ME2114 - 2 Combined

B e n di n g & T o r s i o n
by

Lin Shaodun
Student ID:
A0066078X Sub
Group: Lab 2B

th

Date: 5
2010

Feb

T AB L E O F CO N TE N TS

O B J ECTI VES

I NTRO D UC TI O N

EXP ERI M E NTA L P R O CEDU RES

S AM P LE C ALC UL AT I O NS

RES ULT S ( TAB L ES & GR AP H S )

DI S C US S I O N

CO NCL US I O N

11

13

Bending

Torsion

Combined
Stress

O BJEC TI V ES

A) To familiarize the operation of lab equipments including Manual Hounsfield

Tensometer and SB10 Strain Gauge Switch and Balance unit.
B) To analyze stresses at surface of shaft subjected to combined bending and
twisting using strain gauge technique.
C) To compare experimental results with theoretical results.
I NTRO DU C TI O N

Shaft subjected to both bending and twisting are frequently encountered in

engineering applications. By apply Saint Venants principle and the principle of
superposition, the stress at the surface of the shaft may be analyzed.
The main purpose of the experiment is to analyze this kind of problems using the
strain gauge technique and to compare the experimental results with theoretical
result.
As the strain gauge technique enables only the determination of state of strain at
certain point, Hookes law equations are used to calculate the stress components. In
this experiment, the elastic constants of the test material are firstly determined.
Saint-Venant's principle, named after the French elasticity theorist
Jean Claude Barrde Saint-Venant can be stated as follow:
"The stresses due to two statically equivalent loadings applied over a
small area are significantly different only in the vicinity of the area on
which the loadings are applied; and at distances which are large in
comparison with the linear dimensions of the area on which the
loadings are applied, the effects due to these two loading area are the
same."

Superposition principle, states that, for all linear systems, the net
response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the
sum of the responses which would have been caused by each stimulus
individually. So that if input A produces response X and input B
produces response Y then input (A + B) produces response (X + Y).
In mechanical engineering, superposition is used to solve for beam and
structure deflections of combined loads when the effects are linear (i.e.,
each load does not affect the results of the other loads, and the effect of
each load does not significantly alter the geometry of the structural
system)

EXP ERI MEN T AL P R O CEDU RE S

A. DET ERM INAT ION OF ELAS T IC C ONS T A NT S .

1) Measure the diameter of the tensile test specimen with a venire caliper.
2) Turn the Tensometer hand wheel in clock-wise direction until the specimen
is firmly supported by two grips (no free play). Do not apply extra tensile
load on the specimen, this is to ensure the whole measurement process is
performed within material elastic range. (Figure 1)
Grips

Specimen

Figure 1

3) Adjust the knob and set the mercury tube to zero position. (Figure 2)

Zeroing Knob

Figure 2

Grips

4) Connect strain gauge terminal wires to SB10 Switch and Balance unit
Channel 10 using a quarter bridge configuration, Red wire to P+ terminal ,
White wire to S- terminal, Black wire to D terminal ( Yellow) (Figure 3)

Figure 3

5) Adjust the Channel 10 VR until the Strain Indicator display value is zero,
(Figure 5) apply load to specimen by gradually turning the hand wheel. The
load applied can be read from the mercury tube. Record down the strain
value for every 0.2KN tensile load applied until the final load reaches
1.2KN.

Figure 5

6) Repeat above test for both longitudinal and transverse strains (Figure 4) in
order to evaluate the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio.
Longitudinal
Strain Gauge

Transverse
Strain Gauge

Figure 4

B. COM B INE D BEN D IN G A ND T ORS IO N T ES T

1) Measure the shaft diameter d and dimension a and b with a venire caliper.()
2) Connect strain gauge terminal wires to SB10 Switch and Balance unit

Figure 6

Channel 10 using a quarter bridge configuration, Red wire to P+ terminal ,

White wire to S- terminal, Black wire to D terminal ( Yellow) ()
3) Adjust the Channel 10 VR until the Strain Indicator display value is zero (),
Apply weight at the end of shaft b, record down the strain value for every
0.5kg load applied until the final load reaches 3.0kg.
4) Repeat above test for all four channels, and record strain value 1 ~ 4 under
varies loads.
5) Using a full bridge configuration in a manner illustrated in (Figure 7), record
the strain-meter reading for each load applied.
1

P+

S- S+
3

P+

3
S- S+

P-

= 1 + 4 2 + 3

P-

+ 2 3 + 4
Connection for

Strain
Gauge No.
1+2
3+4
2+4
1+3

Gauge Wire
Color
Red & Red
Red & Red
White & White
Black & Black

Figure 7

Terminal
P+
PS+
S-

Connection for
Strain
Gauge No.
1+3
2+4
2+3
1+4

Gauge Wire
Color
Red & Red
Red & Red
White & White
Black & Black

Termi nal
P+
PS+
S-

S AM PL E C AL CU L AT I O NS
A. COM P A R ING EX P ER I M ENT AL S T RES S E S W IT H T HE
ORET ICA L S T RES S ( F R OM QU A RT ER BR ID GE REA D I NG,
P = 0 . 5 K G)

= 1 + 4
3 + 4

2 + 3

= 1 + 2

= 72 106

= 26 106

The experimental bending stress is calculated using the following formula:

1
69.5 109 23 13
=
106
4
1

1
0.3489

= .

The experimental shear stress is calculated using the following formula:

9
1 2 = 69.5 10

2 1+
+ 10 10
=

2(1 0.3489)

236 = .

The theoretical bending stress is calculated using the following formula:

=

32
32 0.1 0.5 9.8
=
3

3.1416 14.91 103

= .

The theoretical shear stress is calculated using the following formula:

=

16
16 0.15 0.5 9.8
=
3

3.1416 14.91 103

= .

B. COM P A R ING EX P ER I M ENT AL S T RES S E S W IT H T HE

ORET ICA L S T RES S ( F R OM QU A RT ER BR ID GE REA D I NG,
P = 3 . 0 K G)

= 1 + 4
+ 4

2 + 3

= 419 106

= 1 + 2

= 143 106

The experimental bending stress is calculated using the following formula:

= 1 4

= 69.5 109 134 75 106

1 0.3489 =

The experimental shear stress is calculated using the following formula:

6

 = 1 2

2 1 + = 69.5 109 134 + 63 106 2(1 0.3489) = .

The theoretical bending stress is calculated using the following formula:

= 32
3 = 32 0.1 3 9.8

3.1416 14.91 103 3 = .

The theoretical shear stress is calculated using the following formula:

= 16
3 = 16 0.15 3 9.8

14.91 103 3 = .

3.1416

RES UL TS (T AB L ES & G R APH S)

A. DET ERM INAT ION OF ELA S T IC C ONS T A NT S

Diameter of Tensile Test Piece (mm)

D1

D2

Daverage

9.40

9.42

9.41

Cross Sectional Area (mm2)

69.5455

Table : 1
Load P ( kN )

Longitudinal Strain
Direct Stress ( MPa )

0.2

42
85

2.88

Transverse Strain

-13
-28

0.4

5.75

0.6

8.63

125

-43

0.8

11.50

168

-58

1.0

14.38

206

-71

1.2

17.25

249

-86

B. COM B INE D BEN D IN G A ND T ORS IO N T ES T

Table : 2
Load P ( kg )

Strain (10-6 ) [ Quarter Bridge Configuration ]

0.0

0.5

23

-10

-26

13

1.0

45

-22

-51

25

1.5

67

-31

-73

38

2.0

88

-43

-99

49

2.5

112

-52

-122

62

3.0

134

-63

-147

75

Table : 3
Load P ( kg )

Strain (10-6 )
[ Quarter Bridge Configuration ]

S
t
r
a
i
n
(
1
0
6

)
[ Full
Bridge
Configura
tion ]

0.0

0.5

72

26

70

24

1.0

143

49

139

47

1.5

209

71

206

70

2.0

279

95

275

93

2.5

348

120

342

117

3.0

419

143

408

142

= 1 + 4 2 + 3

= 1 + 2 3 + 4

Diameter of Shaft (mm)

D1

D2
14.92

Table : 4

Daverage
14.90

14.91

0.15m

0.10m

Bending Stress ( MPa )

Theoretical
Experimental

Shear Stress ( MPa )

Theoretical
Experimental

0.5

1.506

1.067

1.129

0.850

1.0

3.012

2.135

2.259

1.726

1.5

4.517

3.096

3.388

2.525

2.0

6.023

4.163

4.517

3.375

2.5

7.529

5.337

5.647

4.225

3.0

6.367

6.298

6.776

5.075

Load P ( kg ) 0.0

C. GRA P HS

Youngs Modulus:
69.5Gpa

Poissons Ratio:
0.3489

Theoretical Stress
result is 43% higher
than Experimental
Stress result

Theoretical Stress
result is 34% higher
than Experimental
Stress result

Quarter bridge
result matches Full
bridge result

Quarter bridge
result matches Full
bridge result

10

DI SCU SSI O N

1) Compare the theoretical stresses with the experimental values. Discuss

possible reasons for the deviations (if any) in the results obtained.
The theoretical stress result is 34% ~ 43% higher than experimental stress
result according to Graph 3 and 4, but these two data sets has very good
correlation. (Figure 8)

Figure 8

It seems the measure equipment has good linearity but there is an offset from
strain gauges. Same equipment set (SB-10 Switch and Balance Unit, Strain
Indicator) was used for measurement of Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
during Determination of Elastic Constants test and the result matches with
actual data very well. Graph 5 and 6 also indicates that the Quarter bridge
result does not deviate from Full bridge result significantly.
In order to double confirm the theoretical calculation result, a FEA model
has been constructed using SolidWorks Simulation, materials properties are
defined using the result of Determination of Elastic Constants test. (Figure 9)

Figure 9

11

Above graphs shows, FEA result match with theoretical calculation very well,
deviation is less than 5% for both bending and shear stress. So the possible
reason of deviation between experimental and theoretical result could be the
strain gauge output drift, hence the strain measurement result needs to be
/

compensated by a new Gauge Factor ( =

).

2) From the results of step (b5), deduce the type of stain the stain-meter reading
represent.
is the axial strain from combined bending and torsion, is the
lateral
can be strain from combined bending and torsion . Hence Poissons ratio
obtained by this equation: = /
3) Apart from the uniaxial tension method used in the experiment, how can the
elastic constant be determined?
Ultrasonic method can be used to determine the elastic constant:

=12
2
=
1+
2

2 2

CS --- Speed of sound wave in longitudinal direction

CL --- speed of sound wave in shear direction
A commercial equipment of using this technique can be found in this
webpage:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/applications-and-solutions/ndttheory/elastic-modulus-measurement/

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4) Instead of stress Equations (3) and (8) for strain, develop alternative
equations to enable the determination of strains from the four gauges
readings.

, = , =

= = +

,
=

5) Develop stress equations for combined bending and twisting of hollow shafts
with K as the ratio of inside to outside diameter.

 =
.
6) In certain installation shafts may be subjected to an axial load F in addition to
tensional and bending load , Would the strain gauge arrangement for this
experiment be acceptable the determination of stress? Give reasons for you
answer, for simplicity, as solid shaft may be considered.
According to Superposition principle, for all linear systems, the net
response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the sum
of the responses which would have been caused by each stimulus
individually, that means the axial stress can be measured by strain gauge .
Since in this experiment, the strain gauges were installed in 45direction,
the strain value need to times sin45 as the resultant strain in
axial direction.

CO NCL USI O N

Although there is big deviation between experimental and theoretical result, the
experiment of combined bending and torsion help me better understand the strain
gauge technique as well the transformation equation of strains.

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