Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TERM PAPER
ON
E.COM
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
(LOVELY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
shape.
HARDEEP KAUR
(10808495)
ANIL
KUMAR (10811617)
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• objective
• Goals
• Features
• Overview
• Overall Description
Goals of Proposed System
Background
Highlights of overall project
History of land records
Components
Committees
• Recommendations
• Bibliography
Introduction
Bhoomi (meaning land) is the project of on-line delivery and management of land
records in Karnataka. It provides transparency in land records management with better
citizen services and takes discretion away from civil servants at operating levels. The
Revenue Department in Karnataka, with the technical assistance from National Informatics
Centre (NIC), Bangalore, has built and operationalised the BHOOMI system throughout
the state. The BHOOMI has computerized 20 million records of land ownership of 6.7
million farmers in the state.
BHOOMI has reduced the discretion of public officials by introducing provisions for
recording a mutation request online. Farmers can now access the database and are
empowered to follow up. In the BHOOMI project, a printed copy of the RTC can be
obtained online by providing the name of the owner or plot number at computerized land
record kiosks in 177 taluk offices, for a fee of Rs.15. A second computer screen faces the
clients to enable them to see the transaction being performed. A farmer can check the
status of a mutation application on Touch Screen Kiosks. If the revenue inspector does not
complete the mutation within 45 days, a farmer can now approach a senior officer person
with their grievance .
Operators of the computerized system are made accountable for their decisions and actions
by using a bio-login system that authenticates every Login through a thumbprint. A log is
maintained of all transactions in a session.
The new system has brought about a sea change in the way land records are maintained
and administered in the state. The system has not only simplified the process of record
keeping but has also provided many collateral benefits. This governance model has proven
to be financially self-sustainable. It has become a trendsetter for e-Governance projects in
the state as well as other parts of the country.
In the next phase of BHOOMI, the ‘LAND RECORDS ON WEB’ has be established
wherein, all the taluk databases are getting uploaded to a web-enabled central database so
as to allow the private agencies to set up the village – level kiosk to download the land
records documents at the village and issue to the farmers. In this Private Public
Participation (PPP) model, all the stakeholders will be benefited in land records delivery.
Under this prestigious Bhoomi E-Governance project of the Government all 20 million
land records of 6.7 million land owners in 176 taluks of Karnataka have been
computerised. This system works with the software called "BHOOMI" designed fully in-
house by National Informatics Center, Bangalore. While the project is largely funded by
Government of India; some critical components of this project are funded by State
Government.
To create and to construct databases of land revenue, cropping pattern, land use,
etc.
It incorporates the state of the art bio-logon metrics system from Compaq, which
authenticates various users on the Bhoomi software on the basis of fingerprints. This
ensures that no body can hack the system by imitating other users. The replacement of
password security system by fingerprint authentication system would go a long way to
ensure that database are free from any hacking and that the non-repudiation system is in
place. This software also has the provision of scanning of original mutation orders of the
revenue inspector (who is the authorised person to pass orders in the mutations in the field)
and notices served on interested parties. Both documents are scanned to ensure that not
only responsibility can be fixed on Officials by showing the original documents signed by
them but also to ensure that the intestered particies do not claim in the court that they were
not served with the notice before effecting the mutation.
The software enables the administrators to generate various reports based on type of soil,
land holding size, type of crops grown etc. This information would enable administrators to take
informed policy decision.
• This software provides for printing of land records as and when required.
• It incorporates process of online updation to ensure that the RTCs provided to the
farmers is in sync with the time.
• All the mutations to the land records database are done on the computer itself so as
to ensure that data on computer remain current with time.
• It incorporates the state of the art bio-logon metrics system from Compaq, which
authenticates various users on the Bhoomi software on the basis of
fingerprints.This ensures that no body can hack the system by imitating other users.
• This software also has the provision of scanning of original mutation orders of the
revenue inspector (who is the authorised person to pass orders in the mutations in
the field) and notices served on interested parties. Both documents are scanned to
ensure that not only responsibility can be fixed on Officials by showing the original
documents signed by them but also to ensure that the intestered particies do not
claim in the court that they were not served with the notice before effecting the
mutation.
• The software enables the administrators to generate various reports based on type
of soil, land holding size, type of crops grown etc. This information would enable
administrators to take informed policy decision.
Background
Sixty-six percent of the population of Karnataka resides in rural areas where the main
occupation is agriculture. About 6.7 million farmers own 20 million land holdings. The
crucial document which records various parameters and information pertaining to land-
holding is the Record of Right Tenancy and Cultivation (RTC). Earlier in the manual
system, these records were maintained by 9,000 Village Accountants (VAs or village
revenue officials) who served farmers in about 27,000 villages. The RTC is required for
land transactions, to obtain crop loans, other loans and concessions linked to the size of the
land holding. The manual system of maintaining RTCs was exploitative as the VAs were
not easily available and bribes were often extracted. Since the records were not open for
public scrutiny, there was considerable scope for manipulation. The land records are the
most important testimony of rights to land owners in the huge agro-economy of India. VAs
held a monopoly on all revenue records and were frequently involved in harassing citizens,
tampering with the records and other corrupt practices. The Ministry of Rural
Development has been providing funds to state governments for computerization of land
records since 1988-89. In Karnataka, data entry work started in 1995, but up to 1999 there
were few concrete benefits. In 1999-2000, modifications were made in the software and all
the databases were updated when the Bhoomi project was launched.
Highlights of Bhoomi
The above features would help in bringing total transparency in land records
administration with added advantage of security and reliability
Committees
Government has constituted the fallowing two committees for implementation of
Computerisation of Land Records in the State.
This committee will looks into improvement required in the Bhoomi Software. To know
the member in the committee.
This committee will review the Progress of the Project in Karnataka and decide about its
expansion & broadbanding. To know the member in the committee.
Components of Bhoomi
The scheme includes the following Components.
Land Records kiosk from where the farmers can collect the copy
of their record by paying Rs.15. They can also lodge request for
mutation to their land records . the Kiosk is fully funded by State
Government.
Touch Screen Kiosk where farmers can see their land related
information without anybody’s intervention or help.
Benifits of Bhoomi
Farmers
Farmers can quickly get their land records from Kiosks and are
protected from harassment and extortion. As against time delay of
3 to 30 days they now get their records in less than 2 minutes. No
overhead cost is to be incurred. No application is required to be
submitted at the kiosk. The records are authentic and legible. Use
of biometrics authentication system for updation of records have
freed farmers from the worry of probable manipulation of their
records by some times some unscrupulous officials.
Farmers can also get the official status report of their request for
mutation which would let them know the stage at which their
request is pending. This status report would help them in
enforcing their right of getting the record mutated in the
prescribed time.
Administrators
Judicial Administration
Financial Institutions
Online connectivity to financial institutions would help banks in
planning for their farm credit related activities. In manual system
they worked on 2 years old data or just guessed the farm sector
requirement
Private Sector
The manual system of land records maintenance was highly opaque. 200 lakh records were
maintained by over 9000 Village Accountants. The sub district office did not have any
updated copy of such records. Thus a situation of virtual monopoly of Village Accountants
over these records was prevailing for many years. Records were not open to public scrutiny
and were updated many a times only on various considerations.
Prone to manipulations
Manual record administration was prone to manipulation. There have been large instances
of Government land being shown in the name of private parties. In fact, in Bangalore
division alone 25 billion worth of Government land had been manipulated and shown in
the name of private influential persons. Opaque manual system facilitates such
manipulation very easily by unscrupulous officials.
Many a times farmers faced harassment and extortion for not only provision of land
records to them by the village officials but also for processing requests for change in land
title.
On many occasions such delay was unintentional. Even if a Village Accountant was
willing to give such records in time, he was not available when farmers wanted him most
as he was manning more than 4-5 villages. Therefore, there was no certainty about timely
availability of such records when a farmer required them.
The process of mutation (change in land title) was very cumbersome. Applications were
being given to village officials who virtually enjoyed discretion of either processing them
or not. As records were maintained in decentralised manner, there was no reporting
mechanism available at sub district level about the pendency of such applications with
Village Accountants. Lack of any monitoring mechanism in manual system made farmers
amenable to all pressures from hierarchy of the Department.
Land Records contain various useful data like soil type, Irrigation details, trees, crops
grown, crop yield etc. All such data is very valuable for various administrative purposes.
As data was manually maintained, it was not possible to collate and analyse such data
resulting into mine of such useful data not being used in any meaningful way.
Banks often asked various land records before lending crop loans to farmers. Farmers in
turn had to hunt village officials with no guarantee that banks would not ask for any more
records. This made crop loaning process prone to delay and resulted into harassment to
farmers.
By 1996, project for Computerisation of Land Records was extended to cover all the
districts of the state. While the funds under the project were sanctioned for capturing of the
legacy land records data in digital form, there was not enough clarity about its validation
and subsequent updation. No funds were allocated for sub district computers where the
data could be updated. The project, therefore, fizzled out without achieving its objective.
A New Approach
The reasons for failure of the earlier attempts of Computerisation of Land Records were
studied in detail with reference to Karnataka. The following reasons emerged out of this
study.
Lack of Clarity
The federal government did not have the clarity about strategy to be adopted for
implementation of the scheme. It was not clearly spelt out in the scheme as to what has to
be done with the digitised data, how would that be updated with time? How would these
records be distributed to the farmers? What would be done with the manual records.
Lack of Involvement
Perhaps the lack of clarity led to lack of involvement of the Revenue Department officers
and district administration in the project. The lack of training of Village Accountants on
data entry process led to wrong and defective database. Further validation of data was not
properly done leading to errors in database. The printed records were distributed to the
farmers in some of the districts without paper validation and then updation or any use of
the database forgotten about. The distribution was itself regarded as Computerisation of
Land Records .
Breakthrough
Then came the breakthrough. The State Government mandated that Bhoomi -
Computerisation of Land Records would have to be undertaken & finished in all sub
districts by March 2002. It was also decided to fully support development of a citizen
centric land records system even if it meant substantial investment by State Government
for those components of the project which were not being funded by federal government.
This political mandate was backed by full administration efforts at all levels.
The result is evolution of a transparent and effective land record delivery system which
fully addresses the insecurities and concerns of the farmers and which is now in operation
in nearly all sub districts of Karnataka.
Stepping Stone
Phase 1 - End of March 2001
To broad band the Bhoomi kiosks and use these for various cross
selling initiatives like provision of weather details, details of
beneficiaries of government schemes etc.
Planning
A pilot project for the computerization of land records in
Karnataka started in 1989, initiated by GoI. By 1996, the project for computerization of
land records for all districts in the state was sanctioned. The aim was to create computer
records from the manual data. However, since no provision was made to install computers
at sub-district level, online updating of these records was not possible. Thus these projects
failed to achieve all of the above objectives. The Bhoomi project was launched in the state
of Karnataka in 2000 with the aim of computerizing the system for maintaining land
records, thereby permiting online updating. In the first phase, the project was implemented
as a pilot in five talukas in the district; and later rolled out to all 177 talukas. The required
software was designed and developed in-house by the National Information Centre (NIC, a
Govenment of India organization).
Services Provided
At the kiosks, there are two-computer screens, one of which performs the operation and the
other which shows the transaction being performed to the clients. Just by providing the
name of the owner or the plot number, one can collect copies of the land parcel. Farmers
can file online requests at these kiosks for a change of ownership, sale or inheritance.
These are important transactions for initiating the mandatory process known as mutation
for effecting necessary changes in the RTC. Each request is assigned a number, and notices
are then generated from Bhoomi, which are served by the VA, on interested parties. After
waiting for a statutory period of 30 days from the day of serving the notice, the Revenue
Inspector (RI) passes the mutation order in a register maintained for this purpose. The
mutation order passed by the RI is processed in Bhoomi and a new RTC is generated, duly
incorporating the details of the new owner. As a part of this process, the mutation order is
scanned to take care of non-repudiation. While the mutation records are pending for orders
of the RI a farmer can trace the status of the application, using the number provided to
them.
Institutional Arrangements
An additional secretary in the Revenue Department (Land Reforms) acts as the project
manager, assisted by the Senior Technical Director, NIC (Technical Manager). At the
district level, the leadership role is given to the Deputy Commissioner. The administrative
responsibilities were given to the Assistant Commissioners, technical responsibilities to
District Information Officers of the NIC, and implementation and monitoring tasks
assigned to the consultants appointed by the Bhoomi project. Revenue Shrestedars (Deputy
Tahsildars) were made project leaders at taluka level, working under the direction of the
Tahsildar. At the grassroot level there are revenue inspectors, village accountants and data
entry operators. Except for the 28 consultants (one for each district and one for the state
headquarters) appointed on an annual contract by the Bhoomi project, all tasks have
clearly defined roles and responsibilities assigned to existing government staff. At the
taluka level, one of the three existing Deputy Tahsildars are made responsible for Bhoomi.
Five VAs were given training and assigned the job of manning the Bhoomi counter and
updating records.
Technologies
All 177 talukas are provided with one computer with 64 MB RAM (with two monitors),
one printer, one scanner, one UPS, one battery for back-up and a generator. The computer
at the counter is connected to a a LAN and the server room has biometric equipment for
fingerprints, two client machines for data updation and one printer. The front-end is written
in Visual Basic v6 and the database in SQL server v7.0. The Operating System is Windows
NT.
Capacity Building
Rs 12.8 million were spent on capacity development of government officials. Intensive
training was conducted for bringing about changes in attitude amongst departmental staff:
1,200 VAs were given seven-day training, consisting of 10 hours a day on the basics of
computers and the Bhoomi software; 108 VAs were given two-month intensive training on
hardware and networking; 500 Tahsildars and 900 Shirastedars were given seven-day
training on computer operations and the Bhoomi system; and 600 VAs were given two-day
training on data entry operations. Twelve state-level seminars were organized for 1,200
senior and middle-level officers. Four divisional-level workshops were organized to train
800 officials. To clarify various technical and administrative issues, more than 150
circulars were issued and compiled into seven compendia. Also a Bhoomi-Help Manual
was distributed at the sub-district level. A computer-training lab was also set up.
Project Outcomes
The generation time of the RTC has been reduced from one to30 days to five to15 minutes.
Similarly, the mutation process cycle time has decreased from 90-180 days to 30-45 days.
Crop record updating has increased to 80-100 percent from 50-70 percent. Around 12
million users have used Bhoomi since its inception, which has resulted in the collection of
Rs 180 million as user charges. Presently, 0.7 million people are using Bhoomi centres
every month and monthly user charges collected amount to around Rs 10 million.
Sustainability
The project operates a financially sustainable model. It has recovered Rs 180 million in
three years against the investment of Rs 244 million. In-house capacity building has
provided skilled manpower from within the organization. The constant modification of
software ensured long-term functioning of the system.
Replication and Scaling Up
Computerization of the land records is an ongoing GoI programme, which has been
continuing over the last decade. Besides Karnataka, other Indian states like Tamil Nadu,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra have also shown similar success in
land record computerization projects.
It is planned to scale this project up to at least three villages in every taluka (around 500
kiosks). On a pilot basis, seven talukas have been linked to the State Data Centre. There is
a plan to create a network of all 500 kiosks in villages and 177 existing taluka centres.
Presently, a few centres have been provided with touch screen computers, but it is planned
to provide this facility to all centres. On a pilot basis, two villages - Arudhi and Sassalu in
Doddaballapura taluka- have been linked to taluka centres through mobile wireless sets
(using Dak Net ). Also, 200 Simputers have been provided to VAs in five districts of
North Karnataka to be used for updating the crops in land records. It is envisaged to scale
up the Simputer (or some more cost-effective hand held device) to all 10,000 VAs of the
state to integrate the back-end processing.
Recommendations
http://www.revdept-01.kar.nic.in/Bhoomi/Home.htm
www.darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/Conference/.../Karanatka-Bhoomi
www.bhumiproject.org
www.arcworld.org
www.thehindu.com
www.bhoomi.karnataka.gov.in