a-ebm-f Ihn-X D--cL-w

B.A. MALAYALAM

Core Course
III SEMESTER
(CU-CBCSS)
(2014 Admission onwards)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Calicut university P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635.

543

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

School of Distance Education

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

III Semester

STUDY MATERIAL
(CU-CBCSS)
Core Course

B.A MALAYALAM

a-ebm-f Ihn-X D--cL-w

Prepared by:

{io. I-a-dp-o ]-c-n

A-kn-v s{]m-^k
a-ebm-f hn-`mKw, ^m-dq-Jv tIm-tfPv
tIm-gn-tm-Sv
{ioa-Xn.jo-\ F.Pn
K-kv-v ^m-n
a-ebm-f hn-`mKw, ^m-dq-Jv tIm-tfPv
tIm-gn-tmSv

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

Reserved

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D-io \r-w

hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W \-q-Xn-cn
1.
D.
2.
D.
3.
4.
D.
5.
D.
6.
D.
7.
D.
8.
D.
9.
D.
10.
D.
11.
D.
12.

hn-jv-Wp-\m-cm-b-W \-q-Xn-cn-bv-v h-b-em AhmUv (2010) t\-Sn-sm-Sp- IrXn?

Nm-cp-eX
hn-jv-Wp \m-cm-b-W \-q-Xn-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-J-e--W-sav?
a-\p-jy-kzm-X-{yw
\o-sm-cp ]o-en-bn h-jI-Ww t]m anpw Xn-c-bn i-in-Inc-Ww t]m B-cpsS hm-p-I-fmWv?
D--insb Cu hn-[w k-tm-jn--Xv ?
C-{
D--io-\r-w Im-Wm-s\n-b k-Z-ky B-scmw?
A--h-[p, tZ-hI, Zm-]k
]p-cm-W-n-se G-Xv I-Y-bmWv 'D-io \rw' F- I-hn-X-bv-m-[mcw?
D--io-im-]w
{]-]--kr-n-bp-sS Im-c-W-a-dn-bp--Xn-\p- H-cp D-]m-[n-bmWvD--in-bp-sS \r-w
\r--Np-h-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS D-in B-hn-jv-I-cn-p--sXv?
{]-]--]-cn-Wm-aw
kr-n km-[y-am-Ip-Xv F-tm?
{_--n-\v Im-a-\ (hn-Imcw) bp-W-cp-Ibpw A-Xn Alw-t_m-[w {]-h-n-p-Ibpw
sN--ptm-gm-Wv kr-n km-[y-am-Ip--Xv.
kr-n-bp-sS Nm-{In-IX-sb kq-Nn-n-p- h-cn-I GXv?
hn-p-ap-f--iz-w Im-bv-cn
ho-Wp ap-f--iz-w ho-p
B-Zn-an-Yp-\-n-se ]p-cp-j Bcv?
in-h
D-in \r-w ad-v \n--e-X-bmb-Xv F-tm?

D.

B-Zn-an-Yp-\-n-se ]p-cp-j-Zi-\w D--in-bn ]q-cp-c-h-n-s\-p-dn-p-- Hm--I

D-W-pp. A-]q-hpw h-y-hpam-b X-s B-Zn-an-Yp-\--fn-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS m\pw ]q-cp-c-h-n-s\ ]p-cpj-s m-\-p k--ev-n--tm A-h \r-w ad-v
\n--e-bmbn.

13.

D--in-bv-v im-]w D-]-Im-c-am-Ip--sX-s\?

D.

`q-an-bn ]nd-v P-cbpw \-cbpw cp-Pbpw ar-Xn-bp-a-\p-`-hn-m-\m-bn-cp-p im]w.

F-m X-\n-v kv-t\-ln-m C--s- ]p-cp-j-\p-s t_m-[w A-h-v i-n
]-I-cp-p. `q-an-sb a-sm-c-c-m-bn A-h Im-Wp-p.

14.

B-[p\n-I im-kv-{X-k--ev]-s I-hn F--s\-bm-Wv {]-tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv?

D.

kr-n-bp-sS B-Zn-I-mc-Ww tXSn-b D--io-Nn-w B-Zn-an-Yp-\--fn-se-n-t-cpp.

G-Im-Iam-b {_-w BWpw s]-p-am-bn ]n-cn-v krn B-cw-`n-pp. F- sF-Xn-

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lyhpw A-hpw _o-Phpw B-bn ]n-cn-v kr-n cq-]-s-Sp- im-kv{X-t_m-[hpw H-cpan-v I-hn-X-bn A-h-X-cn-n-p-n-S-m-Wv I-hn im-kv-{X k--ev]-s {]-tbm-P-\-s-Spn-bn-cn-p-Xv.
15.

kr-n-p-ap-p- `q-an F--s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv?

D.
16.

cm--I-ep-I Cm- P-\n-ar-Xn-I-fn-m-, \n-e-\n-]n-\m-[m-c-am-b Zpx-Jhpw k--hm-k\-Ifpw Cm B a--e-n X-Wptm Nq-tSm C.

"cm-In-b-dp--tm bp-K-k-n-X
\n-in-\-X-]-n Z-`m-{K-m!"
F-m-Wv cm-In-b-dp--Xv?

D.

im-]w t]m-se X-s-pn-b h-y-X-bp-sS \o--n-I-fm-Wv cm-In-b-dp-Xv.

17.

C-cp-fn ]-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sS C-d-n-h-cp-tm D--in-bp-sS a-\-n-ep-W- Nn--bp-sS

a-lXzw Fv?

D.

`q-an-sb a-sm-c-c-mbpw Po-hnX-s k-m-e-b-]q--am-b \r--ambpw A-h Im-Wpp. kz- hn-`q-Xn-I-fn-s-nepw Iq-sS Xm kv-t\-ln-p- ]p-cp-j-\p-s t_m-[w
A-h-v i-n ]-I-cpp. I-em-Imc-\v `q-an-bm-Wv G-sd {]n-bw F- k-Xyhpw I-hn
C-hn-sS B-hn-jv--cn-p-p.

18.

\n-Xy-\-tamz-e k--hn-emk-s \r--n-te-bv-m-hn-jv--cn-m I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn `m-j-bp-sS N-Sp-e-X hy--am-pI?

D.

\r--I-e-bn kr-n-{]-{In-b-bp-sS A-Xn-\n-Kq-V-X-e-sf B-hn-jv--cn-p-Ibpw A-Xn-\v

B-[m-cam-b `q-an-bp-sS a-l-Xz-s {]-Im-in-n-p-Ibpw sN-p- I-hn-X-bm-Wv D--io-\rw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-pI.
"Iq-p-h-f- \-Jm-{K-n-sem
c---jv-Ww tIm--W-bp-I-bmhmw".
Bcv?

19

D.

cv

20.

'\-c-I-n-s\m-cp ssI-m-S-I-se-bn-cn-p- kz-Kw' F-v I-m-Sv hn-ti-jn-n-Xv?

D.

{Kmas

21.

A-S- h-Iv{Xw \-J-c-m-se ]n-f-n A---jv-Ww \-K-c-a-\p-jy-s hm-bn Xn-cpInb-Xv Bcv?

D.

cv

22.

\m-K-cnI-\v A---jv-Ww I-s-n-\-Im c-v X-m-dmb-Xv F-p-sImv?

D.

A-Sp- Zn-h-khpw \m-K-cnI-s A-[zm\-s Nqj-Ww sN--W-sa-v I-cp-Xn-bm-Wv cv \m-K-cnI-\v A---jv-Ww hm-bn h-p-\-Ip--Xv.

23.

"A-hn-sS-q-cy-\p-Znpw \-\- ]-n-e-I-fn-semw ]pe-cn Xn-fpw" F-hnsS?

D.

]--W-n-\p-S-p- {Km-a-n

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24.

"\n-s sh-dp-p-p Rm-\o

]m-Xm-f-t-m-tf-sd" B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS kw-t_m-[-\ sN-p-Xv?

D.

X-s {Kma-s

25.

"h-cn-sIm-hcp, sam-hcp, sam-hcpw!" I-hn B-sc-bm-Wv -Wn-p-Xv?

D.

{Kmao-W P-\-sf.
ImfI
]n. `m-kv-c

1.

"h-b-em K-n-pp' F- Ihn-X c-Nn-Xv?

D.

]n. `m-kv-c

2.

"\-p-sS lr-Zb-s B-gv-n ap-pw-hn-[w N-dp-]n-dp-s\ ho-gp- I-o--W--fm-Wv

N--p-g; `m-kv--c \nd-p Xp-fp-n-\n-p- I-p-I-fm-Wv" C-s\ A-`n-{]m-bs-Xv Bcv?

D.

]n.kn. Ip-n-Ir-jv-W (D-dq_v)

3.

"ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-se A-' F- Ihn-X c-Nn-Xv?

D.

]n. `m-kv-c

4.

"Im-b-e-cnI-v h-e-sb-dn--tm h-f-In-epn-b kp--co..." F- kn-\n-am-Km-\w c-Nn-Xv?

D.

]n. `m-kv-c

5.

"hnm-fn-bm-Wp Rm Po-hn-X-ku-cy
h-In ao--e-s-s eyw" B-cp-sS h-cn-I-fm-Wv Ch?

D.

]n. `m-kv-c

6.

"I-f-I' F- Ihn-X {]-kn-o-I-cn--s- hjw?

D.

1954

7.

Imfh-n-mc-s tXm-fp-I Ip-\n--Xm-hm Im-c-Ww Fv ?

D.

Im-f-h-n-mc-s kz-Po-hn-X-\m-fp-I I-WvT-n Gn-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv

A-bm-fp-sS tXm-fp-I Ip-\n-Xv.

8.
D.

Im-f-h-n-m-c ]m-Sp- ]m-v GXv?

'\m-SI-ta .... bp-e-Iw...
\m-ssf-\-S--tX-bm-c-dn-hm
H-cp \m-SI-ta D-eIw.''
"H-cp-\m {Km-a-hoYn
X-n-em-bv-q Rm-s\
Ic-fp \-Sp-th
bn--m-sam-cp-cw-Kw" cw-Kw GXv?

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D.

]-g-p-Wn aqSn-b a-c--n t]-dn ap-t-dp- \m-ep-t]. I-n-en-se ]-g-p-Wn sI-n-emIs, ssN-X\yw hn-b ]-s h-n-m-c In-S-pp. I-o-scm-gp-Im- an-{Xm-ZnI B h-n-p-Np-n-ep-am-bn \n-c-n-cn-pp. CXm-Wv I-hn H-cn- I- cwKw.

9.

Im-f-h-n-mc-s ssZ\y-X I-hn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-n-c-p--sX-s\?

D.

h-n-bp-sS L-\-ap- Xpw t]-dn sa-s-sa-s Cg-p \o-p- Im-f-I-sf-tm-se

a-\p-jym-Im-cw ]q- a-sm-cp Im-f-bm-bn Ip-\n-n-cn-p- h-n-mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-n-psIm-m-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS Xp-Sw. kz-w Po-hn-Xw I-WvT-n-ten-b \p-Iw t]-dn-b-Xv aq-eam-Wv A-bm tXm-fp Ip-\n--h-\m-bXv. Im-e-n-s I-cm-fam-b ]m-X-I A-\-h-[n-Imew X-t-n-h--Xn-\m Ah-s Im-ep-I tX-n-pv. Fpw Zp-hn-[n Ip-Sn-v an-gn\o h-n--Xn-\m \n-n-Im-c-fpw \n-o-h--fp-am-bn-cn-p-p A-bm-fp-sS
I-pI. A-h-km-\-anm- {]l-cw a-n \npw e-`n-p-Xv Ah-\v k-ln-m-\m-hpn. A-Xn-\m Ah-s I-m-n ]p-p-I ]-S-n-cn-p-p F-n--s\-bmWv
I-hn h-n-mc-s\ A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv.

10.

I-hn In-g-h\m-b Im-f-h-n-mc-s\ Im-Wm-\n-S-bmb-Xv G-sXm-s km-l-N-cy--fn-emWv?

D.

\n-Xy-Po-hn-X-{]m-cm--tfm-Sv an-v Im-ew I-gn-p-Iq-p- k-h-km-[m-c-W-m-c\m-b H-cp

sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-n-s b-Ym-X-Y Nn{Xw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-m {i-an-p-I-bm-Wv
]n. `m-kv-c 'I-f-I' F- I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS. h-n h-en-p- Im-fI-sf \n-b-{n-p h-n-m-c\pw I-hn-bp-sS A-\p-`-h-n H-cp Im-fX-s B-bn cq-]m--c-s-n-cnpp. Ip-\n tXm-fp-Ifpw tX- Im-ep-Ifpw \n-o-ham-b I-p-Ifpw ]p-p-_m[n- I-c-fp-am-bn B Im-f (h-n-m-c) Po-hn-pp. H-cp sN-dp ]--p-Sn-en-se
sXm-n-en ssI-p-p-am-bn ]n-d- Im-ew apX-te h-n-m-c {]m-cm---n-S-bnemWv. a-c-W-n-s `-bm-\-Iam-b in--bn `-b-N-In-X-\mbn, H-cp \n-an-jw t]mepw ]-Xdm-sX A-bm A-[zm-\n-pp. Po-hn-Xw I-bn-b D-Xv--S-_v-`m-cw Xn-p- Im-fh-n
Fpw h-enp-I F--Xm-Wv A-bm-fp-sS sXm-gn.
t\-cw ]p-e-cm-dm-hp-tm Ip-Sw t]-cn Xm-a-c-p-f-t-v s]-In-Sm- t]m-Ip- {Km-aho-Yn-bnepw ]p--Ir-jn-m-bn sh-w tX-hp- I-jI-s ip-am-b s\-p-I kwKo-X-am-bn ]-cn-kc-v Np-n-b-Sn-p-tmgpw I-hn Im-f-h-n-mc-s\ I-p-ap-m-dpv. am-{Xa D--bv-v h-gn-h-n-ep- t]-cm-en-s Np-h-n kz--\n-{Z-bn h-gn-bm-{X-m i-bnp-tmgpw Im-n-c-a-c-n N-cn- I-cn-sm-Sn h-n-bn X--I Du-m-em-Sn
Nn-e-p-tmgpw I-hn A-bm-sf Im-Wm-dpv. ssh-Io-v hn-j-m-hn sh-fn-w Cm-Xm-Im\m-bn Zp-a-{-hm-Zw sN-p- aq--I aq-fp-tmgpw cm-{Xn-bm-Ip- Kp-lI-sf A-e-dp-
sX-n--nI Hm-fn-I-fm \n-d-bv-p-tmgpw I-hn A-tl-s Im-Wm-dpv.
cm--I-se-tm, {]-`m-X-{]-tZm-j-satm hy-Xym-k-anm-sX ITn-\m-[zm-\w sN-p-
h-n-mc-s Z-b-\o-bam-b Nn-{X-am-Wv D-Nn-Xam-b _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fm ]n. `m-kv--c
A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv. km-[m-c-W-mc-s Po-hn-X-tm-Sp- I-hn-bp-sS Iq-dp {]-I-S-am-Ip-
A-t\-Iw I-hn-X-I-fn H-mWv "I-fI' F- Cu I-hnX.

]mXm-f-n-s apg-w
F.F I-mSv
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1.

"C-hn-sS P-\n-o-em-Zn-Xy
C-hn-sS a-cn-o-em-Zn-Xy
D--X-sIm-ho-ep-" F-v B-cw-`n-p- Ihn-X GXv?

D.

]m-Xm-f-n-s ap-g-w (F-.F. I-mSv)

2.

"A-Xn-\p-sS I- s]m--I-fn
]-Xn-n-cnpw c--p-I-fpsS
Xp-dp-an-gn-I Xn-f-p-p" hn-h- Fv?

D.

']m-Xm-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bp-sS B-cw-`-n \m-KcnI tem-I-n-s B-kp-c`m-h-sf A-h-X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wv F.F. I-mSv. `q-an-X-e-n-se A-\p-`-h-sf ]mXm-f-m-gv-N-I-fn-te-v kw-{I-an-n-p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. I-c-bn Ir-an-Io-S- Zp-c-sIm-p aZn-pp. sXm--Ie-v A-d-_n--S-en-s C-cp-fn P-U-Xp-eyam-b `o-I-c-aq-I-X ap-n--g-ncn-pp. hn-kv-Xr-Xam-b H-cp Np-S--d-m-bn tXmpw A-d-_n-S. A-Xn-s
I--s]m--I-p-n Icsb Du-n-p-Sn-m {]m-]v-Xn-bp- c--kp-I X-w
]m-v H-fn-n-cn-pv. A-h-bp-sS Xp-dp-an-gn-I Xnf-n \n-pp. \mSn-s\ \-in-n-m\m-bn
cw-K-{]-th-i-n-s\m-cp-p-
c--p-I
A-[n-\nth-i
i-n-I-sfbpw
A-h-bp-sS Xn-f--ap- Xp-dp-I-p-I A-h-bp-sS em-`-sm-Xn-sbbpw A-\m-hr-X-ampp.

3.

"I-\--Iq- Im-ep-I
\o-n-b-a-n \-Spw cm-k
\-h-bq-n h-Sn- ar-tX-p-Ign
sm-Sp-hn hn-k-n-p-p
Ir-an-I-f-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw
A-Xn-sem-o Rm-\pw" Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-pI?

D.

`qan-temI-s ]m-Xm-f-ambpw `q-an-bn-se {]-[m-\-Po-hn-h-Kam-b a-\p-jy-sc Ir-an-I-fmbpw

Nn-{Xo-I-cn-p- I-hn-X-bm-Wv F.F. I-m-Sns ']m-Xm-f-n-s apg-w'. kq-tcymZbtam kq-cym-kv-X-a-tbm A-\p-`-h-s-Sm- ]m-Xm-f-am-bn `q-an-bn-se \-K-c-tZ-i- am-dn-bncn-pp. cm--I-ep-I-v H-tc `m-hhpw Om-b-bp-am-Wv \-K-c-n. hy-h-km-b-im-e-I
\n-d- \-K-c-n B-n-]n-Sn- a--c--fm-Wv {][m-\ A-\p-`-h- A-h-bm-Is,
G-sd a-Sp-p-f-hm-p--Xpw. H-cp hen-b ]--bn (Belt) {I-ao-I-cn- B-bn-cw D-cp-fp-I
N-{I--fp-sS ]p-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-m I-d-n-sm-n-cn-p- ^m--dn-bn-se I-hn Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xm-Wv k-`w. Iq-In C-c-n-bm-p Xn-an-p-Ibpw ]p-d-p-hn-Sp- ]p-Ibm aq-Sn-tm-hp-Ibpw sN-p- ^m--dn-sb \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS kz-`m-hw Ir-Xy-ambpw
h-c-n-Sp- hm-Kv-a-b-Nn-{X-am-bm-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS B-teJ-\w sN-p-Xv. Nq-j-W kw-kv-Imc-n-s tI-{-fm-b ^m--dn-I-fn-te-v a-\p-jy C-c-m-p-h-cp- Imgv-N I-hn-sX
kw-_-n-n-S-tm-fw A-kw-Jy-a-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S--fp-sS C-c-n-g-p- h-c-hmWv.
h--h-cp-sS hn-bpw tNm-cbpw Io-ep-sam-s ]-N-{I--fn-en-gp-Ip- Im-gv--bm-WnhnsS. sXm-gn im-e-I-fn F-p--h-cp-sS A-[zm-\-an-I-hn-s ]-c-am-h-[n--p-dhpw
Npj-Ww sN--s-Sp-pv. X-s I-\--Iq- Im-ep-I \o-n-b-a-n \-S-p-

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I-tm-f cm--k A-cw sXm-gn-em-fnI-sf ]-c-amh-[n ap-X-se-Sp-pp. A-ar-tXpt]m-se Ah-sc h-en-q-n-Ip-Sn-p-Sn-v H-Sp-hn hn-k-y-am-bn ]p-dw-X-pp. ^m-dn
]p-d--p- am-en-\y--fp-sS Iq--n-em-Wv A-[zm-\-tijn Du-n-sb-Sp--s- sXm-gn-emfnI-sf I-hn ]-cn-K-Wn-p--sX- h-kvXp-X B-kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s sR-n-pp. ^m--dnbn \n-v ]p-d---s-Sp- A-kwJyw Ir-an-Io-S--fp-sS Iq--n Xm\pw D-v F-v
I-hn Im-Wn-p X-cpp.
- 4.

"Io-i-bn \n-t-Xm\pw sh-n-p-p-I

Nn-d-Im-p ]d-p a-d-p." k--`w hy--am-pI.

D.

^m--dn-bn \n-v tPm-en I-gn-v o-Wn-X-\m-bn Xn-cn-p-h-cp- I-hn D-S- t]-in-I-fnse th-Z-\-am-dm-\pw X-f- \m-Un-R-c-p-I ap-dp-Im\pw a-Zy-im-e-bn I-b-dpp.
B Iq- Kp-l-bp-sS H-cp tIm-Wn-en-cp-v H-cp I-hn tam-n F-gp-t-pp. ap-[p-cnp- Zpx-JwA-ar-XwF-m-Wv I-hn Xm ]m-\w sNbv-X a-Zy-s hn-ti-jn-n-p-Xv.
G-Xm\pw sh-n-p-p-I Io-i-bn \npw Nn-d-Iph-v ]d-p ad-p F-v A-t-ln-\p tXm-p-p. a-Zytk-h I-gn-h-s t_m-[-Xe-s a-t\m-l-c-am-bn I-hn A-h-X-cnn-p--Xm-Wv k-`w.

5.

X-s Iu-am-c Ime-s I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv F-s\?

D.

\m-Kcn-I a-\p-jy-cp-sS Po-hn-X-ss\-cm-iy- L-w-L--am-bn A-\mh-cw sN--s-Sp-ImbWv ']m-Xm-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bn. \K-cw ]m-Xm-f-k-am-\-am-sW-v A-\p-`-hs-Sp-m D-Nn-Xam-b L-S-\-bpw _nw-_--fp-am-Wv F.F.I-m-Sv X-s I-hn-X-bn
D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv. ]m-Xm-f-temI-s h--am-\-Ime-s ap-jn-p-f-hm-p A-\p-`-h- hn-h-cn--Xn-\v ti-jw I-hn X-s K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I ]-p-sh-pp.
Iu-Xp-I-m hn-S-cp-Ibpw Ip-X-dp-Ibpw sN-p- lr-Z-b-hp-am-bn C-tm Xm-a-kn-p Iq- sI-n-S-n-s c-mw \n-e-bn \n-v ]n-Xm-hn-s ssI-hn-c-en ]n-Sn-p Xq-n
Atlw ]-W-s I--XmWv. sX-cp-hp-I tXmdpw H-Sp-m-sX ]-e-h--nepw h-Snhn-ep-am-bn ]-eX-cw A-p-Xw H-gp-Ipp. A-gIpw ]p-Xp-abpw ssI-Im-en-p Ip-S-p Nn-cnpp. sI-n-S-n-\p Xm-sg, X-\n--dn-bm- A-p-X-I-cam-b K---fpw B-kzm-Z-fpw
]p-Xp-a-tbm-sS B-\-I-fn-v C-c-pp. C-cw Im-gv-N-I A-v I-hn-bp-sS Iuam-c Imes B-m-Zn-n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. A-tXm-sSm-w X-s {Km-a-s-p-dn-p- Nn-e Nn-I I-hn-bp-sS a-\-n-epv. ]-Ww C--c-n ]pf-Iw sIm-n--tm Zq-sc-bp-
X-s {Km-aw Ippw Ip-gnbpw sN-fnbpw IpSp-a h-fn-b ]-g-a-Ifpw sh-bnepw N-cepw
H-s-bm-bn sX-fn- X-s {Km-aw H-cp hn-Uv-Vn-If-t aq-I-am-bn \n-e-sIm-pp. C-s\-sbm-s B-sW-nepw ]--W-n Xm sIm-Xp-Ip-h-e-bv-p-n I-b-dn-n-S-th
Zq-sc C-cp-fn a-Sn-bn a-b-n-n-S-p- {Km-a-n Im-h In-S-p- am-S--fn \nq-dn Nn-tm-f-sf C-f-n--S-p-h-cp- ]m-p-I-fpw, A-n--m-sem-gp-In-Sp- sIm-p
A-\pP-s C-fw-Np-n ]q-p-n-cn hn-cn-b---h--ap- A--bp-sS Xm-cmpw tI-mWv A-bm a-b-p-Xv.

6.

"Hm-t-\n-h-\p- kp-lr-spw
kv-t\-lw sIm-nh-s\ P-bn-p-I-gn--h-s\pw" C-s\ tXm-m Imc-Ww F-v?

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D.

\-K-c-hm-kn-bm-b I-hn-bp-sS bu-h-\-Im-e Nn--I-fm-Wn-Xv. Iu-am-c-Im-ew hn-v bu--\n Im-ep-d--tm I-p- ]q-n-cn IW-v A-t-lw sX-fn-p \n-pp.
]-n-bn am-Wn-IyIv G-n No-dn-m-bp- k--s-tm-se ]-Ww ssa-Xm-\--fn
Im-en- ]-v tIm-v A-bm ]-d-pp. an-Yp-\--S K-Pn-pw-t]m-se l-tjmZvtLm-jw X-\n-m-bn D-b-cpp. \-K-c-n-se I-h-e-I-fn ap-gp-h a-[p-cm-Z-c-h-jw NqSnb I-p-I am-{X-am-Wv A-bm I-Xv. Av Cu \-K-c-n-s tXm-fn ssI-n-p-sImv D-t-j-tm-sS A-bm D-em-pp. \K-cw F- kp-lr-n-s Iq-p-h-f-
\-J- X-\n-p-th-n B-{K-ln-p- C-cI-sf tIm-p-h-en-p-X-cp-p. A-tm-gm-Wv
\K-cw X-s D- kp-lr-m-sWpw kv-t\-lw sIm-v \-Kc-s ]-cm-P-b-s-Sp-n-bn-cnp- Xm-s\pw bp-hm-hn-\v tXm-n-bXv. ]-t Im-ew am-dn-b-tm I-Ybpw am-dp-I-bmWv D-m-bXv. s\-n-bn-se D-dp-am sI-n I-hn-v Nn-n-n-X-dn-n-S-p- X-e-ap-Snbpw
]p-tIm--Im-ep-am-bn h-c-b _-\n-b-\p-am-bn B bp-hm-hv C-v \-K-c-n-se h-gn-b-cnIn-se kv-pUn-tbm-bp-sS Np-a-cn H-cp Nn{Xw am-{X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-pp. am-{Xa, \-K-cn-s Iq-p-h-f- \-J- C-v A-t-l-n-s t]-in-I-fn ]q-gv-v In-S-pIbpw sN-pp. \-K-c-hv-X-Ic-Ww Xo-v B-I-j-W-n-s B-tem-N-\-I-fnm-sX
kzo-I-cn-h-v ]n-o-Sv A-Xn-s b-Ym- kz-`m-hw I-pw A-\p-`-hnpw I-gn-bm C-S-h-Xn-s `o-I-c-Nn-{X-am-Wv I-hn C-hn-sS A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv.

7.

"F-n,m-sc m-aq \msf?

Ir-an-I k-a-kv-Xw Ir-anI" Cu A-h--bv-v Im-c-W-sav?
A-s-n

8.

'Fmw I-pw tI-pw

A--]n]m-k R-c-p-I-fn-o-a-g-s]-bvXpw
sX-cp-hp-Jn Np-n \-S-t
R-cn--a-n-m-lw Xo-t
a-Xn-hcp-thmfw, a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw!" k--`hpw km-c-kyhpw hy--amp-I.

D.

Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-hpw Im-]-Syhpw \n-d- \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-n-se _meyw sXm-p a-c-Whpw

]p-\-P--hpw h-sc-bp- Im-gv-N-I ]-p-sh-p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-n-se ap-gw' F-
I-hn-X-bn B-[p\n-I I-hn F.F. I-mSv. _m-ey-bu--\-Im-e--fn-se \-K-c-n-se
Po-hn-Xm-\p`-hw ]-p-sh-v A-t-lw ]mXm-f Xp-eyam-b \-K-c-n-se ]u-c-Po-hn-X-n-p-dnv hn-h-cn-p--Xm-Wv k-`w. ^m--dn-bn-se sXm-gn- I-gn-v H-cp I-hn I-pw tamn In-S--d-]qIn-b A-t-lw K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fn-te-v ho-gpp. B kv-a-c-W-I
]t, A-tl-s Iq-Sp-X \n-cm-i\pw A-kz--\p-am-pp. \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw k-m-\n-
A-dpw ap-jnpw A-tl-s hopw a-Zy-im-e-bn-te-v F-n-pp. H-cp hen-b Kp-lbm-bn tXmn-b a-Zy-im-e-bn \npw B-fp-I-sfmw a-S-n-tm-Im t\-cw ]-c-kv]-cw
A-`n-hmZyw sN-pp.
"\-a-kvsX, \m-sf-m-Wmw, KpUv-ss\-v
KpUv-ss\v, KpUv-ss\-v \msf. . . ."

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C-Xp-tI-v tI-t tZjyw h- A-t-lw Ah--tbm-sS tNm-Zn-p--Xm-Wv "F-n\v?

B-sc ImW-Ww \msf, k- B-fp-Ifpw Ir-an-I-fm-Wv Ir-anI" ]-c-kv]-cw ImWmt\m
B-iw-knmt\m sIm-m--h-cm-bn \K-cw k-I-e-tcbpw am-n-bn-cn-p-p.
a-Zy-im-e-bn \n-n-dn-b A-t-l-n-s \m-Un R-c-pI-sf ]p-Xn-sbm-cp Zm-lhpw tamlhpw hn-d-sIm-n-p-pv. sX-cp-hn-s I-p-I H-tm-m-bn s]m-en-bp-Ibpw Ir-anI iq-\y-X-bn A-I--en-bp-Ibpw sN-p B k-ab-v A-bm am-{X-am-Wv an-b
Xn--I-fnepw A-fn- Ip--sm-n--cn-Inepw XS-p \n-p--Xv. hn-e-t]-inbpw sXdn-]-dpw hn-pw c-p-hn-i-p-I X-n C-W-tNpw C-c-m th-n am{Xw InSp sX-cp-hp-I s]-cp-Ip-Ibpw sN-pp. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS C-cp \n-d- ap-Jw Ir-Xyam-bn Im-Wn-p X-cn-I-bm-Wv I-hn C-hnsS Aa-n apn-b tX--ep-I \n-g-ep-I-fn
\npw s]m-p-Xpw I-Sn--an-b im-k-\-I se-bn-\p-I-fn apc-v A-I-ep-Xpw
t]-cnm- P-U- I-S-Np-p-I Im-dn-p-n--f-bp-Xpw A-Sp-pw A-kz--Xh-n-n-p- Im-gv-N-I-fm-Wv C-cp-n A-bm A-bm A-\p-`-hn-p-Xv. \n-d-
iq\y-X am{Xw \n-e-sIm-p- I-h-e-I-fn I-\- Im-epI Du-n I-Sp-t]m-Ip-
c--n-s Iq- Im-e-S-bm-f--fn I--tm-c X-fw sI-n-n-S-p-p. (]--h-W-hm-knIsf A-]m-b-s-Sp-p- C-cw c--p-I-fp-sS km-n[yw I-m-Sn-s I-hn-X-I-fn-se \nXy-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv).
C--c-n D- k-I-eXpw I-pw-tIpw A-\p-`-hn-m\pw A--am-bXpw Zm-lm-am-b-Xpam-b R-c-p-I-fn Xo-a-g-I s]-n-pw sX-cp-hp-I-fn-eq-sS Np-n-\-S-p-I-bm-Wv
I-hn sN-p-Xv. a-Xn-hcp-thm-fw X-s Zm-lw sR-cn--a-n Xop-I am-{X-am-Wv
A-bm sN-m B-{K-ln-p-Xv. A-Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b Im-cy- Nppw B-h-n-v
\-S-p-Xv IWmt\m A-\p-`-hnmt\m hn-[n--s--Xm-Wv ]--W-]uc-s Po-hn-X-sa-
bm-Ymyw I-m-Sv k-a--ambn Cu I-hn-X-bn A-h-X-cn-n-pp.
9.

"Iq-p h-f- \-Jm-{K-n-sem

c---jv-Ww tIm--W-bp-I-bmhmw" B-cm-Wv h-cp-Xv? A---jv-Ww \-Ip--Xn-s
D-tiyw Fv?
A-s-n

10.

"\m-sf-bp-sa t]-in-bpS-p
hn-b-n Nm-en-p--W-a-tm!"

D.

h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h- Fv?

']m-X-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bn-se hm-Iyw F- Im-hy-`m-K-m-Wv k-`w.

\-K-c-Po-hn-X-n-se A-\p-`-h-sf L-w-L--am-bn A-h-X-cn-n-p- I-mSv 'hm--Iyw'
F- `mK-v A-h-i\m-b a-\p-jy-s Nn--I-fm-Wv ]-p-sh-p-Xv. \K-cw k-m-\n-
ZpK-w ap-gp-h\pw X-s i-co-c-n C-gp-In-t--n-cn-p-Xv A-bm-fn A-d-p-f-hmpp. \-K-c-n-s ]p-p-I ap-gp-h-\pw X-s B-m-hn \p-c-p-b-cp-Xv A-bmfn sh-dp-v D-f-hm-pp. Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw A-bm-fn C-Sn-o-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-pp.
B--l-Xy-sb-p-dnm-tem-Nn-p-p A-bm. s]m-mkyw k-b-t\-Uv ssI-n-e-an,
]p-I-Snv, C-a-I ap-dp-n-bS-v X-s Io-d-m-bn A-bm In-S-pp. s]-s-v A-bmfp-sS hr-am-b A-S- I--t]m-f-I-fnepw Iqn-b Im-Xp-I-fnepw I-c-fnepw ]-cn-Nn-Xamb c--n-s Im-sh-p-I C-Sn-shp-t]m-se ]-Xn-pp. Iq-p-h-f- \-Jm-{K-

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n H-cp A---jv-WwH-cp C-c-sbtIm-m-Wv c-v (\m-K-cn-I-X-sIm-v k-kp-Jw

hm-gp-I-bpw a-\p-jy-sc Po-h--h-am-bn am-p-Ibpw sN-p- Ip--I-bm-Wv Corporate
Cu c-v) I-S-p-h-cp-p. \m-sfbpw X-s t]-in D-S-v (A-zm-\w Nqj-Ww sN-bvXv)
X-s hn-b-n-s Xp-d- ]p-d-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS `o-I-cam-b H-cp ssI D-n-te-n-v c-v.
AS-p In-S-p- h{w ssI-hn-c-\-J-m ]n-f-n sIm-p-h- A---jv-Ww
D-n Xn-cp-In c-v ]n-hm-pp.
11.

"\-c-I-n-sm-cp ssI-m-S-I-se-bn-cn-q k-Kw!" Bi-bw Fv?

A-s-n

12.

"A-hn-sS-q-cy-\p-Zn-pw,
\-\- ]-n-e-I-fn-semw ]pe-cn Xn-f-pw" k--`w F-gp-XpI.

D.

\-K-c-Po-hnX-s sNmn-bp- A-dpw sh-dppw k-ln-p I-gn-bm hn-[n--s- H-cp-IYm-]m-{X-n-s _m-ey-Im-ew sXm-p- A-\p-`-h- tc-J-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv ']m-Xm-f-ns ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS F.F. I-mSv. \K-cw \In-b {Iq-chpw Pp-Kp-]vkm-]-c-hpam-b A-\p-`-h- ]--W-hm-kn-sb ss\-cm-iy-n B-gp-pp. kq-cy-\p-Znp-Itbm A-kv-X-an-p-Itbm sN-m- ]m-Xm-f-n-\-p-d-v kz-K-ap-s-v A-bm
Xn-cn--dn-bpp. X-s \-c-I-n \n-v H-cp ssI-m-S-I-se-bp- {Km-a-am-Wv B kz-w.
aq-p-h-ipw Ip-p-I-fm Np--s-Xpw H-cp hm--m-Sn t]m-se a-t\m-l-c-hp-am-Wv
B {Kmaw. A-hn-sS kq-cy D-Zn-p-pw. \-\- ]- C-e-I-fn-semw ]pe-cn Xn-f-pw.
D-- D-X-ssI-h-cn-p-Ibpw sN-pw. kq-cy A-kv-X-an-p-Ibpw sN-pw. G-sd
c-a-Wo-bhpw im--hp-am-Wv A-hn-sS kw.

13.

"F-n-ep-sa {]n-b-I-cnbmw \mtS,

\n-s sh-dp-p-q Rm-\o
]m-Xm-f-t-m-tfsd" I-hn C-s\ ]-d-bm Im-c-W-sav?

D.

\-K-c-n-ep--Xn-t\-m \n-cm-i-\n-d- Po-hn-X-am-Wv X-s {Km-a-n Cpw D-Xv

F-v I-hn Xn-cn--dn-bpp. ]-n-Wnbpw {]-bm-k-fpw {Km-a-Po-hnX-s Zp--l-am-pp.
{Km-a-n X-I- ho-gmdm-b ho-n-se X-Wp-v a-c-hn- (Xo I-m-) A-Sp-n-s
Np-p-am-bn hm-Sn A-S- Ip-cp-n-e-I X-s A ssZ-h-s-hn-fn-p I-c-I-b-tW
Fv. C-cw Zp-cn-X- D-n-S-tm-fw Im-ew {Km-a-Po-hn-Xw \-K-c-t-m Po-hn-Xw
Zp--l-am-p-p F- Xn-cn--dn-hm-Wv I-hn-sb C--c-n A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sm t{]-cn-npp.

14.

X-\n-v e-`n- A---jv-Ww B-sm-s-bm-Wv I-hn ]-p-shXv?

D.

c-v sIm-ph-v hm-bn Xn-cpIn-b A---jv-W-n \nv Hmtcm ]-v ho-Xw

X-s A-Sp-v InS-v a-b-p- s]-tIm-e-n-\pw Ip-n\pw \-Ipp. a-sm-cp
]-v {Km-n {]-bm-k-s-Sp--hpw \-K-c c---n\pw \-Im I-hn X-m-dm-Ip-p.

15.

"h-cn-sIm-h-cp-a,sam-h-cp,sam-hcpw!" B-sc-bm-Wv I-hn -Wn-I-Ivp-Xv. F-n-\m-Wv

Fm-h-tcmSpw h-cm-\m-h-iy-s-Sp-Xv?
A-s-n

16.

A---jv-Ww \o-n-sm-v I-hn {Km-ao-W-tcm-Sv ]-d-bp-Xv Fv?

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D.

\-K-c-n hm-gp- c-v sIm-ph-v hm-bn Xn-cpIn-b A---jv-Ww I-hn

Ip-n\pw A--bvpw ]-Ip-p-\-Ip-p. A-Xn \npw H-cp ]-v {Km-ao-Wpw
sIm-Sp-m X-m-dm-Ipp. kz-w \-sq-cn F-Sp-v D-b-n D-mn-b X-s Iq-cbn \n-nd-n {Km-ao-W-cn-te-v A-t-lw Cd-n sNpp. "kp--c-am-sW-nepw \-c-It-m `o-I-c-am-bn h--\ D-- C-S-am-Wv C-v {Kmaw. A-hn-sS hn-v thKw Cu ]m-Xmf-n-te-v F-n-t-cpI. Cu Iq-c-bn cm-- sIm-p-X-cp- A---jv-Ww
sIm-p \n-sf Fm-h-sc-bpw Rm ]p-e-n-sm-mw. Fm-hcpw th-Kw hcnI".
C-Xm-Wv A---jv-Ww \o-n A-bm hn-fn-p-]-d-bp-Xv.

17.

"\-Jw-Zw-{--sf t]-in-
em-gv-n-b-a-n-p-Wcp-I ap-dpsI
F-{X kp-J-{]-Z-a-hn-S-s-p-Sn-e-kz-m--X Cu h-cn-I-fn-e-Sn-b Bi-bw Fv?

D.

\-K-c-t-m t-hpw `o-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-p-p {Km-aw F- th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-b Xn-cn--dnhm-Wv F.F. I-mSv ']m-Xm-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-`mK-v
]-p-sh-p-Xv. `o-I-cam-b h--\-bm-Wv {Km-a--fn-ep-Xv. Xm-c-Xayw sN-p-tm
\-K-c-t-m A-]-I-S-Icw. C-Xp a-\-n-emn-b \m-K-cn-I X-s Iq-c-bn \n-Xyhpw
A---jv-W-sa-n-p- c--n-s\ hm-gv-pp. tX-fp-Ifpw I-gp-I-mcpw Iq-fn-]nn-imNp--fp-sam-s D- X-s ]-cn-hm-c--fp-am-bn X-n-te-v A-W-bm I-hn kzmK-Xw
sN-pp. \-Jhpw ]pw D-]-tbm-Kn-v X-s t]-in-bn A-a-n-p-W-cp-hm cm-s\ A-t-lw -Wn-pp. Ip-Sn-e-Xbpw kzm--Xbpw \n-d- cm-k-s IrXyw
X-\n-v G-sd kp-J-{]-Z-am-sW-v A-bm A-`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. {Kmao-W Po-hnX-s ]-cnlm-k-hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-Wv F.F. I-mSv.

D-]-\y-knpI
18.

F.F I-m-Sn-s Imhy-ssi-ensb "]m-Xm-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hnX-sb ap\n-n ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

19.

"]m-X-f-n-s ap-g-w' ap-tm-p-h-bv-p- {]-ta-bw Fv?

20.

F.F. I-m-Sv \m-Kcn-I Po-hn-X-`mhs "]m-Xm-f-n-s ap-gw' F- I-hn-X-bn

A-S-bm-f-s-Sp-p-Xv F-s\?

am\-km-cw
_m-e-N-{ Np-n-m-Sv
1.

am-\-km-cw F- I-hn-X-bn-se `m-jI-s\ hn-ti-jn-n-p- t]cv?

D.

]-c-kz-lm-cn

2.

_m-e-N-{ Np-n-m-Sn-s P--ew?

D.

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn-bn-se ]-d-hq (1957)

3.

_m-e-N-{ Np-n-m-Sn-s B-mw-i-ap- K-Zy-IrXn?

D.

Nn-Xw-_-c-kva-cW

4.

am-\-km-cw {]-kn-o-I-cn- hjw?

D.

1994

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5.

]-c-kz-lmcn A--sav?

D.

A-\y-s kz-v sIm--b-Sn-p--h

6.

I-hn-bp-sS a-\-n A-Iw \-an- \--hn-sv?

D.

Cu-iz-c-\m-aw

7.

Zpx-J-k-l-\-n-\m-bn I-hn Xn-c-s-Sp- ew?

D.

sIm-ssS--\m

8.

arXyp {]-ta-b-am-bn h-cp- _m-e-N-{ Np-n-m-Sn-s I-hn-XI?

D.

F-hn-sS tPm, kv-tmv-tlm-an-se tl-a-w, _m-[, Xm-X-hm-Iyw, am-\-km-cw

9.

]-c]o-V sN--cp-sX-v Ip-n-me-v I-hn-sb D-]-tZ-in--Xmcv?

D.

A-

10.

kp-c-Kw-K-bv-p t]mepw ip--am-m I-gn-bm--sXv?

D.

\n-W-]-n-eam-b I-hn-bp-sS ssI-I

11.

th-Z-\ am-cn-bm-bv s]-bv-X-tm a-\-n s]m-n-ap-f- \m-a-sav?

D.

ssZ-h-\m-aw

12.

am-\-km-cw F- I-hn-X-bn A--sb-p-dn-p- Hm--I F-smw?

D.

sN-dp--Im-e--fn A- \In-b D-]-tZ-i- ]-c]o-V sN-p-Xv ]m-]-amWv. Cu-iz-chn-izm-kn-bm-bn Po-hn-Ww. aI-s Ip--gn- Po-hn-Xw I-v Po-hn-Xw \o-dn-bm-Wv
A- a-cn-p--Xv.

13.

knw-l-in-ev-]-hpw, A-iz-Nn-{Xhpw F-n-s\-bm-Wv {]-Xo-I-h--cn-p-Xv?

D.

B-k-n-bp-sS B-[m-cam-b ar-Ko-b-X kq-Nn-n-p- knw-l-in-ev]w. B-k-n-]q-c-W-n\m-bn Ip-Xn-p Nm-Sp- C-{n-b {]-Xo-I-am-Wv A- iz-Nn-{Xw.

14.

\m-bI-\v ]-cn-h-\w D-m-Ip--sX-tm?

D.

ar-Ko-b-hm-k-\-I-fn ap-gp-In \m-b-I H-Sp-hn sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bn \-c-I-th-Z-\-b-\p-`-hnp- \n-an-j--fn 'ssZ-hta' F- hn-fn D-b-cp--tXm-sS ]-cn-h--\ Im-ew
B-cw-`n-p-p.

15.

]m-]-`q-bn-jvTam-b Po-hn-X-n-\v I-hn F-s\ ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wpp?

D.

Cu-iz-c-N--bv-p am-{X-ta Zp-cn-Xw Cm-Xm-m I-gn-bq F-v A-bm Xn-cn--dn-bpp.

X-s sX-p-I G-p-]d-v A-bm a-t\m-Zp-cn-X- n-\v
]-cn-lm-c-ambn
Cu-iz-\n
A`-bw {]m-]n-pp.

16.

I-hn X-s am-\-km-c-s G-Xv ]p-cm-W-I-Y-bp-am-bm-Wv _-n-n-p-Xv?

D.

]-I-bp-sS N-Sp-eam-b A--I-em-i-n-s\m-Sp-hn `-bw Z--Zm--h-am-Sn A-Sn-b

\-c-Im-kp-c-hn-[-n-se \-{I-Xpn-tbmSv.

17.

A-bm-fp-sS a\-kv s]-bv-sXm-gn- am-\w t]m-se sX-fn-p. Im-c-W-sav?

D.

]m-]-]-n-eam-b X-s Po-hn-Xw G-p-]-d-v A-bm X-s a-t\m-Zp-cn-X-n-\v ]-cn-lm-cambn Cu-iz-c-\n A`-bw {]m-]n-v c--t\-Spp. A-Xp-sImv Cu-izc-s \o-Xn-]oT-

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n i-c-Whpw in-bpw Im-p-\n-p- A-bm-fp-sS a\-v s]-bv-sXm-gn- am-\w

t]m-se sX-fn--Xv.
18.

B--_-en-bn-eq-sS-bpw, k-l-\-n-eq-sSbpw ip-o-I-cn--s- X-s a\-v F--s\-bm-hW-sa-m-Wv I-hn B-{K-ln-p-Xv?

D.

kq-cy-tX-P-m Zo-]v-Xam-b B-Im-iw t]m-se sX-fn-a-bm-W-bm B-{K-ln-p-Xv.

19.

"am-\-km--cw' io-j-ns Hu-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-p-I.

20.

am-\-km-cw Ihn-X A-\p-hm-N-I\pw B--]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw B--ip-o-I-c-Wn\pw C-Sw \-Ipp. N- sN-p-I.

21.

D-m-cm-[p\n-I I-hn-Xm-k-hn-ti-j-X-I _m-e-N-{ Np-n-m-Sn-s I-hn-XI-sf ap\n-n ]T-\w X-m-dm-p-I.

22.

sh-fn-w I-h-s k-l-\-k-a-c-am-Wv am-\-km-cw F- I-hn-X. hn-Nn-\w sN-p-I?

23.

H-Sp-hn sIm-e-bm-fn-bm-bv a-I

I-gp-th-dp-Xp Im-I-bnh F-p-sIm-v. hn-i-Z-am-p-I?

24.

]-c-kz-lm-cn-bp-sS A-h-sb hy-Rv-Pn-n-m

Hm-NnXyw hn-i-Z-am-p-I?

25.

i-X-`m-kv-I-c-Zo-]v-Xn Zo-]v-Xamw

I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn- _nw-_--fpsS

KK-\w t]m-se sX-fn-p am\-kw

\n-e-sIm-W-ta sIm-e-p-cp
n-dp-Ip-tm-gp-sa-\n-p ssZ-h-ta k--`hpw B-i-bhpw hn-i-Z-am-pI
arXyp]q-P
sI. A----Wn-
1.

ar-Xyp-]q-P-bp-sS tI-{-_nw-_- G-sXmw?

D.

tKm]n, I-Wz, iw-Jp-apJ-s kz-]v-\-Pohn, `qan-tbm-Sn-c-p- Zm-i-cYn.

2.

`m-hn-sbm-cp `q-X-am-bv t\m-p-p A-w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-pI.

D.

Cu h-cn-v c--w I-ev-]n-mw. `m-hn-bn B-sI-bp-Xv `q-X-Im-e-kv-ar-Xn-I-fmWv,

`m-hn ac-Ww am-{X-am-W-tm. a-c-W-n \mw tIh-ew `q-X-Im-e-am-bn am-dpp. `m-hn H-cp
Zp-`q-X-am-bn Xp-dnp-t\m-p-p Fpw A- kqN-\.

3.

ar-Xyp-hn-s\ kw-t_m-[-\ sN-m I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-p- ]-Z- F-smw?

D.

a-cp-Km-an\n, L-\-iym-a-cq-]nWn, tl-a--bm-an\n, i-c-Xvkz-]v-\-Im-an-\n

4.

Fm Po-hnbpw B-{K-ln-p- A-hkm-\ hn-{i-aw F-mWv?

D.

ac-Ww

5.

ar-Xyp-hn-s\ G-sXm-s `m-h-n-em-Wv I-hn Z-in-p-Xv?

D.

Im-ap-In-bm-bpw, tZ-h-X-bmbpw

6.

ko-X-bp-sS kzKm-tcm-l-W k-ab-v Zm-ic-Yn F-m-Wv {]m-n-Xv?

D.

H-cp Zp-`q-Xw IW-s \--c--tc-{ F-s lr-Z-b-n a-c-W-\r-w N-hnn. `q-an-

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tZ-hn \n-s D-Z-c hocyw ]-I-p F-s koX-sb F-\n-p Xn-cn-p X-cnI.
7.

th-Z-]p-cm-W--fp-sS Xn-cn-p-hc-hv I-hn B-{K-ln-p-Xv F-p-sImv?

As-n

8.

`m-cXo-b k-a-Im-en-Im-h-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-p--sX-s\?

D.

{]-Xym-i-bp-sS t\cn-b Inc-Ww t]mepw sX-fn-p Im-Wm- Cu ]-m--e-n

`q-XIm-e N-cn{Xw B-m-hn-\v t-i-ap-m-pp. ssZ- h-n-s N-Xnbpw k--n-s
N-Xnbpw s]-n-s N-Xn-bp-am-Wv a-\p-jy B-cw-`-n A-\p-`-hn-p-Xv. ]pXn-b Im-en k--cpw
N-Xn-p-sapw I-Sp-t]m-b Im-ehpw A-p-m-bn-cp- i-nIfpw Fmw Xn-cn-p-h-cpw. cm--k-\n-{K-l-fpw Ip-Spw-_-Z-l-\-fpw {`m--am-b,
{X-kn-n-p- F-enbpw ]q-bpw I-fnbpw H-s-bp-m-hpw. X-\n-bm-h--\- Hpw
th-s-m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bp--Xv.

9.

A-n-v ti-jw iw-Jv-apJ-v ]-Sn-m-d I-S--c-bn I- Zo-]-n-s kq-N-\

F-mWv?

D.

Pohn-X {]-Xo--bp-tS-Xm-Wv I-S--c-bn I- Zo]w.

10.

I-hn-X-bn {]-Xy--s-Sp- kzm-X-{Km-b-I, [--{]-Nm-cI, kv-t\-l-{]-Nm-c-I

F-n-h-cp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X Fv?

D.

kzm-X-{ Km-b-I bp--sbpw m-a-sbpw Ip-dn-v I-hn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn hn-p Im-im-n

am-pp. hn\-bw \-b-amn-b [--{]-Nm-c-I X- s ta-ap-n-s A-v Ik-hv Nn-cn
Xp-n-t-pp. B-fpI-sf Nn-cn-p ab-n B-Uw-_-c Po-hnX-s X-n-te-v Xp-nt-m {i-an-pp. i-co-cw A-\n-Xy-am-Wv \-iz-c-am-Wv A-Xn-\m X-\n-p kp-Jn-W-sa-m-Wv kv-t\-l-{]-hm-NI-s B-Ziw.

11.

]u-cm-Wn-I-bp-sSbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw k-a-\z-b-am-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P. ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

12.

Po-hnX-s A-Xn-bm-bn kv-t\-ln-p- a-\p-jy-a-\-n-s\ A-Xn-\-\p-h-Zn-m- Im-esbpw tem-I-sbpw A-n ]-co--bv-p hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-Wv ar-Xyp-]q-P-bn.
\n-co-npI.

13.

ar-Xyp-]q-P-bn N--bv-s-Sp-p- k-a-Imen-I {]-iv-\- F-smw?

hon-te-p- h-gn
Un. hn-\-b-N-{
1.

I-hn-sb ho-n-te-v Xn-cn-p-hn-fn-p- L-S-I- F-smw?

D.

Xp--bpw, Im-p-In-fn-bpw, I-S-p-h---fp-am-Wv I-hn-sb ho-n-te-v Xn-cn-p-hn-fn-p-Xv.

2.

I-hn-X-bn A--sb-p-dn-p- ]-cm-a-iw Fv?

D.

A--bnm--h-t-Xp hoSv?
C hoSv, F-p-ta hoSv ho-Sv F- k--ev-]w A--bp-am-bm-Wv _--s-p In-S-p-Xv.
ho-Sv F-v Nn-n-p-tm Xs Hm-tcm-cp--cp- sS-bpw D-n \n-d-bp-Xv A--bp-tSXm-Ipw. ho-n-te-v I-b-dn-sp-tm-gpw, C-d-p-tmgpw \--tfm-sSm--ap- km-an-]y-am-Wv
A-. A--bnm- ho-Sv iq-\y-X-bm-Wv A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A--bnm--h-t-Xp- ho-Sv
F-v I-hn tNm-Zn-p-Xv. {]-hm-knbm-b aI-s\ Im-v -]-Snp-c Xn--bn
Im-n-cn-p- Cu `m-h-n-s aq-o cq-]-amWv.

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3.

ho-n \n-v h-cp- I-hn-bp-sS s]-n-bn-se hn-`-h- F-smw?

D.

Du-cn-se ]w, D-Z-b-Kn-cn-bn-se Ip-n-a-WnI, hn-^-eam-b kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS ho-c-Km-Y-Ifpw, hmSn-b ]q--fp-sS \m-en-X-fpI, H-tc-\n-d-n-ep- A-m-dp Xqh, Kw-K-bn
\n-v ap-n-sb-Sp- \q-s-p in-eI, A-q- \-evIn-b k-ym-\maw, A-q-
\-evIn-b cm-amb-Ww In-fn-mv, A- \-evIn-b sh-n-m-ekpw hn-izm-khpw {]m--\ma-{-hp-am-Wv s]-n-bn-se hn-`-h.

IY\w
sI.Pn i--c-n
1.

I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS \-n-te-v H-gn-I-sb-p-Xv Fv?

D.

ss]-Xr-Iw

2.

C-Xnlm-k K-l-\-X-b-dn-bp- X-I G-Xv C-Xn-lm-k-am-Wv C-hn-sS ]-cm-a-in-p-Xv?

D.

cm-am-bWw.

3.

ss]Xr-I -e-sf ]p-Xp-X-e-ap-d-bn-te-v F--s\-bm-Wv ]q-n-I F-n-n-cn-pXv?

D.

I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS

4.

I-Y ]-d-b-en-eq-sS hn-\na-bw sN-p- L-S-I- F-smw?

D.

ss]-Xr-I-hpw, kw-kv-Im-chpw

5.

I-Y-I-fnm- \m-hp-I-fn- \n-v D-Xn-v ho-gp--sX-v?

D.

\p-W[mc

6.

\-K-c-Po-hnX-s I-hn F--s\-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv?

D.

I-Y-bnm-bv-a-bn Po-hn-p--h-cm-Wv \-K-c-hm-kn-I. \-K am-^n-bm-c-Wy--fmWv.

7.

\-K-c-Po-hn-Xw Cm-Xm-p- am-\kn-I hn-Im-c-sav?

D.

]-c-kv-]-c kv-t\lw

8.

]q-n-I-]p-Wy-s I-hn-X-bn-em-hn-jv-I-cn-p--sX-s\?

D.

th--msc-t]m-se A-dn-hn-te-bv-v h-gn-I ]m-In-b-h-cpw, hym-k-t\-m h-b-m-b-hcpw, t]-Sn-bnmsX, th-cp-W-m-sX {]-Xym-i-bm ]q ap-S-m-sX Zn-p-I tIm-p-b-c a-X-amn-b B-\- \r--am-Sp- a-l-jn-Ifpw k-l-{k-io-j-mcpw Nn-cw-Po-hn-Ifp-am-Wv ]q-n-I.

9.

s]-n-s\ Ip-t]mw Xo-{h-hm-Zw

s]-n-s\ Im-n-se-dnp-t]mw [--hmZw C-hn-sS ]-cm-a-in-p- [--hpw, Xo-{h-hmZhpw Fv?

D.

cm-am-b-W-n-se [--hm-Z-hpw, Xo-{h-hm-Z-hp-am-WnXv. cm-h-W koX-sb I-p-sImpt]m-hp--Xm-Wv Xo-{h-hmZw. cm-a ko-X-bp-sS Nm-cn-{X- ip-n-bn kw-i-bn-v K-`nWnbm-b koX-sb Im-n D-t]-n--Xm-Wv [--hm-Zw.

10.

I-Y-I ]-d-bm-\nm temI-s F--s\-bm-Wv I-hn-X-bn A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv. \-fn \n-v Ip-n-Ifpw ]q-n-Icpw A-I-ep-p. a-\p-jy ]-c-kv]-cw A-I-e-\pp. a-n-se
a-Xy-kXyw X-s A-I-ep-p.

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D-]-\ym-kw X-m-dm-p-I.
11.

IY-\w F- I-hn-X-bv-v B-kzm-Z-\ Ip-dn-v X-m-dm-p-I.

13.

ss]-Xr-I-X-sbpw kw-kv-Im-c-sbpw IY-\w F- I-hn-X-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xv

F--s\ F-v ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

taL-cq-]
B-q c-hn-h-
1

1996 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-q-cn-s IrXn?

D.

B-q c-hn-h--bp-sS Ir-Xn-I

2.

"B-q' F--dn-b-s-Sp- I-hn-bp-sS ]q-Wam-b t]-scv?

D.

B-q c-hn-h-

3.

2001 tI-{- km-ln-Xy A-m-Z-an ]p-c-kv-Icmw t\Sn-b B-q-cn-s IrXn?

D.

B-q c-hn-h--bp-sS Ir-XnI

4.

ta-L-cq]-\v F-gp-Xm ]q-gn-hn-cn-Xv?

D.

`m-cp-g

5.

"ta-L-cq]' F- Ihn-X F-gp-X-s-Xv G-Xv hjw?

D.

1966

"kw-{I-aWw' F- Ihn-X B-cp-tSXv?

D.

B-q

7.

"ta-L-cq]' F- I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS B-q A-h-X-cn-n-p- Ihn?

D.

]n. Ip-n-cm-a \mb

8.

"\o-bn-m ta-L-cq]-s
tKm-{X-n _m-n-bm-b-h
GtXm h-f-In-ep-w tI
-ebpw {`--Im-apI" Bi-bw hn-h-cnp-I.

D.

B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn B-q c-hn-h- X-s 'ta-L-cq]' F- I-hn-X-bn ]n.

Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-cp-sS kz-`m-h-Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww hf-sc
k-a--am-bn km-[y-am-n-bn-cnpp. I-hn-X-bp-sS ioj-Iw X-s ta-L-cq-] F-mWv. ta-L-n-s cq-]w am-{X-a
kz-`m-hp-ap- H-cp a-ebm-f I-hn-sb-bmWv Cu Ihn-X eyw sh-bv-p-Xv. ]n.
Ip-n-cm-a \m-b F- I-hn-bp-sS Im-hy-hy-n-Xz-n-s kp--cam-b H-cp Nn-{X-am-Wv
B-q ]-I-p-Xv. Im-fnZm-k I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ta-L-k-t-i-n-se ZqXp-t]m-b ta-L-cq]-t\m-Sm-Wv B-q Ip-n-cm-a \mb-sc D-]-an-p-Xv. \n-Xy-I-\yI-sb tX-Sn {]-bm-Ww
\-Sn-b I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. GtXm h-f-In-ep-w tI-v A-e- {`-jv-{S Im-ap-I ]n.bp-sS
Po-hn-X-Nn-{X-n-s t\-m-gv-N-bmWv "ta-L-cq-]-'\n.

9.

"A- \n Xpn-tbm, sImtm

]--tbm, sXm-n-S-n-Smw

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F-\n-p sIm-Xn \n hm-en

tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp ta-Xncw' km-ckyw hy--am-pI.
D.

"ta-L-cq-]' F- B-q-cn-s Ihn-X A-h-km-\n-p- h-cn-I-fm-Wv C-h. a-e-bm-f-Im-hy

N-cn-{X-n G-sd sX-n--cn--s- I-hn-bm-Wv ]n. Ip-n-cm-a \m-b. `--Ihn,
`m-cXo-b Ihn, ]-cn-n-Xn Ihn, I-em-]-Ihn, bm-Ym-n-I\m-b I-hn F-n-s\ ]epw ]-e-Xm-Wv ]n. Ip-n-cm-a \mb. H-cp I-hn-sb hy-Xy-kv-X-am-\--fn
(Dimension) a-\-n-em-m {i-an-p-Xv B-kzm-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bp-sS hn-Im-k-amWv. Fm Nn-e Kp-V-Xm-Xv-]-cy--fm-Wv C-cw ]-w ]n-Sn--en-\p \n-Zm-\-sa-n A-Xv I-hnsb Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\-n-em-p--Xn-se ho-gv-N-bmWv. 'A--m B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se'
F- sNmn-s\ A-\z--am-p-Xp-t]m-se ]n. F- I-hn-sb A--am-bn k-ao-]n-p-Ibm-Wv ]-ecpw sN-bv-XXv. C-mcyw k-a--am-bn A-h-X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wv B-q C-hn-sS.
B-q F- I-hn-bp-sS Xm-Xv-]cyw ta-L-cq-]\m-b B-\-bp-sS hme-sn tcm-aw sIm-p
Xo- H-cp tam-Xn-c-amWv. {]n-Xobpw ss-cyhpw D-m-Im B-\-hm ta-m-Xn-cw k-lmb-I-c-am-Ip-sa- \m-S k--ev-]-am-Wv B-q I-hn-X-bn {]-tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pXv.

10.

B-q-cns "ta-L-cq]' F- I-hn-X-bv-v B-kzmZ-\w X-m-dm-p-I.

D.

a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-n-se B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS h-m--fn H-cm-fm-Wv

B-q c-hn-h. 'B-q c-hn-h--bp-sS I-hn-X-I' F- Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-n-emWv
'ta-L-cq-c' F- Ihn-X D--Xv. 1966 c-Nn--s- I-hn-X-bm-WnXv. a-e-bm-f-n-se
{i-t-b\m-b I-hn ]n. Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-cp-sS a-t\m-l-cam-b Nn-{Xm-Wv ta-L-cq].
Im-fnZm-k I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-\m-hn-em-k-n-s D--a D-Zm-l-c-Wam-b ta-L-k-t-i-n-se
ta-L-ZqX-\v B-\-bp-sS cq-]w \-In A-Xn ]n.Ip-n-cm-a \mb-sc Im-Wn-p X-cm
{i-an-p-I-bmWv, B-q. ta-L-cq-] ]n. Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-cp-sS hy-n-Xz-s Ir-Xy-ambn Zr-m--s-Sp-p--Xm-bn hm-b-\-m-c-\p A-\p-`-hn-m-\m-hpw.
k-ly-]--X-t-m X-e-sm-hpw \n-fm-\-Zn-tb-m B-{Z-Xbpw C-W-n-\n-pp ta-L-cq-]-\n. ]--X-ns Hu-n-Xyhpw ]p-g-bp-sS B-{Z-Xbpw H-cm-fn-ep-mhpI kzm-`m-hn-Ia. i-hpw Zr-V-hp-am-bn D-b-p \n-ev-p--tXm-sSm-w ar-X-ehpw B{Z-hp-am-bn H-gp-In \o-p-I-km-[ya. ]-t k-Xv-]p-{X-m-cn ss]-Xr-Iw C--c-n
C-W-n-\n-p-sa-v I-hn B-cyw sIm-p-p. a-e-bmf-s B-thm-fw I-hn-X-bn
D-t-m sh- sIm- ]n.Ip-n-c-am \m-b-cn ss]Xr-I kz-`m-h--fp-s-
Imcyw B-q- kq-Nn-n-pp.
Im-tW- Im-gv-N-I-sfm-cp-n I-hn-p ap-n B-Im-iw h-W-]p-kv-X-I Xpd-p shpp. I-hn-v F-gp-Xm-\m-bn `m-c-X-p-g-bm-Wv ]q-gn hn-cn-p-Xv. {]-Ir-Xn kz-bw ]n.
bv-m-bn {]-Xy--s-Sp-p F- B-q-cn-s A-`n-{]m-bw {i-t-b-amWv. `m-c-X-p-g-bp-am-bn
]n. Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-p- lr-Z-b_-w hf-sc Ip-d- h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-n-s-Spp. X-s-s Xn-cn-p \-S- ]n. F- I-hn-bp-sS Im-ev-]m-Sp-I `m-c-X-p-gbp-sS Xo-c-sf ]pf-Iw sIm-n-n-cn-Ww.
I-hn-p [-cn-m Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-bm-Wv Ip-m-bw Xp-Xv. A-Xm-Is, a-p-sIm-m-Wv ]-v

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(Silk) A-Wn- s]m-p-\n-d-ap- {]-`m-X- ]-Sn- h-p Iq-In hn-fn-pp. D-b-c-fn ta-L--fp-sam-v ta-bp- th-f-I-fn C-Sp-n-bXpw \n-c-m-b-Xpw \S-p \S-p
tX--Xp-am-bn ]m-X-I hn-m-Wv ta-L-cq-] k--cn-Xv. kz-am-b H-cp ]m-X I-hn
X-s K-a-\-n-\m-bn \n-n-n-cn-p-p.
H-cp-]m-Sv hn-a-i-\-fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-fpw G-p-hmn-b I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-n-cm-a
\mb. {]-kv-Xp-X-hn-a-i-\-fpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-fpw ]p-I-gv--em-bmepw C-I-gv--embmepw I-hn Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv I-n-cp--Xv F-v B-q F-gp-Xpp. s]m-tIm-ew tI-phm-\m-bn H-cn-epw Hu-n-Xy-ap- a-kvX-Iw Xm-gv-n-sm-Spptbm C-cp-p-Iq-p-I-fm
_-n--s-Sm-\m-bn X-s ]m-Z-sf \o-n-sm-Sp-p-Itbm sN-bv-Xn ta-L-cq]. tXmfn-te-n \-S-m\pw Im-e-Sn-I-fm N-hn-n-t-m-\p-ap- A-hk-cw Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-cpsS Po-hn-X-n H-n-cn-bp-m-bn-cp-s-nepw A-Xn-\m-bn \npw sIm-Sp-n-cp-n-s-v
B-q Nq-n-m-Wn-pp. B-t-]--fn X-f-cp-Itbm {]-iw-k-I-fn kz-bw a-d-pItbm sN-bv-Xn ]n. C-m-cyhpw B-q A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv C--s\-bmWv.
"D-w sX-m tXm-np
ambo-e \n-s ho-gv-p-hm
tI-am-tcm-a-\n-mepw
sN-hnh-w ]n-Sn-p \o'
ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-bp-sS cq-]hpw `m-hhpw am-{X-a A-t-l-n-s N-cn-{X-]-cam-b Xp-Sbpw Iq-Sn A-S-bm-f-s-Sp-m B-q B-{K-ln-pp. Im-fnZm-k a-lm-I-hn-bp-sS
hn-Jym-X-I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b ta-L-cq]-s tKm-{X-n A-h-ti-jn-n---h-\m-Wv Ah.
"GtXm h-f-In-ep-w tI
-ebpw {`--Im-apI"
Xn-cp-mhm-b a-W-]pd-v \n-Xy-I-\y-Ibpw Im-ap-In-bpam-b Im-hy-tZ-hX-sb
tX-Sn-b-e- ]n. Ip-n-cm-a \m-b A-h-Zq-X P-s A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-p.
B-q-cn-s {]-tbm-Kw : A-Wp-[q-cn-{]k-Ww \-S-p- A-hn-ip- Zn-\- I-hn
I-gn--t]m- Im-e-L-s {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-pp. Im-e-n-s A-hn-ip--X-bn
t]mepw ]q-Im-e kp-Ir-X-n-s I-b--fn ap-n-n-S-m I-gn-bp--h-\mWv Cu
ta-L-cq-].
"\o Ir-jv-Wm in-e-X Xmfw!
hnn-tem-ep- \oena !
B-gn-X \n-Xyamw tX-!
]u--an-p- ]q-X!
{]-Ir-Xn- ku--cy-n-s ]-cn-]q---X-bm-Wv B-q ta-L-cq-]-\n Z-in-p-Xv.
]n.Ip-n-cm-a \m-b-sc- {]-Ir-Xyp-]m-k-I\m-b I-hn-sb ]-I-m-hp- D-Nn-Xam-b
_nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fm-Wv B-q D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p--Xv.
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"A- \n Xpn-tbm-sImtm
]-tbm sXm-n-S-nSmw
F-\n-p sIm-Xn \nhm-en
tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xncw"
ta-L-cq-]\m-b I-hn-sb B-kzm-Z-I-hr-w k-ao-]n-Xpw a-\-n-em-n-bXpw ap-v
A- B\-sb I-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F-v I-hn k--S-s-Spp. I-hn-sb ss[-cy-n\pw ss-cy-n-\p-ap- Du-P-tI-{-am-bm-Wv B-q ]-cn-K-Wn-p-Xv. X-e-sm-hpw
B-{Z-Xbpw k-a-\z-bn- k-Xv-]p-{X-s hm-en-s tcm-aw sIm-sm-cp tam-Xn-cw A-Xp-am-{Xam-Wv B-q sIm-Xn-p--Xv.
]n.Ip-n-cm-a \mb-sc kw-_-n- k-o-W-X \n-d- \n-ch-[n k-a-kyI-sf
hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn A-h-X-cn-n-p-p B-q ta-L-cq-]-\n. e-fn-Xam-b ]-Zm-h-en-bp-sS klm-b-tm-sS Nn-tm-o-]-Iam-b Nn-{X--fm-Wv B-q ]n.Ip-n-cm-a \mb-sc kw-_nv Cu I-hn-X-bn D-t-n-cn-p-Xv.
\oXn-bp-sS hr-w
k-n-Zm-\
1.

"\o-Xn-bp-sS hrw' F- Ihn-X {]-kn-o-I-cn--s- hjw?

D.

1981 (Un-kw_)

2.

B-cp-sS kv-a-c-Wm--am-Wv Im-m-Sna-cw \-S-W-sa-v I-hn B-lzm-\w sN-bv-XXv?

D.

{`m-p-]n-Sn-p a-cn- A-q--bp-sS kv-a-c-Wmw

3.

sh-w In-m-sX a-cn- As Hm--bv-v G-Xp aX-cw \-S-W-sa-m-Wv I-hn ]-d-bpXv?

D.

sN-dp-\mcIw

4.

A-tim-Iss \-S-W-sa-v I-hn kq-Nn-n-Xv B-v th-n-bmWv?

D.

B-l-Xy A-]-l-cn- Hm-tmv.

5.
D.

sh-t-p hm-Sp- \o-Xn-bp-sS hr--tm-Sv I-hn F-m-Wv A-`y-n-p-Xv?

`-c-W-Iq-S `o-I-c-X-bn A-Sn--a--s-Sp-Ibpw sX-fn-hp-I-fnm-sX sIm-p X--s-SpIbpw sNbv-X H-n-cn bp-hm--sf kv-a-cn-m D- B-lzm-\-am-Wv k-n-Zm-\s
'\o-Xn-bp-sS hrw' F- I-hn-X. I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J--n sh-t-p hm-Sp- \oXn-bp-sS hr--tm-Sv I-hn-v A-`y-n-m-\p-Xv C-XmWv.
"H-cn-e-bn H-cp-h-cn-sb-n-ep-sa-gp-Xn
Im-n Xm-sg-bn-Sq
`o-cp-hn-s \n--am-b B-Im-iw
H-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS in-m-cw sIm-p t`-Znq"

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{]-Xn-tj-[-n-s H-cp h-cn-sb-nepw ]o-Un-X-m-bn Ip-n-p-dn-m km-[n-Ww.

\n-w-K-X-bpw \n-i--Xbpw io-e-amn-b `o-cp--tfm-Sp {]-Xn-I-cn-m-\pw I-hn \n-t-inpp. i--am-sbm-cp s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS in-m-cw sIm-v `o-cp-hn-s \n--am-b
B-Im-iw t`-Zn-m-\m-Wv I-hn-bpsS A-`y\.
6.

"]-n-ap-s {In-kv-Xpa-kv a-c-n

H-cp ]q-t]m-ep-antm
tImS-Xn ap-s Ip-cn-in-s
]--bn-e-I I-cn-n-cn-p--tm" Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-pI.

D.

7.

8.

D.

hn--h-{]-h--\--fn G-s- [o-c-X-bp- bp-hm-sf {Iq-c-am-bn D-qe-\w

sN-m {i-an- `-c-W-Iq-S-sbpw \n-b-a-hy-h--tbbpw hn-a-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bmWv
'\o-Xn-bp-sS hrw' F- I-hn-X-bn-eqsS, k-n-Zm-\-. {`m-p-]n-Sn-p a-cn-
A-q--bpsS Hm--bv-v Im-m-Sn a-chpw sh-w In-m-sX a-cn- As Hm--bv-v
sN-dp-\m-c-Ihpw B-l-Xy A-]-l-cn- Hm-tm-v A-tim-I-ss-bpw \-Sm-\m-Wv I-hnbp-sS B-lzm\w. c--k-n-bp-sS tNm-c \-In h-fn-b \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-w F-hn-sS
\-S-W-sa- B-tem-N-\ I-hn-X-bp-sS c-mw J-w B-cw-`n-p-Xv. \o-Xnbpw k-am-[m\hpw ]q-p-e-bp-sa-v \mw {]-Xo-n-p-Xv tZ-hm-e-b-ap--mWv. tem-I-\o-Xnpw
im-n-p-am-bn Ip-cn-tidn-b tb-ip-tZh-s\ hm-gv-p- ]-n-ap-s {In-kv-Xpa-kv
a-c-n H-cp ]q-t]mepw hn-cn-p Im-Wm-Xv I-hn-sb hym-Ip-e-\m-pp. \n-b-ahpw
\ym-bhpw [-hpw A-l-v ]-I-p \-tI-Xv tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv. F-m tImS-Xn
ap-s Ip-cn-in-s ]--bn-e-I I-cn-p-W-n-bn-cn-p- Imgv-N I-hn-sb th-Z-\n-npp. C-\n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \o-Xn-bp-sS hr-w \-p-h-fp-I F- B-i- I-hn
ap-tm-p sh-bv-pp.
"H-cn- Iq-Sn h-n--s- k-tlmZ-cm
\n-s sIm- \nb-aw C-Xm
hn-ip-s h-kv-{X-a-Wn-v
]m-]n-I-p am-p \-Ipp" Bi-bw F-gpXpI
A-s-n
"\ym-bm-[n-] ssI I-gp-Ip-p
\o a-cn--Xn-\v A-h-v sX-fn-hp-I-fn
]t, \o Po-hn-n-cp--Xn-\v
R--p sX-fn-hp-I-fpv" k--`w hy--am-pI
k-n-Zm-\-s '\o-Xn-bp-sS hr-w' F- I-hn-X A-Im-e-n s]m-enp-t]m-b hn-h-\--{X--fp-sS kv-a-c-W-I-sf tXm-n-sb-Sp-p-Ibpw A-h-tcmSv sF-Iy-s-Sm B-lzm\w ap-g-p-Ibpw sN-p-p. {Iq-c-am-bn \-in-n--s- k-tlm-Z-c- `-c-W-hy-h--Ip ap-n c-m-aXpw h-n--s-Sp- Zriyw k-n-Zm-\- A-\p-`-h-t`-Zy-am-n-cpp. sIm-Sn-b-]o-U-\hpw Zm-cp-Wm-yhpw \n-an-w {]-kvXp-X hn--h-Im-cn-I B-ZytaX-s \-p-sS \o-Xn-\ym-b, \n-b-a-hy-h--I-fm h-n--s-n-cn-p-p. Ah-sc sIm-

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\n-b-a- hn-ip--cp-sS h-kv-{X--f-Wn-v ]m-]n-I-v am-tm-Ip-p F--tXm-sS

sIm-s--h hopw h-n-X-cm-Ip-p A-h--bm-Wp-Xv. A-cp, iin,
D-Zb, tPm-bv am-Xyp, {]-ho, t{]w-Nv, cm-a-Ir-jv-W Xp-S-n-b-h a-cn--Xn-\p sX-fnhp-I-fn-ss-p Nq-n-m-Wn-v \ym-bm-[n-]-m ssI-I-gp-Ipp. Ah Hm-tcm-cp-cpw
Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw Po-hn-n-cp--Xn-\v a-Xnbm-b sX-fn-hp-I- X--fp-sS ]--ep-v F-v
Ihn. X- Po-hn-n-cn-p-n-S-tm-fw Im-ew Ah-sc a-d-m-\m-In-spw A-h-cp-sS
sIm-e-bm-fn-I knw-lm-k-\--fnepw I-hNn-X hm-l-\--fnepw kz--cm-bn I-gn-v-Iq-Snspw I-hn D-W-pp.
9.
10.

c--km-n-I-fp-sS sIm-pa--tfm-Sp I-hn-bp-sS B-lzm-\w F-mWv?

A-s-n
"]-dbq, R- am-p X-cn,
X-S- ]m-f-b-fpw Nm-c-h-e-b--fp-anm
Im-ew hcp-thm-fw
R--fp-sS ]-c--c-I Io-g-S-p-I-bn" Bi-bw hn-h-cn-pI.

D.

hn--h-[o-c-mcm-b H-cp ]-w bp-hm--fp-sS kv-a-c-WI-sf ]n-p-d-m-cp-sS a-\-n-te-v a-Sn-sm-p-h-cm-\p- {i-a-am-Wv k-n-Zm-\s '\o-Xn-bp-sS hrw' F- I-hn-X. a-cnpt]m-b-Xn-\p sX-fn-hp-I-fn-s- \o-Xn-\ym-b m-]-\--fp-sSbpw A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sSbpw ssIa-e--epI-sf I-hn ]-cn-l-kn-pp. an-Sp-cm-b {]-kvXp-X bp-hm- Po-hn-n-cp--Xn\v B-thm-fw sX-fn-hp-I X--fp-sS ]- Dv. Ah-sc {Iq-c-am-bn a-c-W-n-\n-p-sImSp-h-tcm-Sv k-n-bm-Im ]n-p-d-m-v B-hn. I-gp-a-c--fp-sS cm-{Xn-I sI-n-mgv--s- i-h--sf-bpw D-m-Z-n-s ]u--an-bnepw B--l-Xy-bp-sS A-am-hm-knbnepw A`-bw tXSn-b bu-h-\--sfbpw a-d-m ]n-Km-an-I-m-hn. A-h am-p\-In-s-v {]-Jym-]n-m I-hn \n-t-in-pp. X-S- ]m-f-b-fpw Nm-c-h-e-b--fpanm- Im-ew h-cpw h-sc hn--h-[o-c-m-cp-sS ]c--c A-h-km-\n-p-I-bn-s-v I-hn Adn-bn-pp.

11.

c--km-n-I-fp-sS B--im-n-m-bn I-hn I-sn-bacw?

D.

]m-e-a-cw

12.

F-n-\m-Wv a-cw \-S-W-sa-v k-n-Zm-\- ]-d-bp-Xv?

D.

C-{Xbpw Im-ew \- A-dn- \o-Xn-bp-sS a-[p-cw \nd- Hm--bv-v thn.

13.

F-cp-n sN-Sn \-Sp--Xn-s D-tiyw Fv?

D.

Np-S-e-m-cw ]q-in \r-w sh-bv-p-p F-p tXm-n-p- F-cp-n sN-Sn \-S-W-sa-v

I-hn-X-bp-sS A-y-`mK-v I-hn- \n-t-in-pp. Hmtcm \n-an-j-hpw iv-a-im-\-am-bn am-dnsm-n-cn-p- \-p-sS `q-an-bp-sS-bpw kz-a-\-n-sbpw kv-a-c-W-bv-m-bm-Wv F-cp-n
sN-Sn F-v I-hn A-`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.

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tImgn
I-S--\n
1.

"I-n-s]m-m-sX s]-p Im-p-kq-n-p- in' F-v I-S--\n- hn-ti-jn-n-

Imcyw Fv?

D.

km-t\m-Xv-]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b

2.

]-s Ime-s
F-smw?

D.

X-s K-XIm-e A-\p-`-h--fp-w B-{K-l-fpw X--tm-gn X-s Ip-p--v hn-h-cnp-sIm-Sp-pp. X- \n-p- ap-w ]-v G-sd {]-tXy-I-X-I D- I-f-p-c-ap--ambn-cpp. sN-pw tNepw hn-S-v I-fn-bmSn-b apw. Im--m-Sp- D-Xn-a-Wn---I
Iq-m-c-am-n-Iq-n-bn-n-cp- apw. \m-hn In-n (In--\ h--am-\--fm ap-J-cn-X-amb) sIn-b Iq--fpw \mepw Iq-o--h-p-ap-dp-n-b-hp-cw (sh-n-e, AS-, ]p-I-bn-e, Npm-v Iq-n-ap-dp-n-bh) I-p-I-fn {]W-bw D--hcpw H-s-bp-m-bn-cp-p B apv. Im-en-s Io-gn D-Xn-p-ho-gp- I-Xn-a-Wn-I-fm k--am-b Xq-apw. Ahn-S Xn X-n--fn-m\pw \nd-sb sIm-n-sm-p Xp-d-v Nn-cn-m\pw A-v I-gn-ncpp. A-hn-sS-bp- m-hn tNm-n-se-q-gn-bn \o-n-m-Sn-sm-v C-n-cn t\-cw a-bp-Ibpw sN-m-am-bn-cpp.

4.

"a-tf, Rm-s\m-c--bm-bv am-dn" B-cv F-tm?

D.

I-S--\n--bp-sS 'tImgn' F- I-hn-X-bn Xm I-S-p-h- Im-e-ns Hm--Ifpw A\p-`-h-fpw X-s Ip-p--v ]-I-p \-Ip-I-bm-Wv A-bmb tImgn. ap--Iv ta Nq-Sp-]-I-v A-S-bn-cn-p-Ibpw hn-cn-bp- Im-ew Bhpw h-sc I--S-bv-m-sX
ap-I-sf Im-p-kq-n-p-Ibpw sN-p-I-bp-mbn. Im-n H-cp I-cnbn-e A-\-ptmgpw Iq-cn-cp-n H-cp F-en ]mp-t]m-bmepw G-sd A-kz--bm-bn t]m-Ip-am-bn-cpp B tImgn. F-npw I-p-sX-n-b-tm-sgm-s ]-e ap--Ifpw ]-ecpw X-n-sb-Spp.
Ip-td ap--I D-Sp-t]mbn. a-p-Nne-Xp sIn-t]mbn. Fmw tIm-gn k-ln-p-I-bm-bncpp. H-cp kp-{]-`m-X-tm-sSm-w a-fpw s]m-n-hn-cn-bp-Ibpw sIm-I-p-\o-n Ip-p I-c-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-tm Xm H-cp A--bm-bn am-dn-sbpw a--fm-Wv X-s k-kzhpw Fpw X--tm-gn a-sf t_m-[y-s-Sp-m {i-an-pp.

5.

Ip-n-I-fp-sS kz-w I-Y-I F-tm B-cw-`npw F-m-Wv X--tm-gn A-dn-bn-pXv?

D.

hcpw Znh-kw Ip-nI-sf X--tm-gn sIm-n AI-n kz-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n-m {]m-]v-Xcm-pw. A-p ap-X Ip-n-I-v A-h-cp-sS kz-w I-Y-I c-Nn-p-Xp-S-m-\m-hp-sa-v
X--tm-gn I-cp-Xp-p.

6.

]-g-b-I-f-pc-v h- am-w F--s\-bmWv?

D.

k--hpw B-m-Z-hpam-b K-XIm-e kv-a-c-W-I-fn \n-v sa-s sa-s X--tm-gn h-am-\Im-e bm-Ym-y--fn-te-v X-s a-sf B-\-bn-p--Xm-Wv Im-hy-i-I-e-ns k-`w. [m-\y-a-Wn-I-fm k-p-am-b I-fp-c ap-w C-n. Nppw Nn-X-p-p-am-

ae-bmf IhnX D-c-Lw

I-fp-c

ap-s

kw-_-n-

X--tm-gn-bpsS

Hm--I

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School of Distance Education

{Xw ap-w aq-Sn h-f-n-cn-pp. Np-p-]mSpw sI-n-bp-bn-b ap-th-en-s-p-I-fn X-f-s--h-cm-Wh. hn-i--I-p--Xn-\mbv, N-p-No- i-h--sf-bm-Wv B-{i-bn-t-n
h-cp-Xv. \-p-sS K-XIm-e Imjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-n-s Zo-]v-Xhpw a-[p-c-hpam-b kv-a-c-WI-fmWv Cu k--`-n I-S--\n- ]-p-sh-p-Xv. k-tm-j-Ime-v ]m-p-]m-Sn-bp-
a-b--n-s ssZLyw Iq-Sn-tm-b-Xn-s tJ-Zw X--tm-gn A-\p-`-gn-pXv Cu
k--`-n- \n-p a-\-n-em-mw. ]n-o-Sv Dm-b {]-bm-k--v Imc-Ww A-XmWv.
Imjn-I kw-kv-Im-c-n-\v ]--S-Xo-Xv \-p-sS a-b--amWv. I-f-p-c-I I-Xn--I-sIm-v \n-d--tmgpw ho-c-I-Y-I-fpw A-zm-\-n-s ]m-pw- Nn-cnbpw \n-d-sm-gpIn-b-tmgpw B A-\p-`-h--fn \n-v ]n---s--h-cm-Wv kv-{Xo-I F- [z-\nbpw
Cu h-cn-I-fn-epv.
7.

"tNm-c! A tNm-m-Wp Ipt,

t\-c-dn-m \o \o-dn a-cn-pw" k--`w hn-h-cn-pI.

D.

Hm--Ifpw A-\p-`-h-fpw X--tm-gn-sb-sm-v Nn-e km-tcm-]-tZ-i--v t{]-cn-npp. ap--bnpw A-S-bn-cppw Nn-n--c-n-sm-Sppw Ip-p-sf t]m-n h-fnb A--tm-gn H-cp L--n Ah-sc X-n \npw sIm-n-bI-n Im-e-n-s s]-cph-gn-bn X-\n-p-\n-m {]m-]v-Xn-tb-Ip-hm {i-an-pp. A-Xn-\m-bn A--tm-gn
Xm I-S-p-h- h-gn-I-fn-se k-tm-j-k-m-]-sf Ip-p--v ]-I-p \Ipp. A-h k-Zp-]-tZ-i--fmWv. Nn-e \n-t-i-fpw \n-b-{-W--fp-am-Wv. D-]-tZ-i N-Xn-p-gn-b, Po-hn-X-n-s h-gn-n-cn-hp-I-fm-sW-v kz-w Po-hn-Xw sIm-v
A--tm-gn km-y-s-Sp-pp. A-hn-sS Im-Wp B am-f-n-\-I-t-v Fn-t\m-cp-sXpw A-Xn-te-v t]m-b X-s aq--a- ]n-o-Sv aS-n h-cn-I-bp-m-bn-spw
A- D-W-pp. A-hn-sS Im-Wp-Xv sIm-gn-pho-W ]q--f X-s \m-ep-a--fpsS ]-dn-s-Sp- ]q-S-I-fm-sW-v kXyw A-sb s\m--c-s-Sp-pp. I-p-dp-p-I \p tNm-p-I- k-Xy-n F-mWv? A-m-cy-sampw X-s a- A-dn-bm-\m-bn-nspw A-dn-bm-\n-S-h-m A-h t_-Pm-dm-hp-sapw A- kw-i-bn-pp. tNm-c-bmW-sX-p ]-d-bm Xp-Sn-b X--tm-gn D-S A-mcyw \n-tj-[n-v a-sm-cp-Imcyw
Ah-sc A-dn-bn-pp. ho-gv-m sI-Wn-sbm-cp-n Im-n-cn-p--h-cp-sS ap-n _-en
I-gn--s- aq-tm-cp-sS cq-]- Po-hn-X-n ]n-ap-d-m-p- ]mT--fm-Wv.
]q- ]q-S-bm-sWpw tNm-p tNm-c-bm-sWpw ]-d-p-sIm-Sp-p- A--tm-gn-bpsS hm-p-I-fn {]-I-S-am-Ip-Xv N-cn-{X-n-s _-en ap-J--fmWv.

8.

"I-p-th-W-an-cp-]p-d-sa-tmgpw
I-p-th-Ww ap-I-fn-epw Xm-tgw
I-n-se-tmgpw I-n-z-enp
ap--p-th-W-a-W-bm- Iv" hn-h- Fv?

D.

`o-I-cam-b A-\p-`-h--fm B-Ip-e-Nn-bm-b H-cp A--bp-sS A-h- A-S-bm-f-s-Spp- A-\p-]-aam-b H-cp I-hn-X-bm-Wv I-S--\n- cm-a-Ir-jvW-s tImgn. kv{Xo Po-hn-X-

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n-s _-en-ap-J- km-y-s-Sp-n B--i-n-bp-sS A-II-v sX-fn-bn-t--Xv

X-s Im-em-\p-kr-Xam-b B-h-iyI-X Cu Ihn-X t_m-[y-s-Sp-pp. A-]-I-S--pao-sX Nn-d-Ip-d-bv-m-sX ]-d--cp-Xv F- tI-h-e D-]-tZ-ia Cu Ihn-X ap-tm-v sh-pXv. A--bp-sS X-W-en \n-v am-dn Po-hn-X-n-s s]m-p- A-h--bn-te-v ]d-v
Nnd-Iv D-d-n-t- \n-tbmKs Hm-n-n-p-I-Iq-Sn-sN-pp. kz-w Po-hn-Xw kz-w
Imcyw am-{X-am-sW- kXyw Ip-nI-sf t_m-[y-s-Sp-m-\p- b--am-Wv tIm-gn \-Sp-Xv. ]-g-abpw ]-g--Y-bp-sam-s ]-d-p-tI- a-[p-c-Im-ew am-{XmWv. A-\p-`-h--fmIs, G-sd `-bm-\-I-hpw th-Z-\m-P-\-I-hp-amWv. F-m Po-hn-X-n \n-v H-fn-tm-Sm-Xncn-m\pw \n-d- Im-gv-N-tbm-sSbpw I-cp-X-tem-sSbpw k-ao-]n-m-\p- Du-hpw
B-P-hhpw a--v e-`y-am-t-W-AS-Xv X-s I-S-a-bm-sW-v A--tm-gn I-cp-Xpp.
am-\-s a-Wn-ta-S-bn hm-gp- A-[n-Im-cn-I-fm sIm-n--dn-m hn-[n--s--h
Fm X-c-nepw X--sf-m D-b-c-n I-gn-bp-h. In-fn-I-fp-sS ]m-p-Ifpw ]qhpw
I-v Im-hp-I-fn-te-v ]d-p sN-cpXv. Im-Sp-I-fn ]-Xp-n-bn-cn-p- Im-S I-Sn-p-]dn-t-pw. tXm-n-se ssI-X-bv--Ipw sX-n-q- \n-d-p-\n-p- ]-S-n-\Ipw ]m-p-Ifpw apw hm-gp-pv. kq-n-pw {i-npw th-Ww A-hn-sS-sbm-s \-Sm. C-cp-]p-dhpw I-p-m-hWw. ap-I-fnepw Xm-sgbpw I-p Xpd-v ]n-Sn-Ww.
I-n-v-en-p-, A-W-bm- D--v F-tmgpw D-m-bn-cn--Ww F-v A- D-]-tZin-pp. I-cp-Xepw B--\n-b-{-W-hp-am-Wv kz-bw c--sb- [m-c-W- tIm-gn X-s
a--v G-Ipp. Imc-Ww kp--cam-b ]-e-Xn-\p ]n-d-Inepw A-]-I-S- H-fn-n-cn-pv.
\o-f-anm- X--fp-sS Nn-d-Ip-I {]Xn-tcm-[nt\m {]-Xym-{I-a-Wnt\m I-gn-hp-X.
F-m D--v F- A-dnhpw Nn-bpw G-Xp A-Xn-n-I Xm-m\pw A-i-v A-h-k-c-sam-cp-pp. A-dnhpw Nn--bpw Nn-d-Im-bn h-f-cWw. A-tm-gp-m-Ip- Nn-dI-Sn-I hn-hw km-[y-am-p-sa-v I-hn t_m-[y-s-Sp-pp.
Ahk-tcm-Nn-X
sN-\w Nmtm
1.

"Ah-k-tcm-NnX' F- I-hn-X-bn-se \m-bI-s\ a{n G-Xp m-\-Wv A-h-tcm-[nXv?

D.

"_p--]T-\-tI-{w' A-[y--m-\-v.

2.

"Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-'\n-se \m-b-I X-m-dmn-b {K--n-s {]-ta-bw Fv?

D.

_p--s Zm-Xy ZpxJw

3.

"F-sm-cp Zp-s Zp- \o Zp-hn-[n?" Zp-hn-[n F-m-bn-cpp?

D.

_p-]T-\ tI-{-n \m-em-p-Xo-pw ap-t \m-n Xn-c-s-Sp-v F-n F-

h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv A-[y- Zp-hn-[n-bm-bn Im-Wp-Xv.

4.

`-c-W-ap-Wn am-dn-b-tm X-s ]n-cn-p hn-Sm-Xn-cn-m Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X I-sn-b

D-]m-bw Fv?

D.

ap-s k-m-dn-s Im-e-v Xm {]-kn-o-I-cn- '_p-s Zm--Xy-ZpxJw' F-

Ir-Xn-v c-ma-Xv H-cp ]-Xn-v ]p-d-n-d-pI. A-Xn h-Ip-n-s Np-a-X-e-bp- ]pXn-b
a-{n-bp-sS \-sm-cp t^m-tmbpw tN-v Hcp "t^m-thUv' F-gp-Xp-I. A-s\ a-{n-

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sb kp-Jn-n-v m-\w \n-e-\n-pI.

5.

"Ah-k-tcm-N-X' F- I-hn-X-bn-se I-Ym-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv F-s\?

D.

`-c-W-am--n-\-\p-k-cn-v ta-e-[n-Im-cnI-sf kp-Jn-n-v A-[n-Im-chpw B-\p-Iq-ey-fpw

\n-e-\n-m {i-an-p- A-ev-]-m-sc A-]-l-kn-p- I-hn-X-bm-Wv sN-\w Nm-tmbpsS 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X'. I-hn-X-bn Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X\m-b H-cp A-[ym-]-I-\m-Wv I-Ym-]m{Xw. A-bm-fp-sS t]-cp ]-d-bp-Xv `w-Kn-b--Xn-\m I-hn A-Xp sN-p-n. (A-snepw k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cm-fp-sS I-Y-b CXv. km-am-\yam-b H-cp Im-gv-Nbpw A-\p-`-h-hpamWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X' k-m-\n-p-Xv. \-ap-n-S-bn X-s I-p-In-m {]-bm-kanm- B-fp-I). 'Rm' F- `m-h-tm-sSm-w ]-e-Pm-Xn an-Sp-p-Ifpw D-h. Im-gvN-bv-v kp-`-K\pw a-t\m-l-chpw B-I-j-I-hpam-b kw-`m-j-W--fm B-fpI-sf ]m-nem-m I-gn-bp-h, k-t`m-Nn-Xw I-cpw Nn-cnpw A-`n-\-bn-v Imcyw t\-Sm
]-p-h. t{im-Xm-hn-s ssI-]n-Snpw sI-n-n-Snpw B-m--Xbpw Iqdpw sX-fn-bnm A-dn-bp-h, km-[y-am-bn-S-sm-s B-thm-fw B--{]-iw-k \-S-p--h, ASp--ap-h-t\m-Sv A-Xp sX-fn-bn-m-\m-bn appw apw Xn-cp-n Ae-n \-Ip--h.
_m-[y-X-Ifpw a-pw kr-n-v I-gn-bm-hp-n-S-tm-fw A-Xnd-n I-fn-m A-dn-bp-h.
kXyw ]-d-m t]-cp ]-d-bm-Xn-cp-m-tmepw Fm-hpw B-fm-cm-Wv F-v a-\-nem-m ]-pw. 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X' F- I-Ym-]m-{X-s sN-\w Nmtm {]m-Y-an-I-ambn ]-cn-N-bv-s-Sp-p-Xv C-{]-Im-cw B-Wv.

6.

Ah-k-tcm-NnX\v 'hymgw' ]n-d-Xv F-tm-gmWv?

D.

X-s k-l-]mTn-bm-bn-cp--h a-{n-bm-bn h- Im-ew ap-X-em-Wv Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v '

hym-gw' ]n-d-Xv.

k-l-]mTnbm-b a-{n-p-th-n Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X \n--ln- Im-cy- F-smw?

D.

a-{n-bp-sS a-sf hn-Zym-e-b-n-te-v A-b-p-I, D-Zv-Lm-S-\--v {]-kw-Kw F-gp-Xn\-Ip-I, a-{n-v C--ap- hn-`-h- F-hn- sSbmtWm D-Xv A-hn-sS \n-v
F-n-p sIm-Sp-p-I, X-c-n-s\m-v cm-PIo-b kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw t{]mXv-tLm-j-W-fpw
\-S-p-I. F-n-s\-bp--Im-cy--fm-Wv a-{n-m-bn Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X sN-bv-XpsIm-Sp--Xv.

7.

"X-k-l-]mTn-sb c-n-p-hm a{n

h ]-cn-]m-Sn-p-cq-]w sIm-Sp--bmbv" F-m-bn-cp-p ]-cn-]mSn?

D.

'_p-]T-\ tI-{-n-se A-[y--\m-bn a{n X-s k-l-]mTn-sb \n-b-anp. Imdpw

t^mWpw ]yqWpw B-^nkpw Fmw X-s k-l- ]mTn-m-bn
A-\p-h-Zn-p-sIm-Sp-p
A-t-lw.

8.

"_p--]T-\-tI-{-n A-[y--\m-Im am{Xw Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\v tbmKy-X F-v F-v

A-t\z-jn-h-tcm-Sv a{n a-dp]-Sn \-Inb-Xv Fv?

D.

A-bm (k-l-]mTn) _p-n-bp--h-\m-sW-m-bn-cp-p a-{n-bp-sS a-dp-]Sn.

9.

"Fpw an-\n--sdm-cp-sa-m-_pn

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sepw an-\n- an-\n--dm-bn ta-hnSpw!" Bi-bw Fv?

A-s-n
10.

'_p-s Zm--Xy-Zpx-Jw' {]-ta-b-am-n X-m-dmn-b ]p-kv-X-I-hp-am-bn a-{n-sb-sN-p

I- I-Ym-\m-bI-s B-hiyw F-m-bn-cpp?

D.

Xm X-m-dmn-b ]p-kv-X-I-n-\v A--p- Hcp 't^m-th-Up'thWw. Ime-p

X-s a-{n-p-th-n \me-p t]-Pp-h-cp-sm-cp B-ap-Jw X-m-dm-n-bn-pv. A-Xn-s
Iq-sS an-\n- Nn-cn-p \n-p- ]q--Im-b-n-ep- H-cp t^m-tmbpw sIm-Sp--Ww.
Bcpw Fm-m-ehpw an-\n-kv- B-bn-cn-n. F-m ]p-kv-X-I-n F-m-epw
an-\n- an-\n- B-bn-s \n-e-\n-pw. C-Xm-Wv k-l-]mTn-bpw tIm-{K-p-Im-c\pam-b a-{n-tbm-Sv Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X B-h-iy-s-Xv. c-p-sImw I-gn-v C-S-Xn-s
a-{n-h--tm-gpw C-tX-Imcyw X-s-bm-bn-cp-p Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X B-h-iy-s-Xv. A-[nIm-chpw m-\-am-\-fpw \n-e-\n-m Nn-e \-S-p- \m-Ww sI- G-m-Sv AXpt]m-se A-h-X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wv sN-\w Nm-tm.

11.

sN-\w Nm-tm-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X' F- ]mT-`m-Kw

ap-\n-n ]cn-tim-[n-pI?

D.

Ihn-X F-gp-Xp--Xn\v Hmtcm I-hnpw {]-tXy-I-e-yhpw Im-c-Whpw D-m-Ipw. X--fpsS eyw Ir-Xy-am-bpw km--I-ambpw ]q-n-bm-m {]-Xn-`m-[-\cm-b I-hn-I ]-e
am-K-fpw kzo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sN-pw. tI-h-eam-b B-kzm-Z-\-am-Wv Ihn-X F-gp-nsbpw ]m-cm-b-W-n-sbpw ]-c-aam-b e-y-sa-nepw hm-b-\-m-sc kw-k-Ir-X-Nn-cm-p-I, Nn-bpw C-S-s]-Sepw D--h-cm-p-I, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Iam-b Hu-nXyw Xn-cn--dnv A-Xv \n-e-\n-m\pw h-f-m\pw k-lm-bnp-I XpS-n ]-e [-- AY-hm
^-e Cu {]-{In-b-tbm-sSm-w \-S-pp.
k-a-Imen-I kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-sf B-t-]-lm-ky-n-sbpw Satire ip--lm-ky-nsbpw Wite) apw A-I-Sn-tbm-sS A-h-X-cn-n-m an-Sp-p- I-hnbm-b sN-\w
Nm-tmpw I-hn-X-sb-gp-n-\p Ir-Xyam-b e-y-apv. k-aq-l-n-s I---c-fpw
s]m---fpw A-tX]-Sn ]-I-n kz-bw B-tem-N-\m-hn-j-b-am-m hm-b-\-m-sc
t{]m-cn-n-p-p Nm-tm-bp-sS I-hn-XI. a-cw-shn, a-n Xp-Sn-b lm-kym--I c-N-\I-fp-sS Iq--n h-bv-m-hp- 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X' F- Ihn-X \n--ln-p-Xpw
a-sm-cp I--hya. k-aq-l-n m-\-am-\w \n-e-\n-m\pw \n-g t]m-se A-nc-am-b-Xpam-b `u-Xn-I-kp-J- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-m-\p-am-bn \--fn ]-ecpw Im-Wn-p-
]-cm-{I-a--fpw km-a-y-fpw X-am-i-bm-bn A-]-lm-kyhpw B-t-]-lm-ky-hp-am-bn
Im-Wn-p X-cn-I-bmWv 'Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-' F- I-hnX.
BfpI-sf A-h-k-cw t\m-n k-ao-]n-m-\-dn-bp-h-s\ a-p--h H-cn- Xn-cn--dn-bpsa- Imcyw ]-ecpw a-d-pp. Fm-m-ehpw A-\y-sc ]-n-p Po-hn-m-\m-Ip-sa-
au-Vy-Nn- A-lw-`m-h-tm-fw h-f-cpp. Ccw "Rm' F- `m-hw B-thm-fw sImp \-S-p- A-[ym-]-I-\mWv Cu I-hn-X-bn-se Ah-k-tcm-N-Xn. A-ev-]w kn-\n-abpw
t\m-h-ep-am-bn--gn-bp- A-[ym-]-I X-s ]-s k-l-]mTn a-{n-bm-bn h--tXm-sS
A-[n-Im-c-tI-{--fn-te-v -W-t\-cw-sIm-v F-pp. tbm-Ky-X-I-tf-m A-tbm-Ky-

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X-I-fp- A-bm _p--]T-\-tI{w A-[y--\m-bn hn-cm-Nn-m Xp-S-n c-p sImw

Xn-I-bpw ap-t `-c-W-am-w kw-`-hn-pp. tIm-{K-p-Imc-\p ]I-cw C-S-X a-{n-bmbn h--tm X-s m-\w \--am-Im-Xn-cn-m h-gn tX-Spp.
"X-s-n-cn-p hn-Sm-Xn-cp-oSptam
]n---bn-tm-cn-Xn-s ap-W?
A-q-am- c--bv-p X-_p-n-im-e-bn
X-n-n-cn-p I-h-N- cm-]I!
tkm-n-p-I-tm-cn-S-sX-sbm-sbpw
Im-p-sI-o Im-i-S-hn sIm-Sp-p-hm'
_p-s Zm--Xy-Zpx-Jw F- ]p-kv-X-I-n-\v a-{n-bp-sS t^m-tm-k-ln-Xw H-cm-ap-Jw
sIm-Sp-v kp-Jn-n-v c-p X-h-W X-s A-[y--m-\w \n-e-\n-m Iu-i-e-mc\m-b Ah-k-tcm-NnX-\p I-gnp. ]-t \m-em-p Xn-Ibpw ap-t \-S- Xn-c-s-Spn {]-Xo-n--Xn-\p hn-cp--am-bn tIm-{K-v X-s A-[n-Im-c-n-sen. A-bm-fpsS
k-l-]mTn-bm-Wv hopw h-Ip-v a-{n-bm-bn F-n-b-Xv.
"_p-s Zm--Xy-Zpx-Jw' `-b-cw,
]p-kvX-Iw aqmw ]-Xn-n-d-Ww"
F- B-h-iy-hp-am-bn A-bm a-{n-sb k-ao-]n-p. a-{n-bp-sS B-ap-Jhpw
]pXnb t^m-tmbpw th-Ww C-h-W Im-cyw {K-ln- a{n k-l-]mTn-bp-sS Iu-i-e-n\v X-v {]l-cw X-s \In. Iq-Sp-X kp-Jn-n-p ho-gvpw ap-s a-{n D--c-hn-s
e-tm-p _p-n-am B-b k-l-]mTn-tbm-Sp ]-d-bpp.
"F-pw U-b-d--dmcp, am-I-bm
s]mp-tam kv-Iq-fn Xn-cnp-t]m-boSpI!"
Xm- am{Xw _p-n-am\pw _m-n-bp--h-scmw a--_p-n-I-fp-am-Wv F-p-
Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X o-m-bn t]m-Ip- A-h--bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-n. Xcwt]m-se B-fpI-sf kp-Jn-npw ]m-Ztk-h \-S-nbpw Im-em-Im-ew Ip-im-em-bn I-gnpt]m-Ip- Iu-i-e-m-smw Cu K-Xn B-bn-cn-p-sa-v I-hn ap--dn-bn-v \-Ipp.

Bbn-cpw \m-hp- au\w

bq-k^-en tI-tcn
1.
D.
2.
D.
3.
D.
4.
D.
5.
D.

G-Xp-Im-e-L--n c-Nn--s- I-hn-X-I-fm-av bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-bpsS "B-bn-cw \m-hp au\w' F- k-am-lm-c-n D-Xv?
1954 ap-X 1982 hsc
A-p-I-\yI, tI-t-cnp-g F-o I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c- X-m-dm-nb-Xv Bcv?
bq-k^-en tI-tcn
"B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w' F- k-am-lm-c-n-\v A-h-Xmcn-I X-m-dm-nb-Xv Bcv?
tUm. kp-Ip-am A-go-tmSv
"B-bn-cw \m-hp- au-\w' F- Ir-Xn {]-kn-o-I-cn--s- hjw?
1982
"au-\-am-Wv Im-hyw' F-v I-hn-X-sb \n--Nn- ]m-m-Xy \n-cq-]-I Bcv?
kq-k skm-mKv

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6.
D.
7.
D.
8.
D.

9.
D.

10.

"B-bn-cw \m-hp- au-\w' F- Im-hy-k-am-lm-c-n bq-k^-en tI-t-cn k-a-Ww

\-S-nb-Xv Bv?
F.hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cyv
"I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-ym- hn-lo-\n-tX,
I-p Rm \n-s hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" F-v B-cw-`n-p- Ihn-X GXv?
B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w
"I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-ym- hn-lo-\n-tX,
I-p Rm \n-s hn-cq-]amw Nm-cp-tX!" Bi-bw hn-h-cn-pI.
bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp-- au\w' F- I-hn-X-bn B-h-n-p-h-cp ]m-Z--fm-Wv C-h. A--I-Sm-lhpw A-Xn-se k-akv-X cq-]-fpw `m-h-fpw DZ-bw
sIm-p- A-Xn-kp--cam-b Im-gvN-sb I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-m {i-an-p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.
{]-]-tm-]-n-sb-p-dn-pw tem-Im-h-km-\-s-p-dnpw C-y k--]- H-cp
I-m-Sn-q-n-se--t]m-se Im-Wm {i-an-p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. B Im-gv-N-bmI-s {]-]--krm-hn-s km-n-[y-s A-S-bm-f-s-Sp-p- X-c-n-em-Wp Xm-\pw. B-Im-i-`q-anbpw
{]-Ir-Xn {]-Xn-`m-k--fpw E-Xp-fpw XpS-n Fmw hf-sc e-Lp-hmbpw F-m Btem-Nn-p-tmdpw Ku-c-h-X-c-ambpw A-h-X-cn-n-m bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-v km-[npp. ]pcm-W I-Y-I-fn-tepw an-p-I-fn-te-p-sam-s b-tYm-Nn-Xw kq-N-\ G-Im-InbmWv. "B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w' F- Ihn-X c-Nn--s-n-p-Xv. B-j-`m-h-\-bp-sS
N-{I-hmf-s B-I-am-\w Zr-ntKm-N-c-am-m I-hn-v km-[n-n-pv.
"]n-s-s-Ip-m-\m-tm-hn-en hm-gvh-Xmbv,
N-e-ssZ-h-n ssI-I-fn ho-gvh-Xm-bv" k--`w GXv?
bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-bp-sS B-bn-cw \m-hp- au-\w F- I-hn-X-bn-se cmw J-n a-\p-jy-v h- am-w hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn I-hn tc-J-s-Sp-pp. a-\p-jy-s a-\n ssZ-hw ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-p-tm-tg-v B ssZ-h-n-\m-bn \mw a-X-im-e-Ifpw tZ-hm-e-bfpw \n-n-m-s\m-cp-pp. ssZ-h-n-\p th-n in-e X-I-v tIm-hn-ep-I-fp-mpp. A-tX ka-bw X-s, Fpw a-Zn-p \-S-p- sN-Ip-m-s\ ]q-n-bn-Sm-\m-bn
C-cp-p N-e H-cp-m-\p- {i-ahpw \-S-p-pv. ]-s kw-`-hn-p- Im-cyw a-smmWv. A-Xmb-Xv tIm-hn-en sN-Ip-m hm-gp-Ibpw N-e ssZ-h-n-s I-n
]-Xn-p-I-bp-am-Wv D-m-Ip--Xv. Zp-Zw _m-[n-v kw-L- ]n-cn-v `q-an-sb kw-{Km-ath-Zn-bm-pp. {]-Xo-n- X-c-n-ep- Im-e-N-{I-n-s Ka-\w F-v Cu h-cn-I
t_m-[y-s-Sp-n- X-cpp.
"B-h--\--fm ]m-Iw Xn-I-smco
bm--ssN-X\yw Xp-S-sc-p-Snptam?" I-hn C-s\ Nn-n-m Imc-Ww Fv?

D.

G-sd q-eam-b B-Im-i-s ({]-]-m--co-s) H-cp Im-n Nn-X-dn-v ]m-gv-ap--amp-hm\pw ]-c-tIm-Sn-hm-\-sf \n-Xyhpw kz-bw \n-n-p-hm\pw D-S-p-hm\pw Xn-cn-p
hm-p-hm\pw km-[n-p- A-Xp-ey-i-n-bp-sS km-n[yw I-hn-v t_m-[y-s-Sp-pv.
B-Zn-a-ym- hn-lo-\-Xbpw {]-N-am-b im--Xbpw ssI-ap-X-em-b B i-n-t{km-Xn-s {]-Xn-`-bn, eo-em-hn-em-k-nFpw km-[y-am-tb-pw. Iq-Sm-sX Po-thm-w
Bpw sIm-fpmt\m sI-Spmt\m km-[n-n-s An Energy can neigher be
Created nor be Destroyed) im-kv-{X-Nn-bpw I-hn-sb kzm-[o-\n-pp. i-co-cw F-Xv
\-in-m-hp- D-Sp-v am-{X-amWv. A-Xn-ep- tZ-ln-bmI-s a-c-W-n-\p t]mepw sXm-Sm-\mhm--Xpw. ap-v Bcpw D-t]-n-n-S-sX-s X-s-bn-v F-n-p B a-n \n-v a-sm-

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cp \m-n-te-v D-S sImp-t]m-tb-mw. A-p-X-am-Wv A-m-cyw. B-h--\--fm

]m-I-s-Spn-b B--ssN-X\yw Xp-S--bm-bn-p-Snptam F-m-Wv I-hn-bp-sS A-t\zjWw. A-s-n {]-]--n-s ]m-I-]-co--W im-e-bn X-s Im-gv-N-Iq-m-\m-bn
I--S-n-sm-p am-n t\m-n-bm anI-hv t\Sn-b ]-cn-Wm-kv-Xn-Xzw t]mepw A-]q--amtb A-\p-`-h-s-Sp-I-bpp. I-w! A-Xn {_-lm-b H-cp kr-n I--n-\m-bn H-cp-nbp-mn-b ]-Wn-p-c-am-{XamtWm Cu {]-]-w? B ]-Wn-p-c-bn Zpx-Jw ]q-p X-n{X-kn-p- tIh-ew H-cp D-]-Ic-Ww am-{XamtWm Xm Fpw I-hn kw-i-bn-pp.
11.

"I-p Rm-\m-Zn-a-[ym- hn-lo\tX,

I-p Rm \n-s a-d-bm- \--tX" Bi-bw Fv?
A-s-n

12.

bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-bpsS 'B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w' F- I-hn-X-bp-sS km-cmw-iw N-

sN-pI?

D.

Ihn, Km-\-c-N-bn-Xmhv, Xn-c--Ym-Irv, h-o XpS-n hy-Xykv-X {]-h-\-tKm-Zbpw

{]-i-kv-X-a--ehpw D- hy-n-Xz-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t-cn. B-j-`m-c-X-Nn--I
{]-tNm-Zn-X-am-Wv tI-t-cn-bp-sS ]-e c-N-\-Ifpw 'B-bn-cw \m-hp--a au\w' F- Ihn-X
{]-]--Po-hn-X-n-s A-Km-[-X-bn A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-p- ]e-]-e alm-ssh-cp-y-sf,
C-{n-bm-\p-`--fp-sS cq-]-n Im-Wn-p-X-cp-pv. hn-cq-]am-b Nm-cp-X-bpw, -Wn-Iamb \n-Xy-Xbpw {]-N-am-b im--X-bpw, Z-bm-]q-am-b Zm-y-hpw, PmK-cw sIm-p-
kp-jp-]v-Xnbpw \n--eam-b th-K-hpw, tim-`m-b-\am-b A--Im-chpw t`m-Km-n-bm-fp-
hn-c-nbpw A-S-bm-f-s-Sp-n--cp- 'B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w' F- Ihn-X _p-nbpw
Im-gv-bpw A-\p-`-hhpw D-d- H-cp I-hn-t c-Nn-m-\mhq. au-\-n-\v ]n-n-se B-bn-cw
\m-hp I-s-m\m-b I-hn I-hn-X-bn {]-tbm-Kn- {In-bmw-i--sfmw ]-c-kv]-c-ssh-cpy-ap--h-sb-v {]-Y-a-Zrym tXm-n-n-p-Ibpw A-\p-`-h-n A-Xv tIh-ew I-hn
I-ev-]-\-b-s-v t_m-[y-s-Sp-p--h-bp-amWv. C-Xn-s Xp-S--bm-Wv I-hn-X-bp-sS A-hkm-\-`m-K-nse 'I-q Rm \n-s a-d-bm- \-tX" F- hen-t]m-epw. 'a-d-bm-
\-Z'. C-hn-sS a-d-bv-v I-hnX-s 'thZw' F-v A-w tc-J-s-Sp-p-pv.
B-j-`m-h-\-bp-sS N-{I-hm-f-am-Wv bq-k^-en tI-t-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fn s]m-Xp-t] A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-Xv. 'B-bn-cw \m-hp- au\w' Cu-sbm-cp A-`n-{]-bm-n-\v A-]-hm-Za.
`uXn-I Po-hn-X-n-\-Xo-X-am-b km-cw a-\p-jy I-s-t--Xpv. B Po-hn-X-km-c-am-Is, `u-Xn-Im-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sS a-dp-X-e- \n-e-sIm-p--Xp-amWv. A-Xp I-s-n A-\p-`hnp-I A-tb-w {]-bm-k-I-c-amWv. B-Xy-n-I-am-bn A-ssZz-X-]mTw {]-kw-Kn-p-
Cu {]-]--I-em-e-b-n-se H-cp hn-Zym-n-bmbpw H-cp Xp--km-a{Kn am-{X-ambpw X-s
Im-Wp-I-bm-Wv I-hn sN-p-Xv. H-cp X-cw B--hy-Y-bp-sS a-[p-c-\mZw Cu I-hn-X-bn
I-s-m-\m-hpw.
I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-n-s A-h-Xm-cn-I-bn tUm. kp-Ip-am A-go-tm-Sv D-]-Z-inp-t]mse \m-hnI-s au-\w tbm-K-km-[-\-bm-bn-cn-t au-\-n-s \m-hv Im-hy km-[-\-bm-bn
hy-h-n-p-\n-pp. Cu hym-h-\w hf-sc {]-[m-\-amWv. B-[p\n-I \n-cq-]-Wn-s ]-n-X-am-\n-Xbv Cu hym-h-\w ]n-Sn-In-n-bn-n-s-v A-go-tm-Sv A-`n-{]mb-s-Spp.

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kvam-cIw
ho-cm-Ipn
1.

A-q--Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d-m- hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-Ww F-v I-hn A-`n-{]mb-s-Sm Imc-Ww Fv?

D.

A-q--Xm-Sn-v Nn-d-Ip-I-fn. tZ-im-cw hn-[n--s-n-p-an. ]-d-m kz--am-bn

B-Im-iw t]m-ep-an. F-npw H-cp h-a-c-n-s hnpw t]-dn A-Xp ]-d-p-p F-Xp-sIm-m-Wv A-q--Xm-Sn-bp-sS ]-d--en-s\ I-hn hn-\o-Xam-b H-cp {i-a-am-bn ImW-Ww
F-p A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sm Im-cWw.

2.

A-q--Xm-Sn-v A-dn-bm- Ihn-X F-v I-hn hn-ti-jn-n-Xv F-n-s\-bmWv?

D.

H-cp Ip-n-s\ F--t]m-se H-cp hn-n-s\ a-Sn-bn-h-m-Wv A-q--Xm-Sn ]-d-p-Xv.

B hn-n \n-p h-f-p-h-t-m-hp- a-c-n-s X-W-en-s\-p-dntm A-Xn-\p
Io-sg H-cm h-v C-f-thpw F- kz-]v-\-s-p-dntm A-dn-bn F--Xm-Wv A-q-Xm-Sn-v A-dn-bm- I-hn-X-bm-bn I-hn hn-ti-jn-n-p--Xv.

3.

A-q--XmSn-tbm-Sv \mw Im-Wn-p- Icp-W F-mWv?

D.

A-dn-hnm-bv-a-bp-sS `m-c-pd-hv ap-X-se-Sp-v A-q--Xm-Sn ]-d-p-pv. ]-d-m I-gnbp-p F--Xn-\m A-Xn-s\ \mw ]-n F-p hn-fn-p-n. C-Xm-Wv \mw A-q-XmSn-tbm-Sv Im-Wn-p- I-cpW.

4.

A-q--Xm-Sn hoWp-t]m-Ip-nS-v \m-sf D-b-p h-cp- kv-amc-Iw F-p hn-ti-jn-n-Xv F-ns\?

D.

A-q--Xm-Sn a-Sn-bn t]-dn ]-d-p- hn-n \n-v \m-sf h-f-t-m-hp- a-c-sbm-Wv kv-amc-Iw F-p I-hn hn-ti-jn-n-p--Xv.
Zn-hy-Zpx-J-n-s \n-g-en
B. cm-a-N-{

1.

"Zn-hy-Zpx-J-n-s \n-g-en' F- I-hn-X-bn I-hn A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-p-Xv Bsc?

D.

A--Im-chpw \n---Xbpw \n-d-p-\n-t I-c-fn-se iym-a-h-am-b Zpx-J-kXyw

sIm-v X-s Np-n \n-ev-p- hn-iz-\m-b-I-s\-bm-Wv I-hn A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-p-Xv.
G-Im--n X-s Iq-sS hn-iz-\m-b-I-km-n[yw D-s- A-dn-hmWv I-hnsb Cu
A-`nkw-t_m-[-\-bv-v t{]-cn-n-p-Xv.

2.

hn-iz-\m-bI-s\ I-hn A-h-X-cn-n-p-Xv F-s\?

D.

A-\m-Zn-Xy- (Xp-S-hpw H-Sp-hpw Cm--h) a-c-W-`-b-m tN-cp- Pohn-X

kv-t\-l-n-s am-[pcyw A-dn-bm-tm, ]p-W-Im-a, kz-]v-\-`q-an-bn \r-w sN-p ap-Kv- ku--cy-s \n-\-bv-m I-gn-bm--h F-n--s\-bm-Wv I-hn hn-iz-\m-bIs\ A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xv.

3.

"\o tI--Xntm
\n-]-Z-z-\n t]m-epw!
\o Im-a-Xntm

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\n \ng-t]mepw!" k--`hpw km-c-kyhpw hy--amp-I.

D.

'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-n-s \n-g-en' F- I-hn-X-bn B.cm-a-N-{ G-Im--X-bn X-\n-pNppw \n-g-en- iym-a-h--am- Zpx-J-n k-Xy-s Xo- hn-iz-\m-bI-s\
A-`nkw-t_m-[-\-sN-pp. kz-]v-\-`q-an-bn \r-w h-bv-p- ap-Kv--ku--cy-sbpw
a-c-W-`o-Xn-bm-ep-S-se-Sp-p- Po-hn-X-kv-t\-l-n-s am-[p-cyhpw A-dn-bm-\m-hm-h.
B-sc-bm-Wv, F--s\-bm-Wv kv-t\-ln-p-Ibpw sh-dp-p-Ibpw sN-p-I F-v I-hn
A-p-X-s-Spp. kz-w ]-Z-[z\n-t]mepw tImt\m kz-w \ng-t]mepw
ImWmt\m I-gn-bm-h, kz-cq-]-n \n-p A-I-em-\m-hm-sX {]-bm-k-s-Sp-h.
A-hn-sS-s \o-dn-\o-dn-sm-v I-gn-p-Iq-S-h. \nXy-X G-Ip- G-Im--X-bn
C-cn-p-h. Zn-hy-am-b Zpx-Jw t]-dp-h-s A-h- B. cm-a-N-{ ]-I-n-sh-bvp--X-mWv Cu h-cn-I-fp-sS k--`w.

4.

"B--hn-kv-ar-Xn-tX-Sn
\o \-S-p-an--K-eo-e-bn
\n--g \n-g-en-t
lm! ]-gn-q Rm \ns!"

D.

B. cm-a-N-{s 'Zn-hy-Zpx-J-n-s \n-g-en' F- I-hn-X, A-Xp-eyhpw A-\p-]-a-hpam-b

k-K-eo-e-bv-m-bn hn-iz-\m-b-I A-\p-`-hn-p- B--]oU-sb A-\p-`-h-s-Sp-p-IbmWv. \n-Xy-X-bp-sS G-Im--X-bn H-tc C-cn-n-\v X-m-sd-Sp tem-I-\m-Y k-ln-p Im-cy- H-c--n \-ap-v {K-ln-m t]m-ep-am-Im--h-bmWv. hn-iz-\m-bIs A-{i-ayamb tcm-Z-\-am-Wv Im-ew D-S-se-Sp-p-Xpw \n-e-\n-p--Xpw. A-t-l-ns G-sd I-cm-fam-b Zpx-J-am-Wv B-Im-iw B--hn-kv-Xr-Xn tX-Sn A-t-lw \-S-p-
k-K-{]-h--\--fn (eo-e F- ]-Z-am-Wv G-sd {]-tbm-Km-l-X-bp-Xv). X-s
Zpx-Jw \n-g-en--Xn-\m A-Xn-s\ ]-gn-p-I-bm-Wv Ihn. A-s\ ]-gn-t-n h--Xn
I-hn-v tJ-Z-apv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-\n-v am-v \-In s]m-dp-p X-c-W-sa-v I-hn A-`y-\ \-S-pp.

5.

\n---X-bp-sS \n--e-X-Sm-I-n I-hn Im-gv-N-sh-p-Xv F-mWv?

D.

A--Im-chpw \n---Xbpw \n-d-p-\n-p- \n--e-X-Sm-I-n H-cp Xm-a-c-sam-mbn,

H-cp sXmgp-ssI-bm-bn X-s B-m-hn-cn-p-p F-v I-hn A-dn-bn-pp. B--hn-kv-XrXn tX-Sn hn-iz-\m-b-I \-S-p- k--eo-e-bn A-t-l-n-s Zpx-Jw \n-g-en--Xn-\m
Xm H-n-cn ]-gnp-I D-m-sbpw A-Xn-\p am-p-\-I-W-sWpw I-hn B-h-iy-s-Sppv.

6.

"a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{Xw' F- {K-w X-m-dm-nb-Xv Bcv?

D.

Fw. eo-emhXn

7.

"h--cmPn' F- Ir-Xn c-NnXv?

D.

Fw. eo-emhXn

8.

"h--cmPn' F- Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-S-w Fv?

D.

a-e-bm-f I-hn-X-bn-se `m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-ahpw k-hn-ti-j-em-h-Wym-\p-`-hhpw km-[y-amnb G-Xm\pw I-hn-X-I-fp-sS c-N-\I-sf A-Sp--dn-bpI.

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9.

"tI-c-f I-hn-X-bn-se I-fnbpw Nn-cn-bpw' F- Ir-Xn c-Nn-Xv?

D.

{]-k--cmP

10

"I-hn-Xbpw ]m-c--cy-hpw' F- ]T-\-{K-w X-m-dmn-b Ihn?

D.

F.F. I-mSv

11.

"I-hn-Xbpw P-\-X-bpw' F- Ir-Xn c-Nn-Xv?

D.

k-n-Zm-\

12.

"I-hn-X-bp-sS I-em-a-{w' F- {K-w B-cp-tSXv?

D.

tZ-i-awK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW

13.

"Im-hy-`m-j-bn-se {]-iv-\' F- ]T-\-{K--n-s F-Un- Bcv?

D.

tZ-iwK-ew cm-a-Ir-jvW
]mk-
tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W ImeSn

1.

tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-m-Z-an-bp-sS I-\-I{io A-hm-Uv t\Sn-b "]m-ssekv' F- B-Zy

Im-hy k-am-lm-cw B-cp-tSXv?

D.

tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W ImeSn

2.

"a-g-sm-' F- Ihn-X F-gp-Xn-bXv?

D.

tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W ImeSn

3.

tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W Im-e-Sn-bp-sS {][m-\ I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-M?

D.

]m-k, `q-X-, an-\pw, a-g-sm, ]m-ssekv.

4.

"H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-n--cp-Xv

Np-I- lrZ-bw ho-in-m-Wnv
h-gn X-S-b-cp-Xv " h-cn-I-fp-sS hn-h- Fv?

D.

]m-k- F- I-hn-X-bn {]-W-bm-\p-`q-Xn-sb H-cp ]m-k- hn-tbm-Sv D-]-an-v A-hX-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wv I-hn tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W Im-eSn. {]W-bw F- ]m-k- h-n {]-Wb-\n-I-fp-sS t\-chpw Im-ehpw A ]-e-tmgpw ]-cn-K-Wn-p-I. A-ev-]w ssh-In-s-m
h-n tm-n \n-p t]m-bn--gn-n-cn-pw. t\c-s kv-t-j-\n sN-n-cpmtem
H-n-cn ssh-In-bm-bn-cnpw h-n F-n-t-cp-I. h-n h-m Hm-Sn-m-Sn--b-d-cp-Xv.
H-cp I-\nhpw {]-Xo-n--cp-Xv. Np-h- lrZ-bw ho-in-m-Wn-v h-n h-gn X-S-bm {i-an-cpXv. ]m-f-n X-e-sh-v \m-Ww-sI-Sm\pw \n--cpXv. H-cp Xo-h-n-bm-{X-bp-sS
kp-Jhpw k--Shpw {]-W-b-`m-h-n-te-v k-a--am-bn B-tcm-]n-p-I-bm-Wv C-hn-sS
I-hn.

5.

h-n-bn I-b-dp-tm ]m-en-t- a-cym-Z-I F-sms?

D.

{]-Wb-s ]m-k- hn-tbm-Sp Xp-e-\-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-Wv Im-eSn

']m-k' F- I-hn-X-bn. {]-W-b-n-s `m-h-ssh-hn-[y- hf-sc an-Sp-tm-sS
A-t-lw A-h-X-cn-n-pp. ]p-e-s F-gp-t-v hc-Ww ]m-k- h-n-bn I-b-dn--

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m. mp-t^m-an \npw Nm-b Ip-Sn-p-I. hn, H-cp ]-t ssh-In-tb-mw. A-Xn

sh-dptm apjnthm D-m-I-cpXv. s{S-bn-\n h-cp--Xv I-v sh-{]m-f-hp-a-cpXv. Hpw Xn-cnm-sX I-b-dp-I. hm-Xn- X-s \n-m-sX h-n-bp-sS D-n-te-p-n-te-v
sNWw. h-hcpw X-p-Itbm ap-p-Itbm Im-en N-hn-p-Itbm sN-bv-Xmepw X-n--bdm ]m-Sn. B-cp tNm-Zn-mepw Sn-v {]-Z-in-n--cpXv. h-n F-hn-sS \n-n-bmepw
F-{X-t\-cw \n-n-bn-mepw Xn-cn-n-d--cp-Xv. C-Xm-Wv {]-W-b-m-k--dn I-b-dp--h-v
I-hn \-Ip- \n-tiw.
6.

"Xo-h-n-sb N-{-\n-te-v ]-d-n-hnSpI

]m-e-n-s\ I-S-en-te-v H-gp-n-hn-Sp-I' Cu h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS I-hn eyw sh-p-sXv?

D.

{]-W-b-bm-{X H-n-cn-Zq-cw t]m-Ip-tmgpw k-ybpw ]n-s cm-{Xnbpw B-Ipw. k-a-banm- k-a-b-am-bm h-n-bn c-v t] am-{X-am-hpw. ]p-g-bn H--p- H-cp
]m-ehpw D-m-Ipw. A-tm N--e h-en-v h-n-\n-Ww. F-n-v ]-d-bm-\p--sXmw
]-d-bWw. tI-m-\p-fve-Xv tI-p-I-bpw th-Ww. Fmw ]-d-pw tIpw I-gn-m
Xo-h-n-sb N-{-\n-te-v ]-d-nbpw ]m-e-n-s\ I-S-en-te-v H-gp-nbpw hn-SWw.
{]-W-b-bm-{X-bn P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]-c-kv-]-c-[m-c-Wbpw km-[y-am-I-W-sa-v I-hn kq-Nn-npp. A-tm-tg N-{-\n-te-v {]-W-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sS A-aq tem-I-t-bv-v N-enm ]m-k--dn-\v I-gnbq.

7.

{]-W-b-n-s ]m-k- bm-{X-bv-sm-Sp-hn I-p-ap-n-tb-m-hp- A-\p`-h-tem-Is tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W Ime-Sn ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--sX-s\?

D.

bm-{X G-sd sNp-tm k-a-b-anm- ka-bw B-K-X-am-Ip-sapw A-tm ]m-k-dn c-v t] am-{X-am-Ip-sapw I-hn A-dn-bn-pp. Xo-h-n-sb N-{-\n-tepw ]mes I-S-en-tepw H-gp-n-hn-Sm-hp-n-S-tm-fw bm-{X {]-W-bm-Xp-c-am-bn-o-cpw. A-tm
]p-g-h-nse sdbn-temc-v ko-k Sn--p-I- ta- H-cp I-fn-ho-Sp-mn. sIm-SnI Io-dn D-Sppw sXm-n-ep-ap-mn. I-cn--o-fp-I sIm-v I-nbpw I-dn-bp-ap-mnbpw I-gn-bp--h-cp-sS tem-I-am-Wv tam-l-\-Ir-jv-W Im-e-Sn I-hn-Xm-y-n ]-cn-Nb-s-Sp-p-Xv. hp-t]m-Ip-Xpw h-cm-\n-cn-p--Xpam-b Xo-hn-nI-sf Iq-In-Iq-In
tXm-]n-v Im--sm-m-bn-cw Im-f-h-n-I L-Sn-n- Ime-s I-Sp-t]m-Im
A-\p-h-Zn--W-sa-m-Wv I-hn-v \n-t-in-m-\p-Xv.

8.

]m-k- F- I-hn-X-bv-v H-cm-kzm-Z-\-p-dn-v X-m-dm-pI.

ae-bmf IhnX D-c-Lw

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