
The rat had developed a
cognitive map of the maze
Social Learning
Cognitive Maps
A mental picture of
spatial
relationships or
relationships
between events
What do you have a
cognitive map of?!
Draw on your
COGNITIVE MAP of
Marcus to draw a
physical map with a
partner!
Social Learning
Behavioralism deals mostly with
OBSERVABLE behavior, however
LATENT LEARNING is learning that is NOT
demonstrated by an immediate, observable
change in behavior
This is learning that may occur in the
absence of reinforcement, but is only seen
when a reinforcer is present.EXAMPLES?!
Social Learning
Think back to Operant Conditioning,
learning is based on our reactions
to the consequences of our
behaviorsWhat if however, our
actions and behaviors have no
effect? What would happen to our
behavior?
Social Learning
Learned Helplessness [Laziness]: a
condition in which repeated attempts
to control a situation fail, resulting in
the belief that the situation is
uncontrollable
If rewards come without effort, a
person never learns to work!
Social Learning
Social Learning
1) StabilityHelplessness that results from a
permanent characteristic
1) TemporaryI did bad because I was tiered
2) StableI always do bad
Social Learning
MODELINGThe 2nd type of Social
Learning
Modeling is learning by imitating
others; copying behavior
3 types: Modeling, Observable
Learning, and Disinhibition
Social Learning
3 Types of Modeling Wall Chart:
In 3 groups, we will create a chart that
illustrates the three types of
Modeling
Define the type, give an example, and
demonstrate it
Social Learning
Modeling the behavior of others
simply increases the chances that we
will do the same thing
No new learning is really occurring,
we just use old responses in new
situations based on trends, peers,
etc.
Social Learning
OBSERVABLE LEARNING imitation;
watch someone do something and
then you are able to reproduce it
again when you could not before
Each person is affected differently by
their observationsviolent
games/movies elicit different
responses from different kids
Social Learning
DISINHIBITIONwhen an observer
watches someone else engage in a
threatening activity without
punishment, the observer may find it
easier to engage in that behavior
later
How can this be both good and bad?!
FLASHBULB
MEMORY
9/11/01
Where were you? What were you doing?
Memory
What is Memory??
Memory
Memory
Encoding: using the sense to remember
information: ACOUSTIC CODES, VISUAL
CODES, SEMANTIC CODES
Storage: maintaining info over time;
information can be stored for a life time
or just a few seconds depending on the
effort put into encoding it
Retrieval: bringing the stored info back
to mind
CENTRAL PROCESSING
Sensory Storage-information is held for a
second or two.
Short term memory-information is kept in
the mind as long as you repeat it. [limited
in capacity]
A. rehearsal-repeat information to keep in
memory.
B. chunking-organize information into a
collection or categorymakes it easier to
remember
Mnemonics: Chunking
phone
number
sequence of
4-7-1-1-3-24 would be
chunked
into 4711324
Mnore Mnemonics
Music Mnemonics: singing your A-B-Cs!
Name Mnemonics: ROY G. BIV = colors of the spectrum
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.)
Expression or Word Mnemonics: Parentheses, Exponents,
Multiply, Divide, Add, and Subtract = Please Excuse My
Dear Aunt Sally.
Model Mnemonic:
Memory
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
WORKING
MEMORY
Memory
thinking
Changing and
reorganizing
information
stored in
memory to
create new
information
image
A visual representation of an
event or object
symbol
An abstract
unit of
thought
that
represents
an object
or quality
concept
Label for a class
of objects or
events that have
at least one
attribute in
common
Justice
prototype
A
representati
ve example
of a concept
rule
A statement
of relation
between
concepts
Do unto
others as you
would have
them do unto
3 Kinds of Thinking:
1) Metacognition
2) Convergent Thinking
3) Divergent Thinking
metacognition
The
awareness of
ones own
cognitive
processes;
thinking
about your
Convergent thinking
A systematic
The
and logical
attempt to
reach a
specific goal
or answer;
aka
Answer
Divergent thinking
Free flow of
thoughts
with no
particular
plan and
depends
more on
Algorithm v. Heuristics
PROBLEM SOLVING
STRATEGIES
algorithm
A step-bystep
procedure
for solving a
problem
heuristic
A rule-ofthumb
problemsolving
strategy
When I hitch-hike for a
ride, I try to stay near busy
OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM
SOLVING
Mental set
A habitual
strategy or
pattern of
problemsolving
Functional fixedness
The inability
to imagine
new
functions for
familiar
objects
I need something to
pick open the door. . .
CREATIVITYENHANCING
PROBLEM SOLVING
creativity
The capacity
to use
information
and/or
abilities in a
new and
original way
flexibility
The ability to
overcome
rigidity in
thinking
recombination
Mentally
rearranging
the elements
of a problem
to arrive at
an original
solution
insight
The sudden
realization of
the solution
to a
problem;
aha!
Eureka!
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
language
The communication of ideas
through symbols and sounds
that are arranged according
to rules
phoneme
An
individual
sound that
is a basic
structural
element of
language
syntax
Language rules that govern
how words can be combined
to form meaningful phrases
and sentences
semantics
The study of meaning in
language