School of Distance Education

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aebmf kmln-X-yw-2
(Malayalam)
For

BA /B.Sc.
II SEMESTER
(2014 Admission)
CUCBCSS

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

509

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B.Sc.
II SEMESTER
COMMON COURSE

Prepared by:

Dr. Saithalavi. C
Asst. Professor
Thunchathezhuthachan Malayalam University
Tirur.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

PAGES

CONTENTS

MODULE -

MODULE -

15

MODULE - 3 &4

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

23

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

samU-yq 1
Nnm-hn-jvS-bmb koX
Ipam-c-\m-im
1873 \mcm-b-Wsbpw Imfn-b--bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn Imbn--c-bn Ipam-c-\mim-\m P\n-p. {]ikvX ]WvUnX-m-cpsS Iogn kwkvIr-X-nepw Zi-\-fnepw {]mho-Wyw t\Sn. 1891 {io\m-c-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ Ip-ap-n. 1902 apX ]Xn\mdp hjw Fkv.-F.-Un. ]n. tbmKm sk{I--dn-bm-bn-cp-p. 1922 shbn cmP-Ipam-c ]pw hfbpw \In BZ-cn-p. 1924 ]-\-bm-nse t_m-]-S-I-S-n acn-p.
hoW ]qhv, \fn-\n, eoe, IcpW, {]tcm-Z-\w, NWvUm-e-`n-p-In, Nnm-hn-jvS-bmb
koX XpS-n-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-I.
Ihn-Xm-kmcw
Ipi-eham-tcbpw Iqn hmaoIn- a-ljn {iocmas Ai-z-ta-[-bm-K-n
]p-tN-cm t]mbnv Znh-k--fm-bn. ISp GIm-X A\p-`-hn-p koX Hcp
sshIp-tcw B{i-a-n\p kao-]s ]qtm-n sNn-cp-v hnNmc \na--bm-Ipp. DS-Pm--hmSnbn {]IrXn koXv Ccn-nSsamcp-n-bn-cn-p-p. ]qhm-I-sImp-I ]q]- t]mse tim`np lcn-\o-e-]p-p-I ]p-hn-cn-mbn Na-p.
Nn-bn-em koX kqc-y-\-kvX-an-tXm Nppw \nemhv hp \nd-tXm AdntX C. Xa-km-\-Zn-bn Hmf- krjvSn-p Ipfnam-cp-X kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-Isf
Xgp-Ip-p. C-ap-ff Ce-I- \nemhv hoWv shf-fn-bn hm-Xp-t]mse shn-Xn-fpp
h\-ap--bn \nv DXnp hogp ]q koX-bpsS apSn-s-n anm-an-\pp-I hn-cp-p. ac-n-S-bn-eqsS ImWp \-{X- \nd BImiw
t]mse koX-bpsS apSn tim`n-p. DS-bm-S-I icocw adv \o ssII XpS-ta
hv ]mXn-\n-d Ip-I-tfmsS Ccn-p koX-bpsS Nnm-`mcw A\p-hm-N-Iv
A\p-`-ht- h-Zy- amw hw Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-p. Imn-ep-ev Af-I
- In
]Xn-p-tmgpw AS-p-X-s-bn-cn-p Ip-I koX-bpsS Nn-bpsS Bgw
hy--am-p-p.
Ip\n ico-ca
- p-ff
- h
- s
- f-nepw koX CSv \nhn-cn-p-p. \m\m-hn[ NnIsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\m-hmsX ZoL-\n-iz- m-ka
- p-Xnp-p. Dn Ae-bS- n-p \m\mXcw Nn-I Ah-fpsS Ihn XS--fn ]e-hn[ `mh- {]Xn-^-en-n-p-p.
a\-kns\ \nb-{n-m-\m-hmsX hnNmc `mj-bn Xsms\ Ftm-sam-gn-bp-p.
XpSv koX-bpsS B-KX cq]-n-emWv Imhyw hnI-kn-p--Xv. Imev]-\n-IX-bpsS AgIpw XX-z-Nn--bpsS Kuchhpw \ndhbmWv XpSp-ff hcn-I
Hcp \n-an--sbm-n\pw
hcptamtcm Zi h-t]mse t]mw
hnc-bp a\p-j-y-t\-Xnt\m
Xncnbm temI-c-l-k-y-ampta
Pohn-X
- n Hn\pw Hcp-d
- p-an-. Hmtcm Ah--I hpw t]mbpw Ccn-pw. CXn\n-Sb
- n Fn-s\-d- n-bmsX a\p-j-y Dg-ep-p. temI cl-ky- -s-p-dnv Bpw
Hpw Adn-bn C{]-Imcw a\p-j-y-Po-hn-X-ns `nm-h--I-fn \nmWv koXae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

bpsS Nn-I Bim Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv.

a\v ck-_n-p-t]mse HmSn-f
- n-pI-bpw s\-Wn-t]mse s]mcn-bp-Ibpw sNpp. Nne-tm Xo{h-ambpw Nne-tm eLp-hmbpw AXv DWvTm-Ip-e-am-Ip-p. Cu
Ah hnh-cWw koX-bpsS ]p-Ime kvay-Xn-bn \np-f-hm-Ip am\-knI
kwLj-n sXfn-bp XX-z-i-I-e-am-Wv. Xm IS-pt]m Poh-X-nse
ITn\]co--W--fpsS ]mX-Ifpw Ah-m-hn-]-c-y-b--fp-amWv koXsb Cusbmcp
Nn-bn-te-s-n-p--Xv.
ktmjw \nd ]q-Imew kvacn-p-tm Zphn[n ]pn-cn-bpsS [mcmfnw sImv Ahsb ambvNp-I-f--Xmbn koX Hmp-p.
a-y-Po-hnXw kpJ Zp:-J-k-n-{i-am-sW-tmv koX Bi-z-kn-m {ianp-p. Ak-z--amb th\-en\p ]ndtI Ftmgpw ag-sbpw . Ce-I s]mgnv
ipjvI-amb Xcp- Xfn ]qhn-Spw. ChnsS a\p-jy Pohn-ns An-c-Xsb
EXp-t`-Z-t- fmSv Ihn kma-ys
- -Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. kk-yP
-
- p-Pm-e
- f
- nepw Ag amdn
amdn hp s]Sp-sa-nepw Bm-`n-am-\-ap-ff a\p-j-y-\n am\-lm-\n-aq-e-ap-ff Zp:Jw
nc-ambn \npw.
C{]-Imcw Nnn-n-cns koX-bpsS CS-Xp-tXm Hp XpSn-p. CXv ip`-e-W-am-sW-nepw koX AXns\ "]pgp-t]mse' Fv hnti-jn-n-p-p. {]nb-ka
- m-Kas
kqNn-n-p Hcp \nan--am-sW-nepw Xm AXns\ ]nXp-S-cp-I-bn-sv koX Ddn-p-p. Ipn \ng-ens\ ]nXp-S-cp--Xp-t]mse Xm\n\n kpJ-t`m-K--fn {`anv
Dg-ep-I-bn-sv koX Xocp-am-\n-p-p.
]p{Xam sNmnb cmam-b-W-Im-hyw tIv {iocm-a Ahsc Xncn--dn-n-pm-h-Ww. Ah-tcmSv A\p-Xm-]-ap-f-f-h-\mbn Xon-cn--Ww. {incm-a-t\m-sSmw
Ign \ \mfp-I ad-n-n-nepw Ah Nn-bn Dun-Sm-sX-bm-bn-cn-p-p. Ah
tIhn-bn amsm-en-t]msebmbn Xon-cn-p-p. Aev]t- \-cs hntbmKw t]mepw
kln-m Ign-bm--hn[w Xo{h-am-bn-cp- {]Wbw Ctm Dd-p AW-en-mp-I-Ws Df-fn Xe-s]mm\mh-sX-bn-cn-p-p.
C{n-b
- v Bm-Zt- l-Xp-hm-Ip `mh- Hgn-p-t]mb Xs a\kv {]mhpI Dt]-npt]mb IqSp-t]mse Zb-\o-b-ambn Xon-cn-p-p. Xs lrZ-b-Imim-n kZm hnf-n-\n shN-{\pw Hma-bmbn Xon-cn-p-p. Zm-Xy-
- ns
a[p-c-`m-h--tfmSv koXv Ctm {]Xn-]n tXmp-n-.
B{i-a-nse {hX-N-cy X\n-np ioe-am-bn-cn-p-p. B-hn-Zy Xs imbmn Xon-cn-p-p. hnthI in-sImv Fm Zp:-J-fpw Xn\npw
Hgnp t]mbn-cn-p-p. Fm "A]am-\-ieyw' Xs Ctmgpw Npp-s]m-f-fn-pp. Xm\n-jvI-cpWw h\-a-yb-n Dt]-n--s Imcyw koX Hmp-p.
kzbw Poh shSn-bm B{K-ln Xm K`nWnbmb-Xn-\m AXn-\p-ap-Xnn-.
Ctm {]nb-tN-jvS-I sImv B Dn-I X\nv IuXp-I-ta-Ip-p. Dn-I-fpsS
a-kvan-X-c-ivan-I Xs thZ-\-b-I-m t]m Huj-ambn Xon-cn-p-p. thZ-\m\n`-ca
- mb Poh-X
- n A`-I (a-) Huj-[a
- mbn Na-bp-p-shv Bim Hmnnp-p.
Iqcn-cp-nepw sXfn-p-{]-Im-in-p Nne \-{X- ImWmw. AXp-t]mse
IS ]c-n sNdp Zzo-]p-Ifpw ImWmw. GXp hn]-nepw Bi-zm-k-ta-Im Fsae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

nepw amKw Cm-Xn-cn-n-. a-fpsS kmn--yhpw tNjvS-I-fp-amWv koXv

Bi-zm-kt- a-Ip--Xv.
Hcp ssIsImv Xp \nbXn adpssI sImv Xtem-Sp-Ibpw sNpsav
koX Bi-z-kn-p-p. \ngepw shfn--hpw-t]mse Htc `mh-ns c-h--I-fmWv
kpJhpw Zp:-J-hp-sav koX Xncn--dn-bp-p. alm-m- Ch cnepw AN--e-cmIp-Xv Cu kXyw a\-n-em-p-Xv sImm-sWv koX Icp-Xp-p.
C\nbpw e`n-t-m-hp kpJm-\p-`-h--tfmSv koX Cuj-y-tbmsS Xncnv
\np-p. Ahsb "hn\-bm kpJ' ambn ImWp-p. Xs Poh-Xn-X-nse
Dm-k-\m-fp-I thZ-\-bnepw A]-am-\-n-ep-am-Wtm HSp-n-b-Xv. Zp:-Js kzbw
hcn-m sNp-tm Zphn[n AXns Cuj-y-`mhw ssIhn-Sp-sap Xs-bmWv
koX-bpsS {]Xo-. A]-am-\m-\p-`-h-t-tbmv \odp koX-bpsS kwLj-`-cnX-amb a\-n \nmWv Cu hmp-I DXn-cp--Xv. Zp:-Js Gp-hmn icn-bmb
a[p-cn-nSmw kzbw ]cn-io-en-smcp Ibv]p-X-\pta ''F Xon koX Bi-zmkw
Is-p-p.
Hcp-J-WvUn-bn D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. \ne-sb-nsb tZhn-bmI
AIe-smcp Nnbmw IS
]e `mh-a-Wp sas \n
eamw Nmcp IhnX-S--fn hym-J-ym-\n-p-I.
2. ]pgp-t]mse XpSn--bn lm
............................................................
.............................................................
bpgem t`mK ancp Rm\n-\n... hni-Z-am-p-I.
3. kv^pS-Xm-c- Iqcn-cp-n-ep
...........................................................
............................................................
nS-bm-taXp alm-hn-]-nepw hym-J-ym-\n-p-I.
4. hn\-bm kpJw sImXn--bn
......................................................................
.......................................................................
X\ntb ssIhnSp aoj-y-Zphn-[n. hym-J-ym-\n-p-I.
D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI
1. B-\n--tbm-f-sa-p koX-bpsS hnNm-c-t`-Z- hnIm-tcm-o-]-I-am-n-Xop-Xn Bims ]mShw hni-I-e\w sNp-I.
2

s]cp--

Pn. i-c-p-dpv
1901 s\n-m--ffn i-c-hm-c-y-cp-sSbpw hS-n\n evan-pn A-bp-sSbpw
aI-\mbn Ime-Sn-S- p-p-ff \mb-tmSv {Kma-n-emWv i-c
- p-dpv P\n-X
- v. "kmlnX-y-Iu-XpI' amWv At-l-ns BZy IrXn. ]pPm-]p-jv]w, sN-Xn-cp-I, h\-Km-bI, app-I, CX-fp-I, AZm-lw, HmS-p-g, Poh-\-kw-KoXw apX-bm-h-bmWv
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

{][m\ IrXn-I-. "Hma-bpsS Hmf--fn ' F t]cn cNn B-IY A]qWam-Wv. BZ-ys m\-]o-T-]p-c-kvImcw 1965 PnbpsS HmS-p-g F IhnXm
kam-lm-c
- n-\mWv e`n-X
- v. 1968 At-l
- n\v "]-`q-j' e`n-p. 1978 Atlw
\nc-ym-X-\m-bn.
"alm-\mb Zmi-\nI Ihn' FmWv tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn At-ls hnti-jnn--Xv. a\p-jy Poh-X-ns Fm aWvU-e--fn-tepw i-c-p-dn-ns IhnX
IS-p-sN-p-p. {]]--n apgp-h hym-]np \np Znhy ssNX-\-ys
kmm-XvI-cn-m Atlw Xs annIv Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS {ian-p. Zp{K-l-amb
Bi-b-sf {]Xn-cq-]-smv kv]jvShpw kp-c-hp-am-m At-l-n\v
km[n-p.
s]cp--
hm-I-y-ns Ah-i-X-I-fn Iptd-\m-fmbn s]mn Npcpp InS-p--Xpt]mse Ign-bp-I-bmWv s]cp-. hmXw ]nSn-ap-dp-n-bnpw Pohn-n-cn-p-p-sh-Xn\v sXfn-h-t]mse iz-kn-p-p-v. Ah-i-X-bnepw ac--sf-p-dnpw Ipe-s-gn-ens\-p-dn-p-amWv s]cp--s Nn Dfn-sh-p-tm In-sm-p-t]mse anp
mhpw Ifn-h-n-bp-m-m ]nb tXamhpw B aoIm-ev Cd-bv sNp\nv ImWm Atlw sImXn-pp
kzbw ]d-n Hcp hmg-p-n-t]m-ep-an-s-nepw ImWp ac-tm-sSms
X\nv Cw tXmpw. A-e-ap-v hfhpw t]mSpw tISp-an-m H-Xm ]nSnmepw ]nSn-Iq-Sm X-I-a-c-ap-v. AXp-ap-dn-m Xs \mnse Fm apf-tam-m-bfpw ac-ap--c-am-m-\m-Ipw. As-n Ducm-W-a-m tamln-p-Xv t]mse AhcpsS amfn-I-Iv Noem-n-bp-m-mw. ]t ]pX-en-p-t]mb Xs XSn-sImv
B ImX-en Dfn hogvm-\m-hn--tm. "\m\n' bpsS \nh IS-s-Sp sagIpw Hma-bm-bn-cn-p-p. ]q sN-I-s-tm-se-bn-cp Ah shSn-sh-m
t]mepw tIm--hn[w sNIn-Sn-bmbn Ip\n-IqSn Ign-bp-p. apdp-n-Np-h-nv
]qshf-fn-eb
- psS tim`-tbmsS Xs Acn-I
- h
- p \nm-dp-ff "\m\n' sb s]cp- Hmp-p. Ctm Icn-sh-n-e-ppw sIm-S-bvbpw \qdn Xcnbpw ]pIbn-e-sRpw Xn Xn \S-p \m\n s]cp---\n hmbva ]Sp-p.
]Wn-sN-p-hm hs-nepw \on-\n-cn ]Wn-im-e-bn sNn-cn-m Ignn-cp-p-sh-n-sev Abm tamln-p-p. Zqsc Icn-ho-n-bpsS ImX IS-pm- nb ha- c nI Ian- g v n- s h- - X pt]mep- f f BIm- i - n\p Iosg Xs
sIIsImp Xo s]cpw Xrtm-hnens sNp-Xm-gn-I
- pSw ImWp-p. AXn\p
apnse Db sImSn-a-c-n ]d-m NndIp-hn-Sp-tm-gp-ff Ne\w t]mepw
Bhm-ln-p hn[w Kcp-Us at\m-lc cq]w sImn-sb-Sp-Xv Dfn-]n-Sn-m Xm
Xs ]Tn-n- Xs {]nb-a-I-\m-bn-cp-tm Fv Abm thZ-\-tbmsS Hmp-p.
Kcp-Us Nndp-Ip-I Ctmgpw Nen-p--Xmbn tXmp-Xv aIs Ic-hn-cp-Xp-sImm-Wv. aIs Ic-hn-cp-Xn Xm Akq-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-p-sh-t{X \mp-Im ]dp-]-c-n-b-Xv. GX--\mWv aI-\p-e-`n-p {]iwk Dsm-f-fm-\m-hm-Xn-cn-pI
? Bbncw aWn-bpsS \mh-Smw, ]t Hcp a\p-jys \m-S-m\ Bs-nepw
Ign-bptam ?
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

A\pw aI\pw shtsd ]WnIgnn cp tKm]p-c-ns Xn-embn AjvSZnIv]meI cq]s Xmc-X-a-y-s-Spn aItXmWv IqSp-X Poh-p--sXv \mpIm ]d-bm XpS-n. Fs In-ep-n-bmb aI\v e`n-p {]ikvXn XtXp-IqSn-bm-Wtm FmWv Xm Atm Nnn--Xv. aIs\ ap-f-f-h ]pI-gvp-tm
Xs apJw ap-p-shv Bfp-I Ifn-bm-n. Xm X-\m-sW-nepw A-\-m-Xmhn-tm FmWv AtmSpw Nnn--Xv. " IWpw tImpw apm-im-cn-m-sW-nepw
inev]-KpWw aI-\mWv' F \mp-Im-cpsS hne-bn-cp-epw Xm Ku\n-n-. Bebn ASp--Sp-n-cpv ]Wn-sN-p-tmgpw A\pw aI\pw anp-n-s-m-bn-cpp
]noSv \mp-Im-cpsS Is-. tIa-\mb aI {Kln-Xpw A`-y-kn-Xpw Cu
A-\n \nm-Wtm Fv A`n-am-\n-p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-pAtm. Rmbdp adtmw Xn-fm-et' F aq-\m-b-cpsS tNmZ-y-ap-\bpw Xm tIn-sv \Sn-p.
hgn-t]m- ]me-ns \Spsp-tm A{]-Xo-n-X-ambn apJ-tv
Xpp b{-m-hsb shdpw t\cw t]mn-\p-thn Dm-n-bX
- m-bn-cp-p-shv s]cp- Hmp-p. Cu hnNn-{X-hn-Zy ImWm B Bn hn Bfp-I \nd-bm
XpS-n. Fm \mep Zn\w Ign-bp--Xn\p app-Xs Xpp-hm `mhnv s]mp
Xs ]mh-bpsS hm Xpp-tm-tgpw sNIn-S--Sn-p asmcp ]mh ]me-n
m\w ]nSn-p. aIs Ic-hn-cp-Xn \nmWv B ]mhbpm-bXv F-dn--tm
s]cp--\v ASn-tb--Xp-t]mse tXmn.
A Ak-z--\mbn \ns "\m\n' bpsS Io hI-sh-bvmsX BImiv Htc kabw cp N{amv m\-an-s Xncn--dn-hn aI hoSp hnpt]m-bn. aI ]Sn-bn-d-p-tm Dan-\odpw t]mse a\kv \odn-sb-nepw A Hpw
Dcn-bm-Sn-bn-. Xs \nn-m-\m-bn-cp-n aI A-c-samcp anSpv Imn-b-sXv
Cv s]cp-- Xncn--dn-p-p-v.
]noSv tImhn-en ]pXnb B\-- ]Wn-bp-tm Xm aIs\ Xncnp
hnfn-Xv Fn-\m-bn-cp-p-shv s]cp- Nnn-p-p.
aXnen-\-Iv sN-tm " aI-t\m-Sm-tem-Nnp `wKn-bm-Ww ] ' F
Xp-cms hmv s]cp--s\ Gsd Ak-z--\m-n-bn-cp-p. CXp-hsc asm-cm-fpsS
D]-tZiw tXSm XtmSv As\ ]d--tm Xncn-p-t]m-cm tXmn-b-Xm-Wv.
Fnpw an-Xv Xs aI-Wmtm F Nn-sIm-mWv. Xm AXn Akq-bm-ephmbn Fmbn ]noSv \mp-Im-cpsS Is-. aI-\p-ff am\w A-\p-ap-m-bnq-sS. acmimcn ac-tm hnIm-c-c-ln-X-\m-Im.
Ducm-W--m IuXp-I-tmsS t\mn \ns `wKn-bp-ff ] s]mn.
apI-ns sImp-th-e-I _mn-bp-v. AXv Xm sNbvX-tXmfm Fpw A
tammbw Ib-n-tmfq Fpw aI ]d--tm s]cp-
- \v Xs ta[m-i-nv
{]l-c-ta--Xp-t]mse tXmn. "tam\-\p-h-Zn-tWm tammbw tamfn tIm' Fv
s]cp-
- Aaj-tmsS kzbw tNmZn-p-p. apI-ns sImp-th-e-I Xs
AXn-i-bn-m t]m Ic-hn-cpXv {]I-Sn-n-m aI\v Ah-kcw \Ip-sav Hcp
thf s]cp-- Nnn-n-cn-mw.
N-\
- -eI
- b
- n alm-e
- ao tZhn-bpsS tIfo-]w sImn-sm-n-cp aIs
Igp-n-tev t\sc apI-fn tamm-b
- ns BWn Non-sIm-n-cp s]cp-
- s
hoXpfn Dup-ho-gp-p. "ssIb-dn-bmsX, bdn-bm-sXbmWpfn' Fv s]cp--
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

School of Distance Education

kzbw Bi-zk
- n-m {ian-p-p-v. aIs ta hogt Fv hoW \nanjw Xs
Xm t\n-cp-p-shv s]cp-- Hmp-p. ]t Ip-an-gn-p-tm-tgpw
]nS-bp Igp-p-ambn InS-p aI-s\-bmWv s]cp-- I-Xv. Nppw IqSnb
Bfp-I-fpsS t\mw kqNn Xpp-t]mse Xs t\sc \ofp-tm Imep-d-msX Xmsg
hoW Xm aI "ams'v ]d-Xv tIn-. ac-W-th-f-bn aI "amv' Fv ]dp-shv kzbw kam-[m-\n-m s]cp-- Iev]n-s-Sp--Xm-hmw. sXp sNbvXh-cm-Wtm amp ]d-bp-I. aI sXp sNbvXn-mWv Xm\-s\ sNbvXp-t]m-bXv
Fv s]cp-- kzbw t_m[n-n-m {ian-p-I-bmWv Fv A\p-hm-N-Iv
t_m[y-s-Spw.
c-n Ipfnp InS inck aIs cq]w s]cp--s\ th-bm-Sn-sm-tbn-cp-p. \m\n-bs Nncnp In-n-. ]no-Smcpw Pohn-n-cp-s-n hm-Iy-
- ns
Cu Ah-i-X-I-fn X\npw \m\npw Ah DuphSn-bm-tbt\ Fv s]cp- thZ-\-tbm-sS Nnn-p-p. Hc--\nXv sNm-\m-hn-sv Bhnv Bi-z-knm {ian-p s]cp-- "`oa-am-]-ar-Xyp ]nW-bm-Xn-cp-s-n' Fv hne-]n-pp. Fm Xs A:-I-cWw "]nbvm-Xn-cp-s-n' Fv Xncpn ]d-bp-Xv
s]cp-- Adn-bp-p. F-s\-sbms ambvm {ian-mepw Df-fn sXfn-ph-cp B `oI-c-k-Xyw s]cp-s\ \nc-cw th-bm-Sp-p. Cusbm-c {]tbm-K-neqsS s]cp-s am\-knI kwLjw Ihn \p-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-n-Xop-p.
Bi-zmkn\mbn kzbw Iev]n-s-Sp-p bpn-Ifpw hni-zm-k-fpw amp-t]mIp-Ibpw bmYmyw a\-ns At_m-[-X-e-n amsX \np-Ibpw sNptm-gp-ff `oI-cm-c-h s]cp-- A\m-h-cWw sNp-p.
150 hmn Ihn-bmsX D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. X-I-a-cspdn-p-ff s]cp--s Nn-I Am-es kmaq-ln-Im-hsbpdnv Fsmw kqN-\-I-fmWv \Ip--Xv. ?
2. "\m\n' sb pdn-p-ff s]cp--s Hma-I Fsmw. ?
3. Bbncw aWn-bpsS \m-S-oSm, sam
hmbnse \mhmm\pw sIp-hm Ign-bptam ? - k`-taXv ?
4. "" Rmb-dp-a-d-tmw Xn-fm-et '' F aq \mb-cpsS hmnse [z-\n-sbv
?
5. "CS-an-m-Im-ip cp Xn-fn-s\pw ' - Bibw hni-Z-am-p-I.
6. "hmin-bmse \n-Sn-tb-Xp t]mse tXmn ' k`-taXv ?
7. hoWp-Rm, aI "ams'tmXn s]m, tIn Rm. k`-taXv ?
8. "" ]nW-bvm-Xn-cp-s-n-sep lm, Xncp-p-p
pW-cp-sm-sc--:-I-cWw IqsS IqsS ''- Bibw hni-Z-am-p-I.
D]-\-ymk cq]-n D-c-sa-gp-XpI
1. ]m]-t_m-[-m th-bm-S-s-Sp Hcp a\:-km-n-bpsS hnNm-c-W-bmWv s]cp- F Ihn-X. ' -kan-p-I.
kl-ys aI sshtem-n-ffn {io[-c-ta-t\m
tNcm-\-q sImp-Ip- Im-hnsbpw If-p-c- \mWn-p-n-b--bpsSbpw aI-\mbn 1911 Gd-Wm-Ip-f-mWv {io[-c-ta-t\m P\n--Xv. Gd-Wm-Ipfw
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

10

School of Distance Education

alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pn \nv _ncpZw t\Snb Atlw hnhn[ kvqfp-If

- n imkv{X[-ym-]-I-\mbncp-p. In-smbvv , IpSn-sbm-gn-, HmW-m-p-Im, ISm-I, hnpw ssItm-pw, Ibv-h--cn, hnS aI-c-smbvv XpS-n-b-h-bmWv
{][m-\- Ir-Xn-I.
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn Hcp bpK-]-cn-h-\-n\v kmyw hln Ihn-X-I
F \ne-bn sshtem-n-ffnbpsS Ihn-X-I {]tX-yIw ]T-\-aln-p-p. ]pdtav \n-e-sav sXmn-p a\-ns AKm-[-X-fn \S-p kwLj-
sshtem-n-f-fn-bpsS ]e Ihn-X-Ifpw A\m-h-cWw sNp-p. a\-im-kv{X-]c
- -amb Cu
A ZrjvSn-bmWv Xs aI, klys aI Fo Ihn-X-IfpsS apJy `mhw.
kl-ys aI
Dhw \S-p A-e-ns shfn--n Ipfnp \np apv
Icnmd-I t]mse-bp-ff ]Xn-\-m-\-I Hcp-n-\np-p. Ah-bpsS s\n-- shfn--n Acp-hn-Is
- f-tmse anp-p. hmZ-y-ta-f-ns DX-bn Xebmv Xmgvhc-t]mse ]cp \np-I-bmWv ]pcp-jm-cw. D-h-cwKw hn-m
Ihn D]-tbm-Kn _nw_- t\mp-I. Icn-m-d-I, Acp-hn-I, Xmgvhc
- I
- Fo
D]-am-\- D]-tbm-Knv B\-bpsS Zy-jvSn-bn-eqse D-hs ImWm-\mWv Ihn
{ian-p--Xv. A\-bpsS At_m-[-n ImSv Hcp In\m-hmbn \nd-bp-p.
apdpm Nh-n-cn-p Hcp kwLw \Sp-p-ff sIm-\m-\m-sb-p-dnv ]d-bpXv tIp-I. "" Ah Ipdp--\m-Wv tZhs s]mXn-S-m-SWv Gp--sX-nepw
B akvXn-I-n-\p-f-fn a{n-p-Xv ]nim-Np--fm-Wv. aZw Pew apgp-h tXmcp-Xn\p app-Xs Ahs\ D-h-n\v Iqn-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Fsmcp Xe-sm--amW-h\v! Ahs \o sImp-I Fs-mtam kml-k-n\v Hcpn \np-I-bmsWv tXmp-p. Ip-I \nW-k-z]v\w ImWp-p, Xpncw ap-tXm-pp
]mhw imn-m-c hndp \np-p''.
D-h-ta-fw, Zosh--I, P\-n-cv Fnh Xop i_vZ-km-Kcw sIm
Adn-bp-t-bn-. Xs Xf-m-\p-ff Iqp N-e-sbtbm Iq tXmn-Nmcn
\np ]mm-t\tbm Ah Ku\n-p-n-. B ka-bv Ahs {]uU-amb
akvXn-jvI-n\-I-ns Ccp-fn {`mns \nemhv s]p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
GtXm kml-knI k-e--n tabp Ah kzm-X-{-ns Nnd-Ip-I-I
IWs henb ]pf-fn-s-hn-I hoin-sm-n-cp-p. at\m-bm-{X-bn Ah FntXv hk--ns kar-n-bn ]qp-ep \np sNdp--n Xs
Ifn-ap--am-bn-cp-p kl-y-km\p tZi-m-Wv. kl-y-Xm-gvh-c-b-msX asm-cn-Shpw Xstm-se-sbm-cm-\v A\p-tbm-P-y-a-sv Ah Hmp-p. AhnsS aehm-I-I
]qv amWn-I-y-ap-Xnppv. akvXIw Xtem-Sm Cfw amcp-X-\p-v. ]nepw arZphmb Xfn-cp-Ifpw Cu]--Ifpw apIfpw hncp-sm-cpn Imp \np-p-v.
Imp-]q-tmeI Aar-Xnepw hnin-jvamb Xo-cp-ambn amSn hnfn-p-p-v. ths]p-t]mb Hcp aIs\ AW-bm shp A-bpsS `mh-amWv Ihn ChnsS kl-y\p
\bn-cn-p--Xv. Nncn-p hmI-q, Bi-zm-k-ta-Ip amcp-X, arZp-hn-c-ep-Ifm-Ip Xfn-cp-I, Ipfna-bm-Ip Xo CjvS-t`m-Py- s
- am-cp-n-bp-ff Imn-cp-v.......
Ch-sbmw h\-n\v amXr-`mhw \Ip-p-v.
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

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Nn-I IS- IqSm-n-Xo Xe-bn sXfn kev] hoYn-I-fn Aebm sIm sImXn-p-p. aZ-e-l-cn-bn asmw adv AXv aptm-m-bp-p.
\on-sh Imen ]mdw sXdn-v Imp-]m-X-bn-eqsS kh-k-zm-X-{-y-tmsS \Sp-p. Imn hcp-Xv ]me-q-hns kpK-a
- m-tWm, AtXm Imp-]\
- I
- f
- n \nsmen-p If-fns K-amtWm ? sacp-hns aZ-{Z-h-amtWm ? B\ sXnS XpnssI-IsImv hmbp-hn Xn-t\m-n. ]md-bn \nv Pew hmp t]mIp--Xpt]mse Xs hocyw hmp-t]m-Ip--Xmbn Ah\v A\p-`h
- -s-Sp-p. hnj-h-ffn XnXp-t]m-se. Pzcw _m[n--Xp-t]mse.
ac-sm-p-I HSnv hogp-p. akvX-I-n sN-ns ]qsmSn s]mgnbp-p. D-cnv Xom `nn-bn Dc--tm c-K--ap-ff ]m B ]mebn \np-Xncp-p. _ew tNmsv tXmp-tmgpw D{K-_ew Xs DS-en \nbpXv B\ Adn-bp-p. kvt\ln-m shp-tm Xs ]nSn-p-sIm-m\pw tXmpp
ChnsS _me-yn \nv Iua-cm-n-te-s-p-tm-gp-ff ]pcp-jm-\p-`-hs
Ihn hyw-K-y-ambn kqNn-n-p-p. Ftmtm IpXn-m-\p-ff sh el-cn-]n-Sn-np B-cnI tNmZ-\-I. _ew tNmp-t]mIpw t]msebpw Cc-npw t]mse-bpap-ff tXm. Bsc-sbm-stbm kvt\ln-m\pw sImm-\p-ap-ff hy-{K-X.
aZ-e-l-cn-bn Im Iogn Aa-cp-Xpw hogp-Xpw hr-im-J-I-f a\p-j-y-cmsWv A\-b-dn-bp-n-. Ihn tNp-c-p-Xv t{X XqWn-em-sWpw Adn-bpn-.
hkns aWw Hmtmv B\ Imp-]m-X-bn-eqsS apt-dn. s]m-bn
]pf-fn-pen ]Xp-n-bn-cn-p-p-v. Ahs\ sImntmm Dmlw tXmpn-. Xncn-tm-Sp Ipc--m-cpsS ]pw \nd hmp-I adp-]Sn \Im
ka-b-an-. s]mbvI-bn Imp-t]m-p-I sImn--Sn-p i_vZhpw ac-n ]nI tX Dc-p i_vZhpw tIp-p-v. Zqsc Gdp-a-S-n-en-cpv thSam
]mSp-p-v. ]t Ch-scmpw tIp-\nm ka-b-an-. ]I ]d-bp amac
\ng-ep-Iv AIn-tS-Im Ccpv hs-p-p. Infn-I IqS-W-bp-p. BIm-inse \oe ]qha-bn ]oen-hn-Sn--gn-p. Imp-ap hmk\ sNmcn-bp-p.
\nem-hn h\-tZ-h-\vam \r-am-Sp-p. th-ar-K--fpsS Hm-n Nn-I HSn-bpp. Ipdp--m Hmcn-bn-Spp Ccp-fns \ni-_vZX t`Zn-p-sImv Noho-Sp-I hne]n-p-p.
W-t\cw B\-bpsS tNX-\-bp-Wp. Xm Imn-e D-h-cw-K-m-sWv
\nan-j-t\-c-tv Ah Xncn--dn-bp-p. D-h-]-d-nse a\p-j-ysc ]Xn-bn-cn-p
]pen-Ifpw Xncn-c-tm-Sp Ipc--m-cp-am-bmWv B\ ImWp--Xv. hmZ-y-tLm-j-Mfpw Bc-h-fpw Imnse hnhn[ i_vZ--fmbn [cn-p-p. Imps]m-bvI-bnse
Xh-f-I-fpsS Ic-n-embn Ahsb Bh-K-Wn-p-p. D-h-]-d-nse shfn--
Imnse anm-an-\p-I
- -fmbn Ahs\ t\mn Nncn-p-p. cmdXn AI-ep-Xpw ]I
civan-I Fp-Imen he-I Xop-Xpw Ah Adn-bp-p. t]S-am-\p-I KqVamw
hf-fn-s-n-\p-f-fn \npw t]Sn-tbmsS Xs t\mp-p-v. h\-]m-X-bn ]pXsbmcp Kw ]c-p-Xv Ah-d- n-bp-p. {]mWs\ \nhrXnbntevnp K\v[w.
ama-c-in-I-c--sfm-Sn-p-mb hgn-bn Xma-c-bnse hSn-hp-ff ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS
Im]m-Sp-I Bhn s]mp ]-]nWvVw. Cu hgn B\-I shffw IpSn-m
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

12

School of Distance Education

t]mbn-p-sv Ah Duln-p-p. A-e-n \np-b-cp sImp-hnfn Nnw

hnfn-sbv Ah Xos-s-Sp-p-p.
]pehm-bp-hn Nmacw hoip Z`-I \nd Bph-n kl-ys kuc-y-[m-a--fmb B\-q-s ImWp-p. Ah-bvsmw tNcm sImXnv IpXn
Ahs Iqq Ne s]mp-p. Ahsb Imp-h-ff
- n-I-fmtb Ah KWn-p-ff "B\tbmSn' F Bp-hnfntbmsS P\w Poh\pw sImtm-Sptm Imn sImSp-mp
]S-Xm-bn B\v tXmp-p. ae-sh-
- m-ntem ImSn-f
- p Imm-fmcpsS Bchtam BsWv B\ kt-ln-p-p. Ipc--m Xs ]pd-p-I-bdn adn-bp-IbmtWm ? ]q-Im-p-a-c- t]Sn-tm-Sp-I-bmtWm ImNp-h-n sRcn-bp sNSnI Ic-bp--sX--s\ ? Dcn-s-Sp-p ac-sm-p-I-fn \nv cw In\n-bp-sX-mWv ?.
sIme-f
- a
- m-bn-Xo A-e
- n \nv ]pd-p-IS-
- m-\p-ff Adn-bnv hp. Aev]
kabw sImv i_vZ-tLm-jhpw shfn-hpw AS-n. aqn Xn-\np
ZpJ\v[w am{Xw _mn-bm-bn.
B\-bpsS Df-fn hopw Hcp h\-Nn{Xw sXfn-p. sImp-ap-f-m XpSn-bnpw Ifn ssIsh-Sn-bms tIma-f-m-cmb Ipn-bm-\-I. Bp \oIp-Sn-ptmgpw {]W-b-\o sImn-p ]nSn-bm-\-I Ah-scm-sSmv Isf-fm shffw
Ip-Snpw Icn-sm \mbvW Nonbpw Ah cknpthm? Iq-n kp-cnbmb ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS Imp-Xm-fn-et- ]m-ep-ff tImaf IW-f
- n Xs at\m-cYw a{npthm ? Ne sXmSm AhfqsS Imen Xpn-ssI-sImv Ah t{]a-N-e
_n-pthm ? CXns ]c-amY-a-dn-bp-Xv Dk-h-]--ense Ipe-hm-g-Imbn-cpp. ]e coXn-bn Ipg-p-a-dnp InS-pp Ah-tbm-Sm-bn-cp--htm Ahs
t{]aeoe-I-sf-mw.
asmcp sIm-\m\ Xs FXnm hcp--Xmbn Ah\p tXmn. Ahs
ba-Zw t]mep-ff XpnssI Xs t\v Db-cpp. ImSp Ipep-p-p. ]nSn-bm-\I t\mn \npp Ipn-I \Sp-p-p. Df-fn ASn-atdmsW-nepw Xn
hocyw DW-cp-Xv Ah Adn-bp-p. Al-mcw ]X-bp i{Xp-hns akvX-I-n
Ah Bp {]l-cn-pthm. tKm]p-c-nse CSnphoW XqWp-Ipw IIjvW--pta ]c-amY-a-dn-bq.
Ccp-v t]Sn-tm-Snb amtem-I-cpsS ss[cyw ]I shfn--n DWp
Zpa-y-X-y-hns tkh-m-c-s\-tm-semcp ]m-f-m-c t{X-a-Xn-en Ib-dn-bn-cp-p.
AbmfpsS shSn-bp-s-bn Ai-c-W-\mb B a-Zb
- m\ Bsctbm hnfn--edn ]nS-phoWp. tImhn-en ab-p am\-h-cpsS ssZhw B hnfn tIpthm ? B \ne-hnfn
kly ly-Z-b-n sNp Xn {]Xn-[-z-\n-p. ]p{X-hn-tbmKw kln-msX kl-y\pw
B k-S-n ]p-sIm-p.
150 hmn Ihn-bmsX D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. Adn-bn-smcp ]t
]-en ]te-]-Sn.
adnbpw Ipe-hmg
bvdnbmw ]c-amYw ' - k`w hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
2. Im\\ hoYn-bn sIm-\m\ ImWp ImgvN-Isfsmw. ?
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

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School of Distance Education

3. Ae ap-p-\n sIm-s\-p-dnv ImWn-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b--sf--m-am-bn-cpp. ?

4. kl-ys amXr-`mhw Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p--sX-s\ ?
5. hnj-h-cn Xntm ?
hn]n-\m--cm-f-n
hnj-a-P-zcw hp
Xsbpw _m[n-stm ? - Cs\ sXmm Imc-W-sav ?
6. hcn-bm-bp-tZ-ym-Znp
ao-sh-n-I appw
h\-Ip-RvPI tPymX
Jt{Z-ym-X-iXw am{Xw hni-Z-am-p-I.
D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI
1. ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn-p {]mIrX tNmZ-\-I F{]-Im-c-amWv "kl-ys aI-\n
Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-pXv ?

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

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School of Distance Education

samU-yq 2
]I-ep-I cm{Xn-I A--]-Wn-
(C. \mcm-b-W Fw. ao\m-n-b Fn-h-cpsS aI-\mbn Imh-em-mWv
A--Wn- P\n--Xv)
ae-bm-f
- nse B[p-\n-IX
- m-hm-Z
- ns XpS-
- m-cn-sem-cm F \ne-bn-emWv
A--]-Wn- apJ-y-ambpw Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. At-l-ns "Ipcp-t{Xw' F
IhnX Sn. Fkv. Fen-b-ns "Xcn-ip-`qan' sb kvacn-n-p-p.
Ipcp-t-{Xw, ay-X-y q-]q-P, IpSpw-_-] p-cm-W w, An-]q-P , lpKvfn, ]mtkPv Sp
Ata-cn-, XpS-n-bh {][m\ Ih-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
]I-ep-I cm{Xn-I
Htc kabw Pohn-X-nsbpw ac-W-nsbpw {]XoIw F \ne-bvmWv
Cu Ihn-Xb
- n A-W
- n- k-ysb Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- v. \o Xs PohnXsapw
\o Xs Xs ac-W-sapw Ihn k-ytbmSv ]d-bp-p. \ns In \n_n-amb A-Imcw hv \nd-bp-p. Npn L\-ssi-Xyw Dd-bp-p. \nn ]I-epI ]nd-p-Ibpw cm{Xn-I ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. \o cm{Xn-bpsS P\-\nbpw
ac-W-ns Imap-In-bp-am-Ip-p. ]pW-y-]m-]-]-cn-lm-chpw \o Xs.\c-\mbn ]nd-Xp-sImv Xmt-n-h Zpc-\p-`-h-fpsS hnf-dbnb Hm-I Ihnsb Ak-z-\m-p-p. kzK--\-c-Im-\p-`- Ihn Hms-Sp-m {ian-p-p. Im-Sn-bn
ImWp kzw apJs shdp-tmsS t\mmt\ Ihnv km[n-p-p-q. GsXmcm-sfbpw s]mse Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-Xs {]k-XtbmsS t\mn-Im-Wm Zpc-\p-`h- A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. I\n-hns \\-hq-dn \np Ip-I-fp-ambn Fn
Xs Bi-z-kn-n-m Ihn k-y-tbm-Sm-h-i-y-s-Sp-p.
"\n aSn-bn-se-p-Sn-en s
`bw Xncn-pp'
k-ysb Imap-I-bmbpw Ihn k-ev]n-p-p. k-y-sb-p-dn-p-ff Hma-I
ap{Z-I-fmbn \ng \p \ns Xs \nd-I-n \n{Z-hm-cmsXbmbn Fv Ihn ]dbp-p. k-y-bpsS apSnp Hfn hnc Npn ckn-p Imap-I-\mbn amdp Ihn.
k-y-bpsS aSn-p-gn-bn Xs Ic sImn hen-bp--Xmbn Ihnbvv A\p-`-hs-Sp-p. ]pn\pw ]pgp-hn-\p-aS- w Fm-hpw hkn-m CS-ap-ff Cu `qan-bn
Xm A`-b-a-t\-z-jn-p-Xv apSn ]nn-sa-S-bp hnc \op \n k-y-bpsS aSnbnsepSn-en-em-sWv Ihn Xncn--dn-bp-p.
]I-ep-I aS-a
- m-cw-`n-p k-ym-th-f-If
- n \o ]Xn-hmbn hs-m-dp-mbn-cp-p. "ip`-cm{Xn t\v ]ncn-bm-\m-hmsX Ipn sNcn-hn Ign-Xv Ihn
Hms-Sp-p-p. ]pW-cmsX Npw_\w ]I-cmsX ans Ipfncn {]W-bm-Xp-ccmbv IgnXv Ihn Hmp-p. hmXn sas Xpd-n-d-p t]mse, Icn-bnse
sImgn-bp t]mse, ap-I Aen-bp-t- ]mse Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw th]n-cn-b eLphmbncpp efn-X-am-bn-cp-p. ChnsS th]-cn-b-en\v kzm-`m-hn-Ihpw im-hp-amb
Hcp ]m--e-amWv Ihn \Ip--Xv.
hcp-sav \o sNmn-sb-nepw h-tX-bn \o Imew LSn-Im-c-kq-Nn-bpsS ]nSnbn Xpd-p-\np-n. Xmc- \ns emfnp ]d--Xns el-cn-bn-emtWm
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School of Distance Education

\o Ctmgpw ? A`u--a-amb kwKoX elcn \pW-bp-hm acn-J-zm\ (e-l-cn-a-cp-v)

Xnv ad-hn-bn-em-p-t]m-b-XmtWm ?
Xmc- NncnIp hogp-p. Imew NnX-sbm-cpn Imp-\np-p. \obm-Is
Ccp-b-ambn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Fs a\-kn ih-Zmlw \S-p-p.-hcn-s-dnnpw hm\w \ns hchpw Imn-cn-p-p. Pohn-X
- ns Nnc-Imew NnXXnp
t]mbnpw NnX-bn shm Nne \ Hm-I _mn-bm-bn-p-v.
Icn-bn-e-I s]mgn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp \mgn-I-Ifpw hn\m-gn-I-Ifpw IS-p-t]m-Ipp. taL- hnd-sIm-f-fp-p. \o Aar-X-am-tWm, hnj-am-tWm, hnjm-Z-amtWm
Fv Ihn k-y-tbmSv tNmZn-p-p. {Iqcn-cp Ib-ambn amdnb Fs Pohn-X-ntev kvt\l-ns I\n-hp-ambn \o hop-sa-p-sav Rm {]Xo-n-n-cp-p.
\ns \ng-e Bg-se-tmv Fs X{n-I \ns hnc-ep-I-fn shn-cp-p.
\ns hnj aqO-bpsS Xo{hX Cv Rm Adn-bp-p. Rm AXn ]nS-bp-p.
Cv Nncn-p-am Fs Npns tImWn Hcp ]cn-lmk ap{Z \n\-p-ImWmw. AXv Fs Pohn-X-ns arXn-ap-{Z-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
hcpw-Im-e--fn \obn-Xnte ISp t]mhp-tm Fcn-bm kqc-y\pw hnfdm N{\pw hncn-bm Xmchpw Ae-dm ISepw an-ep-d-bm aebpw Imnep-e-bm ama-chpw \o ImWpw. AhnsS Fs ]cm-Pbw ]Wn sNbvX kvamcIw
Dbp \np-Xpw \n\p ImWmw.
\o Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw Xp. Ccp-fp-Ibpw ad-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fhn-sS-\nmWv Pohn-X-ns ISp Ibv]p-ckw Fn-tev h-sX--dn-bmsX Rm\p-g-dpp. Fs Icn-hoW a\kv Fcn-bp-Ibpw ]pI-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. \o t]mbv ad-bq.
taLw Xmc-I-sbpw Ccpv IcntaLPm-e--tfbpw hngp-p-p. kuc-bq-Y-
Ccp-fnIb-n apn-bn-cn-p-p. Rm\pw Ah-km-\-bm{X ]dp Ign-n-cnp-p. Nnd-I--]-n-bmb X\nv Nnd-Ip-ambv C\n-sbm-cn-epw \o hc-cptX Fv
Ihn k-y-tbmSv ]d-bp-p.
\o In-p-sh sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-I Zlnp Xon-cn-p-p. Zo]-fpw shfnhpw C\n tijn-p-n-. \ns Ime-Sn-I-fnse s]mSn-IqSn Xn-f
- v ]Sn-hm-Xn
sImn-b-S-n-cn-p-p. \ns ad-hn-IqSn \o adbvq Fv Ihn k-y-tbmSv ]d-bpp. \o X Pohn-Xhpw \o X ac-Whpw \o Xs sImp t]mIp-p-shv
]dv Ihn Ah-km-\n-n-p-p.
kvt\l-ns Xo{h-Xbpw th]m-Sns s\m-chpw Cu Ihn-X-bnse Imev]\n-I-amb Bg--fn \nv \apv ]c-Xn-sb-Sp-m-\m-Ipw. kvt\l-ns apdn-hpI Fm-epw \odn-sm-n-cn-p-sav B apdn-hp-I-tfnv ad-bp--h Adnbp-n-. kpJ-Zp:J kn-{i-amb PohnXw 'ky'bneqsS \apv Zin-m-\m-Ipw.
Hns A`m-h-am-Wtm asm-ns kbvv angn-th-Ip--Xv. ]I-ep-I sXfn-ap-f-f-Xmbn tXmp-Xv cm{Xn-bpsS IqSn kmn-yw sImm-W-tm.
150 hmp-I-fn Ihn-bmsX D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bpsS k`-sa-gpXn Bibw hy--am-p-I.
1. "Ip-I-f-Sp shdp-m'
2. "\n aSn-bn-se-p-Sn-en sN-`bw Xnc-p-p.'
3. "efn-X-ambv \o adp'
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

16

School of Distance Education

4. "Nne-Xpp NnX-bn-t hbvm'

5. "arXn ap{Z \ob-Xn ImWpw '
6. AhnsS ]cm-Pbw ]Wn-sNbvX kvamcIw \nh-c-t, \nt kty!
7. Nnd-I ]np Nnd-Ip-ambv \obn\nndtI hscmt, hscmt
D]-\-ym-k-cq-]-n D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
" ]I-ep-I cm{Xn-I ' F Ihn-Xbvv Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-p-dnv Xm-dm-p-I.

]p-]m-hmS
kpK-X-Ip-amcn
1934- {]ikvX Ihn t_mt[-i-z-csbpw Im-ym-\n-b--bp-sSbpw ]p{Xn-bmbmbn Xncp-h-\--]p-c-mWv kpK-X-Ip-amcn P\n--Xv. ]cn-nX kwc--W-n-\pth-nbpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i
- p-th-nbpw \S-p-hc
- p {]tm-`
- f
- psS
ap-Wn-bn {]hn-p-h-cp kpK-X-Ip-am-cnv tI{--tI-cf kmln-Xy Am-Za
- nI DssS \nc-h[n _lp-a-Xn-I e`n-n-p-v. app-n-n, kz-]v\-`q-an, ]mhw
am\-h-lr-Z-bw, CX Nd-Ip-I, cm{Xn-a-g, A-e-a-Wn, Xpdp-n-q- XpS-n-bh
apJy IhnXm kam-lm-c--fm-Wv. Xncp-h-\--]pcw _me-`h
- s {]nkn-fpw "A`b'
bpsS m]I sk{I--dnbpw "Xfncv' amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-p.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-I sXfn-p-Im-Wm-sa-nepw Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS
tasm-Sn-I kpK-XI
- p-am-cn-bpsS Imh-ys
- si-en-bn-ep-S\ofw ImWmw. Aap-JX
- bpw
au\m-t\-z-j-W-fpw ]e Ihn-XI
- -fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ih-bn{Xn Pohn-Xs \ntj-[np-Itbm Xnc-kvI-cn-p-Itbm sNp-n-. adnv Ak-z--amb Xs a\-kns\
imn-tX-Sn-b-eb
- m t{]cn-p-p.
Ihn-Xm-kmcw
Hcp Znhkw cmhnse t]meo-kp-Im Hcp sImp s]Ip-n-bp-ambn kpK-X-Ipam-cn-bpsS ASp-s-p-p. ]n-m-cn-bmb B s]Ipn Iq-\o s]mgn-p-sImt-bn-cn-cp-p. t]Sn-am-dmsX Ah Ih-bn-{Xnsb t\mn Ahsf A`-b-tI-{-nem-m-\p-ff tImS-Xn-bp-c
- hv t]meo-kp-Im ImWnp. tamj-W
- p-
- n\v A Pbnen-em-b-tm H-sp t]mb-XmWv Ah. F-tX-m apSn ]mdn--d-n-cp
DSpv Iodn-q-n-bn-cp-p. Ihn-fv ]-Ip-nb AS-bm-f-ap-m-bn-cp-p. anb
app-nbpw t]Sn--c Ip-I-fp-ambn sImm-\mtWm hfm-\mtWm Xs
sImp-h--sXv kwi-b-tmsS Xs t\mnb B _men-Isb Ih-bn{Xn Hm
p-p. Nncn-p-sImv ssI ]nSn--tm Ah hnd-p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ahv
hni-p-ptm Fv Ah tNmZn-p. t]cv tNmZn--tm hnXp-p Npp-ItfmsS Imfn F-h samgn-p.
\nv ]pXn-sbmcp IqS-n-d-mbn Fv ]dv Ahsf A`-b-tI-{-nse
ap-Ip-n-Iv Gn-p-sIm-Sp-pp. ]ntv Xs apn sImp hp
\nnb Ipn Ah Xstbm Fv Ih-bn{Xn Ap-X-s-Sp-p. Ipfnp s]mpsXmv apSn-NoIn ]pXnb DSp-nv sXfnv Nncn-p-I-I-bm-cp-p Ah. ssII-fn
hf-I Inep-p-p-m-bn-cp-p. aqp-nv Xnf--ta-dnbncp-p. Imfn-tbm-bnXv
Fv ApXw Iqdn-b-tm "Css \m tla-e-Xbm' sWpw "Ft] \mt\amn' Fpw Ah ]d-p. ap-Ip-n-I CXp-tIv ssIsImn BmZw {]I-Sn
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

17

School of Distance Education

- n-p. Ah-fpsS s\dp-Ib

- n Npw_nv \obn-\n-sbpw tla-e-X-bm-sWv Ih-bn{Xn

Binh-Zn-p.
]pXnb Npp-]m-Sp-ambn tla-eX s]s-n-Wn. AXp-Iv Ih-bn{Xn Gsd
ktm-jn-p. apSn]nn `wKn-bmbn dn sIn ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn apn hp
\n Ahsf " \m-bn-hcpw ' Fv Ih-bn{Xn Binh-Zn-p. anSp-n-bm-bn-cp-p
Ah. Xan ]mp-I Dds ]mSn-\-S-p-am-bn-cp-p. IY ]dbpw, ]Wn-I-fn
klm-bn-pw. amk- IS-p-t]m-bn.
HmWw hp. ]q-f-an-Sm\pw Dum-ep-sI-m\pw {]Y-a-\p-m-m\pw Iem]-cn-]m-Sn-I Ah-Xc
- n-n-m\pw Ah Xocp-am-\n-p. HmW-tmSn thW-sa-mbn Nne.
kn\n-aI
- m-Wm\pw Sq t]mhm-\p-ap-ff B{Klw Ah ad-p-sh-n. Ih-bn{Xn Fmw
tIp sImn-cns tla-eX ]dp ""Xmtb Hcp ]p ]mhmssS thW-sat
\mssi '' Ih-bn{Xn Ahv hmp-sIm-Sp-p. ]noSv Xan-gvNp-h-tbmsS tlaeX amth-en-mv ]mSp-Xv tIp. Ah Du-k-z-e-bm-bn-cp-p. Zmh-Wn-Npn Sodmbn A`n-\b
- n-pw. ssImfw sImn "PXn' sNmpw Icmt A`-ym-k
- n\v ssN\okv
`mj-bn Iev]\ ]d-bpw. Ih-bn{Xn Ahsf ktm-j-tmsS hon-p-sIm-ncp-p. ]t HmWs kz]v\w In-cp tla-e-Xbvv HmWam-tLm-jn-m-\mbn-.
\mdnb tNe-bp-Spv saen-p-W-nb Ipns\ Ae--y-am-sb-Spv Hcp
Znhkw Imfn-bpsS A tZj-y-tmsS Ibdn hp. tXmfv amdm-p-m-bn-cp-p.
apdpn apdpn \mhv Idp-n-cp-p. Idp \mhn im]-h-N-\ K-\-fmbn s]Ip-nsb Av hnp-\-Im-\p-f-fp-ff tImS-Xn-bp--chv t]meo-kp-Im
Ih-bn-{Xnv \In. Ih-bn{Xn B A-tbmSv ssIIqn bmNn-p. Ipn \mbn
]Tn-p-sav \nv CS-bvnsS Ahsf hv ImWm-sapw ]dp t\mn.
thW-sa-n B Abvpw Ipn\pw aIsImw AhnsS Xs I g n b m sapw Ih-bn{Xn ]d-p. Fm KPn-p-sImv B kv{Xo ]d-p. "thmw !'
Xmsbs s]mss io{Iw ''.
\n-lm-b-bmb Ih-bn-{Xn-bpsS apn-tev hy-n-bn thjw [cnv hc-I-p-ambn tla-eX \np. Ahv Ic-bm Ip-\o-cp-m-bn-cp-n-. " t]mIt
' Fv Iqp-Im Ic-bp-p-m-bn-cp-p. In-ep-m-bn-cp kn-bnse DSp-p-I
amdm-n-tev amn ]pkvX-I- hen-s-dnv "hmSo hmSo' tIm]-tmsS B A
apc-p-sIm-n-cp-p. tla-eX t]mIt Fv Iqp-Im Ic-p-hn-fn-t- m Rm
tla-e-X-b Imfn-bmWv Fv ]dv Ah Xs Zptc-ym-K-n-tev \Sv adp. hgn-bn-tev t\mn-\n Ih-bn{Xn ]pkvX-I-mfp-I Imn adn-bp-Xpw
AS-bp-Xpw Ip.
Hcp JWvUn-I-bn D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. " Xan-sgm--bn-semcp Infn-sIm-pp' k`w hni-Z-am-p-I.
2. "sRn--cn-p Rm anm h' - k`-taXv
3. "" thmw ! Xmsbs s]mss io{Iw'' k`w hni-Z-am-p-I.
4. A`b tI{-n Fns Imfn-bn-ep-mb am--sf-smw ?
5. HmWs-p-dn-p-ff Ipn-I-fpsS kz-]v\--sf-s-m-am-bn-cp-p.
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

18

School of Distance Education

D]-\-ymk cq]-n D-c-sa-gp-XpI

\jvS-_m-e-y--fpsS \n-lm-b-X-I ]p-]m-hm-S-bn F{]-Im-c-amWv A\m-h-cWw
sN-s-Sp-Xv ?

Chs\qSn.
kn-Zm-\-
sImSp--q-cnse ]qqv {Kma-n P\n kn-Zm-\- Gd-Wm-Ipfw alm-cmPmkv tImtf-Pn \nv Cwojv kmln-X-y-n _ncp-Zm-\
- c _ncpZw t\Snb tijw
hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn A[-ym-]-I-\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-p. Ap kqc-y,
Fgp-- Fgp-Xp-tm, ]oT-\-Im-ew, th\ag, Ch-s\-q-Sn, hoSp-amw, tZim-S\w, A]qWw, Hm-]m-Tw, A\-w, km-y-, hnv XpS-nb {][m\ IrXn-Ifm-Wv.
tIhew hnem-]I
- m-hy- s
- a-X
- n-\p-a
- pdw sshtem-n-ff
- nsb ae-bmf IhnXm kmlnXy Ncn-{X-n Nnkva-c-Wo-b-\m-p knn-hn-tijw Hcp A\--c-h amXp-es\
Hmp an kn-Zm-\- "Ch-s\-qSn' F Cu Ihn-X-bn Ah-X-cn-n-pp.
Ihn-Xm-kmcw
tla--Im-es saen Ipfp-\o ssII \on Ch-s\-qSn kzo-I-cn-pI
Fv Ihn \nf-tbm-S-t]-n-p-p. sshtem-n-f-fn-bpsS `uXnI icocw kzo-I-cn-m\mWv Ihn At]-n-p--Xv. \nftbmSv am{X-a Imn-t\mSpw [\p-cm-hn-t\mSpw Ihn
A`-yn-p-p-v. Xpn-ssI-sImv Ihn-bpsS `uXnI icocw Dbm-\mWv
Ben-Np-h-nse ]mm-cnp sNhn-bm-p sX Imn-t\mSv ]d-bp--Xv. B\-hn-XI
- Fgp-Xnb sshtem-n-ff
- n-bpsS `uXnI icocmh-injvSw D
- b
- m sX
Imns\ B\-bmbn Xs Ihn-X-bn k-ev]ncn-p-p. Xnhn-e-zm-a-e-bnse
"]p\\n' sb Kpl-bn-eqsS \pW-h-cp \nem-hp-sIm-v PUs aqSn-]p-X-nm-\mWv [\p-am-k-cm-hnt\mSv Bh-i-y-s-Sp--Xv. ]p\\n \pW-IS-
- m ]noSv
]m]-P-- t]td-n-h-cn--mWv hni-zm-kw.
XpSv sshtem-n-f-fn-bpsS Ihn-X-I kqNn-n-p-sImv At-l-ns Ihn
hy-n-Xzw hc-p-Im-Wn--p. Ch (C-t-lw) R-fpsS HmW-]m-n\p Nph-Sp-shmWv ( HmW-m-p-Im F IhnX Hmp-I.) In hb-ense s\n ]mem-Wv.
sX ]mn hocyam-Wv. ]mXn-cm-q-hn tX \nd-Xpw Im-n-d-In kqtc-yhw hnf-bn-Xpw Cf-\o ssii-h-amsI tImcn-sbm-gn-Xpw Ch Xs. Insm-bvXv, enn-q-, Im XpS-nb Ihn-X-I Cu `mKv kqNn-n-p-p.
"Adn-hn ] ssIX-q-hn BXncm N{, apdn-hn aq apf-m-Sn\p
Ipdp-p-g' Fn--s\-bmWv Ihnsb kn-Zm-\- AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p--Xv. Adnhns shbn-en \nv sshtem-n-ffn IhnX A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS lcnXw amp-p-shv
\ncq-]-I-{]-iw-k-bmWv kn-Zm-\- kqNn-n-p--Xv. apdn-hn aq F-Xn-eqsS
]cn-h-\-v t{]c-W-bm-Im-dp-ff thZ-\m-\p-`-h--sf-qSn kqNn-n-p-p.
XpSv \nfm \Znsb I]n-e F kwL-Im-e-I-hn-bpsS acpXpw Ce-nbpw
\\ Xmbv \Zo-sbv kn-Zm-\- kwt_m-[-\-sN-p-p. Imh-y-\n-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-Kae-bmf kmloXyw 2

19

School of Distance Education

Xn-bn sshtem-n-ffn IhnXsb AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m-\mWv Ihn-bpsS {iaw. \nfsb

`mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-cntbpw {]hm-l-am-bmWv Ihn hn`m-h\w sNp--Xv.
"\oe-p-dpn Imn an ]nWt]m-ep-ff Ddh' kwL-km-ln-X-y- nse
sFnssW k-ev]-n-tev Imh-y-N-cn-{Xs sImp-t]m-Ip-p.
Nne-smen Nne--Xn-Im-c-Im-h-y-tbpw ]pf-fp-h-p-Shpw ]mW-p-Sbpw k-amb \mtSmSn Km\ ]mc--c-y-sbpw kqNn-n-p-p. B Imhy KwK Fgp--Ot\mfw Fn-b-Xmbn Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-p. " Za-b-n-X Iod-te ' Dm-bn-hm-c-ycpsS B--Y-tbbpw "km\p--fn-e-ep s]mcp tXSn' FXv Ipam-cm-\m-ims
Bi-bK
- l
- \
- X
- t- bbpw A\p-kvac
- n-n-p-p. Imhy ]mc-c
- y-
- ns XpSp-ff InI-fmb CS-t-cn-tbbpw ]n tbbpw Ihn kvacn-p-p. Cu Ln-emWv sshtem-nffn Imhy {]hm-l-ns `mK-am-Ip--Xv. " Fp-sI-p-I-fpsS ]S' kqNn-n-p-Xv
Pn-Xzw hnj-b-amn sshtem-n-ffnsbgp-Xnb " IpSn-sbm-gn-ens\' bmWv XpSv
Zm-Xy Pohn-X-nse Dn-cn-hp-I hnj-b-am-nb At-l-ns {]i-kvX-amb
"IomSw' kqNn-X-am-Ip-p.
\ncm-`c
- W
- \pw \mZm-Im-c\
- p-amb Ihn Bdmp apm-s\-n-bn-cn-p-p. Chs
sImSn ]\n-\oap-f-fn ]St-dp Ibv]-h-c
- n-b-t{X( " ]\n-\oq-hnt\mSv' " Ibv]h-cn' ) Ibv]-bnse apffpw Ibv]pw arZp-X-zhpw sshtem-n-ffn Ihn-X-bpsS `n-`mh-sf hynn-p-p. Chs hml\w "ISIm' sbpw ]pen t\p hcptm "HmW-hnm' Wv Chs Bbp-[-sapw Ihn kqNn-n-p-p. Ipcptmebpw sImSn-q-hbpw Xncp-hm-Sb
- m-nb sshtem-n-ffn Ihn-X-I ans aW-ap-ff-h-bm-sWv kn-Zm-\- Hmp-p. sshtem-n-ffn IhnXbnse BZn {ZmhnU
`mh- Is-m kn-Zm-\- {ian-p-pv.
" I\-em-gn-bn \rw
hN-\-aw Ipcn
tme-bn \nd-ame
]qPn-m Ipd-h-m '
"t\cns hmn\pw hS-n\pw Ch s]cp-am, Ch\p {]nb-I-en-Im-e-n
tXmw'.
Cu `n_-s
- fmw sshtem-n-ffn Ihn-Xb
- nse {Zmhn-Ut- h-cp-I NnI-bm t]mh-bm-Wv.
\o XmWnpw hmsX IS tXSp \nfm-\Z- n-tbmSv sshtem-n-ff
- n-bpsS `uXnI
ico-cm-h-in-jvS- kzo-I-cn-m Ihn hopw At]-n-p-p. Hw \nf-bpsS
ka-Im-en-Im-h--tbmv Ihn hne-]n-p-p. \K-c- hnjw Xpn aen-\-am-nb
\nf-bnse hnj-\o-tcv ]mWs Npc-p-bpw mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf-cp-p. {Kma ayp-Xp-h-cn-p-p. th-nIfm hfv \mbm-p-Im {Kma-sf shSn-shp
hogvp-X
- mbn Ihn k-ev]n-p-p. a\p-jym-m-hp-t]mepw aeo-ak
- a
- m-Ip-p. \
Hgn-n PmXn aX ]nim-Np-I Imhn-bnepw shfp-nepw Bm-v hne-t]-ipp.
HmW-n-\p-Wc
- p-Xv amth-en-b hma-\\
- m-W.v \mw ImWp hnjp-Wn sdbn
]me-n Fpw hogp Ak-z bph-c--am-Wv. hmnepw a\-nepw ]mcpae-bmf kmloXyw 2

20

School of Distance Education

jyw s]cp-Ip-p. Imc-W-h-cmb Ihn-tbmSv (ssh-tem-]n-n-tbm-Sv) CsX Ihn (kn-Zm-\- ) a tNmZn-p-p. am-g-m-e-ns ss\a-eyw Ft \jvS-s-pt]m-b-Xmbn ]cn-X-]n-p-p. \oXn-bpsS angn-I AS-n-cn-p-p. kvt\l-ns
Ie-h-dbvv Xmgn-n-cn-p-p. \mSns \s-mb kwkvImcw NnX-bns]mp-p.
aeImew aW- e n- s e- c n- - a - c p- p. shbn Xmgp- p. XWp- t - d p- p.
HSp-s amhn IqS-W-bp-sam-n-nfn Nne-p-p.
" ]mhao \mSn kz In-am-bn-cp--h Zm,
t\mp-hm-\n ]q-N-{-\m-b-h hopw'
k`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hy--am-p-I.
1. Adn-hn ], ssIX
qhn-em-Xn-cm--{
apdn-hn aq, apf
mSnp Ipdp-p-g
2. Atm-gm-Wn-h-s\-n
sbp sIp-I Ipw
]S sho-dn Xm
s\np \o tImcp-hm
3. s]cp-am-fn-h t\cmw
hmn\pw hS-n\pw
Chp {]nb-taw
Ien-Im-e-n tXmw
4. ]pc- \nn hnjw
Xppp; ]c-Ws
Npc-p-bpw mipw
]bv\nbpw Xf-cpp
5. amXp-em-s]m-dp-mepw
Xop am-a-m-ew.
D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. "Ch-s\-qSn' F Ihn-Xbvv Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-p-dnv Xm-dm-p-I.
---

-ag-sImp am{Xw
d^ov Al-Zv
1961 Xrq-cn-emWv d^ov Al-Zv P\n--Xv. Nop-I-fn-m-c, ]md-bn
]Wn-Xv kz-]v\-hm-Mvaqew, sXmcmag, Ae-am-c, inh-Im-an, {Kma-hr-
- nse hmh
XpS-n-bh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 2006 "Ae-amc' F IrXnv tIcf kmln-X-yA-m-Zan AhmUv e`n-n-p-v. Htsd ae-bmf kn\n-abvv Km\-c-N\ \nh-ln-np-v.
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

21

School of Distance Education

IhnXm kam-lmcw
B{ZX hn-sm-n-cn-p ka-Im-enI PohnX kml-N-c-y--fn {]W-bhpw
hcp t]mb-Xmbn kwi-bn-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. hnip--amb {]Wbw Imh-y-`m-h-\bmbn Npcp-n-bn-cn-p-p. {]W-b-ns Xo{hhpw kp-c-hp-amb thZ-\-I ]pX-Xe-ap-dsb Ism-gn-p-t]m-Ipp Cm-ev Ah A\p-`qXn Zmb-I-amb Hmb Ihn
Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-p-p.
an aqSn InS-p Nne hnp-I ag-sIm-m am{Xw apf-p--h-bm-Wv.
Ah {]Wbw sImp-am{Xw Fcn-p-I-p s\nse Xncn-I t]mse-bm-Wv. agsImv am{Xw Xfnp Nne Nn-I-fp-v. lz-k-z-amb Pohn-X-Im-e-n-\n-S-bn Xfncn-Sp ]q-e-bp Hcp {]W-b-Im-e-hp-ap-v. kqZoL-amb X]-n \np-Wv
Ip shbn NnX-bn-tev Hma-I \op--XmWv B {]W-b
-Im-ew.
ag sNhn-bn {]W-bn-\n-sb-tmse kz-Imcyw ]d-bpp. s]cp-hn-c-en sImn
A\p-`qXn ]I-cp-Ibpw ]oen \nn \rw Nhn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. a\-nse Hgn-hnS--fn ]v \nd-bvp-p. Pohn-X-n {]l-c-tan-p shbn-e-h-Isf
AXv IgpIn ipn-h-cp-pw.
s]mSn-bnepw Icn-bnepw apn t{]X-cq-]n-I-fmbn Xocp ac- ag-bn Ipfnv
]pXp-cq-]a
- W
- n-bpw. a\-n Icn-aq-Snb Ah-b
- n A{]-Xo-n-Xa
- mbn ag-t]mse hv
Xs a\-ns Cd-bp \n {]W-bn-\nsb Ihn Hmp-p. CSn an-ens s]mpfn-sImv sImnb \ Pe-inev]w t]mse Ihn-bpsS a\-n {]W-bn\n CSw
t\Sp-p. ]t {]Wb agtmv Imp \nmsX {]W-bn-\nv ]Sn-bn-dtn hp.
\o ]Sn-bn-d-n-b-tXmsS Rm Xcn-ip-`q-an-t]mse hc-p. Fs Zn\- Icnbn-e-t]mse ]d-p. Xcn-imbn Xo Fs Pohn-X-nse NXp-n-se-hn-sStbm Nne
hnp-I C\nbpw ag-bvmbn Imn-cn-p-p-v. ag-bpsS Nq-bn tImm
Ahsb HXpn \nn-bn-cn-p-p.
{]W-ba
- g- m am{Xw ]nd-p apdn-m-Sn s]mSn-bp c-ambn Rm \npw.
Rm X\nsb s\m-c-ns Cu ag sImv Xopw. {]Wbw km-\n ]\nbn hnd-p-In-S-pw.
Bibw hy--am-p-I.
1. "NneXpv s]mSn-sImv aqSn'
2. "Igp-Ipp shbn-ensbpffw '
3. ""Adn-bmsX hsmcp ag-bn a\-ns Cd-bp \n-Xm-tWm'' 4. "Cp Rm \ns
]\n-bn hndp InS-pw.''
D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. "agsImp am{Xw' F Ihn-X-bnse {]W-b-`m-h- \ncq-]Ww sNp-I.

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

22

School of Distance Education

samU-yq 3 & 4
CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-
Ipn-Ir-jvW-am-cm
ku-c-b-Zinbpw XX-z-m-\nbpw \nin-X-_p-n-bmb hnaiI\pw Hp-sNcp amcm-cpsS \ncq-]I {]Xn` Cu teJ-\-n sXfn-p-Im-Wmw. evao-hm-ck-ym-cp-tSbpw IrjvW-am-cp-tSbpw aI-\mbn Xr{]-tm-mWv amcm P\n--Xv. ]mn
kwkvIrX ]mT-im-e-bn \oe-I-WvT-i-bp-sS inj-y-\m-bn-cp-p. 1928 emWv BZ-yIr-Xn-bmb kmln-X-y-`q-jWw {]kn-o-I-cn--Xv. ae-bmfn ssien `mjm-]-cn-N-bw,
hy--inev]w , kmln-X-y-k-m]w, NmtbmKw, kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y, Z-tKm-]p-cw, `mc-]c-y-S\w, Ie PohnXw Xs XpS-n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-I. "Ie PohnXw Xs'
F IrXn tIcf, tI{ kmln-Xy Am-Zan AhmUv t\Sn.
Fw.-]n. t]mfns A`n-{]m-b
- n CXn-lm-k
- f
- n-tebpw alm-Im-hy-
- f
- n-tebpw
\mb-I amXrIm ]pcp-j-m-cm-Wv. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-m Fm kZvKp-W--fp-sSbpw
Da amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-pw. Ak ]m{Xfn-em-ht kh ZpKp-W-fpw HptNn-cn-pw. km[m-cW Pohn-X
- n C-s\-bp-f-f-h ImW-s-Sp-n-. Cu IYm]m-{X- km[m-cW a\p-jy kz-`m-h-n\v hncp-tcm AXo-Xtcm BWv. Acw
IYm]m{X-tf-m a\-kn CSw t\Sp-Xv KpW-tZm-j-k--en-X-cmb bYmY a\pj-y-cpsS `mh- t]dp IYm-]m-{X--fm-sWv Fw. ]n. t]m \nco-n-p-p.
Ipn-Ir-jvW-am-cm Cu \nco--Ws "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X- ' F- ]T\n kqv-a-ambn hni-I-e\w sNp-p. bYmY a\p-jy Pohn-X-hpw kz-`m-hhpw
Nn{Xo-I-cn--s Akw-Jyw kmln-Xy IrXn-I-tf-m CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X--fmWv
s]mXp-P-\-lr-Z-b-n ]Xnp InS-p-Xv FmWv amcm-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
`mc-Xo-bv CXn-lm-kI
- Y
- m]m-{X- Ab-ho-p-Imsctmse kp]-cn-Nn-Xc
- m-Wv. km[mc-W
- m Cu ]cn-Nbw ]mcm-bWw sImp am{X-a
- , ]e-tmgpw tIp-tIhn sImp
IqSn-bmWv t\Sp--Xv. CXn-lm-k--fnse "kz-`m-hm-XoX' IYm-]m-{X--fsf `mc-Xo-b
IqsS sImp \S-p--Xp-Im-Wp-tm CXn-lm-k-Im-c-m Ghpw \ a\:-im-kv{X-cm-sWv \ Nnn-p-t]m-Ipw.
\-XnI Bt]-n-Ia
- m-bn-cns km[m-cW Pohn-X
- n Ah hI-Xn-cn-pI
{]bm-k-am-sWv \apv t_m[-y-s-Spw. CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X--fnse \-Xn--Ifpw
kqva ZrjvSn-bn Xop-I-ev]n-m-\m-hm--hn[w Ipg-p-a-dnp InS-p--XmsWv t_m[-y-s-Spw. Ah shdpw BZi hy-n-X-z--sf-spw bYm
a\p-j-y-cpsS Ipd--[nIw henb tmk-p-I-fm-sWpw Bg-n-ep-f-f-hn-i-I-e-\-n
ImWm-\m-Ipw.
cmam-b-W-nse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-{X--fpsS am\p-jn-I-amb Zu_-e-y--fmWv IYmK-Xn-bpsS Hgp-n\v Bw Iqp--sXv amcm Npn-Im-Wn-p-p. koX-bn ]mXn{]-X-yhpw cma-\n ]nXr-`-n-bpw {`mXr-kvt\-lhpw, {]Pm-c--\hpw apn-\n
p-p. Fm Cu Iev]nX KpW--fn hp-s]-Sp am\p-jnIamb ]pgp-p-pI amcm Npn-m-Wn-p-p. koX X\n-p -Im-h \n e-a-Ws\ sXdn
]dv Bn-b-I-n-bn-m-bn-cpp-sh-n cmam-bWw Bc-W-y-Im-WvT-tmsS Ah-kmae-bmf kmloXyw 2

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School of Distance Education

\n-p-am-bn-cp-p-shv amcm Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. e-a-Ws\ Bn-b-I-n-b-Xp-sImm-Wtm cmh-W\v Ffp--n koXsb Ip-sIm-p-t]m-hm-\m-b-Xv. e-a-W-t\mSp-ff Zp`m-jWw koXsb kXo-Xzw ssIsh-Snv Hcp km[m-cW kv{Xobmbn ampp.
cmas Imc-yhpw hn`n--a-. As hmKvZm\ ]me-\-n-\p-thn cmPm-[nImcw hensdnp Imn-te-p-t]mb Xym-Kn-bmb aI F-XmWv cmas apJ-y`mhw. Fm kh-KpW k-\
- mb cma\pw X\n-a\
- p-jy- \
- mbn Xocp Nne k` amcm Npn-m-p-p. ]m-`n-tjIw aqS-n-tmbXnep-ff Zp:Jw koX-bpsS
apn ad-bn-msX ]pd-t-sm-gp-Ip-p. ]noSv Imn-tev A\p-bm{X sNbvX
Atbm-ym hmkn-I-sfmw Xncn-p-t]m-b-tm e-a-W-t\mSv cma ]nXm-hns\ Ips-Spn kwkm-cn-p-p-v. hnn-m-`n-tj-I-n\pw ImcWw `qX-cmb `c-X-t\bpw
ssItI-bn-tbbpw Ip-s-Sp Hn-e-[nIw k`- cmam-b-W-n-ep-v. Nn{X
IqS-n-en-cns Xs kin-m-s\-nb `c-Xt- \mSv sXn-m-cW
- t- bm-sS-bmWv cma
s]cp-am-dp--Xv. cmas ]nXr-`-n-bnepw {`mXr-kvt\-l-nepw {]Pm cRvP-X-z-nepw
ImWp Cu sshcp--y- CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X--fnse bYm a\p-j-y-X-bp
sS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-n-\p-ff DZm-l-c-W--fm-Wv.
{]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb cmh-W "Hcp a\p-j-y-\p-m-Im ]mSq-ff kIe ZpKp-Wfpw \nd--h-\-sv ' {io l\p-am Xs hnfnp ]d-bp-Xv amcm Nqn-Impp. kp-c-Im-WvU-n l\p-am cmh-Ws cq]-tbpw ss[c-y-tbpw HmPn-t\bpw {]Ion-p-p. k-e--W-bp--s\v {]iw-kn-p-p. cmh-Ws
A[w temI-cm-h-W-X-z-amtWm ssXtem Iy-]n-P-b-amtWm Fv amcm At\-z-jnp-p. Zzn-K-zn-Pbw t\Sp N{I-hn-am _lp-am-\n-X-cm-Ip-tm aqp-tem-Ihpw
Pbn cmh-W Fp-sImv _lp-am-\n-X-\m-hp-n-sv amcm tNmZn-p-p. cmhWs\ sIn-bn Imy hoc-ymp-\-\s\ \mw _lp-am-\n-p-tm AXns
apm ]p-t]mepw C{s\ sIn-bn cmh-W\pw \mw \Ip-n-. \ _lp-am\n-mepw Cs-nepw cma AXp sNbvXn-p-sv Imfn-Zm-k cLp-hw-i-n ]dn-p-v.
tZh-i{- Xp-hmb cmh-W tZhm-cm-[I
- c
- mb X]-kz- n-Isf t{Zmln-n-p-s-n AXv
ZWvU \oXn am{X-ambn ImWmt\ ]q Fv amcm ]d-bp-p. cpnWo lc-W-Imhmb {ioIr-jvW apX At\Iw _lp-`m-c-y-msc Bcm-[npw BZ-cnpw t]mcp
\mw cmh-Ws\ am{Xw AXns t]cn Ipw ]d-bp--sX-n-\mWv Fpw amcm
tNmZn-p-p.
cmam-b-Ws \mep Iqp ktlm-Z-c
- m-cpsS IY F \nepw amcm t\mnIm-Wp-p-v. cma-e
-- -a-Wm-Zn-I, _men-kp-{Ko-h-m, cmh-W-Ipw-`-I hn`o-j-Wm, kmZn PSm-bp- Fns\-bp-ff Iqp ktlm-Z-c-m-cn Ghpw Daw
HSp-hn-e-t-Xm-sWv amcm Icp-Xp-p. `c-X-e-a-W-m-cpsS tPym-jvT-\p-th-n-bpff kl\w kmXn A\p-P\
- p-thn sNbvXt- Xmfw al-c
- s
- av ]d-p-Iq-Sm. A\pP-\mb PSm-bp-hns\ cn-m-\mbn kmXn Poh-X-ymKw sNbvXp. PSm-bp-hm-Is
koXsb cn-m cmh-Ws\ hgn-ap-S-p--Xn-\nsS kzKw ]qIn. hm\-c-{`m-Xm-fpsS IY-bn A\p-P, tPy-jvTs\ sImn--bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. sXn-m-cW
- -bmWv tPymj-Ts ac-W-n\v Imc-W-am-bXv FXv IYm-k-`s Ghpw timI-]qWhpw
lrZ-b-tm-`-I-hp-amn Xnp-p. cmk -k-tlm-Z-c\am-cpsS IY-bn tPy-jvT
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School of Distance Education

(cm-h-W) A\ys `mc-ysb Ip-sIm-p-t]m--Xns\ A\p-P-m (Ipw-`-IW\pw

hn`o-j-W-\pw) Hcp t]mse FXnp-pv. Ipw`-I tPy-jvT-\p-thn bpw
sNbvXv sIm-s-Sp-p. hn`o-j-W tPy-jvTs A\o-Xn-s-Xnsc cma-e--a-W-mtcmSv tNp-p.
alm-`m-c-Xw.
alm-`m-c-nse {]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb Zptc-ym-[\s al-X-z- amcm NnI-s-Spp-p. s]p hoW-Xp-ap-X Zptc-ym-[s\ D]-tnpIf-bm-\m-bn-cpp hnZp-ccpw apw
[y-X-cm-jv{S-tcmSv D]-tZ-in--Xv. Abm ImcWw Ipew apSn-bp-sapw Ah ]d-p.
Btcbpw sNhn sImf-fmsX Zptc-y-[-\ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-]p-{X-msc D]{Zhnp-sImn-cp-p. Zp-Xn, Zp_p-n, Zpcm-m-hv, tem`-]-cm-b-W, t{Im[-]-cm-b-W Fn-s\-bp-ff iIm-c-hm-p-I-IsImmWv Zptc-ym-[-\ hnti-jn--s--Xv.
Ipcp-t-{X-bp-
- ns Ah-km\w `oa-\p-am-bp-ff Zz-z- b
- p-
- n XpS NXv
hoW Zptc-ym-[\
- XpSp-mb Zpc-
- pw Iem-]
- pw kmn-bmbn Iptd
\mfp-IIqSn acn-msX InS-p. Cu Ah-k-c-nepw ]ecpw Zptc-ym-[s\ A[n-t]n-p. {ioIr-jvW t]mepw ]tcm--ambn AXn ]p-sIm-p. an{X-satm i{Xpshtm Icp-Xm-\m-Im ac-ap-n-t]m-se-bmbn Xo Chs ta C\n-hm-p-I
shn-bn-n-s-mWv Fm-bn-cp-p {ioIr-jvWs ]tcm--amb A[n-t-]w. CXptI Zptc-ym-[-\ ssI cpw \ne-qn Duc-sImv \nhp \nv ]pcnIw Npfnv
D{K-amb adp-]Sn ]d-p.
"" Rm hn[nbmw hw A[-y-b\w sNbvXp, Zm\w sNbvXp, `qan-b-Sn hmWp,
cmPm--fpsS Xe-bvp-aosX \np, anI sFi-z-c-yhpw tZthm-Nn-X-ambn t`mK-fpw
A\p-`-hn-p. kz-[w t\mp {Xn-b CjvS-spw hn[w sIme-bp-tap
FsXnt\-m \ Ah-km\w Bm-Wp-f-fXv. Rm kplr-p--sfmSpw A\pP-m-tcmSpw IqSn kzK-n-tev t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. \ntfm k]w sIp hnjmZnp Ign-p-Iq-t-nbpw hcpw '' Cu hmp-I tIv BIm-i-p-\nv ]pjv]-hr-jvSnbp-mbn Khm-]vk-c-p-I hmZ-y-tLmjw apg-n. \ "Xm t]mcna ' sbv
eLq-I-cn-p Zptc-ym-[-\s hmp-Iv Akm-[m-c-W-amb t{ijvL-X-bp-m-bncpp FmWv CXv sXfn-bn-p--Xv. Cu t{ijvTX CXn-jm-k-Ihn Xs ]noSv
Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-n-p-v. [-{i-b
- m DStemsS kzKw ]qInb bp[n-jvTc
- tZhamnS-bn alm-{]-`m-h-tm-sS-bn-cn-p-p. Zptc-ym-[s\ I-tm Aajw ]q-t{X.
CXp I \mc-Z Zptc-ym-[-\s kzK-tbm-K-y-X-sb-p-dnv ]d-Xv {it-b-am-bn.
Ghpw henb `b-nepw AX-ym-]
- nepw kh-{]m-Wn-`b
-
- c
- a
- mb ac-W
- n t]mepw
sXp `b-s-SmsX \Sp-msX \npI F-Xns\ tZh-kn-hpw Khm-`n-\--yhp-amb Hcp ]pWyambmWv \mc-Z hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xv. Zptc-ym-[s\ kzKm-h-Im-cnbm-n-bXv CXm-Wv. Zptc-ym-[-\s \n`-b-X-z-ns t\sc adp-h-i-amWv bp[n-jvTn-c\n-ep-f-f-Xv.
Ap-\-s\-mfpw anIhv ImWn I-t\mSv bp[n-jvT-c\v _lp-am-\-tm `b-am-bn-cp-p. `ojva-tcbpw t{ZmW-tcbpw Ir]-tcbpw Ai-z-m-am-hn-t\bpw
Ah-cpsS Zp-b-X-tbmv bp[n-jvT-c `b-p. bp[n-jvTn-cs mbn `mh-am-bncp Cu `bw Imc-W-amWv ]mWvU-hv hmc-Wm-h-X-nse Ac-n--n sNv
]mp-Ibpw AhnsS \nv Hfn-tm-Sp-Ibpw thn-h--Xv. FhnsStmbmepw
Zptc-ym-[\
- Nmcam-sc-smv Xsf sImn-t-p-sav bp[njvTnc `b-p. GIae-bmf kmloXyw 2

25

School of Distance Education

N-{I-bn ]n-bn-c-t-n-h-p. Ap\s A`-ym-k_em ]mm-ensb thv

_p-_ew t\Sn A`n-hy- {]m]n-s-nepw ]Ip-p-In-nb cmPyw NqXp-If
- n-bn \jvSs-Sp-tn hp. ]mm-en-sb-tmepw ]Wbw shtn hp. ]mmen k`bn A]-am-\n-Xbmb-tm bpZn-jvTn-cs {Xn-b-Xzw am{X-a BWw t]mepw
Nqfn-tm-bn. AmX hmk-m-ev bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw CtX A\p-`-h-ap-mbn
]mm-en-bn Imam-thiw ]q IoN-I AXv \nd-th-dm tZj-y-n Ahsf
bp[n-jvTn-cm-Zn-I-fpsS apn-env Nhnv. Am-X-hm-k-n-em-b-Xp-sImv `oa\v Dincp-ff \mev hmv t]mepw ]d-bm km[n-n-. i-cmb ktlm-Z-cpsS ]npW
Dm-bnpw `bw Hcp Zu_-ey- a
- mbn bp[n-jvTn-cs\ ]nXp-Sc
- p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. Cu Zp_eX Nqn-m-Wnv aljnam am-WvtU-b bp[n-jvTc
- t- \mSv ]d-p. "" t\ti_e-tk-zXn NtcZ[w'' Hcm X\nv _e-anm Fp IcpXn sXsc-s-Sp-p
{]h-yn Fp-X-s-bm-bmepw Abmsf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw AXv A[-am-sWmWv CXn\v k`-a-\p-k-cnv e`n-p hnim-emYw.
Zptc-ym-[ ]mWvU-h-tcmSv sNbvX ISpw-ssI-I i{Xp kwlm-c-n\vthn
GXv cmPmhpw sNp-Xpw Xs. {Xn-b AwKn-I-cn-p ZWvV-\oXn am{X-amWv. Imfn-Zm-k hnti-jn-n-N-t]mse " ]cmXn km\ hnZ-y-I' ]b-n-bmWv ]ecpw
Pbw I-s-n-bn-cp-X
- v. Ipcp-t-{Xn ]mWvUhcpw IrjvWs au\m-\-ht- msS Nne "]cmXn km-\h
- n-Zy- I
- ' ]b-n-bmWv i{Xp-kw-lmcw \S-n-bX
- v. Cu A[ k --{Xn-b -km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu \nev Zptc-ym-[-\s A[--tfbpw
Akm-[m-c-W-ambn ImtW--Xn-. Ah amn-sh-m Bc-y-P-\-p-m-bn-cn-tp kh -\-Ifpw Zptc-ym-[-\-\p-m-bn-c-p. {]Pm-X]-c-\mb cmPm-hm-bn-cpp
Zptc-ym-[-\-\. `ojvam-Zn-I-fmb Kpcp-P-\--tfmSpw amXm-]n-Xm--tfmSpw Abmv
thp-thmfw `-ym-Z-c
- f
- p-sm-bn-cp-p...-]m-WvUh
- -cp-ambn kn sNpI' FsmsXm-gnv Kpcp-P-\-fpw Fm CjvS-fpw Zptc-ym-[-\ A\p-k-cn-p. iIp-\n-t]mepw
cp k`-n ]mWvU-h-tcm-Sn-W-p-hm Zptc-ym[\s\ D]-tZ-in--p-p-v.
AXnepw t`Zw B-l-XybmWv F-Xm-bn-cpp Zptc-ym-[-\-\s \ne-]m-Sv.
Zptc-ym-[\
- \
- s amXr-`n t{ijvTa
- m-bn-cp-p. bpw \S ]Xn-s\-p-Zn-hk
- hpw
Abm A-bpsS A\p-{Klw hmntb bp--f-n-tev ]pd-s-n-p-f-fq. B
A-bm-It [w Pbn-t F-msX aI\v {]tX-yIw Pb-am-iw-kn-n-. kplrs \ne-bn Zptc-ym-[\-t\-m t{ijvT\mb Hcm `mcX-n-ep-s-n AXv
Abm-fpsS kplr-mb I\m-sWv amcm Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. i{Xp-]--]mXn-sbp Icp-Xs
- `K-hm IrjvWt- \m-Sp-t]mepw Zptc-ym-[\
- \v _lp-am-\a
- m-bn-cpp.
sXmq-sm-Xv ktlm-Zc
- cpw At-l
- n\p thn bp-n {]mW-Xy- mKw sNbvXp
F-Xn \nv B ku{`m-{X-ns Bgw a\-n-em-m Ignbpw.
]mWvU-h Zptc-ym-[-\\v ASp ktlm-Z-cm-bn-cp-n-. Aw Hw hf-h-cmbn-cp-n-. AXp-sImp Xs kzw sFi-z-c-y-ns A]-lm- F \nebnte Ahsc ImWm Zptc-ym-[-\\v Ign-n-cp-q-f-fq. Cu nXnv Abm-f-hsc
i{Xp--sf `mh-n hon-Xv a\p-j-y-k-l-P-amtb ImWm-\m-hq.
alm-`m-c-nse \mbI {]Xn-\m-b-Im-Zn-Isf amcm shdpw Ipn-I-fmbn ImWpp. Ii-]ni IqSp Ch-cnse apXn Iqn-bm-bmWv Is\ ImWp--Xv. Xd-hmnse apXn {][m-\-h-y-n-Isf Htcm-cp--cmbn amcm ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
a-sf-sNmn Zp:-Jn-p Ipnbpw Kmm-cn-bpw, Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X--fmb

ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

26

School of Distance Education

`K-hm hmkp-tZ-h\pw Ipcp-]n-Xm-a-l `ojva-cpw, ]p{X-hm--eyw sImv A-\mbn-Xo [y-X-cm-jv{S, Akv{X-hn-Z-ym-\n-[n-bmb t{ZmWm-Nm-c-ycpw aI Ai-z-mamhpw kzbw \njv]--hm-Zn-sbv hnti-jn-n _e`{Z Cs\ Fn-bm-sem-Spm a\p-j-y-{]-Xn-cq-]-. Ejn-I-hn-bmb Iy-jvW-ssZ-z-]m-b-\\v {]am-W-an-psIm-mWv amcm Ah-km-\n-n-p--Xv.
D-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. Fw. ]n. t]mfns A`n-{]m-b-n CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X- F-s\-bp-f-f-hcmWv ?
2. "Fn BZn-Im-hyw Bc-W-y-Im-WvU-tmsS Ah-km-\n-t-n-bn-cp-p.'
amcmcpsS Cu A`n-{]m-bs km[q-I-cn-p-I.
3. cmam-bW IYm-]m-{X--fpsS am\p-jnI `mhw amcm hnh-cn-p--sX--s\.
4. \mep-Iqp ktlm-c-m-cpsS IY F \nev amcm cmam-b-Ws t\mn-ImWp-sXs\
5. AmX hmk-Im-ev bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw tamt-n-h--sXv ?
6. Zptc-ym-[-\-\s kZvKp-W--sf-s-m-am-bn-cp-p.
7. CXn-lm-k-Im-c cmam-b-Ws\ Ah-X-cn-n-Xv F-s\-bmWv
8. Zptc-ym-[-\s hotcm-Nn-X-amb hnS-hm- amcm hni-I-e\w sNp--sX-s\
D]-\-ym-ks
- a-gp-Xp-I.
1. "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X- bYm a\p-j-y-cpsS hepw IqSnb tmk-p-I-fmWv.' amcm-cpsS teJ-\s Bkv]-Z-amn Ah-tem-I\w sNp-I.

kv]n-p An-amSw
s{]m. Fw.-sI. km\p.
1927 Be-p-g-bn-emWv Fw.-sI. km\p P\n--Xv. ZoL-Imew alm-cm-Pmkv
tImtf-Pn ae-bmfw s{]m^-k-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn At-l-ns {][m\ IrXnI Ah-[m-c-Ww, A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS \nd-, Npa-cnse Nn{X-, cmP-ho-Yn, {]`mX
ki\w XpS-n-b-hb
- m-Wv. "N-p-gb
- psS \-{X--fpsS kvt\l-`m-P\w 'F
Poh-N-cn{X IrXn Gsd {it-b-am-Wv. kv]n-p An-amSw F Cu {]_w
N-p-g-bpsS Ah-km\ \mfp-Isf hnIm-c-hm-bvt]msS hc-p-Im-Wn-p-p.
tcmKn-bmbn Xo N-pg ISp GIm--Xb
- n \mS-Ii
- m-eb
- mb temI-sp-dnv Xm Ipdn-n hmp-I Hms-Sp-p-p.NnIn-v t]mepw ]W-an-msX
\ncm-{i-b-\mbn \ncm-i-\mbn Ihn-bth Xm A-y-cw-K-tmSSp-p-p-shv Npg Xncn--dn-bp-p. B Xncn--dnhv At-l-ns ka-Nn-X \jvS-s-Sp-p-p.
Nnetm ss\cm-iyhpw Aajhpw B-\n-bpw tXmp-p. {]im-X A\p-`-hnp A]q thf-I-fn \nX-y-im-n-p-thn sh sImf-fp-p. ]v Xn
cq]-s NnX-dnb Nn-I hopw At-l-ns Hm-bn hp. temI-{]-iw-kbm-Ip aps-Sn-Im-n Ae-p-Xn-cnp. ZpK-a
- f
- mb ZpK-a
- Xmm Ignp. ]t Fmw shdp-sX-bm-bn-cp-p. Xs {]Xm]w Pe-tc-J-bm-bn-cp-p-shv
Cv AcnsI hv ]pn-cn-Xq-Ip ih-Ip-So-cw Hmn-n-p-p. X\n-n-cn-p-tmgmWv Ccw Nn-I Ihnsb aZn-n-cp--Xv.
Xs-m-Wm Bsc-nepw hm tcmKm-h adv {]k-cn-tmsS hae-bmf kmloXyw 2

27

School of Distance Education

am\w ]d-bpw. Nncn-p-I-Ibpw Nncn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. N-p-gsb kin C.

Fw. sImhq Ihn-bpsS Zb-\o-h ]pd--dn-bn-p-p. XpSv hnhn[ tImWp-Ifn \nv h klmbw At-l-ns NnInv D]-I-cn-p. Bbn-Sbvv ae-bmf-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS dntm N-p-gsb kin A\p-`hw hni-Z-ambn dntmv
sNbvXn-cp-p. SmtKmdns XmSn-tbmSpw [mSn-tbmSpw InS-\np Ihn-bpsS apJw
tcmKm-h--bn-epw {]k--am-bn-cp-p-shv B dntm Hmp-p. Xs Kpcp-Xc-amb tcmKm-h
- bpw thZ-bpsS Bghpw dntm-dp-ambn N-pg ]p-sh-p. Av
]\n \qdp Un{Kn-bn-se-n-bn-cp-p. \mep Znh-k-ambn Nn-bn c-a-b-ambn XpSn-bn-cp-p. acp-n\p Xs Znh-khpw `mcn XpI sNe-hm-W
- a
- m-W-bn-cp-p. apt-cnbpw I-n hokv amn-fbpw P\n kap-Zm-b
- n \nv X\nv e`np
klm-bs Ihn \n-tbmsS kvacn-p. B X
- y- m-K
- ns AZ-zn-Xo-bN
- n{Xw {InkvXphns\ temI-Kp-cp-hmbn ImWm Ihnsb t{]cn-n-p-p. al-mXvaPnbpw s\lvdphpw
N-p-gbvv Bcm-[y- c
- m-bn-cp-p. s\lvdp-hs
- \-p-dnv ]d-t- m A`n-am\w sImv
Atlw NmSn-sb-gp-t-p. alm--Pn-sb-p-dnv Hcp Ihn-Xbpw FgpXm Ign-bmsX
t]mb-Xn Atlw tJZw {]I-Sn-n-p. Kmn-Pn-bpsS Nc-a-s-Xp-Sv C{Xbpw Ign-m Ihn-X-I hcp-s-dn-n-cp-p-sh-n KmnPn \n-b-ambpw acn-n-mbn-cp-p-shv A`n-{]mbw N-pg Nncn-p-sImv AwKo-Ic
- n-p. CSv Lost my internal
music Fv hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn {]kvXm-hn--tm B teJ-I s]mn--c-p-t]m-bn.
awK-tfm-Z-b-n JWvU--{]-kn-o-I-cn-n-cp aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw Cu Ah-bn]qn-bm \nhm-la
- n-sv N-pg ]d-p. A]qmb thtdbpw JWvUIm-hy-
- f
- p-spw Ah-sbmw ]qn-Ic
- n-m km[n-n-cp-p-sh-n Xs kmnI sRcp--n\v Ipdv ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-tbs\ Fv Atlw {]X-ym-in-p.
Kmn-Pn-bpsS Fgp-]s-Sn {]Xn-a-sb-p-dnpw t{X \nam-W-s-p-dn-pap-ff hm-I N-p-gsb thZ-\n-n-p. C-y-bn Hcp amXrIm. Sn. _n. n\nIv
m]n-m B ]Ww sNe-hm-n-bn-cp-p-sh-n AXv _mp-Pn-bpsS BZi-v
imi-z-Xo-I-c-W-am-Ip-ambn-cp-p-shv A`n-{]m-b-s-p. \nc-h[n kplr-p--sfbpw
Ah-cpsS klm-bhpw IrX--Xm-]qhw kvacn Ihn Smm-bnepw apw tPmen-sNbvXn-cp km[p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS cW kw`m-h\sb Aaq-e-y-ambn Ip. Atls NnIn-n-n-cp tUm. sNX-es\ Iv kwkm-cn--tm-gmWv N-p-gbpsS
Kpcp-Xc
- m-h B teJ-I\v icnpw t_m[-ya
- m-bX
- v. CsXmw dntmv sNbvXt- XmsS
Ihn-bpsS NnIn-v kw`m-h-\-I {]h-ln-pI Xs sNbvXp.
N-p-g-tbm-Sp-ff Bfp-I-fpsS kvt\l-ns {]I-S-\-ns ck-I-c-amb Hcp
DZm-l-cWw Fw. sI. km\p kvacn-p-p. Ihnsb ImWm \K-c-ntev ]pd-s
aIs\ hne-nb {Kmao-W-\mb A\v aI "hmg-pe' hmbn-m \In. hmgpe hmbn--Xns Bthi-n Ij-I-\mb B A Xs Hcp hmg-p-e-bpambn \K-c-n N-p-gsb ImWm sNp.'
tcmKw aqn--tm N-p-gsb tImb--q-cn-tev hnZKv[ NnIn-v
sImp t]mhm Xocp-am-\n-p. B Ah--bn ZoL-bm{X IqSp-X tZmj-I-c-amIp-sav Iv Xrq awK-tfmZbw \gvknv tlman At-ls {]th-in-n-p.
tIc-fo-ba
- m-\k
-
- s
- f-bm-Ia
- m\w Aeu-In-Im-\p-`q-Xn-bn A-aam-nb Ihn 1948 Pq
17\v Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. A-tbmtSm {]nb kp-lr-q--tfmtSm bm{X tNmZn-m Atae-bmf kmloXyw 2

28

School of Distance Education

l-n\v km[n-n-. CS--f-fn-bnse Xd-hm-p-hI e-mWv At-ls kwkvI-cn-Xv. Av An-tam-]-Nmcw An-m Fn-b-h-cn Cud-\-Wn-bm Ip-I
Dm-bn-cp-n-sv Fw.-sI. km\p Hmp-p.
ih-Ip-So-c-p-\p-ap-n Bkmbw-Im-ev Fw. sI. km\p Nnm-`m-c-tmsS
\ne-sIm-p. \nem-hn \ocm-Sn-\np ]mXn-cm-hp-Isf ]me-q-hns ]cn-afw
]pIn \np-tm, B I-db
- vp-ff
- nse lrZbw kv]n-p-II
- bpw B kv]\w
Hcp ]-hn-bmbn Db-cp-I-fbpw sNp Zriyw Fw.-sI. km\p k-ev]n-p-p. Nmcp-ff ama-c-m-hns sImv sImp-cp-n-bn-cn-p Infn-I, B ih IpSo-c-cl-ky-
- ns ]hn am\v \-{X-sf Adn-bn-p-Xv \-{X- hnkvab
-
- m
Ip Nnn t]mIp-Xpw teJ-Is k-ev]-n sXfn-RvMp-h-p.

X]s A
Fw.-Fw. _jo
kmln-Xy \ncp-]W cwKv X\Xv ap{Z-]-Xn-n sUm. Fw.-Fw._jo Imen-v kI-em-imebn ae-bmf hn`mKw A[-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-p.- I-hn-X-bnse Nne {]iv\-,
Bims ]Wn-pc, kmln-X-ym-tem-N-\, Ipam-c-\m-ims cN-\m-inev]w ae-bmf sNdpIYm kmln-Xy Ncn-{Xw, A-cmYw, Ipam-\m-ims t\mp-_p-p-I XpS-n-b-hbmWv {][m\ \ncp-]-W-{K--
kaq-l
- nse A\o-Xn-It- fmSv {]Xn-Ic
- n-m-\p-ff k-X
- bpw AXns\ Ie-bmn
amm-\p-ff {]Xn-_--Xbpw alm-ti-z-Xm-tZ-hnsb `mc-X-nse Fhpw henb Fgp-pIm-cn-bmn Xop-p-shv Fw.-Fw. _jo A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. a\p-j-y-Xzw XsbmWv alm-ti-zX
- m-tZ-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob Zi-\s
- av "X]s A' F t\mh hniI-e\w sNbvXv Fw.-Fw. _jo Nqn-m-p-p. Hcp X-z-im-kv{X-tmSpw hntZ-bXzw ]pemsX \nnX hK-n-\p-thn {]hn-pXneqsS Cu Fgp-pImcn hmpw {]hnbpw kwtbm-Pn-n-p-p. at\m-cm-Py-
- m-cmb Fgp-p-Im-cpsS
IqsS IqSm Ah Xm-d-. ]Wn-sb-Sp-p--h-tcm-sSmw ]Wn-sb-Sp-m\pw Hw
Ah-cpsS Incpw ]-mSpw Bhn-jvI-cn-m\pw amlm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn X-dm-Ip-p.
If-f\pw sIme-]m-X-In-bp-amb aI-t\m-Sp-ff Hc--bpsS \njvI-f-hpw ]mh-\-hpamb kvt\l-ns IY-sbtm k- sIme-bm-fn-bmn hfp-Ibpw XfpsS Ifn-m-hb
- mn amp-Ibpw sNbvX XojvWb
- u-h\
- -ns IY-sb-tm hnti-jnn-m-hp Hcp t\mh-emWv "X]s A' X]\v hon \nv kvt\lw e`n-n-.
A\pw ktlm-Z-c\pw Ahs\ ]cn-K-Wn-n-. sXcp-hn ZmZ-bmbn hf Ahs\
A am{Xw kvt\ln-p. IpX-dn-am-dm-\m-hm hn[w Kpm-bn-k
- ns ]nSn-bn-ea
- pt]mb Ahs XI Pohn-X-nse Htc-sbm-cm-i-zmkw A-bm-bn-cp-p. X] a\n ]d-p-sIm-t-bn-cp-p. "At, \n sNp-Xv icn, Rm sNp-sXmw sXv' Av XW-em-hm Ah\v B{K-l-ap-v. av B-a-fpsS IqsS
t]mIm A-tbmSv Ah \nt-in-p-p. F{X ]Ww thW-sa-nepw Fn-msav ]d-p-t\m-pp. Rm IqSn t]mbm \n\v ]ns Bcp-ap-m-hn-smbn-cp-p kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb B A-bpsS adp-]-Sn. Asb-p-dn-tmv Ah
hnXp-n. Xm AI-s sIWn-bn \npw tamN\w t\Sm-\m-hn-tm Ftmv
Ah thZ-\n-p.
sXcp-hn ZmZm-bm-sW-nepw Ah kv{XoIsf D]-{Z-hn-n-. IqsS-bp-f-f-hsc
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

29

School of Distance Education

AXn\v A\p-h-Zn--Xp-an Btcm-cp-an-m--hpw Ah Xmm-bn. ]mh-s Hcp

kv{Xosb cn-m-\mbn X] FXnKp--I-tfmSv Gv apn acn-p-p. AXp-hsc
aI-s\-p-dn-tmv Xe Xmgvn \S A Av A`n-am-\-tmsS Xe-bpn
\S-p. Hcp s]Ip-nsb thi-y-bm-Ip--Xn cn-m thn-bmWv Xs aI
Poh-X-ymKw sNbvX-sXv B A Hmp.
B A Ckvs]-IvS-dpsS apn s]mn-s-dn-p-p-v. Xs aIs\ hmS-IKp--bmn Xo At[m-temI \mb-I\mb `hm\n _m_p-hns\tmep-f-f-h
am\-y-cmbn Pohn-p--Xnse sshcp-yw Ah tNmZyw sNp-p. X]s\ A-s\-bmn-Xo hy-h-k-Yn-Xn-bn-te-mWv alm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn hnc Npp--Xv.
kp-NnX cmjvv{So-b-n hni-z-kn-m Fgp-p-Imcn kmaq-ln-Im-hbvv
amw hcm B{K-ln-p-p. ]mh-s--hs PohnX \nehmcw Dbm-\m-hm
Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-sbpw Ah AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. kzbw hniZo-Icn-m-\p-ff Hcp
_m[-y-X-sb \ne-bvmWv a\p-j-y-cpsS {]iv\--sf-p-dnv Ah Fgp-Xn-sIm-tbn-cp-p--Xv.

]mcn-n-X-I-Ie
Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\
sF.-F. Fkv DtZ-ym-K-\
- m-bn-cp Pn. a[p-kq-Z\
- -\ ]q\-bnse thUv Cn-yv Hm^v ks-bv\-_n F\Pn-bpsS Ub-c-IvS P\-d-em-bn-cp-p. {Ko F\Pn
F amkn-I-bpsS No^v FUn--dm-Wv. IYbpw ]cn-n-Xn-Xbpw, lcn-X-\n-]q-]Ww
ae-bm-f-n Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ ae-bmf IrXn-I.
]mcn- n- X n- I - I e tIh- e - a - b mb {]IrXn t_m[- nttbm Krlm- X p- c Xznstbm Ie-b-. AXv Pohn-X-ns ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw Dsm-f-fp
Hm-Wv. ]p\:-m-]n-m-\m-hm hn`-h
- f
- psS ]n_-e
- n sIn-S- p B[p\n
hy-h-kmb kZv hy-h-bpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmt-Xn-Ibpw kwkvIm-c-hq-sa-mw
ISp {]Xn-k-nsb t\cn-Sm t]mhp-I-bm-sWv Pn . a[p-kq-Z-\-\ Cu teJ-\n ap-dn-bnp \Ip-p. PohnXw {]Ir-X-ym-\p-km-cn-bmb ]mX-bn-tev ]cn-Wan-s-t--Xns Bh-iyw Bfp-I Xncn--dnv XpS-n-bn-cn-p-p. Cu Xncn--dnhmWv B[p-\n-Im-\
- c
- b
- psS apJ-ap-{Z. CXv `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-
- nepw \thm\vtajw
krjvSn-pw. B[p-\n-Im-\--c-amb Cu ]m--e-n-emWv ]mcn-n-Xn-I-Ie DZbw
sNp--Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h- A\n-b-{n-X-ambn NqjWw sNbvXv Fm-ehpw
kpJ kar-n-bn Ign-bm-sa km-nI hnZ-KvZ-cpsS \nK-a-\- Ab-YmYhpw
Dt-ym-]-y-\p-am-sWv Xncn--dnv hcp-p. hnI-k-\hpw kwkvIm-chpw kpnc hgnI-fn-tev Xncn-p-hn-Sp--XmWv icn-bmb dnb-en-kw.
]mcn-n-X-Ie Hcp Zi-\-tmSpw hnt[-b-Xzw ]pep-n-. Fm Fm
Zi\-pw ]mcn-n-XnI Iesb Dsm-f-fm-\m-Ipw. kakvX Poh-Pm-e--fptSbpw \oXn-bp--amb \ne-\n]n-t\m-Sp-am-{X-amWv AXn\v {]Xn-_
- X
- . Fm AXv
XnIpw Acm-jv{So-b-am-Wv ]d-p-Iq-Sm. ]cn-n-Xnsb shdpw Krlm-Xp-c-X-bmbn
am{Xw ImW-cpXv FmWv kqNn-n-p--Xv. Imjn-I-an--n \np-mb aqe-[\
hfbpw X-fpsS emt`-b
- v\
- p-kc
- nv imkvv{X kmt-Xn-I-Xsb sacp-n-sb-Sp
aqe-[\ DS-aI
- f
- psS Bn-bp-amWv ]mcn-n-XnI hn\m-i
- n-tev \bn-s
- Xv teJae-bmf kmloXyw 2

30

School of Distance Education

I Nqn-m-p-p. ]mcn-n-XnI ho-W-s-tmepw X-\p-Iq-e-amn

Xop apX-em-fn X{-s-Xn-sc-bp-ff Pm{K-Xb
- mWv ]mcn-n-XnI Ie-bpsS
cmjv{So-bw.
]mcn-n-XnI Ie-sb-m Hcp Xcw kbkv ^n-\m-sWv Nne-sc-nepw
sXn-c
- n-m-dp-v. Ctm-fP
- n-bpsS imkv{Xo-bs
- X-m-tfsd kmaq-ly- hpw cmjv{So-bhpw
Bo-bhpw a\:-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb ka-k-y-I-fmWv ]mcn-n-Xn-I-I-ebvv hnj-b-amIp--Xv.
ka-Im-enI kwkvIm-c-ns aqe-y
- sf A]-\nan-p-I-sb [w ]mcn-nXn- I - I - e - b v p- v . kmt- X n- I - b psS tatmbv a \ne- \ np temIv
{]IrXnnW-nb Hcp _Z kmt-Xn-IX AXv aptmv shp-p. Cu _Z
\nan-Xn-bn `mh-\bpw `mjbpw Bhn-jvImc ssienbpw ]pXnb Is--ep-Iv
hnt[-b-am-Ip-p. kmt-Xn-IX
- -bpsS IS-p-I-b-n \psS temI-fpw hmp-Ifpw
\jvS-s-Sp-p. km{am-P-y-X-z-ns `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw IS-p-I-bdn BZn-a-\n-hmkn-If
- psS `mjbpw Pohn-Xhpw Cm-Xm-p-p. hmWn-`
- ntbpw ]c-ky- `- m-jb
- p-tSbpw
ISp Ib--n X\Xpw {Kma-y-hp-amb hmp-I \jvS-am-Ip-p. `mj timjnv
An-q-Sa
- m-Ip-p.
hy-n-hm-Z
- ntbpw ip-Iem hmZ-ntbpw ASn-d- n-bn ]Sp-p-bnb
Alw-kz- X
- z- s A]-\nnv ]pXn-sbmcp ]mcn-n-Xn-Ik
- z- Xw sa\p \IpIsb
[w ]mcn-n-XnI Ie \n-ln-p-p-v. kv{XoI, BZn-a\
- n-hm-kn-I, `ojWn
t\cn-Sp kk-y-P-p-Pme XpSn Fm Xnc-kvIrX kz-X-z-pw ]mcn-nXnI Ie ]pXpPoh ]I-cp-p. Xnc-kvIrXcptS-XpssS hnhn[ hn`mK--fpsS
kz-c- Iem-]-c-amb tcJ-s-Sp-p-I FXv Cm-es Fgp-p-Im-cs \ntbmK-am-Wv. _os _lp-k-z-cX (Poly Phony) UbtemKv Fo ]cn-I-ev]-\-I {]k-am-Ip-Xv AXn\memWv. Iesb A{]-Im-i-ambn Npcp-m-\n-hn-. ]mcn-n-IIe Pohn-X-ns ka-{K-X-bpsS {]Im-i-\-am-Wv.
a\pj-y-cpsS Bob ]p\\nan-Xnv Iebpw kmln-X-yhpw klm-b-I-am-I-Wsa teJ-I A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. ]mcn-n-Xn-t_m[w ]g-a-bn-te-p-ff aS--a-.
AXv e-_-nXamb Ncn-{X-t_m-[-n\v Du \Ip-p. Fgp-X-s \pW-I
]p\:]cn-tim-[n-p-p. kpn-c-X-bvp-ff {]mtbm-KnI amK- tXSp-p.

ac-m-h-I hopw hmbn-p-tm

hn. cmP-Ir-jvW
kmln-X-y-hn-ai-I, Ne-Nn{X \ncp-]-I, Xnc--Ym-Ir-v, kwhn-[m-I-b
Fo \ne-I-fn-semw {it-b-\mWv t{]m.-hn. cmP-Ir-jvW {imw, tcmK-ns
]q, au\w tXSp--hm-v, ImgvN-bpsS Aim-n, sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Nv Fn-hbmWv {][m\ IrXn-I.
Imcp-cns IY-I-fn-b Xe-sb-Sp-tmsS \np Hcp krj-Sn-bmWv "ac-m-hI' Fv hn. cmP-I-y-jvW A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Cu IY-bnse \neo\ `wKn-bp-ff
i-yw-Km-c-`mhw IY ]pd-p-h Ime-p-Xs \ncp-]I {i t\Sn-bn-cp-p. Aas ssewKnIm`nem-j-ns Xc-f-amb {]Im-i-\-sa-Xv kv{Xolr-Z-b-ns Bg tXSn-tmb ]nme sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-p-sf tamln-n a\-mkv{X ka-k-ybmbn amdp-I-bp-m-bn. am[-hn-p-n-sb-tm-ep-ff Fgp-p-Im Imcq sXmp-Im-Wn
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

31

School of Distance Education

Cu `mh-ta-J-ebvv ]p s]mcp km-\n-p-I-bp-mbn. IYm-k--ev]-n

]e s]m-fn-s-gp-p-Ifpw \S-p-I-gn Cm-ev "ac-m-h-I' hopw hmbn-ptm a\-n ]Xn-bp Awi- Is-m-\p-ff {ia-amWv Cu Ipdn-sv teJI ]d-bp-p.
Zm-Xy- X
- I
- -bpsS Ah-in-jvSa
- mbn hminbpw k-Shpw IqSn-Ie
- Hcp hnImcw
"acm-h-Ifn' se IYm-\m-bn-I-bmb \fn-\n-bpsS Df-fn DS-n-\np-p-v. ]pdtav Ah {]I-Sn-n-p-X
- m-ht Iqk-en-m-bvabpw hnhm-l-tam-Nn-Xs
- b-p-dnv \mn]p-ds Abm km[m-cW ]d-bm-dpff Ip- hI-sh-bvmsX kz-X{
PohnXw \bn-p-t]m-cp--h-fmWv \fn-\n. XtShpw ^en-X-t_m-[hpw thZ-\-Isf IqSs-dn-bm Ahsf klm-bn-p-p-v. Imcp-cns `mK-y-lo-\-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-fn \nv \fn-\nsb thXn-cnv \np hkvXp-XX Ah Iem-Im-cn-bm-sW--XmWv.
Ah-fp-m-nb ]mh-I tIm]-n\pw hnem-k-`m-h-n-\p-an-Sn-bn shdp-n\pw
ka-W
- n-\p-an-S-bn Bfn-I
- p Ah-fpsS lr-Zb
-
- ns {]Xn-^-e\
- a
- m-bn-cp-p.
Ah-fpsS Ag-Im ico-c-ns hSn-hp-If
- m-hm-ln B ac-m-hI
- aXn-bm-bn-cpp
Npp-ap-f-f-hv Ipw ]d-bm. kzw kKm--I-X-bn-tev Npcp-m ioen-tXmsS Ahv A]-hm-Z-sf t]Sn-bn-m-Xm-bn. Cu Iqk-en-m-bvasb "Al'
sbmWv F\-yq-a-td- hnti-jn-n--Xv. Iem-Im-c\p kl-P-amb Cu Al--bmWv
\fn-\nsb \fn-\n-bmn amn-b-Xv.
\fn-\n-bpsS hy-n-k--bpsS ]c-`m-K-tim-`-bvmbn F\-yp-a-td-sd krjvSn-Xv
Gsd DNn-X-am-sWv teJ-I Npn-m-pp. a\p-j-ysc hkvXpX-I-fmn amp-Ibm-Wtm F\-yp-a-td-am-cpsS tPmen. F\-yp-a-td--dpsS tNmZ-y-v Xp-cw
]d-bp \fn\n Xs "Al' sImv F\yqatd-dpsS ^b-ense Hc--ambn Npcpp-n-. Ah-km\w B DtZ-ym-K-s lrZ-bv hnkvabw Ie a[p-cm-k-zmyw P\n-nv Ah ]nhm-p-p.
\fn-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-ntbpw Ie-bp-tSbpw ]Wn-pc cl-k-y- shfn--psIm- p- h - c m Imcq Is- nb hnh- c W coXn {]tX- y Iw ]cn- K - W \
Alnpp.\fn-\n-bpsS B \njvTa
- mb ImgvN
- m-Sn-eqsS IY Ah-Xc
- n-n-n-cppshn D]-cn-Xe kv]in-bmb \-ns m\v hnIm-c--fpsS Ipsm-gpv
A\p-hm-NI
- \v A\p-`h
- n-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-p-shv teJ-I hni-Ie
- \w sNp-p.
Fm Hcp aqm-as \ne-ssI-sImv A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Hcp hy-n-bp-ambn \fn\n
\S-p skmd-]-d-n tIv ckn-p-I-bmWv Imcq sNp--Xv. kw`mjW{][m-\amb Cu IY-bn " Ub-temKv' am{X-amWv Xs {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ns am\-kn-Imh ]c-Xm-\mbn Imcq Ahew_nn-p-f-f-Xv. km[m-c-bmbn Imcq-cns IY-I-fn
hnX-dm-dp-ff temtIm-n-I-fp-tSbpw [mnI ho-W--fp-tSbpw tatm-Sn-I Cu
IY-bn Ipd-hm-Wv. IY-m
-- -y-n \fn\n F\-yp-a-td--dpsS a\-kn DWnb {]XnI-c-W kqNn-n-m thn am{X-amWv ImYn-I t\cnv \-tfm-sS---nepw ]dbp--Xv.
\thm-m-\-Im-e-nse ap sNdp-IYm Irp-I CtX {]ta-bs Fs\
kao-]n-p-am-bn-cp-p-shv teJ-I hnNn-\w sNp-p. s]m-mSv CS-Xq ]me h-\-sImv \mbn-I-bpsS hnjm-Z-kp--c-ap-J-n\v IqSp-X angn-th-Ip-am-bnae-bmf kmloXyw 2

32

School of Distance Education

cp-p. Ddq_v IhnX Ie sImp hmMvab Nn{X--fn-eqsS \fn-\n-bpsS AK-XIqSn NnI-s-Sp-p-am-bn-cp-p. XIgn Xpd-S- n kmaq-ly hnai-\
- n sNsp-am-bn-cp-p. kap-Zmb hy-h-n-Xn-bpsS \oXn XX-zs tNmZyw sNp-am-bn-cp-p.
Npcp--n Imcp-cns\ hy-X-y-kvX-\m-p-Xv EPpw BS-bm-`-c-W-f
- n-m-Xpw X\n
tIc-fo-b-hp-amb IYm-I-Y\ coXn-bm-Wv. ]-\m-`tbpw Fw. Sn. bptSbpw am[-hn-pn-bp-tSbpw Xe-apd kmm-XvI-cn sFdWn knw_ Iev]-\, {]Xn cq]m--I-Xzw XpSnb B[p-\n-IX kt-X- Imcp-cns\ Xosc BIjn-n-. Imcp-cns BJ-ym\
Ie h-\-ns Ie-bmWv (art of elimination) F \nK-a-\-n teJ-I Fnt-cp-p. sshhn-[y- -am cN\kt-X
- -fpsS km[-y-X-I NqjWw sNp--Xn-eqsS-b, B km[-y-X-X-Iv t_m[-]qw \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-p--Xn-eq-sS-bmWv
Imcq IY-I ]e "C^-IvSp-Ifpw' t\Sn-sb-Sp--Xv.
ac-m-h-I-fpsS IYm inev]hpw \mbn-I-bpsS inev]-I-em-hn-Z-ybpw Xn-ep-ff
kmZ-y-iyw teJ-I Nqn-m-p-p. \fn-\n-sb-tmse Imcqcpw Hc-n ac-mh-I-fpsS \nam-Xm-hm-Wv. At-l-ns IY-I-fn Zw sImp-ff Ae-m-c--WnI-fn-. am_n ssIIm-cyw sNp-n-. A\m-Ij-I-sav tXmp ]cp-
Poh-Xn-bm-Ym-y--fn \nv HXp-hpw imeo-\-X-bp-ap-ff IYm-in-ev]- {im]qhw sa\-bp hnZ-y-bm-bn-cpp Imcp-cntXv.
{kjvSm-hns kzm-X-{-yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw
Fw. tXmakv a-yp.
19194019-Xp-Xm,
11940

Fw. tXmakv amX-yp.

]\w Xn-bnse Iosm-gq-cn-emWv Fw. tXmakv amXyp P\n--Xv. hnhn[

tImtf-Pp-I-fn ae-bmfw s{]m^k-dm-bn-cp At-lw tIc-f-`mjm Cn-S--yq-ns
Ub-dI
- vS-dmbpw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-n-p-v. Z-tKm-]p-c-n-tev hopw, kmln-X-y-Zi\w, Bm-hns apdn-hp-I acp-`q-an-bn hnfn-p-]-d-bp--hs ssZhw, ss__n
A\p-`-hw, \n\-hp-I \ncp-]-W- Fnh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.
"{kjvSm-hns kzm-X-{-yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw ' F teJ-\-n
Bhn-jvIm-c-k-z-X-{-y-s-p-dnpw Ie-bpsS [-im-kv{X-s-p-dnpw hnNn-\w
sNp-p. ap Poh-Pm-e-sf At]-nv \n--lm-bI-\mb a\p-j-y AXn Poh-\n-\p-ff t]mcm--n-emWv ]pXnb hSn-h-pIfpw AS-hp-Ifpw t\Sp--Xv {]IrXn
I\nv \Im--sX-. kzbw Dm-m-\p-ff ssh`-h-ns hnv ap\-j-ys
Xe-tm-dn-se-hn-sStbm {]IrXn Xs \nt-]n-n-p-v. kKm--I-amb I ap\j-ys ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn \nv IpX-dn-sdn-m-\p-ff DZ-y-a--fmWv. Ah AXp-sIm-pXs kzm-X-{-y-{]-J-ym-]-\--fp-am-Wv.
a\q-j-y-I--fn G-hpw hnin-jvS-amb ssZh-km-Z-y-iyw hnfw-_cw sNp
I-amWv IYm-{]-h-\w. Iem-hn-jvI-cWw Iem-Im-cs kzm-X-{-y-ns {]Imi-\a
- mWv "Ie PohnXw Xs' F Xon-eqsS amcm Bhn-jvI-cn Zi-\hpw CXpX-s. Iem-hn-jvIm-c
- f
- n-eqsS Ah-\h
- s kzXw Is-p-p. Ah-\m-\p-ff B{]-Im-i-\-Xz- -c-bpsS \nc--c-amb {]{In-bn-bn-emWv Hcp Iem-Im-c bYmY kzm-X-{yw
A\p-`-hn-p--Xv. AXp-sImv kzm-X-{-y-n-\p-ff Xz-c-bmWv Bhn-jvI-c-W-n-\pff t{]c-W-sbv ]d-bmw. {kjvSm-hmb hy-n-am-{X-a Cu kzm-X-{yw A\p-`-hn-pae-bmf kmloXyw 2

33

School of Distance Education

-Xv. Bk-zm-ZI
- IqSn-bm-Wv. Ak-zm-Z\w ]p\:krjvSn-bm-bX
- n-\m Ie-bn-eqsS hntamN-\-{]-{Inb \nc-cw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
a\p-j-ys\ kw_nn-S-tmfw kz-X{yw [mn-I-bp-ambn IqSn _-s-n-cnp-p. kzw C-tbm-sSmw kZm-Nm-c-s-p-dnp IqSn Ah\v t_m[-hm-\m-th-nh-cp-p. [-k--S- a\p-j-ys am{Xw Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. AXvsImv Iebvv
ku-c-y-imkv{Xw am{Xa, [-imkv{Xw IqSn-bp-v. \ \S-ns D-c-hm-Zn-Xzw
Im-fn-tm-cp A[n-Im-ct- I-{- kz-X{- -`c
- -Ws kwi-bt- m-sSbpw `oXn-tbmsS-bp-amWv hon-p-t]m--Xv. Hp t\mw sXn-bm hgn-sXn t]mIp--X-h-cmWv
hni-zm-kn-I Fv Ah kzbw hni-z-kn-p-p. sXmbn
hym-Jym-\n-mtem
Fv t]Snv Hcp Ime ss__n hmb-\-t]mepw k`-I hne-n-bn-cp-p.
ss__n hnh\w sNbvX Ip-n-\mWv SntU-ens\ Npp-sIm--Xv. kz-X-{amb F At\-z-jW
- --tfbpw krjvSn-I-tfbpw k` kwi-b-tmsSbmWv t\mn-bXv.
cmjv{Sobm-[n-Im-chpw hy-X-y-kvX-a-. Imfn-Zm-k BZi-cm-Pm-hmbn {]iw-kn
Zneo-]ns {]P-If
- psS KpW-f
- n-sem-mbn Atlw Ah-X-cn-n-p-Xv {]P-I cmPm-I-fn \npw ISp-InS hy-Xn-N-en-p-n-s--Xm-Wv. cmjv{Sm-[n-Imcw Ftmgpw
B{K-ln-p-Xv A\p-k-cn-p {]Pm-k--b-s-bm-Wv. ]t Iem-Im-c-m
Ftmgpw \hh-y-Xn-bm-\- k-ev]n-p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS cq]-Ie
- v]-\b
- n Bmhv
An-p-Ibpw sN-p-p.
ka-{Km-[n-]-X-y--fpsS kph-Imew Ie-bpsS No-Im-e-am-bn-cp-p-shv
teJI Npn-m-p-p. Fv, Fs\ Fgp-XWw Fgp-Xm-sav `c-W-IqSw Xocpam-\n Imev tamkvtIm-bn-tebpw sk v ]ot-gkn_Kn-tebpw Nn-Ipw
FgppImpw Poh\pw sImv ]mem-b\w sNt-n-h-p.
Npcp--n krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-c-n\p Imh-em-fm-hm A[n-Im-c-ns
bmsXm-cq-]hpw \-X
- . A[n-Im-c
- ns IqS-n-d-mWv `bw. ]pXnb-sXpw AXns\
t]Sn-s-Sp-p-p. Ah X-fpsS Ccn-nSw Cf-p-sav Ah Icp-Xp-p. Cu `bw
lnwk-bn-tev \bn-p-p. HXp-m-\m-h--Xns\ BZ-c-hns {]tem-`-\--fn-eqsS
his-Sp-p-p. kK-kz- m-X{- -ys Ipn-bmbmepw \n-bm-bmepw sImpI Xs
sNp-p.
\ne-hn-ep-ff AX-y-]vXn-bmWv krjvSn-bpsS auenI tNmZ-\. kX-y-n kzw
\ne-\]n-\p-thn AXv {]Xr-Xn-sb ]qcn-n-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. AXp-sImv
krjvSn-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ncn-{Xs \nc--c-ambn amn-sb-gp-Xp--Xns Ncn-{X-am-bn-Xo-cpp. Bbp-[
- pw ]oV-\
- pw {`jvSn\pw ]pc-kvIm-c{- ]-tem-`\
-
- pw BhnjvI-c-W-X-z-csb ASn \nm Ign-n-n-. FXnp-I-fpsS a[-y-n XsbmWv t{ijvT-amb Ie cq]w sImf-fp--Xv. Iem-Im-cs GXv kml-N-c-y-nepw
]Y-y-amb A{]n-b-k-Xyw hnfn-p-]-d-bp-p. Abm-fpsS hnc A[-n\v t\sc
Npp-p.
--------
ae-bmf kmloXyw 2

34