Nozzle Loads On Machinery

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NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY
CONTENTS
1.
PRESENTATION OBJECTIVE
2.
3.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT NOZZLE LOADS
4.
ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

a) ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS
b) MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS
5.
EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
6.
EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING PUMP
7.
EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
8.
SHOWCASE FROM SIP PROJECTS
9.
DATA PIPING LOOKING FROM MAPAF
10. FACTS TO REMEMBER

11. CONCLUSION
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1. PRESENTATION OBJECTIVE
To establish a more realistic allowable nozzle

loads applied on Machinery from connected
Piping and to balance or trade off Machinery
costs
against
piping
engineering
and
material costs.
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2. NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Nozzle loads are the net forces and moments exerted on
Machinery nozzles from the weight and thermal expansion of
connected piping and equipment.
The loads exerted on nozzles are directly related to how the
equipment and piping are supported.
Increased nozzle loads are a cause of misalignment and
increased wear and vibration rates in Machinery.
The layout and support of the piping will affect the forces and
moments exerted on the Machinery.
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3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT NOZZLE LOADS
Temperature
Affects expansion of piping/equipment
Pressure
Affects pipe stiffness (more pressure = thicker pipe). High pressure means
thick walled piping and greatly reduced flexibility
Piping Layout requirements

Valves at grade or overhead, Maintenance access, etc
Support Locations
Machinery Baseplate Design
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4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS PUMPS
S.No
Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pump
Positive
Displacement
Pumps
Reciprocating
Positive
Displacement
Pumps
Controlled
Volume
Positive
Displacement
PumpsRotary
Machinery Standard
Allowable Nozzle Loads
API 610 11Ed 2010
Suction <= 16,

16 As per API 610, Table 5 - Nozzle loading force as a
function of flange size. Annex F gives methods of qualifying nozzle
loads in excess of those in Table 5.
Suction > 16,
16 As per API 610, Item 6.5.3, the Vendor shall submit
allowable nozzle loads corresponding to the format in Table 5.
API 674 3Ed 2010

ERR2 2015
As per API 674, Item 6.6, The Vendor shall specify, in the quotation,
the magnitude of forces and moments which may be applied,
simultaneously, to the inlet and outlet connections at the rated
operating conditions.
Pumps shall be designed for satisfactory performance if subjected to
the forces and moments in Table 6.
API 675 3Ed 2012

ERR2 2015
As per API 675, Annex D, Controlled Volume Pump Vendor Drawing and
Data Requirements, VDDR Notes, D.1Pump, Ref. Description
1 Certified dimensional outline drawing and list of connections,
including the following:
g. Allowable forces and moments for suction and discharge nozzles.
API 676 3Ed 2009
As per API 676, Item 6.7.1, The vendor shall specify, in the quotation,
the magnitude of forces and moments which may be applied,
simultaneously, to the inlet and outlet connections at the rated
operating conditions. As a minimum, the pump inlet and outlet
connections must be capable of withstanding the limits indicated in
Table 2.
For pumps with connection sizes not indicated in Table 2, the inlet and
outlet nozzles shall be capable of withstanding forces and moments
from external piping determined by the following formulas:
Fx = 13D, Mx = 7D, Fy = 13D My = 7D, Fz = 13D, Mz = 7D
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ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS PUMPS
S.No
Machinery Type
Liquid Ring
Vacuum Pumps
Sealless
Centrifugal
Pumps
Machinery Standard
API 681 1Ed 1996
As per API 681, Item 2.4, The manufacturer shall specify the maximum
allowable external forces and moments that the vacuum pump casing
will withstand. These shall be at least equal to the values calculated in
accordance with NEMA SM-23. The allowable forces and moments shall
be shown on the outline drawing.
API 685 2Ed 2011
As per API 685, Item 6.4.1, Horizontal pumps and their baseplates, and
vertical inline pumps with supports anchored to the foundation shall be
designed for satisfactory performance if subjected to the forces and
moments in Table 4 applied simultaneously to both suction and
discharge nozzles in the worst case combination for the pump in
question. For horizontal pumps, two effects of nozzle loads are
considered: distortion of the pump casing (6.2.1) and misalignment of
the pump and motor shafts (magnetic drive pumps only) (see
9.1.5.3.20).
Item 6.4.5, Annex F gives methods of qualifying nozzle loads in excess
of those in Table 4. The Purchaser should be aware that the use of the
methods in Annex F can result in a misalignment up to 50 % greater
than that based on the loads given in Table 4 and can impact
equipment installation criteria. The use of the methods in Annex F
requires approval by the Purchaser and specific direction to the piping
designers for its use.
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ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS COMPRESSORS
S.No
Machinery Type
No integrally
Geared
Centrifugal and
Axial
Compressors
Integrally Geared
Centrifugal
Compressors
Expandercompressors
Machinery Standard
API 617 8Ed 2014
As per API 617 Part-2, Item 4.6.6.1, The compressor shall be designed
to withstand external forces and moments on each nozzle calculated
per Annex F. The supplier shall furnish the allowable forces and
moments for each nozzle in tabular form.
Item 4.6.6.2, Casing and supports shall be designed to have sufficient
strength and rigidity to limit coupling movement caused by imposing
allowable forces and moments to 50 m (0.002 in.).
API 617 8Ed 2014
As per API 617 Part-3, Item 4.6.6.1, The supplier shall furnish the
allowable forces and moments for each main process nozzle which has
a customer connection in tabular form with the proposal. If nozzle
loadings are not furnished, they shall be no less than NEMA SM-23.
NOTE 1 Forces and moments allowed on integrally geared compressors
are generally less than allowed on API 617, Part 2 compressors. (See
Annex F.)
NOTE 2 Piping system design will need to be rigorous in order to avoid
piping expansion joints.
Item 4.6.6.2, Pressure casing and supports shall be designed to have
sufficient strength and rigidity to avoid adversely affecting impeller
running clearances, gear contact pattern, seals, bearings, and coupling
alignment.
API 617 8Ed 2014
As per API 617 Part-4, Item 4.6.6.1, Expander-compressor packages

shall be designed to withstand external forces and moments on each
nozzle calculated in accordance with Equation (F.1) and Equation (F.2)
of Annex F.
NOTE Expander-compressor shaft alignment is not affected by piping
forces since they do not have a coupling.
Item 4.6.6.2, The supplier shall furnish the allowable forces and
moments for each nozzle in tabular form.
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ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS COMPRESSORS
S.No
Machinery Type
Reciprocating
Compressors
Rotary-type
Positive
Displacement
Compressors
Packaged,
Integrally Geared
Centrifugal Air
Compressors
Machinery Standard
API 618 5Ed 2007

ERR2 2010
As per API 618, Item 6.8.5, The vendor shall define the maximum
allowable nozzle loads at the vendor interfaces. These loads shall be
referred to a coordinate system as shown on a drawing.
API 619 5Ed 2010
As per API 619, Item 5.4.1, As a minimum, the compressor shall be

designed to withstand external forces and moments on each nozzle as
tabulated in Annex C. The vendor shall furnish the allowable forces and
moments for each nozzle in tabular form. Silencers can require additional
support.
Item 5.4.2, Casing and supports shall be designed to have sufficient
strength and rigidity to limit distortion of coupling alignment due to
pressure, torque and allowable forces and moments to 50 m (0,002 in).
The use of expansion joints to limit piping forces and moments is not
generally recommended. However, if used, care should be exercised in
the selection and location of expansion joints to prevent possible early
fatigue due to either pulsation or expansion strain or both. Expansion
joints should not be used in flammable or toxic service unless specifically
approved by the purchaser.
Annex C, Item C.1, For nozzle sizes not given in Tables C.1 and C.2, the
allowable forces and moments shall be agreed between the purchaser
and vendor.
API 672 4Ed 2004

ERR2 2010
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As per API 672, Item 6.4.1, The maximum allowable forces and moments
that may be imposed on the package by the purchasers piping shall be
stated in the proposal.
Item 6.4.2, The maximum allowable forces and moments shall be shown
on the outline drawing.

ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS TURBINES
S.No
Machinery Type
Machinery Standard
General-purpose
Steam Turbines
API 611 5Ed 2008

(R2014)
As per API 611, Item 6.6, Turbines shall be designed to withstand the
external forces and moments calculated in accordance with
NEMA SM 23.
Steam Turbines
Special-purpose
Applications
API 612 7Ed 2014
As per API 612, Item 7.4.1, Turbines shall be designed to withstand

external forces and moments at least equal to the values calculated in
accordance with NEMA SM 24.
Item 7.4.2, The turbine supplier shall tabulate the allowable forces and
moments for each casing connection.
API 616 5Ed 2011
As per API 616, Item 5.6.1.21, Ducting and casing connection flanges
shall be designed so that the stresses imposed, including internal
pressure, do not exceed those given in Section VIII of the ASME Code.
On the outline drawing, the gas turbine vendor shall indicate the
maximum allowable forces and moments on the inlet and exhaust
flanges.
Gas Turbines
ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS OTHERS

S.No
Machinery Type
Centrifugal Fans
Machinery Standard
API 673 3Ed 2014
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As per API 673, Item 6.4.1, It is the purchasers responsibility to specify
the external loads to be imposed on the fan housing from the
ancillary equipment (ducting, sound trunks, silencers, filters, etc.) if
this equipment is not supplied by the fan vendor.
The vendor shall design the housing and supports to accept the
specified loads such that:
a) distortion resulting from imposed loads does not affect performance,
and b) no internal rubs result.
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ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS OTHERS
S.No
Machinery Type
Fired Heaters
Air-cooled Heat
Exchangers
Machinery Standard
API 560 4Ed 2007
As per API 560, Item 9.2, Heater terminals shall be designed to accept
the moments, M, forces, F, and movements shown in Figure 4, and
Tables 6 and 7 for tubes and Figure 5 and Tables 8 and 9 for manifolds.
Item E.2.4, Fan housings are generally designed for low external forces
and moments from the inlet and outlet connections. It shall be the
responsibility of the heater vendor to specify on the data sheets the
expected external loads to be imposed on the fan housing from the
ancillary equipment (that is, ducting, sound trunks, silencers and
filters) if this equipment is not supplied by the fan vendor. The fan
vendor shall design the housing to accept the specified loads. The
following information shall be provided:
a) maximum allowable external forces and moments;
b) expansion joint information and recommendations if joints are
required for thermal expansion, vibration isolation or both.
API 661 7Ed 2013
As per API 661, Item 7.1.10.1, Each nozzle, in its design corroded
condition, shall be capable of withstanding the simultaneous application
of the moments and forces defined in Figure 6 and Table 4.
Item 7.1.10.2, The components of the nozzle loadings on a single
header shall not exceed the following values:
Mx 6100 Nm (4500 ftlbf), My 8130 Nm (6000 ftlbf), Mz 4070 Nm
(3000 ftlbf), Fx 10,010 N (2250 lbf), Fy 20,020 (4500 lbf), Fz 16,680
(3750 lbf)
NOTE The application of the moments and forces shown in Table 4 will
cause movement that will tend to reduce the loads to the values given
above.
Item 7.1.10.3, The total of all nozzle loads on one multi-bundle bay
shall not exceed three times that allowed for a single header.
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According to API RP 686,
686 Recommended Practice for Machinery Installation and Installation
Design, Item 2.1.3 (Item 2, Machinery Piping Installation Design),
Design It is recognized that
forces and moments imposed on the machinery by the piping are unique to each
installation. All piping directly connected to the machinery, excluding lube oil and seal
flush, shall be reviewed by a qualified piping stress analyst to determine if a static piping
analysis is required to ensure nozzle loads are within equipment user-defined standards.
standards
The piping engineering designer shall use sound engineering judgment in conjunction with
equipment user-defined standards to design a piping system that minimizes loads imposed
on the machinery.
NOTE For most machinery, maximum allowable nozzle loads (forces and moments) are established by the
machine manufacturer.
manufacturer The equipment user typically adopts these nozzle loads as the equipment userdefined standard. On the basis of equipment user experience and preference, nozzle loadings more or less
restrictive than that of the machine manufacturer may be specified as the basis for piping design.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS SAIPEM
S.No
Machinery Type

As per Business Unit Onshore - Design Practice - Stress Analysis of Plant Piping (PRG.TP.CAL.0009 Rev.05) Item 6.1, Forces and moments acting on the nozzles of centrifugal
machines (due to piping weight and thermal expansion) shall be checked in accordance with
the applicable codes.
The values of allowable forces and moments shall be at least those specified in the applicable
codes, standards and design criteria with a multiplying factor indicated.
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS <= 16: for each nozzle, forces
and moments in accordance with API 610 with the factors indicated here below:
Centrifugal Pumps
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS >= 18, when no allowable
loads are available from Manufacturer: forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as
minimum 5 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal Pumps ISO: forces and moments shall be in accordance with ISO 5199.
2
Centrifugal
Compressors
Centrifugal compressors in accordance with API 617: forces and moments in each
nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para
8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Reciprocating
Compressors
Reciprocating compressors: forces and moments shall be given by the Manufacturer,

verification of shacking force guideline of API 618.
Rotating
Compressors
Rotating compressors: forces and moments shall be in accordance with API 619
Compressors
integrally gear
Compressors integrally gear (API 617 / 672): forces and moments in accordance
with Manufacturers standard.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS SAIPEM
S.No
Machinery Type
General-purpose
Steam Turbines
Turbines (API 611): forces and moments in each nozzle shall be at least in
accordance with the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Steam Turbines
Special-purpose
Applications
Turbines (API 612): forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times
the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1 (Limit 1).
Special Machines
For special machines, for which the codes do not provide allowable forces and moments,
the check shall be based on loads provided by the Manufacturer.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS TOTAL (KAOMBO)
S.No
Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pumps
As per Piping Stress Allowable loads on Equipment nozzle (A0-100-12-F020-600550) Item

6.2.1, Allowable Forces and Moments acting on API 610 pumps nozzles shall be as a minimum
2 times the values defined in table 5 of code API 610 (as a general rule for pumps installed on
a Floating Production Unit). If any of the applied load components on any nozzle (suction or
discharge) of the pump exceeds this limit, both nozzles shall be verified using Annex F of
API 610.
Extract of API 610 table 5 is included in Appendix B of this specification. The table 5 of code
gives allowable loads for nozzles up to 16 (DN400). For pumps nozzles having diameter
above this value, VENDOR shall comply with values defined in tables in Appendix B, unless
deviation to this specification was clearly agreed before order.
Item 6.2.2, As there is no applicable standard, the allowable Forces and Moments acting on
ISO pumps shall meet, at a minimum, the criteria of Annex B of ISO 5199.
The code provides allowable loads for nozzles up to 24 (DN600). For pumps nozzles having
diameter above this value, VENDOR shall comply with values defined in tables in Appendix C,
unless deviation to this specification was clearly agreed before order.
Centrifugal
Compressors

6.1.1, Allowable Forces and Moments for centrifugal compressors shall be 6 NEMA as a
minimum. The piping loads will be combined according to the equations, in SI units, provided
in API 617 Annex 2E.
For an offshore floating unit, calculated piping loads on the compressor nozzles in operating
conditions (Static loads) are more likely to be close to this value. Though, after taking into
account additional loads due to hull girder deflections and accelerations, the sum of Static and
Dynamic loads could be higher.
Wherever applied loads exceeding 6 NEMA, they will be submitted to VENDOR (in details
indicating static and dynamic components), for acceptance.
Rotary Screw
Compressors

6.1.2, Forces and moments shall be in accordance with API 619.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS TOTAL (KAOMBO)
S.No
Machinery Type
Reciprocating
Pumps

6.2.3, Pump nozzles at battery limit shall be designed to withstand as a two (2) times the
forces and moments as defined in API 674.
Rotary Pumps

6.2.4, Pump nozzles at battery limit shall be designed to withstand as a two (2) times the
forces and moments as defined in the API 676.
Package Units
As per Piping Stress Allowable loads on Equipment nozzle (A0-100-12-F020-600550) Item 8,

Allowable loads at packaged units tie-in points (flange face or anchor) are those defined for
static equipment nozzles.
Except otherwise indicated, the loading requirement is not mandatory for equipment nozzles
within the package which are piped to other nozzles in the same unit. However, it is
recommended to comply with these allowable loads as a good practice in package engineering
(pressure vessels design and piping design).
If either the piping loads on the equipment nozzles or on equipment package tie-ins do not
comply with the values given in this specification, actual piping loads shall be submitted to
VENDOR for an evaluation of nozzle/tie-in load approval.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS SAUDI ARAMCO (JAZAN)
S.No
Machinery Type
Centrifugal Pumps
As
per
SPECIFICATION FOR CRITERIA AND RULES FOR STRESS ANALYSIS CALCULATION PERFORMED
WITH CAESAR II
(VE-135622) Item 5.1, The values of allowable forces and moments shall be at least those
specified in the applicable codes, standards and design criteria with a multiplying factor
indicated.
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS <=16: for each nozzle, forces
and moments in accordance with API 610 with the factors indicated here below:
Pumps with casing constructed of steel and with nozzles NPS >= 18, when no allowable
loads are available from Manufacturer: forces and moments in each nozzle shall be as
minimum 5 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para 8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal compressors in accordance with API 617: forces and moments in each
nozzle shall be as minimum 3 times the values established in NEMA SM-23, Para
8.4.6.1(Limit 1).
Centrifugal
Compressors
Reciprocating
Compressors
Reciprocating compressors: forces and moments shall be given by the Manufacturer,

verification of shacking force guideline of API 618.
Compressors
integrally gear
Compressors integrally gear (API 617 / 672): forces and moments in accordance
with Manufacturers standard.
Special Machines
For special machines, for which the codes do not provide allowable forces and moments,
the check shall be based on loads provided by the Manufacturer.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS SAUDI ARAMCO (JAZAN)
S.No
Machinery Type

In case the calculated loads on nozzles of tubes or manifold anchored outside the furnaces
exceed the Manufacturers allowable loads, the most convenient solution will be analysed and
chosen jointly by the Stress Analysis PS, the Plant Layout and Piping PSL and the
Manufacturer, under the coordination of Furnace PSL, in according to Project Specification VE723465.
Forces and moments acting on free nozzles of vertical cylindrical and cabin furnaces (due to
piping weight and thermal expansion) shall be in accordance with the API 560 Tab 6-7.
These loads are valid for piping with rating <= 300 #. For piping with rating > 300 # the
indicated allowable loads must be doubled.
Furnaces
MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS KOC

As per KOC's Piping Flexibility Specification No. 1718-000-HA-E-H0006 for BS-171, Item
6.2.1 & 6.2.2, the allowable force and moment limitations at new Pump nozzles shall be
as per API 610.
As per KOC's Piping Flexibility Specification No. 1718-000-HA-E-H0006 for BS-171, Item
6.2.3, The maximum allowable forces and moments that may be applied to Compressor
flanges by the piping are to be in accordance with Annex 2E (7 Ed) of API 617 (approx.
1.85 times NEMA). However 3.0 times NEMA is to be requested and applied for from
Vendors.
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MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS SHELL
As per DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen. February 2014, Item 4.1 General: The allowable loads and
moments on equipment nozzles shall be in accordance with the relevant DEP and their
associated standards (e.g. API) for the equipment.
MAJOR CONSULTANT / CLIENT REQUIREMENTS PETRONAS
As per PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARD PTS 31.38.01.11, October 2011, Piping
General Requirements, Item 4.2.1 . The allowable loads and moments on equipment
nozzles shall be in accordance with the relevant PTS and their associated standards (e.g.
API) for the equipment.
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5. EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

In accordance with API 610 11Ed 2010, Item 6.5 External nozzle forces and moments,
6.5.1 Steel and alloy-steel horizontal pumps and their baseplates, vertical in-line pumps with supports
anchored to the foundation, and vertically suspended pumps shall be designed for satisfactory
performance if subjected to the forces and moments in Table 5 applied simultaneously to both suction
and discharge nozzles in the worst-case combination for the pump in question. For horizontal pumps,
two effects of nozzle loads are considered: distortion of the pump casing (see 6.3.3 and 6.3.4) and
misalignment of the pump and driver shafts (see 7.3.20).
6.5.2 Allowable forces and moments for vertical in-line pumps with supports not anchored to the
foundation may be twice the values in Table 5 for side nozzles.
6.5.3 For pump casings constructed of materials other than steel or alloy steel or for pumps with nozzles
larger than DN 400 (NPS 16), the vendor shall submit allowable nozzle loads corresponding to the
format in Table 5.
6.5.4 The coordinate system(s) shown in Figures 21 through 25 shall be used to apply the forces and
moments in Table 5.
6.5.5 Annex F gives methods of qualifying nozzle loads in excess of those in Table 5. The purchaser
should be aware that the use of the methods in Annex F can result in a misalignment up to 50 %
greater than that based on the loads given in Table 5 and can impact equipment installation criteria. The
use of the methods in Annex F requires approval by the purchaser and specific direction to the piping
designers for its use.
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Summary of the API 610 11Ed 2010 Requirements - Horizontal Pumps
Satisfying the Nozzle-loading values specified in the Table 5 is acceptable.
Nozzle loads in excess of those in Table 5 are also acceptable without consultation with
the Pump Vendor if the conditions as follows are satisfied;
Condition F.1.2 a) The individual component forces and moments acting on each pump
nozzle flange shall not exceed the range specified in Table 5 by a factor of more than 2.
2
Condition F.1.2 b) The resultant applied force and the resultant applied moment acting
on each pump-nozzle flange shall satisfy the appropriate interaction equations as given
in Equations (F.1) and (F.2).
(F.2)
Condition F.1.2 c) The applied component forces and moments acting on each pump
nozzle flange shall be translated to the centre of the pump. The magnitude of the
resultant applied force, the resultant applied moment and the applied moment shall be
limited by Equations (F.3) to (F.5) .
F.1.3 Piping loads greater than those allowed in F.1.2 shall be approved by the purchaser
and the vendor.
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Summary of the API 610 11Ed 2010 Requirements - Vertical-In-Line Pumps
Vertical in-line pumps with supports anchored to the foundation, satisfying the Nozzleloading values specified in the Table 5 is acceptable.
6.5.2 Allowable forces and moments for vertical in-line pumps with supports not
anchored to the foundation may be twice the values in Table 5 for side nozzles.
F.2 Vertical in-line pumps (OH3 and OH6) that are supported only by the attached piping
can be subjected to component piping loads that are more than double the values shown
in Table 5 if these loads do not cause a principal stress greater than 41 N/mm2 (5950
psi) in either nozzle.
In-house MAPAF tool to qualify nozzle loads as per Annex F methods
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6. EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

In accordance with API 674 3Ed 2010 ERR2 2015, Item 6.6 External Forces
and Moments, The Vendor shall specify, in the quotation, the magnitude of
forces and moments which may be applied, simultaneously, to the inlet and
outlet connections at the rated operating conditions.
Pumps shall be designed for satisfactory performance if subjected to the

forces and moments in Table 6.
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7. EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

As per API 618 5Ed 2007 ERR2 2010, Item 6.8.5 External Forces and
Moments, the vendor shall define the maximum allowable nozzle loads at the
vendor interfaces.
interfaces These loads shall be referred to a coordinate system as
shown on a drawing.
Item 7.5.4.5, Sufficient anchor bolt holes shall be provided to ensure that
forces and moments are properly transmitted to the foundation. Anchor points
shall be located on internal and external load bearing structural members as
necessary.
Reciprocating compressors often require acoustic analysis to see how the
vibrations of the equipment affect the piping.
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8. SHOWCASE FROM SIP PROJECTS
S.No
SIP Project
Nozzle Load Issue
SHAH GAS
BB Pumps for those the applied nozzle loads are higher than the API 610 allowable, the
applied nozzle loads are qualified as per Annex F methods.
DANGOTE
For Semi Lean & Lean solution pumps, GE Italy refused to provide 2 times API 610 Table 5.
Then SIP qualified the applied nozzle loads as per Annex F methods.
KAOMBO
The following individual component forces and moments of respective pumps are in excess
of 2 times API 610 Table 5.
FX (2.79xAPI) and Mx (2.45xAPI) on the suction for Tag 12PA7201A/B
FX (3.10xAPI) on the suction for Tag 12PA2101A
Considering that they are all loads in the axial direction which do not contribute to the
generation of displacements perpendicular to the axis of rotation (that may preload the
bearings) pump vendor (M/s. Flowserve) declared that nozzle loads are acceptable.
The vendor M/s. PERONI considered 200% of API 674 Allowable Forces and Moments on
nozzles instead 200% of API 610 for the Pump Tag 150G-114 A/B.
4
STAR
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For Flare package, PIPING proposed applied loads are higher than the API 537 allowable
forces and moments and bringing the loads to acceptable level delayed Vendor document
management for about 5 months.
25
9. DATA PIPING LOOKING FROM MAPAF

Machinery type (API type).
GA Drawing of Machinery showing support location, nozzle distance from
centerline, vendor allowable loads.
Operating Conditions (Pressure & Temperature info - usually from line list
and P&ID).
Material of the Machinery (usually on the GA drawing and datasheet).
ANSI flange size (150#, 300#, etc - usually on the GA or detailed
drawings).
Nozzle movements from Machinery zero point (point of zero thermal
growth) specifically important for high temperature equipment.
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10. FACTS TO REMEBER

The loads applied on Machinery are resisted by their inherent strength.
strength
Piping to be designed so that piping design will not have any adverse effect on the
Machinery performance and it is not the other way around.
around
Excessive loads from piping can cause high machine vibration, shaft misalignment &
coupling failures and these problems result in increased maintenance costs & can lead
to Machinery and Plant shutdowns.
shutdowns
Achieving an acceptable Machinery piping system design and installation requires a
cooperative effort among the Plant Owner, Piping System Designer and OEM.
OEM
Designing such a system in a vacuum without an adequate degree of communication
among these three key players is the surest way to have problems.
If the Plant Owner have their own nozzle load criteria for Machinery then the basis
must be understood and agreed to by Machinery and Piping disciplines prior to the
issue of Material Requisition (MR).
Allowable nozzle load data from Machinery Manufacturers support Piping Design and
timely receipt of Manufacturers data is very vital to keep Project moving.
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11. CONCLUSION
The Tradeoff - Accepting allowable nozzle loads on Machinery as per Industry or
Manufacturers Standards may have savings on the cost of the Machinery, but Piping
costs increase because of complex layouts and supports required to decrease the
nozzle loads. The economics of both the Machinery and Piping (whole system) must be
considered when choosing the Machinery.
Allowable nozzle load issue can be greatly resolved through a better coordination
between Machinery OEM, MAPAF & PIPING disciplines.
Vendors (Machinery OEMs) to be encouraged to provide the actual allowable nozzle
loads on their Machinery. It can be specified in the MR Specification that the high
allowable nozzle loading on Machinery will be viewed as an advantage.
During TBE and Post Order KOM, the allowable nozzle loads should be discussed and
the design requirements shall be mutually agreed with the Machinery OEM.
One modern approach is, the Vendor to do the concurrent modeling of the entire
system (both piping and machinery) that can reduce inherent conservatism and allow
the thermal movements to be accommodated correctly by both systems. This may
result in a more flexible combined system and can allow better optimization.
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DEPARTMENT DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITY
Simple & user friendly web based SOFT TOOL

covering all Machinery, to qualify the applied nozzle
loads on Machinery nozzles in accordance with
relevant Standards, Specifications and / or major
Consultants / Clients requirements.
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THANK YOU
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30

Nozzle Loads On Machinery - 31!08!2015

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT NOZZLE LOADS

ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

EXTERNAL NOZZLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

SHOWCASE FROM SIP PROJECTS

DATA PIPING LOOKING FROM MAPAF

10. FACTS TO REMEMBER

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

To establish a more realistic allowable nozzle

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

2. NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT NOZZLE LOADS

Piping Layout requirements

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Allowable Nozzle Loads

API 610 11Ed 2010

Suction <= 16,

API 674 3Ed 2010

API 675 3Ed 2012

API 676 3Ed 2009

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Allowable Nozzle Loads

API 681 1Ed 1996

API 685 2Ed 2011

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Allowable Nozzle Loads

API 617 8Ed 2014

API 617 8Ed 2014

API 617 8Ed 2014

As per API 617 Part-4, Item 4.6.6.1, Expander-compressor packages

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Allowable Nozzle Loads

API 618 5Ed 2007

API 619 5Ed 2010

As per API 619, Item 5.4.1, As a minimum, the compressor shall be

API 672 4Ed 2004

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

API 611 5Ed 2008

API 612 7Ed 2014

As per API 612, Item 7.4.1, Turbines shall be designed to withstand

API 616 5Ed 2011

Allowable Nozzle Loads

ACCORDING TO MACHINERY STANDARDS OTHERS

API 673 3Ed 2014

Allowable Nozzle Loads

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

Allowable Nozzle Loads

API 560 4Ed 2007

API 661 7Ed 2013

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY

4. ALLOWABLE NOZZLE LOADS ON MACHINERY