Engineering Graphics

Sheet 2 SCALE

By Prof. Naman M. Dave

Assistant Prof. (Mech Dept.)
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

SCALES
DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE
ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE
OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION..
SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE
AND
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR.
SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED
FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE.
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.

FOR FULL SIZE SCALE

R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 )
MEANS DRAWING
& OBJECT ARE OF
SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described
as
1:10,
1:100,
1:1000, 1:1,00,000

USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC.

REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.) =

=
=

DIMENSION OF DRAWING
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
LENGTH OF DRAWING
ACTUAL LENGTH
AREA OF DRAWING
V ACTUAL AREA

=3

VOLUME AS PER DRWG.

V ACTUAL VOLUME

LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F.

MAX. LENGTH TO BE MEASURED.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Prof. Naman M. Dave

BE FRIENDLY WITH THESE UNITS.

1 KILOMETRE
1 HECTOMETRE
1 DECAMETRE
1 METRE
1 DECIMETRE
1 CENTIMETRE

= 10 HECTOMETRES
= 10 DECAMETRES
= 10 METRES
= 10 DECIMETRES
= 10 CENTIMETRES
= 10 MILIMETRES

TYPES OF SCALES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PLAIN SCALES
DIAGONAL SCALES
VERNIER SCALES
COMPARATIVE SCALES
SCALE OF CORDS

( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL)

( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO TWO DECIMALS)
( FOR COMPARING TWO DIFFERENT UNITS)
( FOR MEASURING/CONSTRUCTING ANGLES)
Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO.1:- Construct a plain scale with R.F. = 1: 50 to read meter and decimeter.
It should be long enough to read 5 meter. Show (a) 0.7m, (b) 3.3m and (c) 4.9m on the scale.
CONSTRUCTION:(a) Calculate R.F.=

PLAIN
SCALE

DIMENSION OF DRAWING
DIMENSION OF OBJECT

R.F.= 1/ 50
Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance
= (1/50) X 5 m = 0.1 m
= 10 cm
(b) Draw a line 10 cm long and divide it in 5 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division unit.
(c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
(d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
(e) After construction of scale mention its RF and name of scale as shown.
(f) Show the distance 0.7, 3.3 and 4.9 m, it as shown.
4.9 m
3.3 m

10
DECIMETERS

4
METERS

R.F. = 1/100
PLANE SCALE SHOWING METERS AND DECIMETERS.
Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO.4:- Construct a plain scale to show kilometers and hectometers when 25 mm is
equal to 1km and long enough to measure up to 6 km. Find RF and show a distance of 3 km and
4 hectometer on the scale.

PLAIN
SCALE

CONSTRUCTION:- DIMENSION OF DRAWING

a) Calculate R.F.=
DIMENSION OF OBJECT

R.F.= (25mm) / (1km) = 25mm / (1000000 mm)

Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance
= (25/10000000) X 6km (or 6000000 mm)
= 150 mm
b) Draw a line 150 mm long and divide it in 6 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division
unit.
c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
e) After construction of scale mention its RF and name of scale as shown.
f) Show the distance 3km and 4hm on it as shown.
3km 4hm

10

HM

5
KM

PLANE SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS AND HECTOMETERS.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO.6:- On map of Ahmedabad city 1 cm represents 1 Km. Construct a plain scale to
measure the distance between Gujarat Technological University and Lal Darwaja which is 6 Km. Also
indicate on scale , the distance between Geeta mandir and Kankariya lake
which is 3 Km and 7 hectometers.

PLAIN
SCALE

CONSTRUCTION:- DIMENSION OF DRAWING

a) Calculate R.F.=
DIMENSION OF OBJECT

R.F.= 1 cm / 1km = (1cm) / (100000cm)

Length of scale = R.F. X max. distance
= 1 / 1000000 X 600000 cm
= 6 cm
b) Draw a line 6 cm long and divide it in 6 equal parts. Each part will represent larger division unit.
c) Sub divide the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first unit.
d) Place ( 0 ) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and subdivisions
on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 5 to 10 mm for getting a look of scale.
e) After construction of scale mention its RF and name of scale as shown.
f) Show the distance 3km and 4hm on it as shown.
3km 7hm

10

HM

5
KM

PLANE SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS AND HECTOMETERS.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

We have seen that the plain scales give only two dimensions,
such as a unit and its subunit or its fraction.
The diagonal scales give us three successive dimensions
that is a unit, a subunit and a subdivision of a subunit.

DIAGONAL
SCALE

The principle of construction of a diagonal scale is as follows.

Let the XY in figure be a subunit.
From Y draw a perpendicular YZ to a suitable height.
Join XZ. Divide YZ in to 10 equal parts.
Draw parallel lines to XY from all these divisions
and number them as shown.
From geometry we know that similar triangles have
their like sides proportional.
Consider two similar triangles XYZ and 7 7Z,
we have 7Z / YZ = 77 / XY (each part being one unit)
Means 7 7 = 7 / 10. x X Y = 0.7 XY
:.
Similarly
1 1 = 0.1 XY
2 2 = 0.2 XY
Thus, it is very clear that, the sides of small triangles,
which are parallel to divided lines, become progressively
shorter in length by 0.1 XY.

Y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Z
Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO. 3 : A distance of 30 cm measured on a map amounts to 450 meter. Draw a diagonal scale
showing division of 50 cm capable of measuring 300 meter. Mark on it. 255.5 meter and
177.5 meter.
SOLUTION STEPS:

RF = 30 cm / 450 m = 1cm / (1500 cm)

Length of scale = 1 / 1500 cm X 300 m = 20 cm

DIAGONAL
SCALE

Draw a line 20 cm long. It will represent 300 km. Divide it in six equal parts.( each will
represent 50 km.)
Divide first division in ten equal parts. Draw a line upward from left end and mark 10 parts on it
of equal distance.
Name those parts 0 to 5 as shown. Join 9th sub-division of horizontal scale with 10th division of the vertical divisions. Then
draw parallel lines to this line from remaining sub divisions and complete diagonal scale.
177.5

DM

255.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

50

25

50

100

150

200

250 M

R.F. = 1 / 40,00,000
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING KILOMETERS.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO.5: The length of the Khandala tunnel on the Mumbai-Pune expressway is 330m. On the
road map, it is shown by a 16.5 cm long line. Construct a scale to show meters and to
measure up to 400m. Show the length of a 289 meter long on the expressway.

DIAGONAL
SCALE

289 meters

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

100

50

100

200

300

R.F. = 1 / 4000
DIAGONAL SCALE SHOWING METERS.
Prof. Naman M. Dave

PROBLEM NO.2: Construct a diagonal scale of R.F.1:48 showing yard, feet and inches to represent a
maximum length of 8 yards. Mark on scale (a) 5 yard 5 feet 8 inch, (b) 3 Yard 3 feet 6 inch
& (c) 3 yard 1 feet 3 inch.

DIAGONAL
SCALE

R.F. = 1/48
AL= R.F. x Max. Dist.
= (1/48) x 8 yard
= 1/6 yard
= 3/6 feet
= 1/2 feet
= 6 inch
Prof. Naman M. Dave