PROCESS

INSTRUMENTATION
( CLD 20202 )
EXPERIMENT 3
THERMOCOUPLE / RTD MEASUREMENTS

LECTURER
SECTION
NO OF GROUP
GROUP MEMBERS

DATE OF EXP

:
:
:
:

MISS NORULAKMAL NOR HADI

G
G1
AHMAD HALIMAN BIN MOHD ALI
55103207120

AMIRAH BINTI IDRIS

55104207210

FADZILAH BIN PUTEH

55104207485

25/8/2008

SUMMARY

x 1
2 x1
We have done
x 2 x1 thermocouple/RTD measurements
experiment. This model TMC 200
plant is a scaled-down real
industrial process plant built on 5ft x 5ft steel platform, complete with its

own dedicated control panel. The plant is constructed in accordance to

industrial process plant standards and practices, with fail-safe features.
There are two instrumentations which are field instrumentation and panel
instrumentation. The field instrumentation immersed in the tank are
TE1:Type K Thermocouple Element, TE2:Type J Thermocouple Element and
TE3:RTD (PT100) element.. The objectives of this experiment is to evaluate
and study the measurement of temperature using a thermocouple element,
type K (TE1), a second thermocouple element, type J (TE2) and an RTD
element, PT 100 (TE3). From the table, we have obtained the temperature
average for TE1,TE2 and TE3 by calculating set1+set2/2.Column B1and B2
for each run, we get the value by using interpolation formula y = y + ( y-y).
C1 and C2,we get the value when we running the experiment. Column D1,we
get the value by calculating B1+C1.Value in column E, we get the value by
using the interpolation formula. Column F, we get the value by calculating F=
E-A. A variety of thermocouples are available, suitable for different
measuring applications. They are usually selected based on the temperature
range and sensitivity needed. Type K is the 'general purpose' thermocouple.
Thermocouples are available in the -200 C to +1200 C range. Sensitivity is
approx 41 V/C. Limited range (-40 to +750 C) makes type J less popular than type
K. Type J thermocouples have a sensitivity of about 50 V/C. RTD The
measuring current should be selected to be as small as possible in order to
avoid heating of the sensor. It can be taken that a measuring current of 1
mA does not introduce any appreciable errors. This current produces a
voltage drop of 0.1 V in a Pt 100 at 0C. the conclusion, we have found that the type
K is a better type of measurement because it has the highest range temperature than all
the others type which makes its more efficient.

OBJECTIVES:

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate and study the

measurement of temperature using the following:

 A thermocouple element type K(TE1)

A second thermocouple element, type J( TE2)
An RTD element, PT 100(TE3)
An RTD/4-20 ma transmitter (TT4)( ABB MODEL TH02)
A thermocouple type K/4-20 mA transmitter (TT4) (ABB MODEL
TH02)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT:
TABLE 1: Refrence ambient temperature read at 30oC

No.
1
2

Thermometer reading (oC)

22
24

Average (oC)
23

Run 1

A
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E
F

Temp.
MV

Unit
o

TE2 at TI(2)

TE3 at TI(3)

28.3

30.1

29.2

28.2

30.0

29.1

mV

1.134

1.207

1.170

1.447

1.536

1.489

Measured
Signal

mV

Actual
Signal

mV

Calculated
Temp.
Temp.
Deviation

TE1 at TI(1)

1.430

1.492

1.461

1.467

1.458

2.699

2.631

2.597

2.661

30.1

30.05

111.60

111.70

111.69

112.32

112.52

112.42

112.32

112.52

112.42

1.4625

2.564

30.0

2.628

63.09

66.36

64.71

50.23

51.43

50.81

31.67

32.18

31.92

34.79

36.26

35.51

22.03

21.43

21.71

1.67

2.08

1.87

C
C

TABLE 2 : Refrence ambient temperature read at 40oC

No.
1
2

Thermometer reading (oC)

30
30

Average (oC)
30

Run 1

A
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E
F

Temp.
MV

Unit
o

TE2 at TI(2)

TE3 at TI(3)

40.7

40.3

40.5

40.1

40.3

40.3

mV

1.639

1.623

1.631

1.631

1.625

1.623

1.117

1.202

1.595

1.040

1.242

1.141

Measured
Signal

mV

Actual
Signal

mV

Calculated
Temp.
Temp.
Deviation

TE1 at TI(1)

2.756

2.825

2.791

2.671

2.857

39.7

40.0

39.85

116.483

115.54

116.40

116.43

116.55

116.49

116.43

116.55

116.49

2.764

67.73

50.49

68.57

51.62

55.15

53.39

42.31

42.31

42.31

27.03

10.19

28.07

11.12

15.05

13.09

2.67

2.31

2.46

C
C

TABLE 3 :Refrence ambient temperature read at 50oC

Thermometer reading (oC)

41
38

No.
1
2

Run 1

A
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E
F

Temp.
MV

39.5

TE1 at TI(1)

TE2 at TI(2)

49.7

49.7

49.7

mV

2.010

2.010

2.010

TE3 at TI(3)

49.9

49.5

49.75

2.017

2.001

2.047

50.1

49.9

119.28

119.43

119.36

120.41

120.06

120.235

120.41

120.06

120.24

61.41

52.63

51.72

52.18

11.66

2.93

1.62

2.28

Measured
Signal

mV

Actual
Signal

mV

1.088

1.271

1.179

1.106

1.264

3.092

3.280

3.19

3.123

3.270

75.81

80.34

26.11

30.64

C
C

78.52
28.82

60.15
10.25

62.90
13.40

49.7

1.185

3.190

Calculated
Temp.
Temp.
Deviation

TABLE 4:
No.
1
2

Unit

Average (oC)

Refrence ambient temperature read at 60oC

Thermometer reading (oC)
48
50

Average (oC)
49

Run 1

A
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
E
F

Temp.
MV

Unit

TE2 at TI(2)

TE3 at TI(3)

60.1

59.2

59.65

60.4

59.3

59.85

mV

2.44

2.402

2.421

2.452

2.407

2.429

1.235

1.045

1.14

1.177

0.944

1.0605

Measured
Signal

mV

Actual
Signal

mV

Calculated
Temp.
Temp.
Deviation

TE1 at TI(1)

3.675

3.447

3.561

3.629

3.350

60.3

59.3

59.8

123.36

122.97

123.16

123.66

123.59

123.625

123.66

123.59

123.63

3.490

89.86

84.37

89.26

69.63

64.42

68.97

61.07

60.89

61

29.76

25.17

29.61

9.23

5.12

9.12

0.78

1.59

1.2

C
C

Element type
Type K(TE1)
Type J(TE2)
RTD(PT 100)(TE3)

B
Devivation Range(C)
52.9%
53.3%
51.9%

C
Difference(C)in the range
31.8
32.2
31.3

DISCUSSIONS
In electrical engineering and industry, thermocouples are a widely used
type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal
potential difference into electric potential difference. The main limitation is
accuracy; System errors of less than on. The relationship between the
temperature difference and the output voltage of a thermocouple is nonlinear
and is approximated by polynomial: Thermocouples are available either as
bare wire 'bead' thermocouples which offer low cost and fast response
times, or built into probes. One word of warning: when selecting probes take
care to ensure they have the correct type of connector. The two common
types of connector are 'standard' with round pins and 'miniature' with flat
pins, this causes some confusion as 'miniature' connectors are more popular
than 'standard' types.

Thermocouple simulators and RTD simulators provide precise standard

values of resistance or voltage for simulation and calibration. Thermocouples
are bimetallic temperature probes used in a variety of temperature sensing
applications. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are wire windings or
other thin-film serpentines that exhibit changes in resistance with changes
in temperature. RTD simulators provide a resistance value simulating the
output of a resistance temperature detector (RTD) at a particular
temperature. In some cases, resistance decade boxes can be used as RTD
simulators. Thermocouple simulators provide a voltage value simulating the
millivolt (mV) drop output of a thermocouple at a particular temperature.
Some voltage sources can be used as thermocouple simulators.
Selecting thermocouple simulators and RTD simulators requires an
analysis of performance specifications such as temperature resolution and
simulation type. The types of temperature-sensing devices that can be
simulated include K type thermocouples, J type thermocouples, E type
thermocouples, T type thermocouples, platinum RTDs, copper RTDs, nickel
RTDs, and proprietary devices. Additional considerations include number of
decades and temperature coefficient, the rate at which the nominal
resistance value changes as a function of temperature. With thermocouple
simulators and RTD simulators, temperature coefficient is expressed in
parts per million per degree Celsius (ppm/C).

The coefficients an are

given for n from zero to between five and nine.To achieve accurate
measurements the equation is usually implemented in a digital controller or
stored in a look-up table. Some older devices use analog filters.
A variety of thermocouples are available, suitable for different
measuring applications. They are usually selected based on the temperature
range and sensitivity needed.

CONCLUSIONS

From the experiment, we have used three types of measurement of

temperature which are thermocouple element, type K ( TE 1 ), second
thermocouple element, type J (TE2) and RTD element , PT 100 (TE3). We
have found that each of the type has a different sensitivity towards
temperature. First is the type K, which are available in the -200 C to +1200
C range. Sensitivity is approx 41 V/C. Second is the type J, it has a
limited range -40 to +750 C. J types should not be used above 760 C. Sensitivity
approx 50 V/C . The last one is the RTD element. The measuring current should
be selected to be as small as possible in order to avoid heating of the sensor.
For the conclusion, we have found that the type K is a better type of measurement
because it has the highest range temperature than all the others type which makes its
more efficient.

REFERENCES

CLD 20202 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION, UniKL MICET.

Experiment Manual TMC 200, QDR Marketing Sdn. Bhd
www.tcemperatures.com
www.globalspec.com

APPENDICES

SAMPLE CALCULATION

DIFFERENCE (C) IN THE RANGE

Type K (TE1)
Highest temperature lowest temperature
=

60.1 28.3

31.8

DEVIATION RANGE (%)

Type K (TE1)
Difference (C) in the range x 100%
Higher temperature

31.8
x100%
60.1

52.9%