THE PLANNING,

LAYOUT
AND
DESIGN

AR12-63: INTERIOR DESIGN AND

PRAJITHA T K

THE PURPOSE OF INTERIOR DESIGN, IS THE FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT, AESTHETIC ENRICHMENT, AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN INTERIOR SPACES

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

DEFINE PROBLEM
IDENTIFY CLIENT NEEDS
WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHY?

WHERE,

SET PRELIMINARY GOALS

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
AESTHETIC IMAGE AND STYLE
PSYCHOLOGICAL
STIMULUS
MEANING

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HOW,

AND

ANALYSIS

THERE ARE SEVERAL APPROACHES

ONE CAN TAKE TO GENERATE IDEAS
AND SYNTHESIZE POSSIBLE DESIGN
SOLUTIONS, INCLUDING:
ISOLATE ONE OR MORE KEY ISSUES
OF VALUE OR IMPORTANCE, AND
DEVELOP SOLUTIONS AROUND THEM.
STUDY ANALOGOUS SITUATIONS
THAT COULD SERVE AS MODELS FOR
DEVELOPING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS.
DEVELOP IDEAL SOLUTIONS FOR
PARTS OF THE PROBLEM, WHICH
COULD BE INTEGRATED INTO WHOLE
SOLUTIONS AND TEMPERED BY THE
REALITY OF WHAT EXISTS.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

DEVELOP CONCEPT
BRAINSTORM IDEAS
DIAGRAM
MAJOR
FUNCTIONAL
AND
SPATIAL
RELATIONSHIPS
ASSIGN VALUES TO KEY ISSUES OR ELEMENTS
SEARCH FOR WAYS TO COMBINE SEVERAL GOOD IDEAS
INTO A SINGLE BETTER ONE
MANIPULATE THE PARTS TO SEE HOW A CHANGE MIGHT
AFFECT THE WHOLE
LOOK AT THE SITUATION FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF
VIEW
DRAFT A CONCEPT STATEMENT
VERBALIZE THE PRINCIPAL DESIGN IDEAS IN A CONCISE
MANNER
DEVELOP SCHEMATIC DESIGNS
ESTABLISH
MAJOR
FUNCTIONAL
AND
SPATIAL
RELATIONSHIPS
SHOW RELATIVE SIZES AND SHAPES OF IMPORTANT
FEATURES
DEVELOP SEVERAL ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPARATIVE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

ASSESS ALTERNATIVES
COMPARE EACH ALTERNATIVE WITH DESIGN GOALS
WEIGH THE BENEFITS AND STRENGTHS OF EACH
ALTERNATIVE AGAINST THE COSTS AND LIABILITIES
RANK ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF SUITABILITY AND
EFFECTIVENESS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

MAKE DESIGN DECISIONS

COMBINE THE BEST DESIGN ELEMENTS INTO THE FINAL
DESIGN
DRAW PRELIMINARY PLANS
CONSTRUCT SCALE DRAWINGS
SHOW IMPORTANT INTERIOR ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
(E.G., WALLS, WINDOWS, BUILT-IN ELEMENTS)
SHOW FURNITURE IF APPROPRIATE
COMPUTER DESIGN SOFTWARE MAY COMBINE THESE
STEPS
MAKE PRELIMINARY MATERIAL SELECTIONS
DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE COLOR AND FINISH SCHEMES
COLLECT MATERIAL SAMPLES
MAKE
PRELIMINARY
FURNITURE
AND
LIGHTING
SELECTIONS
PREPARE A PRESENTATION TO THE CLIENT FOR FEEDBACK
AND PRELIMINARY APPROVAL

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

NO DESIGN PROCESS IS
COMPLETE UNTIL A DESIGN
SOLUTION THAT HAS BEEN
IMPLEMENTED IS EVALUATED
FOR ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN
SOLVING A GIVEN PROBLEM
THIS CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF
A COMPLETED DESIGN CAN
BUILD UP OUR KNOWLEDGE
BASE,
SHARPEN
OUR
INTUITION, AND PROVIDE
VALUABLE LESSONS THAT
MAY BE APPLIED IN FUTURE
WORK.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

DEVELOP AND REFINE DESIGN

DEVELOP
DETAILS

PLANS,

ELEVATIONS,

SECTIONS,

AND

DEVELOP SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTERIOR FINISH

MATERIALS, FURNISHINGS, AND LIGHTING

IMPLEMENT DESIGN
PREPARE CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS.
FINALIZE SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTERIOR FINISH
MATERIALS, FURNISHINGS, AND LIGHTING.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

REEVALUATE COMPLETED DESIGN

PERFORM DESIGN REVIEWS.
COORDINATE WITH ARCHITECT, ENGINEERS, AND
CONSULTANTS.
CLIENT FEEDBACK.
PERFORM POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

GOOD AND BAD DESIGN

THERE IS OFTEN MORE THAN ONE SOLUTION TO A DESIGN PROBLEM.

HOW THEN CAN WE JUDGE WHETHER A DESIGN IS GOOD OR

BAD ?
A DESIGN MAY BE GOOD IN THE JUDGMENT OF THE DESIGNER, THE CLIENT, OR THE PEOPLE
WHO EXPERIENCE AND USE THE
DESIGN FOR ANY OF SEVERAL REASONS:
BECAUSE IT FUNCTIONS WELLIT WORKS.
BECAUSE IT IS AFFORDABLEIT IS ECONOMICAL, EFFICIENT, AND DURABLE.
BECAUSE IT LOOKS GOODIT IS AESTHETICALLY PLEASING.
BECAUSE IT RECREATES A FEELING REMEMBERED FROM ANOTHER TIME AND PLACEIT
CARRIES MEANING
IF A DESIGN DOES NOT EXPRESS AN IDEA, COMMUNICATE A MEANING, OR ELICIT A RESPONSE,
EITHER IT WILL BE IGNORED OR IT WILL APPEAR TO BE A BAD DESIGN

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

DESIGN CRITERIA
FUNCTION AND PURPOSE
UTILITY, ECONOMY, AND SUSTAINABILITY IN SELECTION AND USE OF
MATERIALS
FORM AND STYLE
IMAGE AND MEANING

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
REDUCE
ENERGY
USE
BY
SPECIFYING
EFFICIENT LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT.
DESIGN TO FACILITATE DAYLIGHT, VIEWS, AND
FRESH AIR.
DESIGN
FOR
DISASSEMBLY,
SO
THAT
MATERIALS CAN BE TAKEN APART AND
RECYCLED.
LIMIT THE USE OF POTABLE (DRINKABLE)
WATER IN TOILETS AND SINKS.
SELECT INTERIOR FINISHES AND MATERIALS
MADE FROM RAPIDLY RENEWABLE, SALVAGED,
REFURBISHED, OR RECYCLED MATERIALS
FROM LOCAL SOURCES.
CHOOSE LOW VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
(VOC)-EMITTING
PRODUCTS
AND
INSTALLATION MATERIALS.
SPECIFY PRODUCTS FROM MANUFACTURERS
WHO MINIMIZE ENERGY, WATER, AND RAW
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION.
AVOID
WASTE
IN
MANUFACTURING,
PACKAGING, AND INSTALLATION.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HUMAN FACTORS
THE INTERIOR SPACES OF BUILDINGS
ARE DESIGNED AS PLACES FOR HUMAN
MOVEMENT, ACTIVITY, AND REPOSE.
THERE SHOULD BE, THEREFORE, A FIT
BETWEEN THE FORM AND DIMENSIONS
OF INTERIOR SPACE AND OUR OWN BODY
DIMENSIONS.
THIS FIT CAN BE A STATIC ONE, AS WHEN
WE SIT IN A CHAIR, LEAN AGAINST A
RAILING, OR NESTLE WITHIN AN ALCOVE.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HUMAN
FACTORS
THERE CAN ALSO
BE A DYNAMIC FIT,
AS
WHEN
WE
ENTER
A
BUILDINGS FOYER,
WALK
UP
A
STAIRWAY,
OR
MOVE
THROUGH
THE ROOMS AND
HALLS
OF
A
BUILDING
A THIRD TYPE OF
FIT IS THE WAY
SPACE
ACCOMMODATES
OUR
NEED
TO
MAINTAIN
APPROPRIATE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HUMAN FACTORS
IN ADDITION TO THESE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS, SPACE ALSO HAS TACTILE,
AUDITORY, OLFACTORY, AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE HOW WE FEEL AND WHAT
WE DO WITHIN IT.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
OUR BODY DIMENSIONS, AND
THE WAY WE MOVE THROUGH
AND PERCEIVE SPACE, ARE
PRIME
DETERMINANTS
OF
ARCHITECTURAL AND INTERIOR
DESIGN
THERE
IS
A
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
THE
STRUCTURAL
DIMENSIONS OF OUR BODIES
AND
THOSE
DIMENSIONAL
REQUIREMENTS THAT RESULT
FROM THE WAY WE REACH FOR
SOMETHING ON A SHELF, SIT
DOWN AT A TABLE, WALK DOWN
A SET OF STAIRS, OR INTERACT
WITH OTHER PEOPLE
THESE
ARE
FUNCTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
THAT
VARY
ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

HUMAN DIMENSIONS
MOST PEOPLE WILL EXPERIENCE
DIFFERENT PHYSICAL RANGES
AND ABILITIES AS THEY GROW
AND AGE, AND WITH CHANGES
IN
WEIGHT,
HEIGHT,
AND
PHYSICAL FITNESS.
THESE CHANGES OVER TIME
AFFECT HOW AN INTERIOR
ENVIRONMENT WILL FIT OR
ACCOMMODATE THE USER.

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

FUNCTIONAL
DIMENSIONS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN

USER REQUIREMENTS
IDENTIFY USERS
INDIVIDUALS
USER GROUPS
USER CHARACTERISTICS
AGE GROUPS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

USER REQUIREMENTS
IDENTIFY NEEDS
SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL NEEDS AND
ABILITIES
GROUP NEEDS AND ABILITIES

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

USER REQUIREMENTS
ESTABLISH TERRITORIAL
REQUIREMENTS
PERSONAL SPACE
PRIVACY
INTERACTION
ACCESS
SECURITY

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

USER REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE PREFERENCES
FAVORED OBJECTS
FAVORITE COLORS
SPECIAL PLACES
SPECIAL INTERESTS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

USER REQUIREMENTS
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
DAYLIGHT, VIEWS, AND FRESH AIR
REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE
WATER CONSERVATION
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND
MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
LOW VOC-EMITTING PRODUCTS
DECREASED WASTE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

ACTIVITY REQUIREMENTS

IDENTIFY
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY
ACTIVITIES
NAME AND
FUNCTION OF
PRIMARY
ACTIVITY
NAMES AND
FUNCTIONS OF
SECONDARY OR
RELATED
ACTIVITIES

ANALYZE NATURE OF THE

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
NOISY OR QUIET
PUBLIC, SMALL GROUP,
OR PRIVATE
COMPATIBILITY OF
ACTIVITIES IF SPACE IS TO
BE USED FOR MORE THAN
ONE ACTIVITY
FREQUENCY OF USE
TIMES OF DAY OR NIGHT
USE

DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS
PRIVACY AND ENCLOSURE
ACCESS
ACCESSIBILITY
FLEXIBILITY
LIGHT
ACOUSTIC QUALITY
SECURITY
MAINTENANCE AND DURABILITY

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

FURNISHING REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE
FURNISHINGS
AND EQUIPMENT
FOR
EACH
ACTIVITY
NUMBER,
TYPE,
AND STYLE OF:
SEATING
TABLES
WORK SURFACES
STORAGE
AND
DISPLAY UNITS
ACCESSORIES

IDENTIFY
OTHER
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED

ESTABLISH QUALITY
REQUIREMENTS OF
FURNISHINGS

DEVELOP
POSSIBLE
ARRANGEMENTS

FUNCTIONAL
GROUPINGS
TAILORED
ARRANGEMENTS
FLEXIBLE
ARRANGEMENTS

LIGHTING
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL
PLUMBING
DATA
AND
COMMUNICATIONS
SECURITY
FIRE SAFETY

COMFORT
SAFETY
VARIETY
FLEXIBILITY
STYLE
DURABILITY
AND
MAINTENANCE
SUSTAINABILITY

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

SPACE ANALYSIS
DOCUMENT
EXISTING
OR PROPOSED SPACE
MEASURE
AND
DRAW
BASE PLANS, SECTIONS,
AND
INTERIOR
ELEVATIONS
PHOTOGRAPH
SPACE

EXISTING

ANALYZE SPACE
ORIENTATION AND SITE CONDITIONS OF
SPACE
FORM, SCALE, AND PROPORTION OF SPACE
DOORWAY LOCATIONS, POINTS OF ACCESS,
AND THE CIRCULATION PATHS THEY
SUGGEST
WINDOWS AND THE LIGHT, VIEWS, AND
VENTILATION THEY AFFORD
WALL, FLOOR, AND CEILING MATERIALS
SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
LOCATION OF PLUMBING, ELECTRICAL, AND
MECHANICAL FIXTURES AND OUTLETS
POSSIBLE ARCHITECTURAL MODIFICATIONS
ELEMENTS
FOR
POSSIBLE
REUSE,
INCLUDING FINISHES AND FURNISHINGS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE REQUIRED DIMENSIONS
SPACE AND FURNITURE GROUPINGS

FOR

EACH FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF FURNITURE

ACCESS TO AND MOVEMENT WITHIN AND
BETWEEN
ACTIVITY AREAS
NUMBER OF PEOPLE SERVED
APPROPRIATE
SOCIAL
DISTANCES
AND
INTERACTION
AREA REQUIREMENTS CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM AN
ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SERVED, THE
FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT THEY REQUIRE, AND
THE NATURE OF THE ACTIVITY THAT WILL GO ON IN
EACH SPACE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING
THESE AREA REQUIREMENTS CAN THEN BE
TRANSLATED INTO ROUGH BLOCKS OF SPACE AND
RELATED TO EACH OTHER AND TO THE
ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT IN A FUNCTIONAL AND

DESIRED QUALITIES
DETERMINE APPROPRIATE SPATIAL QUALITIES
COMPATIBLE WITH CLIENTS OR USERS
NEEDS OR WISHES
FEELING, MOOD, OR ATMOSPHERE
IMAGE AND STYLE
DEGREE OF SPATIAL ENCLOSURE
COMFORT AND SECURITY
QUALITY OF LIGHT
FOCUS AND ORIENTATION OF SPACE
COLOR AND TONE
TEXTURES
ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
FLEXIBILITY AND PROJECTED LENGTH OF USE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

DESIRED RELATIONSHIPS
DETERMINE
DESIRED
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
RELATED ACTIVITY
AREAS
ACTIVITY AREAS
AND SPACE FOR
MOVEMENT
ROOM AND
ADJACENT SPACES
ROOM AND THE
OUTSIDE

DETERMINE
DESIRED ZONING
OF ACTIVITIES
ORGANIZATION OF
ACTIVITIES INTO
GROUPS OR SETS
ACCORDING TO
COMPATIBILITY
AND USE

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING

DESIRED RELATIONSHIPS

THE PLANNING, LAYOUT AND DESIGN:

PROGRAMMING