CIGB ICOLD © Kajima corporation © KYUSHU EPCO Organized by the CIGB-ICOLD Organizing Committee for ICOLD 2012 Kyoto during the 80th Annual Meeting and the 24th CongressLong-Term Field Exposure Tests of Dam Concrete Using Large-Scale Concrete Blocks Shigeyoshi Nagataki, Japan 465 ‘Tomoaki Tsutsumi, Yoshinori Kabe, Akira Mitsuzumi, Masanori Shibata, Takashi Itou, Hiroshi Katahira, Tatsuo \Nishiuchi Optimazing Placing Speed of Coberete at Concrete Gravity Dams HL Irie, M. Okamoto, K. Japan 471 Sano, K, Oyabu Design and Construction of the Discharge Facilites ofthe Shitsumi Dara T. Nakagawa, D. Japan 477 Hirayama, W. Nakane (8) New Techniques to Prevent and Manage Incidents & Accidents ™ Title oF paper Flow to Prevent Embankments from Taternal Erosion Failure? “Monitoring of Fill Dams Using GPS-based Displacement Measurement System “Monitoring of Leakage through Face Slab of Nam Ngum 2 cFRD Tean-Tacques Fry Authors 'S. Nakashima, H. Japan 5 Kawasaki, _N. Shimizu C. Thongthamehart Thailand 513 ‘Structural Monitoring of Zayandeh-Rud Concrete Arch Damin ‘On-Line Dynamic Monitoring of Cahora Bassa Dam ‘A Structural Framework for Dam Safety Plan Accord Brazilian National Law on Dam Safety Tbk Assesment Required In The Framework OF New French Regulation On Dams Methodology Developed By INERIS L. Faramarzi, A, Tan 5.19 Horiyat , M. Tabac ELF. Carvalho, |. Tembe Mozambi 5.25 aa ae Carlos Henrique de A.C. Brazil 5.31 Medeiros, Yvonilde D. P. Medeiros _ T.Balouin, A. Lahoz, C. France 5.37 Bolvin, Y. Flauw Lessons Learned fiom Flood Management Practice and Implementation them in Emergency Planning ; Case Study: Mafian Seepage through an Earthfill Dam. Impervious Facing Zone Experience of Maintenance and Further Operation of Rock-ill Dam Discussion on Evaluation Method for Defect Probability based on Maintenance History Data of Spillway Gate Investigation Techniques and Remedial Works to Control an Stematit ___ Popescu, Daniel Gat ‘Alireza Asaddokht, Sasan— Tran 5.43, Radu Sarghiuta, Catalin Y. Ohne, K. Narita, T. _ Okumura ain ViL. Sheherbina Russian 5.59 3 Federation ‘Shuji Umesaki, Hidetoshi Japan 5.63 Omi _Components pe - Application of Unified 3D Hydro-Thermal Model of - Prokotyev Russian 5.69 Reservoir for Estimation of HPP Construction Influence on Federation Environment Risk crlteria for determining design storms Gustavo Adolfo, Paz Mexico 5.75 Soldan Cordova, José Juan, Barrera PérezINTERNA DAMS FOR A CH “et for Ree Tantra sxuposius ow |ANGING WORLD, (« es the Generations & the Horié “lune 8. 2012 igation Techniques and Remedial Works to Control Seepage through an Earthfill Dam Dan Stematiu, Radu Sarghiuta, Catalin Popescu Techaical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania, stemotin@uteb.ro Daniel Gaft ISPH Consulting Company, Romania rer development ereates a reservoir controled by a gated dam and bordered by 2 km of eat lteral dams, ‘ath maximum height of 20 m, are made of river ballast. The watertightenng is provided on the upstream face by & slab and within the foundation by @ cut-off wall at the upstream toe. During the fast impoundment intensive p10 1400, Large wetted area on the downstream face an local piping endangered the damn stability. Subsequent ir was lowered but in spite the operation at minimua) levels the seepage phenomenon his developed and are required, Three altemaives were proposed: an impervious wal drive from the dm crest in the central part ofthe ‘val in front of the existing one; a geomembrane covering the existing cut-off wall erest and the lower pat of the Final selection was based on simulation on a mathematical model. The model that was used for altenative selection ‘om in situ investigation by using infrared images of a thermacam. The paper presents the history ofthe events, and decision process seepage, remedial works, investigations, thermaca. ION ‘seepage can progressively erode soil from ent or its foundation in an upstream is the reservoir and develop a flow ) to the reservoir. If the seepage forces are soil will be eroded from the foundation and fin the shape of a cone around the outlet. If © appear, professional advice should be jately. Seepage flow which is muddy and particles may be evidence of “piping” and jure of the dam could occur, If a seepage already been identified investigation is ‘onder (o determine the probable cause of the the remedial action needed. The normal fodefine an adequate numerical model and to actual causes by defining several scenarios. ss of the investigation is dependent on the the model that in its tum depend on the tion (Guardo and Rohrer, 2000, CRWMS, , 2005). The current field data available are ic measurements. However, for long dikes ive seepage may occur in zones not covered by One of the most convenient methods in terms and duration that can furnish the needed m is seepage detection using infrared thermal (Stematiu, 2008; Shutko, 2009; Monique de N10). sat paper deals with the seepage problems encountered at the Ostrovul Mic hydropower plant dikes, ‘The first part of the paper summarizes a series of seepage events that marked the functioning of the power plant ‘over the time, The second part presents the infrared thermal field investigation used to calibrate the ‘mathematical model and the results of a comparative analysis in terms of seepage flow of the effectiveness of the sealing systems alternatives 2. OSTROVUL MIC DEVELOPMENT. Ostrov Mie development consists ina gated dam and hydropower station closing the river bed area and dikes (lateral dams) that create the reservoir contour (Fig. 1) ‘The power station has an installed discharge of 90 m/s and a head of 20 m the power being 15.9 MW ‘The dikes are made of ballast (sand and gravel), The vwatertightening system provides concrete slabs (4.0 x 5.0 m) fon the upstream face and a cut-off wall 5 10 6 m deep in the foundation (Fig. 2). The cut-off wall was performed in an open cut excavation of trapezoidal shape 4 m in the upper part and 1m at the basis. To allow the closure of the cut-off wall into the marne bedrock the upper layer of the river alluvium (3 t0 5 m) was removed in front of the dike upstream toe, ‘The investigations conducted during the low level reservoir operation have revealed several faults in the 5-49actual condition of foundation watertightening: the cut-off wall is not fully closed into bedrock; there are ‘aps between the concrete face support beam and the ‘Cutoff wall; several windows were created in the cutoff ‘wall by oversized blocks in the foundation ground. Figure 1. Plan and panoramic view of Ostrovul Mie RPP !- Gated dar; 2, Stlling basin I 3, Stilling basin Us 4 River bd 5. Power station: 6, Outlet channel: 7, Trace; 8, Concrete face 9. Vegetated slope, Figure 2. Dike cross section 3. SEEPAGE PHENOMENA AND PROPOSED REMEDIAL WORKS {iitee leakage through the dikes and especially through the eft bank one was noticed since the reservoir Commissioning in 1986. This was the cause for restricted ‘water level operating mode as a prime measure. Over the lime, various remedial works have been performed. but they failed to effectively control the seepage flow, ‘The {otal seepage was up 10 900 lis. The largest defective seal behaviour was found between km I +230 and 1 4370 at the left bank die. Inthe lst years, in spite of a significant 5-50 Tower level in the reservoir (5 to 6 m) the: downstream slope has extended, the has raised and the level of emergence on raised, ‘The main cause of the very large seepage the deficiencies of the foundation Consequently, two alternatives of ret proposed alternative I ~ performance of. grouting wut! fom the dike bedrock, having at least 1m. altemative I — performance Cut-off wall infront of the exis perfectly closed into. the connection between the cutoff joncrete face was also provided. ‘The simulations on the seepage numerical be presented in next section have pointed significant contribution to seepage di igh level of seepage line is localized om the concrete face, where the reinforced! provide sealing of the pervious layer of the Rot to the dike body. Based on this alternative was proposed: altemative TH — placement | _geomembrane on the last 2/3 of And on the connection between and the cutoff wall The validation of hypotheses concerni cause and the analysis of the efficioney: allematives were performed by using a ‘model, The model includes the dike and ‘0 the impervious bedrock and all the f wall, conerete face, windows etc. The level was constant and equal to nomial the steady state case, Finite element model calibration is usually Seepage line position within the dike existing piezomettic profiles were far aflscted zone it was decided to have as the level of seepage emergence on the A. simple visual evaluation was inaccurate due to slope vegetation and the layer. Consequently, the infrared image employed, Infrared light or thermography is the use imaging and measurement camer "measure" thermal energy emitted from camera (FLIR: Systems, 2006) was infrared images of the downstream face of the same location digital photos were takensummer. The body of dike was Mater in the outer slope of dike: shown with red tone in the pictare im Bits the yellow one above the saturatcd calculation the elevation of the border GSeterated and unsaturated zones was #45590 mASL for a reservoir water level 435.90 = Emergence level alration: 2) infrared and digital images; | 8) flow net after calibration, the permeability values determined in ‘paving as calibration target the emergence Tine on the downstream face, the actual ‘coefficients were defined by an iterative calibration was performed for two one considering the cut-off wall closed the other one considering a 0.5 m gap ‘cutoff wall deep end and and the bedrock. Tisted in Table | Table 1 Permeability ky (mid) horizontal 2x 10: 4x10 1x 105 2x10" Tx 10" 1x10: 1x10" 1x10" K, (is) vertical 2x10 4x10 1x 107] 2x10" 1x10. 1x10 Tx 10" Lx foundation concrete face conarete face ‘wall level on the downstream face shown by fin Fig. 3 corresponds to the measured one. were obtained in both cases — closed of = thus revealing that the main cause of seepage phenomena is not the deficiency of foundation sealing. As it was mentioned Simulations pointed out that the most SSI ‘SSguiticant commibuticn to secpage and to the high level (of seqpane Ee is done by the deteriorated slabs on the lower part of the concrete face and especially by the Geesead joint between the concrete face and the cut-off wall. The cxcavations in front of the upstream toe, ‘required to implement the cut-off wall in an open trench, hhave exposed the most pervious layer above the bedrock to direct infiltration, 5. ANALYSIS OF THE REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVES The proposed dike rehabilitation alternatives were evaluated based on the results of the numerical simulations. The reference point was the actual state that does not allow the reservoir operation at its normal level Without rehabilitation the full reservoir may cause Jeakage up to 1 Ws per each meter of dike and a a saturated area on the downstream face up to 10m above the foundation ground (see Table 2), The efficiency of the rehabilitation alternatives were judged by their effect fon the seepage flow and on the condition of the downstream face, Fig. 4 presents the seepage spectrum for each of the main three alternatives. Alternative Impervious wall Now 65.01 Alternative I. Additional cut-off wall NOL 65.00 Figure d. Seepage analysis results for the main rehabilitation alternatives A synthesis of the results is presented in Table 2. The altemative I was divided into two sub alternatives assuming firstly that the new cut-off wall will be closedinto the bedrock and secondly that the new cut-off wall execution will encounter the same difficulties as the existing one and some windows will be present, An additional comparative term was added. ‘The maximum seepage exit gradient was compared to the critical zradient for the dike fill material ‘The comparison shows that the jet grouting diaphragm is| the most efficient alternative. The additional cut-off wall will not solve the problem since a significant area of the downstream face remains saturated. If some deficiencies of cutoff closure will appear the maximum gradient will overpass the critical one and piping may start. The geomembrane alternative is also a convenient alternative spite of the existence of some seepage flow. The final decision has to consider the investment cost as well as the maintenance costs for the technically accepted alternatives. ‘Table 2. Synihess ofthe numerieat simulations Seepage | Height of Vson | emergen Alternative ees leeehs | ica dike _| DS slope 0. Actual state o992_| 958m | No Impervious jet routing wall from thedike rest downto | 037 0 ed bedrock Ta. Additional cut-o wall in font ofthe existing one | 052 | 368m | Yes closed into bedrock Tb, Adgitional ‘cutoff wall i front oftheexisting one | 0.702 | 438m | No not closed into | bedrock Il. PVC ‘geomembrane onthe | last 203 ofthe oem o ie | concrete face 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ‘The dikes of the Ostrovul Mic HPP faced seepage problems since their commissioning in 1986 and have imposed a restricted water level operating mode. Over the time, various remedial works failed to effectively control the seepage flow and currently the largest defective seal is found between km | + 230 and 1 +370 at the left dike bank. In the last years the wet area has extended, the number of springs has raised and the level ‘of emergence has also raised. ‘The main cause of the very large seepage was considered the deficiencies of the foundation watertightening but the present analysis has revealed that the main cause is the doteriorated slabs on the lower part of the conerete face ‘and especially the damaged joint between the fee and the Cut-off wall since the excavations in the upstream toe, required to implement the cut in an open trench, have exposed the most pervi above the bedrock (0 direct infiltration, Three rehabilitation altematives were p grouting diaphragm, additional cut-off wall ‘geomembrane on upstream face. In order to final decision seepage analyses were perfor ‘as comparison criteria the seepage flow, the € the downstream Face snd the maximum seepage: ‘The seepage analyses were done on a e: clement model having as calibration target the ‘of the seepage line on the downstream face. clevation of seepage emergence was determi the infrared image technique. REFERENCES Allen, R. (2011) Salety Evaluations of Hidden ‘Models Meet Reality. 2011 AEG Annual Me CRWMS M&O (2001). Seepage Calibration Seepage Testing Data. 153045MDL-NBS1 1, Las Vepas, Nevada FLIR SYSTEMS (2006). ThermaCAM TM B4, ‘Guardo, M., Rohzer, K,P. 2000) Calibration of seepage model from transient recovery of JAWRA Journal of the American We Association. Volume 36, Isue 1, pages 87-94 Mocl, M. (2010), Seepage Detection within Using Infrared Theemal Imaging. Proceed: ANCOLD Contarence. ‘Shutko T and col, (2008), New Technologies im Emergency Mapping of Water Seepage High Groundvvaters. Research repon. Stemi, D. 2008). Use of infrared i infiltrations from tilings dams (in Romani Vol, 53, Ne 12, ‘Tayfur, G, Swiatek, D,, Wit, A, and Singh W Study: Finite Element Method und Artificial Models for Flow through Jeziorko Earth J-Hydraul Eng. 131,431JAPAN COMMISSION ON LARGE DAMS. COMITE JAPONAIS DES GRANDS BARRAGES