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EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28
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Presentationontheme:"EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationon
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GasFiredSteamBoiler
WaterTubeSteamBoiler
BoilerPlantEfficiency
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Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August
2012
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Presentation"EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012."
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012ContentsBHELSteam
Generators Emerging Market Requirements Trends in Cycle parameters Supercritical Boilers Major Systems Startup
SystemPressurepartArrangementFiringSystemHighTemperatureMaterialsUltraSupercriticalBoilersAdvancedUltra
SupercriticalBoilers
Slide3
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012BHELUtilityUnitsA
Summary62%TotalInstalledCapacityofIndiaisContributedbyBHELUtilitySets
Slide4
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012
UnitContractedCommissioned VU 404645 VU 40 S15 VU 603819 MU33 VP2316 V2RV2R17 HRSG177121 AFBC7259
CFBC2810Others28Total447333BHELIndustrialUnitsASummary
Slide5
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 BHEL is currently
adoptingAdvancedSteamCyclestoImprovetheEnvironmental&EconomicPerformanceofIndiasPowerGeneration
Slide6
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Reference List of
SupercriticalBoilersNTPC/BARH2x660MWAPPDCL/Krishnapatnam2x800MWPPGCL/BARA3x660MWRPCL/
Yermaras2x800MWRPCL/Edlapur1x800MWKPCL/Bellary1x700MWLPGCL/LalithpurBHL3x660MWDB
Power/Singrauli2x660MWNTPC/MoudaSt.II2x660MW18BoilersContracted
Slide7
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Emerging Market
RequirementsForThermalPowerGeneration
differingmodesofoperation
HighReliability&Availability
HighestPlantefficiency
Suitableforvaryingfuelquality MinimumemissionofPollutants
Suitablefor
Lowestcost
Slide8
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012HigherPlantefficiency
forConservationoffuelresourcesReductionofAtmosphericPollutantsCO2,SOX&NOX
Slide9
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Measures to improve
Plant Efficiency Cycle Parameters : Higher steam parameters with Once Thro Boilers Boiler side measures : Highest
Boiler Efficiency Minimum RH spray Minimum SH spray (if tapped off before feed heaters) Reduced auxiliary power
consumption
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EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012IncreaseofPlantCycle
EfficiencyduetoSteamParameters
Slide11
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 500 MW Steam
GeneratorCoalConsumptionandEmissions
Slide12
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Current Trends in
SteamParameters1980s:Pressureincreasedfrom175180barto225barTemperaturemostlyaround540C1990:
Pressuresraisedto285barTemperatureraisedto565580600C300bar&620Cnotunusualtoday255bar&
568/596Ccommonlyusedpresently
Slide13
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Coal will continue to
havemaximumsharetowardsinstalledcapacityforelectricityatleastupto2050CLEANCOALTECHNOLOGYMinimise
CO2emissionsandenvironmentalimpactExtendlifeofcoalreservesApproach:DeveloptechnologyforSC,USC&
AdvUSCpowerplants
Slide14
14 #The improvements are with respect to the best units under construction in India Extension of coal reserves by
11%CompetitiveinelectricitycostondeploymentEfficiencyandCO2EmissionPlanttypewithpowerratingSteam
Pressure (kg/cm 2 ) Steam Temperature (
17054035900 # Super Critical 24756540830 Ultra Super Critical 25060042784 Advanced Ultra Super Critical
30070045740
Slide15
Enhancing Capacity EmpoweringNation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012Trend in unit sizes&
CycleparametersUnitSizeSHOPressure(kg/cm2(a))SHO/RHOTemperature(Deg.C)YearofIntroduction60/70
MW965401965110/120MW139540/5401966200/210MW137/156540/5401972250MW156540/5401991500MW
179540/540540/56819791985660MW256568/5962008800MW256568/5962008
Slide16
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012Typeofboilers
typeforsubcriticalparameters
Drum
Oncethroughtypeforsub/superCriticalParameters
Slide17
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Drum type boiler
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Steam water
Separatedwatermixedwithincomingfeedwater
Slide18
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012TypesofCirculation
Slide19
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Drum type boiler
NaturalCirculationBoiler
Circulationthruwaterwallsbythermosiphoneffect
ControlledCirculationBoiler
At
higheroperatingpressuresjustbelowcriticalpressurelevels,thermosiphoneffectsupplementedbypumps
Slide20
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Natural
CirculationControlledCirculation
Slide21
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Pressure range Sub
critical:Below221barSupercritical:221barandaboveWhatisSupercriticalpressure?
Slide22
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
Slide23
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Supercritical Boilers
Supercriticalpressureboilerhasnodrumandheatabsorbingsurfacebeing,ineffect,onecontinuoustube,inwhich
the water & steam generated in the furnace water walls passes through only once hence called Once through
Supercritical pressure boilers The water in boiler is pressurized by Boiler Feed Pump, sensible heat is added in feed
heaters,economizerandfurnacetubes,untilwaterattainssaturationtemperatureandflashesinstantaneouslytodry
saturatedsteamandsuperheatingcommences.
Slide24
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012TheConceptThemass
flow rate thru all heat transfer circuits from Eco. inlet to SH outlet is kept same except at low loads wherein
recirculationisresortedtoprotectthewaterwallsystem
Slide25
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
Increasedmassflow
throughspiralwaterwalltubing,orimprovedheattransferthroughrifledverticalwalltubing.
Nofixedevaporator
end point
No thick wall components Features Once Through Boiler Flow Diagram Evaporator Water separator
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FeedwaterEconomizerFWPumpLivesteamSuperheater
Slide26
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Supercritical Boilers
MajorSystems
Slide27
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012GeneralArrangementof
SteamGeneratorElevation
Slide28
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012GeneralArrangementof
SteamGeneratorPlan
Slide29
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once through
Supercritical Boilers Major differences from Drum type boiler : Evaporator system Low load Recirculation system
Separator
Slide30
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Circulation Systems
DrumTypeOncethrough
Slide31
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once through
OperatingRange
Slide32
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once thru Boiler
Requirements : Stringent water quality Different control system compared to drum type Low load circulation system
SpecialdesigntosupportthespiralfurnacewallweightHighpressuredropinpressurepartsHigherdesignpressure
forcomponentsfromfeedpumptoseparator
Slide33
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Features of Once
ThroughSteamGeneratorToensureadequatemassflowratesthroughwaterwall,spirallywoundwaterwalltubesare
used.Startupandlowloadsystemupto3040%BMCRrequired.Feedwaterqualityrequirementsareverystringent.
Canbedesignedforbothsubcriticalandsupercriticalpressures.Ideallysuitedforslidingpressureoperationdueto
theabsenceofthickwalledcomponents.
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Slide34
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once thru Boiler
Evaporatorsystem:FormedbyanumberofparalleltubesTubesspirallywoundaroundthefurnacetoreducenumber
of tubes and to increase the mass flow rate thru the tubes Small tube diameter Arrangement ensures high mass
velocitythruthetubes
Slide35
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
tubeswithpitch.
Increasedmassflow.
Reducednumberof
Massflowratecanbeselectedbynumberoftubes.FeaturesSpiralTube
Arrangement
Slide36
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once thru Boiler
FurnaceWall
Slide37
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Spiral Water wall
TubingLateralHeatFluxProfile
Slide38
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Sliding Pressure
SupercriticalDesignSpiralWallWindbox
Slide39
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012SPIRALWALLSUPPORT
SupportFingersSpiraltoVerticalTransitionAreaLoadTransferSlidingPressureSupercriticalDesign
Slide40
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012FurnaceWallDesigns
SpiralWallConfigurationVerticalWallConfiguration
Slide41
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012SupercriticalBoilerwith
VerticalwallUnitMwe:750Max.ContinuousRating:2522t/hSHOutletPress:262barSHOutletTemp:568CRH
OutletTemp:596CFuel:Subbituminous
Slide42
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 SCREEN TUBES
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SMOOTH TUBING FRONT WALL RIFLED TUBING SMOOTH TUBING FROM THIS ELEVATION ALL WALLS SIDE WALL
RIFLEDTUBINGREARWALLRIFLEDTUBINGARCHRIFLEDTUBINGHANGERTUBESSMOOTHTUBINGFRONTWALL
RIFLEDTUBINGSIDEWALLRIFLEDTUBINGVerticalWallSlidingPressureSupercriticalDesign
Slide43
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012VerticalFurnaceWall
DesignVerticaltubefurnacewallswillprovidealltheoperationalbenefitsofthecurrentlypopularspiraldesignwhile
significantlyreducingthecostandconstructiontimeforthefurnaceandprovidingsomereductioninpressuredrop.
Slide44
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012VerticalWallDesign
Advantages The tubes are self supporting. Transition headers at spiral/vertical interface are avoided. Ash hopper
tubinggeometrysimplifiedCornersareeasiertoformReducedpressuredrop,auxiliarypower
Slide45
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012SpiralVs.VerticalWall
Comparison Spiral Furnace System Applicable for all size units Benefits from averaging of lateral heat absorption
variation(eachtubeformsapartofeachfurnacewall)SimplifiedinletheaderarrangementLargenumberofoperating
units Use of smooth bore tubing throughout entire furnace wall system One material utilized throughout entire
waterwall system No individual tube orifices Less maintenance & pluggage potential Vertical Furnace Wall System
Limited to larger capacity units. Less complicated windbox openings Traditional furnace water wall support system
Elimination of intermediate furnace wall transition header Less welding in the lower furnace wall system Easier to
identifyandrepairtubesleaksLowerwaterwallsystempressuredroptherebyreducingrequiredfeedpumppower
Slide46
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012VerticalWallWindbox
StraightTubesOnlyaFewBendsattheTopandBottom
Slide47
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Supercritical Boilers
StartupandLowloadrecirculationSystems
Slide48
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012Lowloadsystemwith
circulatingpump
Slide49
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Once thru Boiler
Separator : Separates steam and water during the circulating mode operation Runs dry during oncethru flow mode
Smallerinsizecomparedtodruminadrumtypeboiler
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Slide50
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012StartupSystem
Slide51
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Overview of Firing
SystemsCloseCoupledOverfireAirCloseCoupledOverfireAirCFSAirNozzleTipsFlameAttachmentCoalNozzleTip
Flame Attachment Coal Nozzle Tip NOx < 0.18 0.30 kg/Mkcal* Furnace Diagonal Furnace Diagonal Separated
OverfireAirHPPulverizerwithDynamicClassifierHPPulverizerwithDynamicClassifier*NOxatfurnaceoutlet
Slide52
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012WindBoxarrangement
Slide53
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012UpperSOFAonWalls
LowerSOFAinCornersTilt+/30oYaw+/20oPlanViewforSOFAarrangement
Slide54
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Materials in 660 MW
(Typical)
Slide55
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012Pressurepart660MW
OTSC(Supercritical)500MW(Subcritical)DrumNotapplicableSA299(CarbonSteel)VerticalSeparatorSA335P91Not
applicableWaterWallsSA213T22SA210GrCEconomiserSA210GrCSa210GrCSHT91,TP347HT11/T22/T91/TP
347HRHT12/T23/T91/TP347H/Super304HT22,T91,TP347HMaterialComparison
Slide56
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Boiler Parameters
DescriptionUnit660MW(Supercritical)500MW(Subcritical)BoilerParametersBMCRSHsteamflowt/h21201625SHO
pressurekg/cm2(a)256179SHO/RHOtemp.oCoC568/596540/540Feedwatertemp.oCoC294254
Slide57
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Description
(Source/Type) UnitDesign CoalWorst CoalBest Coal Proximate Analysis Fixed Carbon%26.0023.0032.00 Volatile
matter%19.0018.0022.00 Moisture%15.0017.0012.00 Ash%40.0042.0034.00 Total%100 HHVkcal/kg330028004000
Ultimate Analysis Carbon%31.3728.9340.08 Hydrogen%3.402.403.50 Sulphur%0.400.50.36 Nitrogen%1.51.451.78
Oxygen(difference)%7.757.268.03
Moisture%15.017.012.0
Ash%40.042.034.0
Carbonates
Phosphorous%0.580.460.25HardGroveIndex555060FuelAnalysisCoal
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EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012GeneralArrangementof
SteamGeneratorPlan
Slide59
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 ULTRA SUPER
CRITICALTECHNOLOGY&ADVANCEDULTRASUPERCRITICALTECHNOLOGY
Slide60
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012TheBasicHeatCycle
Subcritical units: Main steam pressure < 221. 1 bar Supercritical units: Main steam pressure > 221. 1 bar Ultra
supercriticalunits:HighersteampressureandtemperaturethansupercriticalunitsJapan:Mainsteampressure>242
Bar, or Steam temperature >593 Demark: Main steam pressure >275 Bar China: Main steam pressure >270 Bar
USA(EPRI):Mainsteamtemperature>593
Slide61
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012SupercriticalPlantwith
steampressureexceeding225kg/cm2issaidSupercriticalUltraSuperCriticalSupercriticalplantwithmainsteam
temperature
600
CissaidUltraSuperCriticalAdvancedUltraSuperCriticalSupercriticalplantwithmainsteam
temperature
700
CisAdvancedUltraSuperCriticalSTEAMPARAMETERS
Slide62
Enhancing Capacity Empowering Nation Presentation on Supercritical Boilers 28 August 2012 Evolution of Steam
PowerStationsEfficiencyWorldwide
Slide63
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
Slide64
64 ADVANCED USC TECHNOLOGY 28 August 2012 EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE AND ADVANCEMENT FOR ADVANCED
USC Pulverised Fuelimportance in World Power Generation Background of Development Of USC Plant with Steam
Temperaturearound6000CImmediatePossibilityofgoingto6500C&7000CwithNickelAlloyBestStrategyfor
reductionofCO2Emission
Slide65
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
Slide66
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66ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012AD700TECHNOLOGYUSCsteamparameters7000Cand350bar
ThiscanbeachievedonlybyusingNickelbasedalloysInJuly2005:COMTES700testingmostimportantcomponents
startedoperationinpowerplantScholveninGelchenkirchenCompletedin2009.Duringoperationphase,valuable
operational experience and processing technical knowledge were gained Welding of thick walled materials must be
improvedMoretestneededforimprovedweldingtechniquesfor617orAlloy740orNimonic263
Slide67
67ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012Japaneseprogramme2007&2008(findingoutandstabilisingthe
structure parameters affecting creep strength and degradation for accurately estimating 1,00,000 hr creep strength)
NewalloysFundamentalstudiesoncreepstrengthdegradationassessmentneededtoensurelongtermsafeuse.(FS
>6500CAS>7000CNi>7500C)FS>100MPa@6500Cbeyond30000hrswithoutanytypeIVdegradationAS
>generated by means of inter metallic compound precipitation strength grain boundary, strongest creep. R&D
PROGRAMFORAUSCMATERIALDEVELOPMENTWITHCREEPSTRENGTH/DEGRADATIONASSESMENTSTUDIES
Slide68
68ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012USCPOWERPLANTDEVELOPMENTINJAPAN
Slide69
69ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012METI/NEDOMATERIALR&DPROGRAM
Slide70
70ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012Chinafirstestablishedusewithparameters6000C/25MPain2006
TP347FGH & Super304H
GH984, Nimonic 80A NiCrCo Inconel 740 studied with Special Metal Corp. USA for
steamtemperatureof7000CSTRUCTURALSTABILITYSTUDYONUSEPOWERPLANTADVANCEHEATRESISTANCE
STEELSANDALLOYSINCHINA
Slide71
71ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012AcosteffectiveCO2emissionreductionoptionEngineeringdesign
study(EPRI)CostandperformanceofUSCwithconventionalcoalpowerplantsSlightlymoreexpensiveCostofavoided
CO2emissionwaslessthan$25permetrictonofCO2captureandstorageECONOMICANALYSIS(EPRI)
Slide72
72ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012STEAMSIDEOXIDATIONFIRESIDECORROSIONCREEPSTRENTH
MATERIALSELECTION
Slide73
73ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012GKMTESTRIG
Slide74
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74ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012GKMTESTRIG
Slide75
75ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012Strengtheninganddegradationoflongtermcreeppropertiesand
therelevantmicrostructuralevolutioninadvancehighCrFerriticsteelsandAusteniticsteelsathightemperatureGKM
TESTRIGInvestigationofthelongtermoperationbehaviourtubesandforgingsmadeofalloysforfuturehighnuclear
power plants Qualification of key materials for 700C fossil fuel power plant Demonstration of material performance
withspecialconsiderationofoxidationandcorrosionbehaviourCreepdamagedevelopmentEarlydetectionofdamage
innewmaterialinconnectionwithadvancecalculationtoolsforcomponentsADVANCESINMATERIALTECHNOLOGY
Slide76
76 ADVANCED USC TECHNOLOGY 28 August 2012 ADVANCE CONCEPT FOR MAINTANENCE AND REPAIR FOR
COMPONENTSMADEOFNEWMATERIALSSHTestTrackCreepTestTrack(upto630CAustenitesteel&upto725C
Nibasedalloys)MonitoringdevicesforevolutionofongoingdamageADVANCESINMATERIALTECHNOLOGY
Slide77
77ADVANCEDUSCTECHNOLOGY28August2012BYSPECIALMETALSCORPORATIONDevelopedforoperatingwith
700C steam temperature and higher pressure. EUROPEAN TARGET Stress rupture requirement of 1,00,000 Hrs
rupture life at 750C and 100 MPa stress. Metal loss of less than 2 mm in 2,00,000 hrs of Superheater service.
DISADVANTAGE OF INCONEL ALLOY 740 Thick section fabrication posed weldability challenges. Grain boundary
microfissuringoccurredintheheataffectedzone(HAZ)ofthebasemetal.OPTIMIZATIONOFINCONELALLOY740
Slide78
7828August2012AdvancedUSCPresentationBHELDevelopment,Design&ManufactureofPowerCycleEquipment,
System Engineering, Test Facility and Evaluation NTPC Detailed Project Report Project Management Operation and
Maintenance Testing of Real Life Components in an existing plant IGCAR Advanced Design Analysis Materials
Development Manufacturing Technology Testing and Evaluation 800 MWe Advanced Ultra Super Critical Power Plant
MoU&SynergyRobustRoadmapforSuccessofMission
Slide79
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012Gearinguptointroduce
AdvancedUltrasupercriticalboilers(AUSC)AUSCBoilers(300ata,700
C/700
C)willbedevelopedbasedon
OTSCtechnologyTestFacility(400bar,700Deg.C)installedandtestsareontocollectcriticaldesigndataBHELis
one among the Five MNCs to have this facility Member of the National Technology Mission program to install AUSC
plantby2017AdvancedUltraSuperCriticalPlants
Slide80
EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012SUMMARYOTSCplants
offer better cycle efficiency Proven technologies leading to lower GHG emissions and lesser fuel burnt BHEL has the
technologyforoffering660/700/800MWsupercriticalunits
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EnhancingCapacityEmpoweringNationPresentationonSupercriticalBoilers28August2012
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Dr.V.K.SETHIProf.&HeadRGPVBhopalCLEANCOALTECHNOLOGIESFORSUSTAINABLEPOWERDEVELOPMENT.
1.2EnhancedOilRecoveryInprimaryproduction,noextraneousenergyisaddedtothereservoirotherthanthatrequired
forliftingfluidsfromthe.
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