Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WELDING
•GTAW
•SMAW
•FCAW
•GMAW
•BRAZING
William F. Newell, Jr.
PE, IWE, Chair D10C
D10.4
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR WELDING
AUSTENITIC CHROMIUM-
NICKEL STAINLESS STEEL
PIPE AND TUBING
AWS D10.4
D10.6
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR GAS
TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING
OF TITANIUM PIPING AND
TUBING
Applications for Ti Pipe & Tube
D10.7
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR GAS
SHIELDED ARC WELDING
OF ALUMINUN AND
ALUMINUM ALLOY PIPE
© Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting
A Need To Up Date
This Information
< >
Many Base Alloys And Base Alloy
Combinations Can Be Joined Using Several
Different Filler Alloys
< >
* Filler Alloy Selection Primary Characteristics
D Ductility Of Weld
C Corrosion Resistance
T Temperature Service
< >
Hot Weld Cracking
< >
Weld Cracking - HOT
< >
Alloy Content vs. Crack Sensitivity
0
RELATIVE CRACK SENSITIVITY
A l - C u
A l - M g
A l - M
2 g S i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
COMPOSITION OF WELD - PERCENT ALLOYING ELEMENT
< >
Dilution Effect On Weld Composition
< >
Weld Strength - Groove Welds
< >
Heat Affected Zone
A B C D
Non Heat Treatable Heat Treatable
A 1- 2 0- A0
A - Weld Metal 1 1 0 0 A - Weld Zone
As Cast Structure Of Base &
Filler Metal B 1- 0 0- B0 B - Fusion Zone
9 0 0
B - Fusion Zone - C C - Solid Solution Zone
Where Partial Melting 8 0 0 Where Alloy Elements
C -
Of Base Metal Occurs 7 0 0 Are Solutioned & Cooled
6 0 To Retain Solid Solution
C - Anneal Zone -0D
Where Base Metal Is Fully 5 0 0 D - Partially Annealed
Recrystallized - Full Soft D -4 0 0 Overaged Zone
3 0 0 Where Heat Has Caused
D - Partial Anneal Zone E - - E Precipitation And/or
Where Base Alloy Is 2 0 0 Coalescence Of Particles
Recovered And Partially 1 0 0 Of Soluable Constituents
Softened
R T E - Unaffected
E - Unaffected
< >
Hardness Profiles of 6061-T6
9 0
5 8 0 J /c m
7 5 6 J /c m
Hardness RE
8 0
7 0
6 0 1 1 2 8 J /c m
A W S D 1 . 2 M I N T E N S I L E
- O T E M P E R
5 0
4 0
Distance From Weld Interface
< >
Weld Strength - Fillet Welds
< >
Shear Strength
2 5 0 0 0
5 5 5 6
2 0 0 0 0
5 3 5 6
LBS. Per Linear Inch
4 6 4 3
Shear Strength
1 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 4
5 6 5 4
4 0 4 3
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
5 0 0 0
0
0 1 / 8 1 / 4 3 / 8 1
< >
Shear Strength
< >
Fracture Characteristics
2 . 0
T te a r R e s is ta n c e
1 . 6 1 6 0 0
R a tio
1 . 2 1 2 0 0
0 . 8 8 0 0
0 . 4 4 0 0
B a s e M 2 e 2 t 1a 9 l 2 2 1 9 6 0 6 1 6 0 6 1 6 0 6
F i l l e r A 2 l 3l o 1 2 y9 3 1 9 44 00 44 3 3 5 3 5 6 5 3 5 6 5
A g e d
< >
Corrosion Facts – As Welded
< >
M Color Match After Anodize
Rating Scale: A - B
< >
Color Match After Clear Anodize
6 0 6 1 6 0 6 1
6 0 6 1 6 0 6 1
W E L D E D W I WT HE L 5 D3 5E 6 D W I T H 4 0 4 3
< >
Post Weld Heat Treatment
< >
© Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting
Conclusion
< >
William F. Newell, Jr.
PE, IWE, Chair D10I
D10.8
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR WELDING
OF CHROMIUM-
MOLYBDENUM STEEL
PIPING AND TUBING
AWS D10.8
“… provide recommendations for welding
chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and
tubing to itself and to various other
materials. Subjects covered in detail are
filler metal selection, joint design,
preheating, and postheating. …”
AWS D10.8 - Uses
• Often overlooked……
• Excellent resource for:
– Developing Corporate Procedures & Specifications
– Training Engineers, Supervision and Welders
– General Reference Guide
AWS D10.8 - History
• First presented in 1961 as a Committee Report
by the AWS Committee on Piping and
Tubing.
• Revised in 1978 and became a
“Recommended Practice”
• Subsequent revisions/reaffirmations in 1986
and 1996
AWS D10.8 - Content
• Base Metals
• Weld Filler Metals
• Joint Design & Preparation (purging)
• Preheating
• Post Weld Heat Treatment
• Repair/Maintenance of Service Exposed
Material
• Safety
AWS D10.8 – Base Metals
• C-Steel
• C-Mo
• 1-1/4Cr-Mo
• 2-1/4Cr-Mo
• 5Cr-Mo
• 7Cr-Mo
• 9Cr-Mo (Standard Grade Only)
AWS D10.8 – Filler Metal
• Recommendations
– Process
– AWS Classification Options [C, CrMo
& Ni-base]
– Similar v. Dissimilar
AWS D10.8 – Priorities !
• Preaheat w/recommendations
• Interpass
• Post Weld Heat Treat
w/recommendations
Pending !
• D10.08 (DRAFT)
• Removing information on 9CrMoV (P91)
• Removing References to Standard Welding
Procedures
Coming !
• D10.21 (DRAFT)
• “Guideline for Welding Advanced
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel
Piping and Tubing”
– P91, P911, P92, P122, T23…
Dan Ciarlariello
Mannings USA
D10.10
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR LOCAL
HEATING OF WELDS IN
PIPING AND TUBING
Definition of Heat
Treatment
• Heat Treatment is generally defined as
heating to a suitable temperature then
cooling at a suitable rate of a solid
metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain
specific conditions and/or properties by
changing the physical, chemical and/or
mechanical properties of the steel,
metal or alloy
Methods Of Localized
Heat Treating
• Electrical Resistance
• Induction
• Combustion / Flame
• Quartz Lamps
• Exothermic Kits.
Electrical Resistance
Inductive Heating
Combustion / Flame
Quartz Lamps
Reasons for Localized
Heat Treating
• Bake Out
• Post Heating
Disadvantages
High initial equipment cost.
Equipment large and less portable.
Limited ability to create control zones around the
circumference.
Advantages and
disadvantages of heating
processes
Electrical Resistance
Advantages
Ability to continuously maintain heat from
welding
operation to PWHT
Good ability to vary heat around the
circumference
Disadvantages
Elements may be damaged during welding
Quantity of heaters required on thicker
components
High Frequency
Induction heating
• Uniform product quality
• Increased surface wear-proof
characteristics
• Increased material fatigue strength
• Minimum strain due to local surface
hardening
• Very localized heating
Why Preheat?
• Reduce the level of thermal stress.
• Compensate for high heat losses.
• Minimize the rate of weld
hardening.
• Reduce porosity.
• Reduce hydrogen cracking.
• Improve the microstructure.
Typical Preheat Set-up
Boiler Tube Welds
Wireless Thermocouple
Transmission
AWS D10.11
Walter J. Sperko, P.E.
Sperko Engineering
Services, Inc.
Guide for
Root Pass Welding
of Pipe Without Backing
AWS D10.11
Keywords
• Root pass welding, pipe, gas
purging, consumable insert,
gas
tungsten arc welding, gas
metal arc welding, shielded
metal arc welding
AWS D10.11
Introduction
• This publication was intended
to be a “how to” guide in the
use of open root and
consumable insert welding
techniques for root pass
welding of groove welds
joining metal pipe.
AWS D10.11
Introduction
• Joint designs, fitting techniques,
consumable insert configurations,
filler and base metal combinations,
purging, and welding processes are
discussed. This publication made
no provision for joints which
include backing rings
AWS D10.11
Introduction
• This standard is a “best practices”
guide to making high-quality pipe
butt welds where backing cannot
be used
• Welders should have excellent
reasons for deviating from what
this standard recommends
AWS D10.11
Continuous metal
surface from one
member across the
weld to the other
Forces on the weld pool?
Longitudinal Section of a
pipe joint
Forces on the weld pool
Gravi
ty
Longitudinal Section of a
pipe joint
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a
pipe joint
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a
pipe joint
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a
Parts of a Groove Weld
Joint Design
Root Face
(“Land”)
Parts of a Groove Weld
Joint Design
1/8”
3/32”
Root Face
Thickness
1/16”
Root Opening
Cleaning
• Purge containment
• Arc initiation
• Keyhole technique
• Wire feed techniques
• Orientation of torch and filler
GTAW
GTAW
GTAW
1/32” maximum
mismatch
Class 1 Insert, formerly the EB
(Electric Boat) or “A” type insert.
Consumable Inserts
1/16” maximum
mismatch
Class 2 Insert, formerly the “J” type
insert.
Consumable Inserts
1/16” maximum
mismatch
Class 3 Insert, formerly the
“Grinnell” or flat insert.
Consumable Inserts
SMAW
• Joint design
• Fit-up
• Welding parameters
Fill Passes
D10.12
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES FOR WELDING
MILD STEEL PIPE
D10.12
Welding Mild Steel Pipe
D10.13
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR
BRAZING OF COPPER PIPE AND
TUBING FOR MEDICAL GAS
SYSTEMS
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