CLS Aipmt 15 16 XI Che Study Package 3 SET 1 Chapter 9

Chapter
Hydrogen
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
Is the present position of hydrogen in the periodic table satisfactory?
Sol. No, the position of hydrogen in the periodic table is not satisfactory because, hydrogen resembles both alkali
metals and halogens in its properties yet it is placed on top of alkali metals.
2.
What is the significance of the term 20 volume H2O2 solution?
Sol. This means that one volume of H2O2(aq) at STP evolves 20 volumes of O2(g).
3.
What is the formula of calgon?
Sol. Na6P6O18
4.
How many H2O molecule in CuSO45H2O is/are hydrogen bonded?
Sol. One.
5.
Name the stabiliser used while storing H2O2.
Sol. Urea.
6.
Does H2O2 has a planar structure?
Sol. No, H2O2 has a non-planar structure.

7.
Which anions produce permanent hardness in water?
Sol. Permanent hardness in water is due to the presence of chloride and sulphate anions.
8.
By what name is hydrogen peroxide solution commercially available for washing wounds?
Sol. Perhydrol.
9.
Why is molecular hydrogen very little reactive?
Sol. Molecular hydrogen is very little reactive because the bond dissociation enthalpy is very high.
10. What is the chemical composition of zeolite?
Sol. NaAlSiO4 xH2O
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Hydrogen
Solution of Assignment (Set-1)
Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Explain how boiling removes temporary hardness of water.
Sol. Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble magnesium and calcium bicarbonates in water.
When hard water is boiled then, this soluble magnesium bicarbonate changes into insoluble magnesium
hydroxide, whereas calcium bicarbonate changes into insoluble calcium carbonate. The precipitates formed can
then be filtered out leaving behind soft water.
Heating
Mg(HCO3)2
Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2
Heating
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
12. To which class of hydrides does TiH1.5, B2H6 and CH4 belong?
Sol. TiH1.5 Metallic hydride
B2H6 Covalent hydride (electron-deficient)
CH4 Covalent hydride (electron-precise)
13. Why the ionisation energy of hydrogen is higher than that of lithium?
Sol. Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom. Ionisation energy
depends upon the size of the atom. The size of hydrogen is much smaller than that of lithium. Though they
both have one valence electron in their atom, still more energy is required to remove the electron from hydrogen
atom because of its small size.
14. Why does water act as Lewis base?
Sol. Water is an electron rich hydride with two lone pair of electrons ( OH2) and that is why it can act as a Lewis
base.
15. Write the two disadvantages of hard water.
Sol. The two disadvantages of hard water are
(i)
It is unsuitable for the laundry purpose as insoluble precipitates are formed called scum and no lather
is produced until all the calcium and magnesium ions are precipitated.
(ii)
Hard water reduces the efficiency of the boilers as lot of deposition of salts in the form of scales take
place.
16. What is meant by the auto protolysis of water?

Sol. Auto protolysis is a reaction in which two same molecules react to give ions with proton transfer. In water, a
proton from one H2O molecule is transferred to another water molecule leaving behind OH ion and forming a
H3O+ ion.
H2O(l) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + OH(aq)
17. Why is hydrogen peroxide stored in wax-lined glass bottles?

Sol. Hydrogen peroxide is stored in wax-lined glass bottles because the presence of metal surfaces or traces of
alkali in glass containers catalyses the decomposition of H2O2.
Hydrogen
18. Explain why boiling point of HCl is less than that of HF.
Sol. Fluorine has greater electronegativity than that of chlorine. Therefore, stronger hydrogen bonds are formed
between hydrogen and fluorine atoms of the two neighbouring molecules as compared to those formed between
hydrogen and chlorine. Therefore, HF has higher boiling point than that of HCl.
19. What is demineralized water? Is it fit for drinking purposes?
Sol. Water which does not contain cations or anions is called demineralized water. No, it is not fit for drinking
because drinking water must contain some useful ions.
20. Why hard water does not form lather with soap?
Sol. Hard water contains soluble calcium and magnesium ions (Ca2+, Mg2+). So, when these ions react with soap
(e.g., sodium stearate), they form corresponding calcium and magnesium salt which precipitate out (scum).
So, until whole of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are precipitated, lather is not formed. Therefore, lot of soap is first
wasted to precipitate out the ions.
2C17H35 COONa Ca2

(C17H35 COO)2 Ca 2Na
Sodium stearate
Calcium stearate
2C17H35 COONa Mg2

(C17H35 COO)2 Mg 2Na
Sodium stearate
Magnesium stearate
21. What are interstitial hydrides? Give three examples.

Sol. Interstitial hydrides are the metallic hydrides which are formed by transition metals (d-block elements) of group
3, 4, 5 and f-block elements. Interstitial hydrides are the hydrides in which hydrogen is thought to occupy the
interstices in the metal lattice. All these hydrides are non-stoichiometric i.e., their composition is not fixed.
For example :
LaH2.87, YbH2.55, TiH1.5 1.8
22. Complete the following reactions
(a)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)
(b)
SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l)
(c)
N3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Sol. (a)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
(b)
SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)
(c)
N3(s) + 3H2O(l) NH3(g) + 3OH(aq)
23. Hydrogen peroxide is used to restore the colour of old oil paintings containing lead oxide. Explain.
Sol. Lead oxide (PbO) contained in old oil paintings gets converted into lead sulphide (PbS) which is black in colour
in the presence of H2S gas present in the atmosphere. So, H2O2 is used to restore the original whiteness by
keeping the tarnished oil paintings in hydrogen peroxide solution for sometime which results in the oxidation
of lead sulphide to lead sulphate.
PbS 4H2O2
PbSO4 4H2O
(Black)
(White)
Hydrogen
24. In what way is the crystalline form of water of great ecological significance?
Sol. In winters, ice which is the crystalline form of water being less denser forms on the surface of lakes, which
in turn provides thermal insulation so as to ensure the survival of the aquatic life. In this way it is of great
ecological significance.
25. On what principle does the ion-exchange method works for the softening of hard water?
Sol. Ion-exchange method of softening the hard water works on the principle of exchanging the ions responsible
for the hardness of water with the less damaging ions present in some compounds.
26. Calculate the amount of H2O2 present in 20 ml of 30 volume H2O2 solution.
Sol. 20 ml of 30 volume H2O2 liberate = 20 30
= 600 ml of O2 at STP
2H2O2
68 g
2H2O
O2
22700 mL at STP
Amount of H2O2 required to liberate 22700 mL of O2 = 68 g

Amount of H2O2 required to liberate 1 mL of O2 =
68
g
22700
Amount of H2O2 required to liberate 600 mL of O2 =
68 600
g
22700
= 1.79 g
27. Hydrogen generally forms covalent compounds. Give reason.
Sol. The electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1s1. So, hydrogen has tendency to either lose or gain or share its
one electron to gain stability. The ionisation energy of hydrogen is very high (iH = 1312 kJ mol1), so, it does
not lose the electron easily. The electron affinity of hydrogen is low. Therefore, it prefers to share its one electron
to form covalent compounds.
28. Name one compound in which hydrogen occurs in (a) +1 and (b) 1 oxidation state.
Sol. (a)
+1 in HCl
(b)
1 in NaH
29. Complete the following reactions :

(a)
AlN + H2O
(b)
CaC2 + H2O
Sol. (a)
(b)
AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3

CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
30. Explain the hydroformylation reaction of olefins.

Sol. Hydrogen is used in the hydroformylation of olefins which yield aldehydes first and then on further reduction
give alcohols.
H2 + CO + RCH = CH2 RCH2CH2CHO
H2 + RCH2CH2CHO RCH2CH2CH2OH
Hydrogen
Long Answer Type Questions :

31. Describe Clarks method and Calgons method of removal of hardness of water. What type of hardness is
removed by employing the above two methods?
Sol. Clarks method : This method is employed to remove the temporary hardness of water. In this method, the
calculated amount of lime is added to the hard water which results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate
and magnesium hydroxide, which later are filtered out.
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O
Calgons method : This method is employed to remove the permanent hardness of water. In this method,
sodium hexametaphosphate (Na6P6O18), which is commercially known as calgon is added to hard water which
forms complex anion keeping the Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in the solution. In method the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present
in hard water are exchanged by the Na+ ions of calgon.
2
Na6P6 O18 2Na+ + Na4P6O18
Calgon
2 [Na CaP O ]2 + 2Na+

Ca2+ + Na4P6O18
2
6 18
32. Give the methods of preparation of an oxide of hydrogen used as a bleaching agent.
Sol. An oxide of hydrogen used as a bleaching agent is hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is prepared by the
following three main methods.
(i)
In laboratory, hydrogen peroxide is prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on hydrated barium peroxide
BaO2 8H2O(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + H2O2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
The excess water is removed by evaporation under reduced pressure giving hydrogen peroxide.
(ii)
On commercial scale, hydrogen peroxide is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of acidified sulphate
solution which at high current density gives peroxodisulphate.
Electrolysis
2HSO4(aq)
HO3SOOSO3H(aq)
HO3 SOOSO3H(aq)
2HSO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + H2O2(aq)
Hydrolysis
Peroxodisulphate
(iii) On the industrial scale, hydrogen peroxide is prepared by the auto-oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols.
O (air)
2

H2O2 Oxidised product
2-ethylanthraquinol
H2 /Pd
Hydrogen
33. Distinguish between

(a)
Hard water and soft water
(b)
Temporary hard water and permanent hard water
Sol. (a)
Hard water
Soft water
(i) It does not form lather with soap.
(i) It readily forms lather with soap.
(ii) It contains calcium and magnesium salts in (ii) This water is free from soluble salts of calcium
the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride and
and magnesium.
sulphate in the water.
(iii) Example : sea water, river water.
(b)
(iii) Distilled water, demineralised water.
Temporary hard water
Permanent hard water
(i) It is due to the presence of bicarbonates of (i) It is due to the presence of chlorides and
calcium and magnesium in water.
sulphates of calcium and magnesium.
(ii) This type of hardness is easily removed by (ii) This type of hardness cannot be removed on
simply boiling water.
boiling water.
(iii) Also known as carbonate hardness.
(iii) Also known as non-carbonate hardness.
34. Discuss synthetic resins method employed to remove hardness of water.

Sol. Synthetic resins method : This method of softening of water is prevalent nowadays. The method is superior
to zeolite method because they remove all types of cations as well as anions present in water.
Synthetic resins are insoluble polymeric solids having giant hydrocarbon network containing reactive acidic or
basic groups. Synthetic resins are of two types :
Cation exchange resins : Cation exchange resins contain large organic molecule with SO3H group and
are water insoluble. First ion exchange resin (RSO3H) gets changed to RNa after treating it with NaCl.
Now, RNa resin exchanges Na+ ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water to make water soft.
2RNa(s) + M2+(aq) R2M(s) + 2Na+(aq)
In order to obtain pure de-mineralised water free from all soluble mineral salts, then cation exchange (in
the H+ form) is used.
2RH(s) + M2+(aq)
MR2(s) + 2H+(aq)
For example :
2R COOH
(Cation exchange resin)
Ca2
(From hard water)
(RCOO)2 Ca 2H
(Exhausted resin)
In the above process as proton is released, thus it makes the water acidic.
Anion exchange resin : These resins contain giant hydrocarbon framework attached to basic groups
such as NH2 group or OH group.
RNH2(s) + H2O(l)
RNH3+OH(s) + X(aq)
RNH3+OH(s)
RNH3+ X(s) + OH(aq)
Hydrogen
For example :
R NH3 OH
(Anion exchange
resin)
Cl
(From hard
water)
R NH3 Cl OH
(Exhausted
resin)
In the reaction OH ion exchanges for the anions in the water. OH ions are liberated which neutralise
H+ ions set free in the cation exchange resin.
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)

35. (a)
Regeneration of resin : The cation exchanger is regenerated by the action of dilute acid and the anion
exchanger is regenerated by treating it with dilute alkali.
Discuss the structure of H2O2
(b)
Discuss the bleaching action of H2O2
(c)
Write important uses of H2O2
Sol. (a)
Structure of H2O2 : Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure as the two OH bonds are in different
planes. It has an open-book like structure with dihedral angle 111.5 in the gaseous phase but is reduced
to 90.2 in the crystalline state because of hydrogen bonding.
H
95.0 pm
98.8 pm
147.5 pm
94.8
145.8 pm
111.5
101.9
(a) Gas phase
(b)
90.2
(b) Solid phase
Bleaching action of H2O2 : H2O2 acts as a bleaching agent due to oxidation. It oxidises the colouring
matter to the colourless product.
H2O2 H2O + [O]
Colouring matter + O Colourless mass
(Bleached)
(c)
Uses of H2O2 :
(i)
It acts as a bleaching agent for bleaching fine and delicate materials.
(ii) It is used as an antiseptic for washing wounds and is sold in the market under the name perhydrol.
(iii) It is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone, tartaric acid, certain food products and pharmaceuticals
etc.
36. (a)
Define isotopes.
(b)
What is heavy hydrogen? Write the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in it.
(c)
In what way are isotopes similar and dissimilar?
Hydrogen
Sol. (a)
Isotopes : Isotopes are the atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
(b)
Deuterium is also known as heavy hydrogen. Deuterium has 1 electron, 1 proton and 1 neutron in its atom.
(c)
Isotopes have the same electronic configuration. Example, all the isotopes of hydrogen have only one
electron. So, because of same electronic configuration they have almost same chemical properties.
Whereas, isotopes differ in their rates of reactions because they have different enthalpy of bond
dissociation.
37. List the points of similarities and differences between hydrogen and Group I elements.
Sol. Group 1 elements are the alkali metals.
Resemblance with Alkali Metals
1.
Like alkali metals, hydrogen has only one electron in its outer shell.
2.
Alkali metals have a strong tendency to lose one electron from their outermost shell to form unipositive
ion (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and attain nearest noble gas configuration. Similarly, hydrogen also loses
electron to form H+ ion.
3.
The alkali metals form stable oxides, halides and sulphides, example sodium forms Na2O, NaCl, Na2S.
Similarly, hydrogen also forms stable oxide (H2O), halides (HF) and sulphide (H2S).
Difference from Alkali Metals

1.
The ionisation energy of hydrogen is very high in comparison with alkali metals. Example : iH of Li is
520 kJ mol1 and that of hydrogen is 1312 kJ mol1.
This is because the 1s electron of hydrogen is tightly held by the nucleus because of its small size.
2.
The size of H+ ion is very small (103 pm) as compared to that of alkali metal ions. Therefore, H+ does
not exist freely and is always associated with other atoms or molecules.
38. Explain the following

(a)
Why cannot water extinguish petrol fire?
(b)
Why is ice less denser than water? What type of attractive force must be overcome to melt ice?
(c)
Write uses of heavy water.
Sol. (a)
Petrol is lighter than water, so when water is added to petrol fire to extinguish it, petrol floats over water.
As a result, fire instead of getting extinguished, flares up.
(b)
Ice has an open-cage like structure on account of extensive hydrogen bonding with large number of vacant
spaces making ice less denser than water. Hydrogen bonding is the type of attractive force which has
to be overcome by providing energy in the form of heat so as to melt ice.
(c)
Heavy water is D2O. It has some important uses as

(i)
Heavy water is used as a moderator in nuclear reactions so as to slow down the speed of fast moving
neutrons.
(ii) It is used as a tracer compound to study the reaction mechanism reactions.

(iii) It is used as a starting material for the preparation of number of deuterium compounds
CaC2 + 2D2O C2D2 + Ca(OD)2
SO3 + D2O D2SO4
Hydrogen
39. What is temporary hardness of water? How it is removed?

Sol. Temporary hardness of water is due to the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It is also known as
carbonate hardness.
Removal of temporary hardness :
Temporary hardness can be removed by the following methods :
(i)
Boiling : The temporary hardness of water can be easily removed by boiling the water in large boilers.
During boiling the soluble Mg(HCO3)2 is converted into Mg(OH)2 instead of MgCO3 because Mg(OH)2
is precipitated easily. Whereas Ca(HCO3)2 is changed to insoluble CaCO3 and gets precipitated. These
precipitates can be removed by filtration process. So, the filtrate obtained will be soft water.
Heating
Mg(HCO3)2
Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2
Heating
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
(ii)
Clarks method : In this process the calculated amount of lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to hard
water containing bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Lime precipitates out calcium carbonate and
magnesium hydroxide which are then filtered to obtain soft water.
40. What are saline hydrides? List some of their properties.

Sol. Ionic or saline hydrides
The ionic hydrides are stoichiometric which are formed when hydrogen combines with elements of s-block which
are highly electropositive in nature. There are some elements in s-block like Li, Be, Mg which do not form ionic
hydrides. The hydrides formed by Be and Mg (BeH2 and MgH2) are polymeric in structure. Ionic hydrides are
formed by transfer of electrons from metals to hydrogen atoms and contain hydrogen as H ion e.g., sodium
hydride (Na+H), calcium hydride (Ca2+2H). Some of the properties of saline hydrides are as follows :
1. These are white crystalline solids, have ionic lattices and behave like salts.
2. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. These are non-volatile and non-conducting in solid state, however they conduct electricity in fused state
liberating hydrogen at anode which confirms the existence of H ion.
NaH
+
Na+ + H
Cathode
Na + e
Na
2H
Anode
H2 + 2e
4. These hydrides react violently with water producing dihydrogen gas.

NaH(s) + H2O(aq) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
5. They burn spontaneously in air on heating on account of their decomposition into hydrogen which is
inflammable.
CaH2 Ca + H2
10
Hydrogen
6. Lithium hydride is used in the synthesis of some useful hydrides since it is rather unreactive at moderate
temperatures with O2 and Cl2. For example
8LiH + Al2Cl6 2LiAlH4 + 6LiCl
2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4
41. Explain the preparation of dihydrogen by electrolysis of brine and by the action of steam on coke.
Sol. Electrolysis of brine : It is produced as a by-product of the brine (aq. NaCl) electrolysis process for the
manufacture of Cl2 and NaOH.
During electrolysis, the following reactions take place :
At anode :
2Cl(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e
At cathode :
2H2O(l) + 2e H2(g) + 2OH(aq)
Overall reaction :
2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l) Cl2(g) + H2(g) + 2OH(aq)
By the action of steam on coke : Dihydrogen is prepared by passing steam over coke or hydrocarbons at
high temperature (1270 K) in the presence of Nickel catalyst.
1270 K
C H2 O
CO H2
Ni

Coke
Water gas
1270 K
CnH2n 2 nH2 O
nCO (2n 1)H2
Ni
Hydrocarbon
e.g.,
1270 K
CO(g) + 3H2(g)
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
Ni
The mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas. It is also known as synthesis gas or simply syn gas because
it is used in the synthesis of methanol and many other hydrocarbons.
It is difficult to obtain dihydrogen from a mixture of CO and H2 (i.e., water gas). Therefore, the production of
dihydrogen is increased by reacting carbon monoxide of syn gas mixtures with steam in the presence of
ironchromate as catalyst
673 K
CO(g) + H2O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g)
FeCrO
4
The above reaction is called water-gas shift reaction. The CO2 formed in the above reaction is removed by
scrubbing with sodium arsenite solution.
42. Explain the reaction of hydrogen with
(a)
Halogens
(b)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(c)
Nitrogen
Sol. (a)
Hydrogen
11
Reaction with halogens : Hydrogen reacts with halogens to give hydrogen halides with general formula
HX.
H2(g) + X2(g) 2HX(g) (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
In case of fluorine reaction occurs even in dark
Dark
H2 + F2
2HF
With chlorine, it occurs in presence of sunlight

Sunlight
H2 + Cl2
2HCl
Bromine reacts only upon heating

673 K
H2 + Br2
2HBr
With iodine, it requires catalyst for the reaction

Pt
2HI
H2 + I2
673 K
This shows that F2 is more reactive than Cl2 which is further more reactive than Br2 and least reactive
among halogens is I2 which requires a catalyst for the reaction.
(b)
With unsaturated hydrocarbons : Vapours of dihydrogen are passed through unsaturated hydrocarbons
with CC or C=C bond, in the presence of catalyst to form saturated hydrocarbons.
473 K
H C C H(g) H2 (g)
H3 C CH3 (g)
Ni
Ethene
Ethane
The above reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.

(c)
Reaction with nitrogen : Dihydrogen is employed in Habers process for the formation of ammonia
673 K, 200 atm
2NH3(g) H = 92.6 kJ mol1

3H2(g) + N2(g)
Fe
43. (a)
(b)
Sol. (a)
Give the structure of water in gaseous phase.

List some physical properties of water.
Structure of Water
Gas Phase : In gas phase, each water molecule in the form of water vapour exists as an independent
molecule. Due to the presence of two lone pairs, the geometry of the water gets distorted and acquires
a bent geometry with a bond angle of 104.5 and OH bond length of 95.7 pm. In water, each OH bond
is polar because of high electronegativity of oxygen in comparison to that of hydrogen.
95.7 pm
104.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
Bent structure
of water
Water molecule
as a dipole
H2O molecule
Orbital overlap picture
in water molecule
12
Hydrogen
(b)
Physical Properties of Water

1.
Pure water is colourless, odourless and tasteless.
2.
Water is present in the liquid state at room temperature.
3.
Water boils at 100C and changes into the gaseous state whereas it freezes at 0C to form ice.
4.
Water molecules undergo extensive hydrogen bonding.
5.
The existence of hydrogen bonding is responsible for high freezing point, high boiling point, high value
of specific heat, high latent heat of fusion and high latent heat of vaporisation, in comparison to H2S
and H2Se molecules.
6.
The high heat of vaporisation and high heat capacity are responsible for moderation of the climate
and body temperature of the living beings.
7.
Being an excellent solvent it is essential for the transportation of metabolites in plants.
8.
Alcohols and carbohydrates dissolve in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonding.
44. Explain the ability of water to hydrolyse many ionic and covalent compounds.
Sol. Water is an excellent solvent due to its high dielectric constant (81). Water can easily hydrolyse many ionic
and covalent compounds.
(i)
Water hydrolyses oxides and halides of non-metals forming their respective acids
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
(ii)
Water hydrolyses the carbides, hydrides, nitrides and phosphides of some metals with the liberation of
acetylene, hydrogen, ammonia, phosphine respectively.
CaC2
Calcium
carbide
2H2 O Ca(OH)2 C2H2
Acetylene
CaH2 (s) 2H2O(l)

Ca(OH)2 (aq) 2H2 (g)
Calcium
hydride
AlN 3H2 O Al(OH)3 NH3
Aluminium
nitride
Ammonia
Ca3P2 6H2 O 3Ca(OH)2 2PH3

Calcium
phosphide
Phosphine
Hydrogen
13
45. Calculate the normality of 20 volume of hydrogen peroxide.

Sol. Mass of H2O2 per litre of the solution :
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
2 34 g
22.7 L at STP
= 68 g
22.7 L of O2 at STP is obtained from H2O2 = 68 g
1 L of O2 at STP is obtained from H2O2 =
20 L of O2 at STP is obtained from H2O2 =
68
g
22.7
68 20
g = 59.91 g = 60 g
22.47
So, the strength of H2O2 in 20 volume H2O2 solution = 60 g/L

Normality =
Strength
Equivalent mass
Equivalent mass of H2O2 :

2H2O2 2H2O + O2
68 parts
by mass
32 parts
by mass
Equivalent mass
of O2 = 8
32 parts by mass of O2 are evolved from H2O2 = 68 parts

8 parts by mass of O2 are evolved from H2O2 =
68 8
= 17 parts
32
Thus, equivalent mass of H2O2 = 17 or 17 g/equiv.

Calculation of normality of the solution :
Normality of solution =
Strength of solution
60 g/L
=
= 3.52 N
Equivalent mass
17 g/eq.
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
What are the constituents of water gas?
Sol. CO and H2.

2.
Name the isotope of hydrogen which has equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Sol. Deuterium.
14
3.
Hydrogen
How many hydrogen bonded water molecules are there in hydrated CuSO4?
Sol. One.
4.
Write the chemical formula of washing soda.
Sol. Na2CO3
5.
What is the dihedral angle of H2O2 in solid phase?
Sol. 90.2
6.
Why is dihydrogen gas not preferred in balloons?
Sol. Dihydrogen gas is combustible in nature. It may therefore react violently with oxygen. Thus, it is not used in
balloons.
7.
What is the trade name of hydrogen peroxide used as an antiseptic?
Sol. Perhydrol.
8.
Write the reaction when heavy water is added to aluminium carbide.
Sol. Al4C3 + 12D2O 3CD4 + 4Al(OD)3

9.
Explain how temporary hardness of water is removed by adding lime.
Sol. Temporary hardness of water is removed by adding calculated amount of lime to hard water. Lime precipitates
out calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which are then filtered to obtain soft water.
10. Give some physical properties of H2O2.
Sol. (i)
(ii)
Pure hydrogen peroxide is a syrupy liquid.

It is colourless but gives a bluish tinge in thick layers.
11. What is non-carbonate hardness of water?

Sol. Non-carbonate hardness of water is the permanent hardness. Permanent hardness of water is due to the
presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium in water. As this type of hardness cannot be
removed by boiling and not due to the presence of bicarbonates, therefore, it is also known as permanent as
well as non-carbonate hardness.
12. Give two points of difference of hydrogen and halogens.
Sol. (i)
(ii)
Hydrogen is less reactive as compared to halogens.

The electron affinity of hydrogen is less than that of halogens.
Hydrogen
15
13. Give one reaction each to show that water can act both as oxidising as well as reducing agent.
Sol. Water acts as oxidising agent :
2H2O(l) + 2Na(s) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Oxidising
agent
In the above reaction, H2O gets reduced to dihydrogen by highly electropositive metal.
Water as reducing agent : Water acts as a reducing agent when it itself gets oxidised.
2H2O(l) + 2F2(g) 4H+(aq) + 4F(aq) + O2(g)
Reducing
agent
In the above reaction water gets oxidised to O2.

14. Compare soft and hard water.
Sol. Soft water is the one which is free from the soluble salts of calcium and magnesium, whereas hard water
contains soluble salts of calcium and magnesium.
Soft water forms lather easily with soap, whereas hard water does not form lather with soap.
15. How is heavy water prepared?
Sol. Heavy water is prepared by the following methods :
(i)
It is prepared by the exhaustive electrolysis of water. Ordinary water contains very small proportion of D2O.
So, on prolonged electrolysis of water, H2 is liberated much faster than D2 and remaining water, becomes
enriched in heavy water.
(ii)
It is also obtained as a by-product in some fertilizer industries.

16. Why is hard water unsuitable for laundary?
Sol. Soaps are sodium and magnesium salts of long chain fatty acids. Soap containing sodium stearate
(C17H35COONa) reacts with hard water to form insoluble precipitates called scum
M2
(From hard
water)
2C17H35 COONa
(C17H35 COO)2 M 2Na
Sodium stearate
(Soap)
Metal stearate
(ppt)
Where M2+ = Ca2+ or Mg2+

Therefore, no lather is produced until all the calcium and magnesium ions are precipitated. This also results
in wastage of soap.
17. Give any three uses of dihydrogen.
Sol. (i)
(ii)
Hydrogenation of oil : Oils are polyunsaturated hydrocarbons. Dihydrogen is added to oils like soyabean
oil, cotton seed oil for the manufacture of vanaspati fat which are saturated hydrocarbons.
Manufacture of methyl alcohol : Water gas enriched with hydrogen gas in the presence of cobalt
catalyst gives methanol
Cobalt
CO(g) + 2H2(g)
CH3OH(l)
Catalyst
(iii) Rocket fuel : It is used as a rocket fuel for space research in the form of liquid hydrogen.
16
Hydrogen
18. Give the three types of association of water with many salts along with example.
Sol. (i)
Co-ordinated water :
Example : [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3Cl
(ii)
Interstitial water :
Example : BaCl2 2H2O
(iii) Hydrogen-bonded water :

Example : [Cu(H2O)4]2+ SO42 H2O in CuSO4 5H2O
19. What is the strength (in g/L) of 25 volume solution of H2O2?
Sol. 25 volume solution of H2O2 means that 1 L of this H2O2 solution will give 25 L of oxygen at STP
2H2O2 (l)
O2 (g) H2 O(l)
2 34 g
68 g
22.7 L
at STP
On the basis of above equation,

22.7 L of O2 is produced at STP from H2O2 = 68 g
25 L of O2 is produced at STP from H2O2 =
68
25 g = 74.8 g
22.7
Strength of H2O2 in 25 volume H2O2 solution = 74.8 g/L

20. Explain water-gas shift reaction.
Sol. Water-gas shift reaction is employed to increase the production of dihydrogen when steam reacts with coke
or hydrocarbons at high temperature in the presence of catalyst.
1270 K
CO(g) + 3H2(g)
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
Ni
1270 K
CO(g) + H2(g)
C(s) + H2O(g)
Ni
In the above two reactions water-gas or syngas is produced which is a mixture of CO and H2. So, the
production of dihydrogen from the above reactions is increased by reacting carbon monoxide of syngas mixtures
with steam in the presence of iron chromate as catalyst.
673 K
CO(g) + H2O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g)
Catalyst
The above reaction is called water-gas shift reaction. Carbon dioxide is removed by scrubbing with sodium
arsenite solution.
21. Briefly discuss the isotopes of hydrogen.
Sol. Hydrogen has three isotopes namely protium, deuterium and tritium. The isotopes of an element are the atoms
having same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Hydrogen
17
Protium (11H) : It is also known as ordinary hydrogen. It is the most predominant form of hydrogen. It has
one proton, one electron and no neutron in its atom.
Deuterium (12 H or D) : It is also known as heavy hydrogen. Terrestrial hydrogen contains 0.0156 % of
deuterium mostly in the form of HD. It has one proton, one electron and one neutron in its atom.
Tritium (13 H or T) : This isotope of hydrogen is radioactive. Tritium is just about one atom per 1018 atoms of
protium. It has one proton, one electron and two neutrons in its atom.
Long Answer Type Questions :
22. What are hydrides? Explain covalent hydrides.
Sol. Hydrogen combines with a large number of other elements including metals and non-metals except noble gases
to form binary compounds called hydrides. If E is the symbol of the element then hydrides are represented
as EHx (e.g., BeH2) or EmHn (e.g., B2H6).
Based on their physical and chemical properties, the hydrides have been classified into three main categories.
(i)
Ionic hydrides
(ii)
Covalent hydrides
(iii) Metallic hydrides

Covalent or Molecular Hydrides
Covalent or molecular hydrides are the compounds of hydrogen with p-block elements. The most common
hydrides are CH4, H2O, NH3 etc. Covalent hydrides are volatile compounds.
Molecular hydrides are further classified according to their relative numbers of electrons and bonds in their Lewis
structures.
1.
Electron deficient molecular hydrides : These hydrides have lesser number of electrons than that
required for writing the conventional Lewis structure. All the hydrides of group 13 form electron deficient
compounds like BH3 which polymerise to form B2H6. As these are electron deficient, so they have a
tendency to accept the electrons, therefore, act as Lewis acids.
2.
Electron-precise hydrides : Such compounds have required number of electrons to write their
conventional Lewis structures. The elements of group 14 form such hydrides. The hydrides have tetrahedral
geometry. e.g., CH4.
3.
Electron-rich hydrides : Electron-rich hydrides have excess electrons in the form of one or more lone
pairs of electrons around the central more electronegative element. Therefore, these hydrides due to the
presence of lone pair of electrons form electron-rich hydrides. Infact the presence of lone pair of electrons
on electronegative element results in the association of molecules due to hydrogen bonding. These types
of hydrides are formed by elements of group 15-17 (NH3 has 1 lone pair, H2O has 2 lone pairs, HF has
3 lone pairs).
O
104.5
18
Hydrogen
23. (a)
Why density of ice is maximum at 4C
(b)
Explain the amphoteric nature of water.
Sol. (a)
Density of water is maximum at 4C : The density of water is maximum at 4C. The density of water
is affected by two factors.
(i)
The breaking of hydrogen bonds resulting into closer packed structure.
(ii) The thermal expansion : With the rise in temperature, ice melts, the hydrogen bonds break and
molecules come closer, decreasing the volume and increasing the density until 4C. With further
increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the molecules increases progressively and they start
moving away from each other increasing the volume and thus decreasing the density.
(b)
Water can act both as an acid as well as a base and is thus said to possess amphoteric nature.
According to Lowry-Bronsted concept, it can act as an acid by losing a proton and as a base by accepting
a proton.
Water as base : Water acts as a base towards acids stronger than it

H2O(l) H2S(aq)
H3 O (aq) HS (aq)
Base
Acid

H2O(l) HCl(aq)
H3 O (aq) Cl (aq)
Base
Acid
Water as acid : Water acts as an acid towards bases stronger than it

H2O(l) NH3 (aq)
OH (aq) NH4 (aq)
Acid
Base


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Chapter

Is the present position of hydrogen in the periodic table satisfactory?

What is the significance of the term 20 volume H2O2 solution?

What is the formula of calgon?

How many H2O molecule in CuSO45H2O is/are hydrogen bonded?

Name the stabiliser used while storing H2O2.

Does H2O2 has a planar structure?

Sol. No, H2O2 has a non-planar structure.

Which anions produce permanent hardness in water?

Why is molecular hydrogen very little reactive?

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Short Answer Type Questions :

16. What is meant by the auto protolysis of water?

17. Why is hydrogen peroxide stored in wax-lined glass bottles?

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

2C17H35 COONa Ca2

2C17H35 COONa Mg2

21. What are interstitial hydrides? Give three examples.

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)

SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)

N3(s) + 3H2O(l) NH3(g) + 3OH(aq)

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Amount of H2O2 required to liberate 22700 mL of O2 = 68 g

Amount of H2O2 required to liberate 600 mL of O2 =

29. Complete the following reactions :

AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3

30. Explain the hydroformylation reaction of olefins.

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Long Answer Type Questions :

2 [Na CaP O ]2 + 2Na+

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

33. Distinguish between

Hard water and soft water

Temporary hard water and permanent hard water

(i) It does not form lather with soap.

(i) It readily forms lather with soap.

(iii) Distilled water, demineralised water.

Temporary hard water

Permanent hard water

(iii) Also known as non-carbonate hardness.

34. Discuss synthetic resins method employed to remove hardness of water.

(Cation exchange resin)

(From hard water)

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Discuss the bleaching action of H2O2

Write important uses of H2O2

(a) Gas phase

(b) Solid phase

It acts as a bleaching agent for bleaching fine and delicate materials.

In what way are isotopes similar and dissimilar?

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Difference from Alkali Metals

38. Explain the following

Why cannot water extinguish petrol fire?

Write uses of heavy water.

Heavy water is D2O. It has some important uses as

(ii) It is used as a tracer compound to study the reaction mechanism reactions.

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

39. What is temporary hardness of water? How it is removed?

40. What are saline hydrides? List some of their properties.

4. These hydrides react violently with water producing dihydrogen gas.

Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

2H2O(l) + 2e H2(g) + 2OH(aq)

2Cl(aq) + 2H2O(l) Cl2(g) + H2(g) + 2OH(aq)