zvinhu

THE

PSYCHOPHYSICS
OF

Fechner.
SECOND DZICHADZIDZWA kuzochinja.
WITH MIRAYIRIDZO ON BASA RAMANGWANA MUNYORI UYE A
Chrono Musoro MUBEREKI DIRECTORY pamusoro Zvinyorwa ake ose.

PART VAVIRI.

muLeipzig
Kudhinda nokubudisa mabhuku OF BREITKOPF & HRTEL

1889th

Content.
Kuenderera dzokunze psychophysics. Masvomhu uye mhedziso yacho
mupfungwa divi.
Musumo wechipiri chikamu
XIV. General okutanga. Zvivako chinokosha kupfuura logarithms.
XV. A akarongeka upiyona musimboti.
XVI. Chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera fomura.
XVII. Akarongeka Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kuyerwa fomura.
XVIII. The akaipa pfungwa anokoshesa zvikuru. Kumiririrwa kwakaita kupisa uye

kutonhora kutekenyedzwa.
XIX. Reference Weiser Kufamba anotikurudzira uye manyawi.
XX. Summation pamusoro nezvekufadza.
XXI. Distribution ratios pamusoro kutekenyedzwa.
XXII. Kusarura manzwiro kusiyana uye zvakasiyana nezvekufadza.
XXIII. Musiyano fomura.
XXIV. The Unterschiedsmaformel.
XXV. Kushanda Unterschiedsmaformel pamusoro uchimutarira pamusoro
akatisiyira magnitudes.
Xxvi. The yepamusorosoro Unterschiedsmaformeln.
XXVII.Die nzvimbo Masvomhu. Its chikumbiro kuna tinyatsonzwisisa mamiriro
ezvinhu tinyanye kukanganisa.
XXVIII.Bemerkungen nokuyerwa nzira nehanya.
XXIX. Ukama pakati Kusiyana uye nezvekufadza kutekenyedzwa inopfupikisa.
XXX. Mubvunzo sensacin zvigadzirwa. Ukama pakati urefu, simba uye nguva
nenguva chinhu mataurirwo akamboona
.
XXXI. Kungotaurawo pamusoro Maprinzips kutekenyedzwa.
XXXII.Die oscillatory mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira zvavo. Kuedza kuva
zvokutanga pakuvaka kutekenyedzwa chiyero.
a) nhaurirano rokutanga.
b) General nzira kuferefeta.
c) Chati pazasi rakashandiswa mazita.
d) equations nokuti vibrations iri gefut pairi pazasi.
e) Masvomhu uye migumisiro kuti kubuda kubva pakudzidza.
f) Kuyanana pamusoro Masvomhu.
g) Kuti uwane zvavo zvinhu.
Zvidzidzo Special pane mamwe manzwiro nzvimbo.
XXXIII. About chiedza uye kurira manzwiro pachinhu mumwe.
a) On miganhu maonero akajeka uye zvinokonzera ari chipingidzo ichi
maonero.
b) pfungwa chibvumirano uye musiyano pakati kutekenyedzwa
nzvimbo chiedza uye ruzha.
c) zvekungofungira, dzinoita zvakakodzera kutsanangura kumashure
pfungwa chibvumirano uye musiyano.
XXXIV. About rakakura nezvekufadza zvikurukuru.

XXXV. Vamwe Tastversuchsreihen nokuda nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa

kutsanangura nzira iyi.
1. Kuwedzera. Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kururamisa yakafanira kune
anokamuka m.
. 2 Zvimwe. Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kururamiswa nokuda ukuru zvikamu.
Inside psychophysics.
XXXVI. Kuchinja kubva rwokunze yomukati psychophysics.
XXXVII. Chigaro mweya.
a) chigaro mweya iri yakakura mupfungwa.
b) chigaro mweya mukati yakamanikana mupfungwa.
c) mubvunzo mano kana huine (yakamanikana) mweya nezvigaro.
d) nyaya iri kuwedzera zvivharwe mweya chigaro.
e) Resume uye mhedziso.
XXXVIII.bertragung Mutemo Weber uye chokwadi vomukova iri yomukati
psychophysics.
XXXIX. General kukosha zvichiitika yomukati psychophysics
XL. Sleeping uye pretty.
XLI. Mienzaniso hope; Attention.
XLII. Ukama pakati mukuru kuziva wayo chaiwo mananara. Chinozunguzirwa
muenzaniso.
XLIII. Ukama pakati kuzvigutsa uye Mharidzo zvakavapo.
XLIV. Zvingaonekwa netsanangudzo ukama pakati pashure mifananidzo uye ziso
ndangariro zvikurukuru mananara pfungwa ndangariro, aone zvinhu zvisipo,
mupfungwa, zviroto.
a) ndangariro mifananidzo uye pashure-mifananidzo ukama nomumwe.
b) Erinnerungsnachbilder.
c) mananara pfungwa okuyeuka uye maitiro mananara mwoyo pamusoro
kufamba.
e) General zvinhu.
f) Vamwe okushora zviroto.
XLV. Psychophysical chamazuva uye discontinuity. Psychophysical Stufenbau
nyika. Points pakati psychophysics dzinongoitika uzivi uye chitendero.
XLVI. Mubvunzo yezvakaita ari psychophysical kufamba.
Historical uye zvimwewo.
XLVII. Historical.
XLVIII. Yokuvirisa.
a) Kuwedzera noruremekedzo kuti wakatangwa muChitsauko 30

kutongwa.
b) Zvimwe pane vamwe vari psychophysics-kurova kuchangobva
kuferefeta pamusoro Helmholtz.

Musumo wechipiri chikamu.

Mukuru yavaizofanoshandisa anotaurwa okutanga wokutanga chikamu Ini funga
kubatsira kuwedzera zvishomanana yavaizofanoshandisa okushora zviri chechipiri
zvikurukuru.
Chete rine - kunze kubva chitsauko chenhau umo ini neizvi, kwakabva uye
kuchinja yezvidzidzo izvi akashuma, vamwe kuwedzererwa uye remazita pakati
kushandiswa gwaro rino, mashoko matsva kana kunyanya rinorondedzerwa, mumapoka makuru matatu:
1) Masvomhu uye Polgerungen nepfungwa chipimo;
2) dzakananga Kutsvakurudza dzimwe pfungwa nzvimbo;
3) yomukati psychophysics.
The rokutanga zvikamu izvi rine substantially chete akarongeka kumiririrwa uye
linkage chii aripo mune mitemo uye chokwadi pakutanga chikamu, uye ndiye
Naizvozvo physiologists uye vanachiremba zvinopa hapana chitsva, zvinhu
kugutsikana. Uyewo zvimwe kumbira kuti aitarire mukanyiwa Masvomhu zviri
dhipatimendi ichi, icho nokusingaperi saka chaizvoizvo akunda. Ndakaita
achangobva ambopupura panyaya iyi imwe huru Masvomhu, nokuyerwa inonyatsoita
muna Kap.16, uye murege kurasikirwa nedzimwe Masvomhu, kureva zvikumbiro
kuti vanovimbisa kana kare kubvumirwa. Kupinda pakugoverwa zvokuimba
pamusoro manzwiro muchitsauko 21 dzimwe dzinonakidza mhedziso chiitiko,
kushanda Unterschiedsmaformel vanofanira kufungidzira nyeredzi hukuru uye
vanokwanisa Masvomhu kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu tinyanye kukanganisa
akaparadzana zvitsauko (25 uye 27) kukurukurwa, uye chisarudzo, izvo
chap. akapiwa 30 chakavanzika pasi pasi mukati zvokuridza pfungwa, zvimwe tora
kunyatsondifarira Claim.
Asi chikuru mubereko, iyo yakabatanidzwa Masvomhu izvi nokuda ikozvino,
chinoramba yokungotaura, akavamba mumwe kare akarasikirwa mumwe tinosiyana
kwete chete nokuda nyore nezvekufadza, asiwo kumiririra dzichipfekeka ukama
chakagadzwa chikumbiro kuona chete, uye ndivo zviga pakurapa nyaya zvikuru
kupfuura Masvomhu izvo chete chinokosha zviitiko pokushandisa
nhungamiro. Mazano sapamazuva Chap. 6, 7, 18, 22, 30, 31 uye 32 kumusoro, vari
zvakare zvichida masvomhu nounyanzvi zvishoma kunzwisiswa maererano zvazviri,
uye mukurumari kwavo kunobva, iyo mukurumari pfungwa akaita dzidziso iyi
gwaro. Kana Masvomhu, vangave vachiri pasi amendments siyana. Kuti, sezvo ivo
akamisa pano, kwose kwose vari chete rakada, chero uchida kuita muzvinhu
dzokunze psychophysics rishandiswe, handina kare saka akataura sezvo vakaenzana
Panovhurwa chikamu ichi, uye uchaimutsa zvakare pano imwe masimbi
zvichingodaro. Masvomhu aya anoda kuti mabhora siyana Tingati hongu nokuti
dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoreva okunatsiridza siyana kana padzimwe, asi kunyange

kana vakanga vatotanga rukuru chokwadi pane panguva nyaya iri mukuru pakurapa
nyaya kugona kuwana nzvimbo pano, kwete bedzi nokuti zvaizova akasiyana siyana
nzvimbo 1) , asi nokuti vaizofanira kubviswa nokuda yomukati psychophysics
pamungawirirana zvachose. Asiwo wokunze uye neizvozvo experimental
psychophysics zvandinofunga vari Masvomhu kupiwa pano agoramba, kuti izvo
pakuzadzisa uye kutsunga zvikuru yakarurama akarongeka chikamu dzidziso
kutekenyedzwa kusungirira akadai, noruremekedzo kuti vanofunga chiedza
vachangobva makaita mberi, izvo I muna ini kurangarira yokuvirisa, chaizvoizvo
yakanga yakabatana nayo.
1)

Kuti aratidze kuti mutemo Weber sezvinoratidzwa yaiiswa aikanganiswa

kusiyana uremu kubudikidza Th. I, peji makore 197. 200 yakatsauka pajinga
muganhu, iyo yakaitirwa chiedza mumatunhu maererano Th. Ini, S. 165
asingatadzi kuenzana hunhu, uye Zvaizoda munhu yakasiyana nehanya ari
zvokuimba dzokunze psychophysics akafukidzwa napo.

Kuti ndaisa nemazita chaiwo chinokosha Masvomhu, mumwe anogona zvichida

mhosva somunhu yakagozha plaything; uye chokwadi, kana mune akarongeka
zveBhaibheri zvose chimwe nechimwe yemaitiro zita rinokosha rinofanira kupiwa,
samhu vaizokurumidza vie pamwe bhotani uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka nefuma
mazita; asi panguva shure siyana anofukidza, ndaifanira kuita huru Masvomhu, uye
ramangwana kumwewo zvichava aunwe, kana aronga pano kudzidzisa anotora
nzvimbo, uchawana mukana Kupfupika uye aponese nezvakanyorwa vakawana napo
kwete vasingakoshi.
Chikamu chechipiri inogona nyore kupa vosimba kubvunza nei vamwe zvinhu
sevanhu detailed mairi, uye zvokuti chete vanoti aizofanira kubatwa psychophysics,
ari kuteerera zvachose. Mhinduro yangu iri nyore. Ndaida kubata zvinhu kuti waiva
vakaisawo pano chidzidzo kubva chiedza itsva rakadeurwa kana kurapwa kwavo
zvinobudirira akapindira mune General dzidziso iyi, sezvo kwazvo sezvo zvaigoneka
kuti ini, kana ichi kunyora avowedly vose zvakawanda unobereka hunhu kuferefeta
sezvo bhuku; vakatenda, uyezve, kuti munhu aizoziva ini hapana ngaavongwe, pano
muchapora kumwe kurapwa chitsauko physiology uye wefizikisi zvakare. Common
pasi kunogona kuitwa kuti zvimwe zvinobatanidzwa huta dzidziso uye pfungwa
dzidziso yose kukwezverwa psychophysics, uye zvichida kuva physiology uye
wefizikisi kwavo kuramba papi chasara kufanana vakazvimiririra zvaitova
psychophysics dzimwe Muganhu nzvimbo, vachiri kuzochera munzvimbo
yavo; nguva dzose asi zvichava nani dzidziso iyi kuti kuvimba avo uye kuti
mukwanisi navo, pane kudzokorora.
Panguva mharidzo vamwe Tastversuchsreihen rechipiri kukamurwa Ndine
vorgreifliche kupedziswa zvave pakutanga vhoriyamu pamusoro nzira ichitaurwa
kukanganisa, sezvo kune dzimwe pfungwa zvakabatanidzwa; Ini pamwe
zvichabviswa kuonekwa kana veruzhinji haazombotadzi vanofarira yakakwana
munyika yose pedenderedzwa zvidzidzo izvi, asi chete panguva "dzakaenzana nzira",

dzandakakuparadzirai frherhin Zvinyorwa kubudikidza zvakadzama dzokudzidzisa

uye kunyange kureva munzira dzakawanda kuti mukwanise kuita sokuti.
In chikamu chechitatu vaizova pasina kutsvaga kwakakwana uye Integrated
gadziriro yomukati psychophysics; zvose huru nzvimbo iyo inosanganisira zuva
rimwe mariri, zvisipo.Kunyanya zvakanga chete kuti nguva yokuva kuita pamusoro
mukuwana mukuru pfungwa imwechete uye wokutanga chiyamuro pfungwa imwe
chete munzvimbo umo munhu kutsvakurudza achishandisa kukura kwemigumisiro
runobvira. Kana ndisiri kukanganisa, akapfeka avo vanoiswa kwenzira yomukati
psychophysics (chits. 36, 37, 38, 39), uyu hunhu, uye pano ndaisa kumikidzo
mazano. Pakati vakakwirira umo Ini ndakaedza, ndakasiya panze zvishoma
nezvishoma uye muwanze, muende kunyange ikozvino, kunyanya pane ndaisa
zvishoma. Asi chinhu raifanira kurwiswa kuti aratidze kuti anokwanisa kurwisa,
kunyange dzimwe huru dzinofanira kutsiviwa dzakawanda zvakakodzera uye regai
zvimwe aizotambudzazve zvikuru nyanzvi kana kupfuura cogent mune
ramangwana. Kubva panguva iyi maonero, ndinokumbira kuti kutarisa zvishoma
chaitika womukati psychophysics.Ndizvo schematic kumiririrwa mamwe rakajairika
uye zvinokosha psychophysical ezvinhu, pamusoro yandakaita kushandiswa
zvikurukuru muna 42nd uye chitsauko rechi45, zvimwe mumativi chete urongwa,
kubva umwe kuberekerwa mwana nomumwe. Ndinoona nhoroondo iyi unobatsira,
zvirokwazvo chaizvo, ane kudaro huripo panyaya iyi Empty pakatarisana;asi
anofanira framework ichi kamwe akazara determinations kuti kuberekerwa mwana
nomumwe anofanira kutsiviwa yakananga zvinomiririra kuti ndiye kusvikira
ikozvino.
Vaya vane kufarira sezororo empirical, rinopa bhendi ichi chete pamusoro 34th,
35th uye chitsauko yechi44 dzimwe itsva ruzivo zvinhu. The zvakawanika
Mukusiyana ratios umo Th. II, Chap. kwave Zvinyorwa 24, tine, muchidimbu nokuti
vakanga vasina zvizere rakapepetwa uye pamwe ane zvakawana chinhu kumwero,
haagoni kuwana zvakawanda nzvimbo pano, asi tiri panzvimbo imwe chete nguva
negashu iyi nezvokuonekwa Saxon. Soc. Pa1860 akazviratidza pasi pomusoro unoti
"About kusiyana kutekenyedzwa". akabvunza pamusoro zvinosuruvarisa kundikana
akasara, kugadzwa yaizotevera ane, Th. II, p.174 tariro inokosha acoustic kuedza Ini
ataure yokuvirisa, uko ane humwe zvidzidzo achangopfuura inokosha Helmholtz.
Uchadaro here, sezvo unogona kuva kwokunwa Gwaro rino, imwe kukasaitwa,
funga zviri zvimwe zvinyorwa vamba pamwe resmierende, pamwe kuwedzera duku
dzakakurumbira akabata bhuku "On mweya mubvunzo" izvo chipo muChitsauko 45
Fonts ari mhedziso muchidimbu zvaratidzwa tarisiro kuti anozaruka kumunda
chitendero uye zvakasikwa muuzivi nevakawanda shanduro psychophysics ose
kubatwa. The zvinhu kuti zvichiitika, pasina aiti kuumba uye kuita kuti exactness kuti
pano hakusi zvichida, chaiyo zvakakwana asi vakaita pedyo sezvo kubvumira hunhu
mabasa uye nzira dzedu nezivo kubva ipapo, uye ndine pasi mazita nekusangana
misimboti kutenda kunyatsoreva aida kuzoumba. Zvino, kana nokusingaperi kunge
ave yebhaibheri nouzivi nyika maonero kubva ipapo kuti kufarira mukusiyana yavo
ikozvino hwakapararira nevakawanda zvose chero mubatanidzwa chinokosha
Anklanges ari ikoko akapfupikisa maonero, uye wakarurama kuti tariro kudaro

zvishoma, vanowana pedo yemberi yakadaro, unogona kuva asi kubva nhaurirano
mashoko rechi45 uye 46TH chitsauko aripo basa kurerutsa nyore yokuti chete ndivo
kutarisira dereinstigen chipfuro rimwe pahwaro nenhungamiro gwaro rino Virtual
psychophysics. Hakuzovi rwevanhu, pasina achiwedzera vakuru vakuru venyika
pakunamata pamusoro zvino vava miganhu kudzamisa uye kuwedzera. Ndinotaura
izvi kunyange chete kudavira kuti nemishonga shure nguva chiito pamusoro maonero
akadaro kwebasa rinofanira psychophysics izvi, mabheya izvo vakafanana inferences
vari chipande pacharo, asi sezvakanga nechivimbo kuti kurwisa uku kune yakasimba
nechepasi uye remangwana kukura dzidziso iyi pakupedzisira kupera.
Leipzig, 18 August 1860th

Kuenderera dzokunze psychophysics.

Masvomhu uye mhedziso yacho mupfungwa divi.
XIV. General okutanga. Zvivako chinokosha kupfuura
logarithms .
Sezvo ini famba tikava Masvomhu, achishandisa izvo vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga kwazvo enforceable, Ini kazhinji vorzubemerken kuti ichi (kunze kubva
chitsauko umo Somuenzaniso, imwe nyaya chinodiwa) yose anomutora Mutemo
Weber uye chokwadi nezvikumbaridzo Vanzveri. In iyi yaimbova ezvinhu hachisi
zvose kana zvechokwadi chete mukati zvimwe kana chete nedzimwe rakada
mupfungwa munzvimbo, ichi kuda Chokwadi uyewo kushandisa Masvomhu
kwakavakirwa payo; zvino pasi shoma applicability, riri shure kwaizvozvi chete
Award Masvomhu izvi, negotsi kubatanidza uye vorzuerinnern.
1) The huru ezvinhu ichazovapo funga panzvimbo dzine manzwiro ari zvavo
Gebrauche rokuti, ichagara pasi pokutonga chaiwo kana anofungidzirwa anomutora
Mutemo Weber wacho, uye zvarakasiya kurongeka diki kana pasi aakatipa zviitiko
kushandiswa pfungwa pakutanga, apo chete chete inoshandawo akuregerere chikuru
ezvinhu, inogona abstracted sezvo kare Th. Is 66 f. yakanga vachikumbira.
2) The zvarakasiya kubva mutemo Weber panguva yayo yakaderera muganhu, izvo
kuvimba nokuvapo womukati zvinokonzera manyawi, uye nezvimwe zvakasiyanasiyana kuti inobva mutemo Masvomhu kwete ndonda, asi anogona kuva nenzira
yakadaro wekutaura kupinda navo kuti kunyange migumisiro yavo inogona
rinomiririrwa Masvomhu aya zvichienderana kutekenyedzwa; mamwe kurukura
uchava mukana muna pechiitiko.
3) Pane rakavakirwa Weber mutemo zvokuimba nokuda dzokunze psychophysics
kurega kushanda, havaiti kurasikirwa kukosha kwavo womukati insofar anoudzawo
kururama kwemashoko Mutemo Weber nokuda psychophysical mabasa
zvavaibvumirana kupfuura mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, akaparirwa izvo chete

rave kukurukurwa sezvo Th. l. S. 67 f., uye achava nyaya wokuzokurukurazve mune
ramangwana.
4) Kunyange apo mutemo Weber hachisi kukwana, asi zvakasiyana ukama pakati
rusingaperi uye variables Empfindungszuwchsen Reizzuwchsen kuzvimba
kutekenyedzwa uye anotikurudzira ndiko, sezvo chii inoratidzwa murayiro Weber
wacho, asi izvi zvakakwana, muChitsauko 7 chikamu chokutanga akakurukura,
pfungwa maererano izvo vaizonzwirwa sezvaakanga zvakanaka kubva pane mamwe
ukama pakati avo Zuwchsen zvokuimba yakayerwa; asi zvinotevera Masvomhu
Zvingaonekwa sezvo rinokosha muenzaniso pokushandisa ichi musimboti ikozvino
zvakadaro; sezvo atova Th. ARI rinokurukurwa 65th
Nokuti isu kuramba kuita zvinotevera pamwe logarithms, uye panyaya iyi, vamwe
mamiriro achauya kufunga uye chikumbiro, isingapwi kuitika munguva vanhuwo
Gebrauche pamusoro logarithms, sezvo vaitarisira Kuvakawanda, iyo izvi mamiriro
havachisiri kujairana, muchidimbu recapitulation zvakafanana kugamuchirwa.
Kana zvaitevedzana akapa kamwe uye wakaiswa nhamba zvose, izvo zviri muzasi
nhamba theorem hurongwa nemasimba akasiyana, saka vaita nhamba siyana. The
simba iro pechingoro nhamba anofanira kumutswa kuti vawane nhamba akapiwa
ndiyo logarithm panhamba iyi.
. In hurongwa zvinowanzoitwa kana inonzi Briggi'schen logarithms, nokuti izvo
vanhuwo ukomba vari akamisa Somuenzaniso 1 ndiye 10, nechigadziko nhamba uye
pashure pacho nokuda logarithm 10. 2 logarithm 100; 3, logarithm pamusoro 1000,
etc.
Zvichienderana kusarudza nezvimwe manhamba vakawana mamwe theorem
gadziriro; uye paunenge kumisa hurongwa zvakajairika logarithms dzinobatsira
kushandiswa, Kazhinji zvakakosha muna akarongeka kuongorora uye ndicharizivisa
vazhinji zvakakodzera pane zvinotevera kureva munhu akasiyana, vanonzi.
dzinongoitika theorem hurongwa Reference ane bhesi nhamba yacho , folgends
nguva dzose , e kuti akasarudzwa, Irrazionalzahl
E = 2,7182818284 ....
ndiro. ino haisi 2, asi 4,605170 ari logarithm 100, rakanyorwa , e vanomutsirwa
nesimba, 100 vari.
Asi logarithms vari chaizvo zvakasiyana zvakafanana uye dzinongoitika enyika
imwechete nhamba, asi reshiyo kwayo nguva dzose zvakafanana, nokuti chii nhamba
unogona kudhonza kuva nehanya. Izvi Kugara reshiyo pakati vanhuwo uye
zvakasikirwa logarithm
kunoenderana vanhuwo logarithm nechigadziko
nhamba rwokuzvarwa logarithm Ekubvumirana; ndiwo modulus zvinowanzoitwa
theorem maitiro inonzi uye ndicharamba mune ramangwana nguva dzose
pamwe M anotaurwa. Its anokosha 0,434294481 .... Saka une
M=

= nerogi comm. E = 0,434294481

uye zvadaro:
danda comm. = M Pinda Nat. uye danda
Nat. =
Saizvozvowo, munhu anogona kuwana vanhuwo logarithm upi nhamba kubva
zvepanyama, kana ava M vachiwanda, uye zvakasikirwa kubva zvavo apo
ava M yakakamurwa kana
logarithms pamusoro M uye

rikawanda. Sezvo ari kuchinja kwakadaro, vakaderera

zvinogona kubatsira, isu akazvigadza chinobereka:
danda comm. M = 0.6377843 - l.
danda comm.

= 0,3622156.

A eDare dzinongoitika logarithms, izvo shanduro nevakawanda logarithms

kuburikidza kupatsanura pedyo M akazorega, pane, Inter Alia, muna Hlsse muThe
akarongeka pamatafura. Plate VI. p. 456th
Kubva mukuru tsanangudzo logarithm zvinotevera kuti kuwana kubva logarithm
ane nhamba, nhamba, nechigadziko nhamba anofanira kumutswa kune simba, ndiko
yakaratidzwa logarithm nhamba. Iva kazhinji nhamba, saka yavo logarithm,

= nerogi
saka une kana munhu ari nhamba chawo,

= ane .
The equations = danda uye = mumwe Naizvozvo kukurudzira
kungoreva; uye chete kuti wekutanga kusiyana kuva Zvaiitwa , yechipiri ave
kushanda ? kunoratidzirwa;ukama kuti zvinokosha kuziva nokuti ramangwana payo
kuderera achange achiwedzera.
Chero theorem gadziriro ndiko kwakabva logarithm 1 akaenzana razero, ivo
logarithm nechigadziko nhamba iri 1, uye ane logarithm of 0 akaipa magumo, iyo
logarithm pamusoro + yakanaka kukosha kusingaperi.
In chimwe nechimwe theorem gadziriro vane logarithms nenhamba kuti kupfuudza
L, zvakanaka tsika, iyo logarithms zvikamu zviduku zveropa, izvo iduku pane
1; kunaka tsika.
The logarithm ane nhamba uye logarithm pamusoro itirana nhamba, saka Z. B.
danda 4 uye danda , 3 danda uye danda 1 / 3 , neimwewo nerogi nerogi
Mhedziso tsika kuburikidza chete kwose kwose uye chete nevakomana
chiratidzo , Naizvozvo, munhu anogona kuisa nerogi

ndiyo

yakatarwa - danda uye

pachinzvimbo danda yakatarwa - danda

Just Ndizvo logarithm ane chikamu chiduku

uye logarithm pamusoro itirana

pamusoro chinokwana kuti nhamba b angava, mumwe nomumwe Mhedziso

tsika vakaenzana uye chete nevakomana chiratidzo, kuitira kuti nemiwo isa
nerogi

anogona kuisa - danda

uye pachinzvimbo danda

ndiise - danda

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, uyezve, unogona kutora Verengai logarithms nenhamba

vaviri vakapisa logarithm zvibereko zvavo, uye vakutarisire; pane musiyano pakati
logarithms nenhamba maviri logarithm pamusoro quotient yavo, uye
vakutarisire; panzvimbo N kakapetwa logarithm munhu logarithm pakati
nhamba N fung simba nhamba uye vakutarisire;panzvimbo logarithm ari N fung
mudzi ane nhamba N fung chikamu logarithm mukuwanda
vakutarisire.

nerogi uye

Transformations zverudzi urwu vachava recur muchinyengetera chinotevera, uye

zviri saka zvakakodzera kuti vave nomuzikamwi. Hekuno muunganidzwa
Masvomhu, ane kutaura zvakafanana:
(1)
(2)
(3)
danda + danda b = danda b

(4)

danda - B = nerogi danda

(5)
(6)
(7)

Zvakakosha, mashoko akadai

kwete nemashoko okuti

vavhiringidzike. The aimbova may, pashure kwaainge zvinyorwa nerogi danda b tinoshandurirwa, ekupedzisira haatombotauri kuchinja kwakadaro. Just
ndizvo nerogi ' kwete nerogi nerogi ' kuvhiringidzwa. Aimbova okuti
anogona ari danda + danda ' tinoshandurirwa, ekupedzisira kwete.
Kana nhamba iri chete siyanei kubva 1, uye duku yakanaka kana akaipa
musiyano ndiyo chete l, mumwe anogona, munhau iyi dzakanga
masimba amboita kuregeredza pamusoro wokutanga yakatarwa munyaya zvavo
logarithms
danda (1 + ) = M ,
apo M ndiye modulus iri, kana iri nyaya dzinongoitika logarithms nyore
danda (1 + ) = .
The zvichiguma achigamuchira anotsvedzerera M kana kuti danda (1
+ ) kazhinji zvikuru kushanda. Kazhinji munhu ane kunyange kana tsika kwete
chaizvo duku , munyaya zvavo logarithms

izvo fomura kuburikidza vachiregeredza yepamusoro masimba merges kupinda

apa, uye dzinomiririra 1 nokuti M ndiye zvinoshandawo dzinongoitika logarithms.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XV. A akarongeka upiyona musimboti.

In risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi kwedu mupfungwa chipimo basa
kubva murayiro Weber wacho, munhu akarongeka ebetsero nheyo Uchabatsirwa isu
kuva, chii ndinoda kutsanangura mienzaniso mishomanana yekutanga asati talk
dictum 1) .
Logarithms uye kuyeuka nhamba pazasi mumwe pamberi kwete Proportional. Asi
kana munhu anotora musiyano pakati vaviri mumwe pedyo nenhamba, uye musiyano
pakati porutivi logarithms, saka hapana chinokosha proportionality pakati nomumwe
wavo zvikamu musiyano kana Zuwchsen chiduku nhamba uye zvinoenderana
logarithm, chii chinozivikanwa, uye interpolation neurongwa nokubatsira logarithms
munyaya misiyano yakavakirwa.
A munyonga unobuda zvavo pakureba kwavo havana zvekumirira kare pamwe
abscissa. Asi kana tikawana chiduku chikamu munyonga kuti zvinonyatsobatana
zvinoshamisa ane achirurama mutsetse akadaro, saka hapana chinokosha

proportionality pakati nechimwe unoenderana Zuwchsen ari abscissa uye nokureba

munyonga ichi chiduku chikamu.
Sangano renyika rwakapoteredza zuva harisi yunifomu, asi muzuva pedyo makuru
kwakavakirwa kuti akafukidza iyoyowo, sapamazuva aphelion; Munguva pfupi,
kufambira mberi nguva uye akabatanidza mberi pasi nzvimbo vachatitaka hazvigoni
Proportional yose. Asi pane imwe-rechitatu uye hafu mazuva yechitatu uye hafu
kamuri zvinoshamisa yapera, iyo yakafukidzwa pazuva rose. Zviri chete wechitatu
ichi, hafu ichi sezvakaita rose zvaiyambuka nezuva rimwe kamuri perihelion
kupfuura aphelion.
1)

Mumwe anowana chete Inter Alia muna Cournot raMwari Trait of fonctions
(I. p. 19) akatsanangura uye akasimbisa chaizvo masimbi.

Chiedza chinovhenekera imwe nzvimbo iri miviri marefu chete ari zvikuru,
sezvo ari nyore akareba. Saka kusimba ari chiedza kunowedzera yose kwete kubva
nyore asi, musi padare ari nechokure ratios vechiedza kubva nokuvhenekerwa
nzvimbo. asi akabata chete chiduku misha chiedza muna ziso, saka kuchinja
okuvimba kushandura chinhambwe haringamiri pachivara, asi nyore ratios, asi kuti
mativi reshiyo zvakare insofar nharo pane kaviri chiedza marefu chiedza shanduko
kuti kupiwa muduku Lichtverrckung asingasviki nokungoti chiedza akareba.
General pakupedzisira: ukama yokuratidzira Kuchinja Zuwchse zviviri zvaanoda
pamusoro mumwe chinoramba variables, zvichiteverwa kugara goho chamunowana
kana mukati chero chikamu hukuru kuenda nhasi appreciably zvekumirira chero
bedzi vakaramba vashomashoma, vakaita vawanire pakudyidzana pakati hukuru
akafanana, uye sei zvakawanda yezwi kana hukuru rose uye nokuda makuru mativi
akafanana vakatsauka kubva pamurairo proportionality.
Uyu munhu haana kukanganwa kuti, apo mumwe chokuita rokuchinja hukuru
vaviri, vakadzinganiswa pamamiriro goho anokoshesa, enda zvekumirira kune
mumwe chero bedzi vakaramba vashomashoma, asi kukura izvi bhuku pfungwa
kuchinja zvinogona akasiyana chaizvo, zvichienderana pashure kutevera chete izvi
kana kuti goho anokoshesa, kana mukati ichi kana kuti kuva pamwe chete zvikamu
zviviri hukuru, Zvainzi Sezvambotaurwa kare tichitsanangura mienzaniso.
Kana mukakumbira, chii chaizvo duku zvataura musimboti? - Diki Very asi zvose
hama - saka inouya, zvisinei, vachirambira kusaziva ndiko kusimudza zvinotevera
tsananguro iri shoko nheyo; Zvinoita kuti kutora imwe nhengo dzavo duku zvokuti
chero zvazvingava, kuti mutemo proportionality pakati kunyange chiduku
zvinoonekwa zvikamu zvayo; kana, saka kusvikira mashoko zvinoshamisa zvichiri
kunosanganisira kusava nechokwadi kuti ndizvo kure kuti kutsaudzira inowira pasi
ane udzvinyiriri muganhu. duku sei vari asi kutora kuwana ruoko pamusoro kushanda
ukama pakati hukuru, kune rumwe rutivi, rakada iyo zvinodiwa, uye vose vanogona
kuva Kazhinji. Chizere chaizvo chokwadi, ndiye proportionality, kunze kwezvinhu
zvekumwe zviitiko, chete mukati zvikuru diki zvikamu, uye kuva rakada chikuru,

zvikuru munhu anosvika zvikuru diki.

Vaiva vasere kuti raidudzwa zano kwete chete kune dzakananga ukama pakati
nedoro pakati kupiwa zvakawanda, asiwo kune chaiyo hunhu variables izvi, kureva,
zvinhu izvo mugadziriro poukuru pfungwa chikumbiro, asi pasi chete kuti mukuru
pfungwa kwechiropa kukura nedoro. Naizvozvo apo anowana akatsiga kukura
nedoro, sezvo rinoshanda. Asi kuwana zvakadai pakati anotikurudzira kukura uye
manzwiro kukura pamberi. Tinoziva sezvo asi tsanangurai chero ufambidzane
reshiyo, pashure izvo kutekenyedzwa kunosiyana-siyana pamwe anotikurudzira
chiito, chero tisina mwero kutekenyedzwa; asi tinoziva kuti kutekenyedzwa
kunosiyana-siyana vari kuramba kushanda anotikurudzira chiito kuti kutekenyedzwa
chiedza, sensorineural kuwedzera uye zvinoderedza sezvaanotarirwa kwomuviri
mugumisiro chiedza, ruzha simba kunowandawo uye zvinoderedza, pasinei umo
ezvinhu, uye ichi ndicho zvakakwana, kuti pfungwa dzedu kuzvishandisa.
Isu ngozi anogona saka kutaura mutongo uyu: kuchinja manzwiro ndizvo kuchinja
anotikurudzira kukura appreciably zvekumirira sokuvapo kuchinja kuramba kumativi
ose iduku chaizvo.
Zviidzo Ngatitii Z. B. vaviri vane vamwe musiyano diki, uye ichi kunonzwisiswa
neumwe simba, rakasimba, yakajeka, saka tinogona kutaura kuti pfungwa dzedu kuti
kaviri musiyano sezvo mukuru, achiteverwa chete goho se appreciably kaviri saka
guru vakanzwisisa treble sezvo zvinoonekwa katatu; asi ichi chete chinoramba
yatarwa sezvo musiyano pakati Zviidzo ishoma, uye haatongi kuti akaenzana uremu
musiyano pakati Zviidzo zvakasiyana kukura vane zvakasiyana chaizvo tsika
Runonzwika, chii akarongeka zano hariratidzi Zvisinei, pano Weber 's mutemo
Uyezve kuitika pamusoro ruzivo divi.
A rakananga experimental hwokuti izvi zvakadaro, haukwanisi kubvunza, sezvo
pane basa kuona kukura ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro mupfungwa
akarongeka dzemitemo, kushandisa, zvisinei zvose ndimboedza kushanda,
akarongeka Misimboti kukura nedoro, nokuti icho chinangwa nderaMwari ataurwa,
presupposes pacharo. Isina kunanga uchapupu applicability rwemusimboti uyu
vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga hukuru asi inogona kuwanikwa chokwadi
chokuti kushandisa chete isingachinji kutsamira pakati mupfungwa uye mumuviri
variables kuti mharidzo yavo, isu zvino kutendeukira experientially bewhrbaren
Scores anotungamirira, sezvo kucharatidzwa muna Track ,

XVI. The Fandamentalformel uye kuyera inonyatsoita. 1)

Pasina vanewo kunzwa, iwe unogona asi iziviswe nokuda Weber mutemo nyaya
kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano ndewokuti apo hama anotikurudzira musiyano
ndewokuti, uye takarurama ebetsero akarongeka pfungwa pfungwa duku
Empfindungszuwchse ari Reizzuwchsen Ndinofamba proportionally kumiririra
pachiimbwa unopinza akarongeka okuti.
Ngatitii, sapamazuva kuedza zviri kutongerwa mutemo Weber riri kazhinji nyaya
kuti musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mbiri, kana chii ndiro, rinoti

increment kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira iduku kwazvo zvichienzanirana

ichi. The anotikurudzira ari increment zvinoitwa uko, inopisa , vaduku increment
inopisa D , apo tsamba Dhachisi pakunzi imwe kukura, asi kungotaura sechiratidzo
chokuti cnhaka chiduku increment kuna iri; zvino unogona kunetseka
pamusoro differential vatambi. Saka, hama Reizzuwuchs
. The kutekenyedzwa
Ukuwo, ari kuitika kunobva, inopisa ? , duku increment pamusoro manyawi, izvo
maererano ikure anotikurudzira kuti D unovapo kupisaD ?
, apo cnhaka rinzwisiswe sechiratidzo Zuwuchses duku zvakare
chete. D uye D kuti vafunge chairema adzo kuti udzvinyiriri, yakavakirwa
nerimwe.
1)

Kana totaura mapeji 7-14. Revision S. 182 va-. Psych. Maprinzipien, S. 199
f. About kutsauka kududzira uye Formulations oMutemo Weber tione.
Tichitevera S. 14 zvi-. Revision S. 194 va-. S. 221 va-. Psych. Maprinzipien,
S . 162 va-.

Pashure mutemo experiential Weber kunogara D ? rusingaperi kana

kugara. izvo Mhedziso tsika uye D uye tambira; uye pashure imwe priori musoro
akarongeka ebetsero musimboti kuramba kuchinja D ? uye D zvekumirira kune
mumwe, chero bedzi vakarambira kwazvo diki. Zvirwere vanogona kuva maererano
varehwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
(1)
apo K munhu (kuburikidza nokuda uye nemataundi zviyero kusarudzwa) ndiko
kugara. Kutaura zvazviri, isu muwande D uye zvose chero, Kungosvika zvose
pamwe chete nhamba, saka reshiyo ari kuchinja, saka vo kutekenyedzwa
musiyano D ? rusingaperi. Uyu ndiwo mutemo Weber wacho. Zvichaita kaviri,
zvichaita Triple uwandu kuchinja D oga, pasina kwokutanga ukoshi kuchinja,
saka kuchinja kunoitika D ? ari kaviri, ukoshi nekatatu. Ndiyo akarongeka
zano. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
Saka anogutsa zvachose vose kuti
mutemo uye uyu musimboti; kureva hapana mumwe mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
anogutisa vaviri pamwe chete. Unoda chinokosha payakavakirwa akadana
kubudikidza Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva zvose mamwe Masvomhu hunovakirwa
naye.
Chinokosha payakavakirwa haasi chiyero kutekenyedzwa Pachine, asi haasi kupa
kwakadaro asi kungotaura woutsinye kubva ukama zvemitemo, iro rine pakati diki
hama Reizzuwchsen uye Empfindungszuwchsen pachinzvimbo. Zviri mushoko
chinhu asi chisarudzo akatorwa mumwe kutaura Mutemo Weber uye akarongeka
ebetsero nhungamiro kuburikidza akarongeka zviratidzo.

Zvisinei, zvinonzi chokuita mutoo uyu nokuda kamwoyo summation imwe chete,
iyo totaled wemauto kukura ukama pakati, kubva Reizzuwchsen, anotikurudzira
kukura uye, muchidimbu kubva Empfindungszuwchsen, manzwiro kukura
anogadza, nenzira kwenhoroondo wokutanga payakavakirwa pasi Mitvoraussetzung
chokwadi iyo hwava yokubatana panguva kururama ndiro yokupedzisira kupiwa.
Pasi kwavakazoita chaiyo risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi pakutanga
ukama zvose Masvomhu ndinotsvaka kuti pachavo kunzwisisa vakawanda mazwi
sezvinotevera.
Chiedza zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti ukama pakati Zuwchsen D ?
uye D anoenderana chinokosha payakavakirwa neukama pakati Zuwchsen ane
logarithm uye Zuwchsen ruripo nhamba. Anogona nekuti sei nyore, kana kubva
dzidziso kana kubva ukomba, uchapupu, ivo logarithms kukura nokuda zvakaenzana,
kwete apo runoenzanirana nhamba kukura nokuda zvakaenzana, asi kana mumwe
chete kukura nevanhu wakaenzana reshiyo chikamu; Mune mamwe manzwi,
Zuwchse pakati logarithms kugara zvakaenzana apo hama Zahlenzuwchse agare
akaenzana. . Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera nhamba uye
logarithms pamwechete;
Number. Logarithm.
1.000000 10
11 1.0413927
100 2.000000
110 2.0413927
1000 3.000000
1100 3,04l3927
pashure izvo kuwedzera nhamba 10 1 mumwe zvikuru sezvo mukuru Zvakawanikwa
runoenzanirana logarithm anotakura, sezvo nhamba 100 kusvika 10 uye nhamba 1000
ne 100. Kwese ndiyo theorem increment 0,0413927. Uyewo enda, akatungamirira
pamberi kutsanangura akarongeka ebetsero zano Zuwchse pamusoro logarithms ari
Zuwchsen nhamba zvekumirira chero bedzi vakaramba kwazvo diki. Saka anogona
kuzvitaura kushandisa kuti Zuwchse pamusoro logarithm uye nokukurumidza hama
kune mumwe zvikuru sezvo Mutemo Weber uye ebetsero akarongeka pfungwa, kana
Zuwchse pamusoro kutekenyedzwa uye kubwaira.
Zvakafanana, chokwadi vomukova anoita ukama logarithms uye nhamba zvikuru
sezvo vaisimbirira, sezvo vari ukama pakati kutekenyedzwa uye kuzvinetsa. The
kutekenyedzwa kunotanga tsika kusapfuudza razero kukosha, kwete panguva razero
tsika, asi pane imwe anokamuka kukosha anotikurudzira, nezvikumbaridzo, saka
anotanga ari logarithm, pamwe netsika kupfuura razero kukosha, kwete zero tsika
nhamba, asi mune anokamuka tsika nhamba, tsika 1, akapa kuti logarithm pamusoro l
yakaenzana razero.
Kumira zvino yapfuura iyo Zuwchse pamusoro kutekenyedzwa uye akashatirwa
ari rakakodzera maererano sezvakazoita logarithm uye nhamba, ndiyewo pfungwa
iyo unotanga kutora kutekenyedzwa kuti munhu wose runoenzanirana ukama kuti

mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, sezvo pfungwa kuwana logarithms zvakanaka

tsika, nhamba, saka unenge kodzero yokutarisira kuti kunyange manzwiro uye
akashatirwa vari pachavo nenzira yakakodzera maererano sezvo logarithm uye
nhamba, izvo sevaya inogona sechinoitika inopfupikisa pamusoro anotevedzana
Zuwchsen.
Shure kwaizvozvo yaizova nyore ukama pakati zviviri, tinogona kumisa,

= Pinda .
Kutaura zvazviri, kumbira kuona nokukurumidza unodzokera ari kushanda ukama
pakati vaviri iri nyore chimiro pazasi kusarudza zviumbu kwakakodzera
anotikurudzira uye manyawi. Zvichakadai, hachisi rakajairika, iyo inogona kuisa
kumusoro, asi chete dzikapfeka vamwe vamapoka manzwiro uye kubwaira, gare
gare, kushanda, uye kudiwa riri zvakananga uye yakaoma nokuti yapfuura zvisina
kunanga uye kwete kuzviomesera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi.
The nyanzvi pakarepo ona sei ichi chinofanira kwakaitwa zvinoti kurapwa uye
integrates chinokosha payakavakirwa sezvo differential fomura. Muchitsauko chino
uchawana achimhanya ichi; Pano zvinofungirwa kuitwa, uye kuti Avo vasingagoni
kutevera nyore kamwoyo bongozozo aidederesa vanoti kubvuma mugumisiro ave
akarongeka chokwadi.mugumisiro ichi kunotevera basa inonyatsoita pakati
anotikurudzira uye manyawi, izvo nezita kuyerwa inonyatsoita uye zvino anofanira
kukurukurwa:

= K (danda - danda b ) (2).

In ichi yemaitiro , k uyewo imwe zviumbu kusarudzwa uye panguva imwecheteyo
novimba theorem gadziriro, kugara, uye b , yechipiri kugara kuti pachikumbaridzo
kukosha anotikurudzira chaitaurwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa kutekenyedzwa ?
rinotanga uye akadzokera.
Pashure kupiwa muchitsauko chinotevera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva
papi, iyo nzira dzose mapopoma k pamwe dzose K pamwe chinokosha
payakavakirwa, kana munhu anoshandisa dzinongoitika logarithms; Zvisinei
paaishandisa vanhuwo logarithms
uye K = Km ndimo M ndiye modulus
zvinowanzoitwa theorem wemuTesitamende zvinoreva kare akaratidza iri.
Pashure zvinotaurwa kuti musiyano pakati logarithms nenhamba vaviri logarithm
pamusoro quotient yavo substitutable (ona. Chap. 14), zvaunogona kuti apa mhando
yakayerwa inonyatsoita vo, vakawanda dzinokodzera vachiwana vafunga, chinotsiva

= , k nerogi
(3).
Kubva chimiro ichi runoyerera kuti kutekenyedzwa kukura ? kwete nyore Zvaiitwa
anotikurudzira ukoshi , asi ukama wayo nezvikumbaridzo b, ndimo kutekenyedzwa

rinotanga uye anopera kutarisa. Ichi maererano anotikurudzira ukoshi

achazodzidzisa yemberi kunzi chikuru anotikurudzira mutengo kana chikuru kukosha
anotikurudzira.
Ashandurwe mashoko, ndiye kuyerwa fomura:
Kukura kutekenyedzwa ( ) iri zvakaenzanirana kwete mhedziso kukura
anotikurudzira ( ), asi kune logarithm ari kukura anotikurudzira apo iyi
kwayo chikumbaridzo (b ), von ndechokuti kukura kunobva sezvo chikwata,
umo manzwiro unomuka uye haarambi, kana pfupi, zviri zvekumirira kuti
logarithm inokosha anotikurudzira ukoshi.
Ngatitorei kurumidza tisati vorschreiten tichiratidza kuti nokuyerwa inonyatsoita
ukama avo pakati anotikurudzira uye manyawi, kubva apo rinobva, uyewo
zvakarurama kuratidza mhedziso, nokudaro shure nzvimbo iyoyo emutsa, kutoti
nekusimbiswa ruzivo , Isu Vaiwanawo ari nyore mienzaniso pokushandisa
nokuyerwa fomura.
Nokuyerwa fomura kunobva mutemo Weber uye chokwadi vomukova; uye vose
vanofanira ichayerera kubva izvozvo zvakare.
Zvino chii maererano murayiro Weber wacho, saka inogona kuva pasi chimiro kuti
nhengo chete Empfindungszuwchse chete hama Reizzuwchsen, mukuwana
kuburikidza differentiating nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, kana mumwe nokudaro
paanodzoka inokosha payakavakirwa, rine mashoko yomurayiro chimiro ichi.
Mune mamwe chimiro, kuti ndezvaMwari chete manzwiro differentials chete
anotikurudzira mamiriro, rinogona vaziva zvikuru zvokutanga sezvinotevera.
Ivai nezvekufadza maviri ane musiyano anoshandawo funga izvozvo, uye ', uye
avo kuyeuka mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye '. Zvino tine pashure
nokuyerwa fomura
= K (danda danda b )
'= , k (danda ' danda b )
uye nokudaro kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano

- =,
k (danda - danda ')
kana nekuti nerogi - danda '= nerogi

- ' = , k nerogi
.
Kubva mutoo uyu zvinoreva kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano - ' ari kushanda

anotikurudzira reshiyo
ndiko, uye zvakaenzana ndiko tsika
uye , ' vangafungidzira, kana reshiyo yavo chete anoramba kuchinja, unova
mutsara Mutemo Weber wacho.
Mune chimwe chitsauko chinotevera tichaita pamusoro payakavakirwa, dzoka
somumwe nyore kugumisa yakayerwa payakavakirwa, pasi zita musiyano fomura.
Zvinotaurwa chokwadi vomukova anonetseka, iyo kunogara chokwadi chokuti
kutekenyedzwa haasi panguva razero kukosha, asi anokamuka tsika yacho
anotikurudzira ine razero kukosha, kubva apo pamusoro pavanotanga kuwedzera
zvakatowedzera anotikurudzira anokoshesa chete zvinokosha tsika, zviri kure
akabatanidza nokuyerwa fomura, sezvo kusvika razero haapinduri pashure
nokuyerwa inonyatsoita apo = 0, asi kana akaenzana anokamuka netsika b ndiko
kuti zvose muchimiro (2) anopa (3) ari dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, zvakananga
kubva (2), kubva (3) ari kufunga kuti kana akaenzana akundinamata ndechokuti,
danda

= log1 ndiko, uye log1 = 0.

Zvechokwadi, iye zvino migumisiro yose Mutemo Weber uye chokwadi vomukova
panguva imwe migumisiro yedu chipimo fomura.
Kubva vaimbova mitemo inoyerera kuti pamamiriro kukura tide zviri maererano
zvishoma kukura manzwiro sezvo anotikurudzira, icho accrues, ndiyo huru uye
haachisiri yekudyidzana vainzwa mukuru anotikurudzira yomuropa Zvisinei, izvozvo
zvinogona kuonekwa chaizvo yekudyidzana yakaderera.
Kutaura zvazviri, kukura vazhinji kunotungamirira kuburikidza kupiwa saizi
chete chiduku pasina kuenzanisa kukura ari mubhokisi nerogi ? pamwe, sezvo
Mashoko vashoma neMweya iwoyu increment. Kana nhamba 10 pachamera ne10,
saka achisimuka 20, unoenderana 10 logarithm 1 inokura kuti 1,3010. Asi kana
nhamba muna 1000 kuchawedzera ne10, saka unoenderana 1000 logarithm 3 inokura
chete 3,0043. First Kana logarithm pamusoro ane 1 / 3 , mukupera nyaya kuburikidza
chete anenge 1 / 700 noukuru yayo yakawedzera.
Chokwadi vomukova, iyo inference pamwe yokuti kutekenyedzwa kumativi
zvichingodaro anoramba kubva noticeability, zvinoderedza zvikuru ari kutsamwa
pakati ayo pachikumbaridzo. nokubviswa ino kutekenyedzwa yacho noticeability
kana ichi kudzama waro pazasi pachikumbaridzo kuna yedu kuyerwa inonyatsoita
sezvo asina tsika unomirira kuti ongororo nomusi nedzakanaka.
Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe anoona pamusoro zvakananga kubva chacho (2) kuti
kana iduku pane b , uye saka danda isingasviki nerogi b ndiyo kutekenyedzwa ?
achipfeka kunaka tsika; uye zvakafanana Rwako kubva chacho (3) maererano
zvokufungidzira
inova atsamwira chaiyo kana <b, iyo logarithm chazvokwadi
yokumbozorora asi akaipa.

In iyi yatinoti vanoziva nezvekufadza ayo zvirokwazvo kwakamutsa nokuda

anotikurudzira, asi kwete zvakakwana kuti pakati kukanganisa kuziva zvishomanana
afenda, vaya affizieren naro, saka akapfizuka kunzwa kunaka, vanhu vanoziva
nokuda zvakanaka zvinokosheswa vari fomura yedu inomiririra. In kumiririrwa ichi
tiri nokuda kwavo zvikuru kukosha, uye zvichida asina zvose pakarepo pachena
cogency asi ari chitsauko chaiyo (18 Ch.) Kudzoka. Nokuti ikozvino handidi kugara
pano hangu.
chipimo yedu fomura anoenderana pamusoro apa, chiitiko:
1) Munyaya kuenzana Muzviitiko apo kutekenyedzwa musiyano apo kuchinja
nesimba kwakakwana pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira ndewokuti
(Weber'sches Act).
2) Munyaya Muzviitiko , uko kutekenyedzwa pacharo, uye umo kuchinja yavo
hunoguma oneka kana substantially kuva yaimbova, kana kunoitika, chikumbaridzo,
ekupedzisira kana wamuka akakwirira kuti kupiwa nokuwedzera anotikurudzira
haina yekudyidzana akanzwa.
3) Munguva zvakapesana Muzviitiko pakati nezvekufadza izvo kusapfuudza
noticeability uye isingapwi kusvika noticeability, muchidimbu zvinodiwa uye
chavanoziva manzwiro.
Zvadaro, vanofanira sechinoitika zvakanaka makazviteya.
Nokuti yokutanga kuona, munhu angava nepfungwa kufunga, kwete chete nokuti
vomukova, asiwo musiyano pachikumbaridzo inodiwa inogona vaziva kubva
dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, nekuti yakange yakateyiwa. Kutaura zvazviri, mutemo
Weber uye neizvozvo huru mujinga kuyerwa inonyatsoita kunonyanya kubudikidza
nzira chete kuoneka kusiyana kubva kuedza pamusoro nguva dzose ane chete
kuoneka kutekenyedzwa musiyano, izvo chokuita musiyano pachikumbaridzo uye
zvinonyatsobatana pedyo, akagumisa. Asi, tinoona zvakadzama, saka zviri
zvakafanana kukura musiyano pamwe chete hama anotikurudzira kusiyana, kwete
kuti noticeability kunoitika chete panguva anokamuka ukoshi ichi anotikurudzira
musiyano chinodiwa kupembedza chinokosha payakavakirwa uye nazvo nekuyera
payakavakirwa; saka chete chete kuoneka musiyano nokufunga ichi chete uyewo
avhareji zviduku, inogona achimiririrwa sapamazuva nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa
nokuda avhareji yakakura kupfuura akarurama kuoneka, sapamazuva nzira
nezvakaipa zviitiko, kana, insofar sezvo achibvumira kunyatsoongorora
wakanyatsojeka. Kubva mhiri asiwo anowanikwa chokwadi musiyano
chikumbaridzo, vainzwisisa, kwete mukusiyana pamwe nokuyerwa payakavakirwa,
asi agova chinodiwa kufungwa uye wakazopinzwa munhu akarongeka mashoko kune
vakawanda inonyatsoita (Unterschiedsmaformel), chekururamiswa uye
nokukurukura anoramba ari chitsauko akazotevera , mumwe inonyatsoita kuti
(kuzivikanwa. vachinzwisisa) nokuti kunyanya pamuviri kusiyana nezvekufadza
anoita zvakafanana basa sezvo nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti Mhedziso nezvekufadza
nokupesana kwavo.
Mutemo neiyi maererano iyo kutekenyedzwa musiyano ndewokuti kana kuchinja

kushatirwa uye neizvozvo chikumbaridzo B kuti vakasiyana-siyana mikana

yakawanda yokukurudzira imwe chete maererano, ndiyo migumisiro inonyatsoita
yedu apo, k zvazvinosarira kugara, chete kuti nzira kodzero dzose pamusoro k
muchiitiko ichi pachayo zvinogona chete kunoshandurwa vakaturikira vachiti kubva
mitemo yakafanana, kucharatidzwa sezvo pazasi.
Nokuyerwa fomura zvino akahwina Kazhinji, usingachashandi
anongozviunganidzira kuenzana zviitiko manyawi, zvaanoda ukama pakati
kukura chinokosha anotikurudzira kukosha uye ukuru nechokuita manyawi
runovabvumira kuverenga kubva kukura wokutanga Kangani wokupedzisira,
saka nechiyero ari kutekenyedzwa anopiwa.
A N nguva sezvo simba manzwiro ? haangavi kwaizvozvi kuva izvo ane N nguva
huru tsika rokunze kana yomukati anotikurudzira rinoenderana vakateerera, asi kuti
tsika dzakadaro akateerera, pashure nokuyerwa inonyatsoita ane N maonero
zvikuru kukosha ? ndiyo.
Achifunga kutekenyedzwa ? pane imwe unokosha tsika yacho anotikurudzira
anopiwa, ndizvo ? kuti N kumuka nguva mutengo kana chikuru anotikurudzira
mutengo pamusoro N kuwedzera peta potency, uye kuti
uburuke kubva
kukosha kwavo kana kunze chinokosha anotikurudzira tsika N fung mudzi iri
kudhonzwa.
Nokuti chii rokutanga hanya, mumwe ane napo kumativi maviri nokuyerwa
inonyatsoita pamwe N rikawanda
N?

= nk nerogi

(4).

Zvisinei, sezvo N -fold logarithm ane uwandu logarithm ari N fung simba nhamba
inogona kubviswa kuchiiswa, unogonawo N danda
atsiva sezvinotevera:
N ? = , k nerogi

womutariri nerogi

uye

(5).

No zvishoma ane kwamuri kumativi maviri nokuyerwa inonyatsoita

pamwe N yakakamurwa, kana, chii zvakafanana chete, pamwe 1 / N vakawanza:

(6)

kutoti kuzivikanwa kazhinji .

Ever asi nhamba nezvekufadza vaviri ? , ', iyo
nemazango , ' ndezvaJehovha:

(7)
Naizvozvo akaenzana reshiyo pakati logarithms inokosha anotikurudzira tsika.
In nokuyerwa inonyatsoita dzavo nomukaka, vaviri kukura anotikurudzira kupfuura
kutekenyedzwa kurondedzera chimwe nechimwe kuti chairema adzo. Nokuti sezvo
anotikurudzira uye manzwiro akanyatsojeka heterogeneous zvakasikwa, saka ivo
kuyerwa bedzi vezvikwata nerudzi rwayo zvikurukuru, asi kwete kwavari kuva kupa
chimwe chikwata. Kutaura zvazviri, isu kutsanangurira dhigirii yedu manzwiro ichi
kwete sechinhu vangani nguva anotikurudzira, asi somunhu vangani nguva chete
yakarongwa sezvo chikwata kutekenyedzwa kukura vakadarovo, uye chete ukama
kutekenyedzwa kwayo hadzisisina pakutsvaga ukama pakati anotikurudzira kuti
chikwata chake, nevanhu ukama vari kushanda mumwe, riri zvokuti, kana ukama
anopiwa, mumwe anogona akagumisa kwazviri. Nyaya iyi, uko kunomiririrwa yedu
chipimo fomura iri.
Apo kuchengera SE rakasanangurwa vamapoka anotikurudzira uye kutekenyedzwa
nezvavanofunga akasiyana vangasarudza. Unogona regai kusangana vamapoka
anotikurudzira uye manyawi, kureva kubvuma kubatana kutekenyedzwa ari
anotikurudzira tsika, munhu achipfeka somunhu Unit anotikurudzira, asi rinogonawo
chete akawa pasina pamwe, kureva kubatana kunzwa nomumwe anotikurudzira tsika
kupfuura gamuchirai anotikurudzira Unit nekuti hapana chikonzero chiripo regai
zvose kuuya pamwe chete. It chete kushanduka chimwe chokusarudza vezvikwata,
ivo constants pamusoro nzira uye neizvozvo zvachose kwakakura uwandu nayo
kukura kutekenyedzwa kunoratidzirwa pasina asi kukura manyawi, kuti nyaya yoga
kana kukura, vamwe dzinoratidzwa.
Akakumbira kuti nyore chimiro yakayerwa fomura

= nerogi

(8)

umo b = 1, K = 1, saka unogona kuisa pamusoro chete nguva, vamapoka

anotikurudzira uye manyawi. Nokuti, b = 1 kumisa, umwe vakasungwa
chikumbaridzo anotikurudzira kuva chikwata; yauri vaviri kubatana kutekenyedzwa
hazvigoni rakadonha, nokuti razero kutekenyedzwa rikawira, izvo zvinoita kwete
chimwe. Asi asi anopa nyore chimiro, kana ukawana anotikurudzira chikwata apo
zvikumbaridzo yokuti zvose Lovely tsika kuva dzinokosha, iyo kutekenyedzwa Unit
pane chinokosha anotikurudzira tsika, iyo logarithm uri 1, von akaenzana inokosha

nhamba basa logarithms, kureva vachishandisa zvakajairika logarithms umo ka10,

vachishandisa dzinongoitika sezvamakaropafadzwa ja -fold (2.718 .. .fachen)
vomukova ukoshi.
Kuti K = 1 ndiko, kana iwe wakaisa kutekenyedzwa Unit pane chinokosha
anotikurudzira tsika akaenzana inokosha nhamba basa logarithms, zviri nyore
kuwana saizvozvo: Iva kazhinji, mune dzimwe hurongwa akatorwa, zvinokosha
nhamba imwe, tichava, kubudikidza panguva kutekenyedzwa chikwata
rinovira , saka muchiitiko ichi ? = 1 rinovira, pamusoro achigamuchira netsika aya
fomura Misa
1 = K nerogi imwe
saka

Zvino danda kupinda mumwe hurongwa, iyo logarithm anokosha nhamba

Saka munhu = 1, saka, ichi anopa k kukosha 1.
zviumbu aya anotikurudzira uye manyawi, izvo b = L , k = kuita 1 uye neizvozvo
kusvika nyore chimiro yakayerwa inonyatsoita ? = danda kurondwa, vanofanira
mune ramangwana chinokosha dzakabatana akadana, kureva vanhuwo kana
dzinongozviitikira, zvichienderana nokuti munhu nyaya vanhuwo zvavo kana
dzinongoitika logarithms presupposes. The anotikurudzira Unit anoramba zvose kana
chete; asi kutekenyedzwa chikwata Kuchinja pashure theorem gadziriro iri ratios
10 : 2,718 ....
Under nezvevakafa inokosha dzakabatana unogona kutaura chete nesimba ndiye
logarithm simba pamusoro anotikurudzira manyawi , uye zviri zvechokwadi
akasiyana Numeric okuti kukura manyawi, zvichienderana rakaiswa theorem
hurongwa, Mhedziso kukura asi enyaya iyi yakasiyana chikwata ona zvakaenzana,
sei zvechokwadi kuti kureba 1, kureba anogona kuisa 12 uye runotaurwa chechipiri
nhamba hapana mukuru urefu kupfuura okutanga, kana munhu anonzwisisa pasi 12
gumi masendimita uye 1 netsoka.
Zvadaro Z. B. kushandisa zviumbu munhuwo unokosha wakaitwa doubling ari
kutekenyedzwa 1 apo anotikurudzira yakawedzera zvakapetwa kagumi kubva cherogi
10 = 1, 100 = 2. danda Asi mumwe zvaizova zvisina kururama kutaura kuti
vakawanda ose kutekenyedzwa Paarismngud, apo anotikurudzira zvakapetwa
kagumi, asi chete kuti kunzwa 1 kuti tsika =10 vakateerera, von ane mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira, nguva yava 10 huru yaro pachikumbaridzo. Kana
kutekenyedzwa 2 doubling, inova chikamu mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira 100,
izvi zvaizoitika panguva imwe mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira ane logarithm uri 4,
von nenguva 10,000, saka anotikurudzira havazowandi zvakapetwa kagumi pano, asi
anofanira zana, etc.
Uyewo, kana kutekenyedzwa 1 Paarismngud vachishandisa zviumbu munhuwo

unokosha panguva zvakapetwa kagumi ari anotikurudzira, asisina kuitika apo

kushandisa anokwana zviyero dzinongoitika unokosha, nokuti kutekenyedzwa 1 pano
yakaderera anotikurudzira yomuropa, kwete ka10, asi 2,718 ... Times
nezvikumbaridzo akateerera, uye nokudaro rinomiririra rezasi mhedziso kukura
kutekenyedzwa. Izvi zvichaita kaviri, kana anotikurudzira pamusoro 2,718 ... nguva
inowedzerawo.
Ucharamba here regai kutekenyedzwa chikwata uye anotikurudzira chikwata
vanosangana panguva imwe pfungwa, saka uchaita kuwana kumashure rakatevera
nyore chimiro dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, kana umwe anotora anotikurudzira
chikwata uye kutekenyedzwa Unit pane chinokosha anotikurudzira mutengo, izvo
zvakaenzana inokosha nhamba basa logarithms. chimiro ichi yakayerwa
payakavakirwa

= nerogi + 1 (9).
Kutaura zvazviri, mamiriro ezvinhu kuti = 1 kana = munhu ,
ndeyokuvandudza achigamuchira netsika idzi nokuyerwa fomura
1 = K nerogi imwe
dari K = 1, nekuti nerogi A = 1st
The mberi ezvinhu kuti uye panguva imwe chete ndivo 1 kuburikidza
achigamuchira 1 zvose nokuda sezvo chairatidzika nokuyerwa inonyatsoita (2)
uye kuderera kwemitambo K = 1
1 = danda 1 - danda b .
Asi nekuti danda 1 = 0, zvinoguma - danda b = + 1.
Dzinomiririra tsika idzi pakupedzisira k = 1 uye - danda b = + 1 ari mukuru chimiro
nokuyerwa inonyatsoita ? = , k (danda - danda b ), mumwe anowana apa chimiro.
Nyore chimiro yakayerwa inonyatsoita ? = nerogi vanogona kushumira pose
uye kwose kwose nyore Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva zvabuda achibvumira, apo
chikumbaridzo anotikurudzira inoramba kugara, panguva iyoyo vachiri musimba raro
kushandisa inokosha zviyero, kureva kubatana anotikurudzira chenguva
panguva b, kutora uye kutekenyedzwa apo chinokosha anotikurudzira anokoshesa
akaenzana inokosha nhamba basa logarithms. Zvisinei, apo kuchinja kushatirwa
kuitika, kana mukana kwayo kuti kufungwa, kuti bha-chisingatarisirwi uiswe 1; uye
saka tiri mugumisiro kazhinji, asi kwete nguva dzose unoshanda, nyore chimiro
yakayerwa fomura.
How nyore kuona, kusvikira kutsamira pamusoro kutekenyedzwa pakati mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira roga anoita neizvi Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira ari
kutekenyedzwa pamwe, kwete saka kusvikira chikumbiro chake ariko ezvinhu
zvichienderana kutekenyedzwa, asi zvakadaro kusvikira kukura anotikurudzira, izvo
zvakakodzera, a akapiwa manzwiro kumutsa, ari kushanda kukura
kutekenyedzwa. kutsamira inoratidzwa pachishandiswa woita nokuyerwa yokuita

(10)
apo munhu ari mujinga uwandu Zvakarurama logarithms iyo nzira iri nyore
kushandisa chinokosha vezvikwata zvinotevera:
= ane
The yemaitiro ? =, k nerogi

(11)

chokutanga zvose zvinoisa kureva kuti danda , izvi

Cape. 14 = uye kuti .

With Panyaya zvinoreva uye kushandiswa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita anotevera
Zvaanoona dzinokosha.
Ndicho inonyatsoita zvinogona kushandiswa zvakananga chete nehurumende
nedoro iri kusimba kana simba pamusoro kutekenyedzwa ari kusimba kana Simba
anotikurudzira kuti pfungwa yacho nenzira apo tide pane imwe nguva kana mune
imwe ezvinhu panguva pfungwa dzose uko, zvinoderedza kana
kunowedzera. Patinotaura kuyera vanofunga kubudikidza anotikurudzira
achishandisa dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, naizvozvo, nguva dzose kuyera kusimba
ari kutekenyedzwa kusvikira zvikuru, kwete chinorehwa yemabhuku
amutambanudzira pamusoro apa nguva kana spatial papi saka anotikurudzira.
Kana kutekenyedzwa sechimwe chinhu Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira achishandisa
yakayerwa inonyatsoita vari akayera, chikumbaridzo anotikurudzira
anofanira bva- inozivikanwa uye sezvo K kuva muupenyu siyana anotikurudzira
siyana. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino anoramba , k kuburikidza anotikurudzira kuita
kuchinja, sezvo ini pasi ufambidzane zvinoratidzei, asi kwete bha-, nokuchinja
yakafanira kuti tide kuita chiito kugumbuka. Asi zvakawanda zviri kushatiswa kuti
akakoshesa zvose kukuru anotikurudzira ndomumwe wavo, kusimudza
kutekenyedzwa pachikumbaridzo, zvikuru saka anowedzera b. Zvichakadaro
inozununguka ezvinhu ino applicability ose kuyerwa inonyatsoita haisi, asi runosvika
panzvimbo. Nokuti zvinoratidza nazvo kuti iye haasi chete kusarudza kuti Zvaiitwa
kutekenyedzwa pamusoro mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, asiwo mwero nehanya
kwaanoshanda kusungwa.Zvakafanana, sezvo isu imwe shanduka mune
nzira kusuma paro dikidiki vanogona kutevera, tinogona kuva
shanduka b kusuma uye pashure pacho Kuchinja chero.
Izvi zvinoda Zvechokwadi nomutemo kwokuchinja b kudzidza kuburikidza
anotikurudzira chiito tinyatsoratidza, kuti akundinamata , kuti akatanga somunhu
Zvaiitwa kusimba uye nguva yose anotikurudzira iri nzira. Chidzidzo ichi chinokosha
por Se reshiyo asi anopa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kunganzi kupfuura zvakakodzera
chiratidzo. Sezvazvakanyorwa sokuti ndiko b ose non-chisimba mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira pamwe nevazukuru nguva kwayo kune pakunogumira, kana,
saizvozvo nokukurumidza nguva nenguva dzokororo kuti anoutsinye ukoshi izvo,
nomutemo ukama chokuita kukura anotikurudzira uye nguva yose nguva imwe asi
asati kuzivikanwa; uye ikoko vari dzinomiririra chikamu pokuiswa kukosha, chimwe

chikamu wakazoguma kana avhareji ukoshi kuti akafukidza nokuyerwa inonyatsoita

chikuru zviitiko chikumbiro chavo.
Apo chikumbaridzo b Hazvizivikanwi, saka ane mwero mhedziso manzwiro
kuburikidza nokuyerwa inonyatsoita haagoni kuitika, asi anogona kuva angori
kushandiswa nokuda kuyerwa manzwiro kusiyana nokuda kana munhu anogadzira
saizvozvo nezvekufadza maviri akasiyana, uye akatora musiyano pakati mashoko,
chikumbaridzo ukoshi b pamusoro musiyano uyu anonyangarika, sezvo uchitova
unogona kuona uye chitsauko gare gare mamwe dzichakurukurwa.
Kana, ari dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, dzose b sechinhu Zvaiitwa nevamwe
variables, saka inotengwa kubva nzira 11, zvinotevera
(12)
kana munhu inokosha nhamba vakashandisa logarithms ndizvo b ari kuitika ndiye
zvekumirira, izvo munhu akapiwa kutekenyedzwa ? anotakura. Zvadaro, iye itirana
kukosha zvinogona b, von kutsutsa kushandisa sezvo chiyero kwakakwana nehanya
kana kunzwisisa mupfungwa Th. IS 51 kushatirwa, kutoti izvi ndiyo mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira reciprocally pashure nerondedzero kuti zvinokonzera kuti
munhu akapiwa kutekenyedzwa.
Izvi vanozvitutumadza, sezvinoratidzwa munyaya inotevera kupindira kuti , k haasi
pamwe b kuchinja.
Kana, mune nokuyerwa payakavakirwa , k ave kushanda nezvimwe zvinhu, isu
tiwane

(13)
apo , k manzwiro ? ndiko zvekumirira, kubudikidza kupiwa anotikurudzira
inokosha ukama
huri pachena. Zvino aigona kazhinji sezvinobvira kufunga kuti,
kana pechikumbaridzo cheimba anotikurudzira b kuti kunaka Amendment kushatirwa
kuchinja, uyewo chinokosha anotikurudzira reshiyo
kuchinja,
sezvamakaropafadzwa pamamiriro kutekenyedzwa kukura ? unomuka. Panyaya
iyi, zvapfuura payakavakirwa, maererano nokukosha
kwaizoita k nemararamiro b shanduko, havakwanisi pamusoro, uye saka yava kugara
ukoshi , kanogona kushandisa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita bedzi Mhedziso nehanya kana
kushatirwa, iro b kunobva, ndewokuti. Asi kubva mhiri zvinowanzotarisirwa kutaura
sezvinoita kumboadya kuti, uyewo pachikumbaridzo b anochinja, asi manzwiro
ndewokuti, kana chete chinokosha anotikurudzira reshiyo

ndewokuti. Panyaya

iyi, k yakazvimirira kushatirwa uye, mune dzakawanda siyana tsika b chete , k vari
kushandiswa nokuyerwa fomura.
Zvakaitika chete anogona kusarudza mubvunzo uyu unokosha, uye anosarudza
ekupedzisira kubvuma. Muchitsauko pamusoro kufanana mutemo wawanikwa kuti
musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira maviri kuonekwa zvakafanana
pachena, dzingava nemiviri vaneta, mauri pachikumbaridzo b kuchinja, kana
zvaizoita nevasiri taneta. Zvino regai nyaya yokutanga kune mumwe runoenzanirana
tsika pakati constants b 'uye K ', kana wokupedzisira b uye K, uye kana zvose mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira vane musiyano uri kuonekwa, uye 1 , saka kana
rokutanga ari maonero musiyano

chinoguma rechipiri chimiro, kuburikidza zvinenge musiyano pakati matanda iri

logarithm pamusoro quotient. nyaya rwechipiri kutekenyedzwa musiyano
,
Kana ikozvino zvose kusawirirana zvakafanana, sezvo zvinoratidza, sezvo ane K
' = K , d. I. ukoshi , k yakazvimirira tsika b kuva 2)
2)

A gare-kupa musiyano pakati manzwiro kusiyana uye vachinzwisisa repasi

akasiya haangazvidembi dzichinje zvinooneka munyika yaanobhadhara ichi.
Tinoona pashure kuti mutemo kufanana kunokosha mukwanisi mutemo Weber ari
kutsunga nokuyerwa fomura.
Shure kwaizvozvo inogona vaziva kubva kuyerwa inonyatsoita inotevera mutongo
inoshamisa:
Kana anotikurudzira ukoshi b, umo kutekenyedzwa pachikumbaridzo kunoitika,
kunowedzera kana zvinoderedza iri kupiwa ezvinhu, sezvo kunowandawo kana
zvinoderedza ose anotikurudzira kukosha, kuburikidza icho kutekenyedzwa ane
simba rakapiwa kuti rwakakonzera imwe chete maererano. Saka, kana Z. B. Munhu
anosvika dzakaneta, imwe N nguva ruzha sezvo simba anotora zvakafanana zvachose
vakateerera, pane mumwe, saka ndiye ari hura N vanoda nguva sezvo simba inzwi
kuna zvakafanana simba sezvo izvi kuzomunzwa, pasinei simba raunoda nzvimbo ino
yakavakirwa. Nekuti tine pashure nokuyerwa inonyatsoita ? = , k nerogi . Kana
zvino N -fold tsika b kukosha ? vachiri zvakazofamba kuenzana, sapamazuva
nyore, saka nesuwo, anofanira N -fold vari kushandiswa.
Hatina zvakananga nzira kuenzanisa kusimba nezvekufadza vari vanhu
vakasiyana. Asi iwe unogona kuona pasina mubereko kuti isu nokuisa chikumbaridzo
ukoshi b kuwanikwa mune vanhu siyana isina kunanga nzira, iyo kwakakwanira yose

kwakaita manzwiro zvinokwaniswa pakarepo.

Sezvineiwo, achiratidza chimiro nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti chinobuda uwandu
kutekenyedzwa zvakafanana kana imwe chinoderedza pamamiriro ezvinhu,
kana b nenzira imwe reshiyo yakawedzera anofunga. Izvi zvinotisvitsa
Nomufananidzo kaviri ari zvakachinjwa kushatirwa, uye kunogona zvakanaka
zvadai, kushandisa rimwe kana mumwe. Zvinogona kuderedza kushatirwa
zvakafanana zvakanaka achishandisa kuderedzwa anotikurudzira chiito panguva
imwechete pazvikumbaridzo b vanomiririra, sezvinoita yakawedzerwa
pachikumbaridzo b imwechete anotikurudzira kuita . The zvekare zvinogona kunzi
blunting ari anotikurudzira chiito kana anotikurudzira, ekupedzisira
chinorondedzerwa se blunting pamusoro kugumbuka. Nokuti shanduro
anotikurudzira iri yaro psychophysical kufamba iro rine asi abate chete yomukati
psychophysics, chete kumiririrwa rokutanga rinoshanda, kana kushatirwa
kwakaderedza voraussetzlich chete akazarura kuzivisa kuti ungaderedza
psychophysical mugumisiro wacho anotikurudzira kunoitika, isu ipapo achishandisa
kuderedzwa achafanira kuratidza. Asi dzokunze psychophysics, imhosva yaani ivhu
takamira ikozvino, tinofanira kumirira hapana chinodiwa chete ezvinhu chaiwo
kuburikidza nzira, uye anotikurudzira zvayo chaiye kukura kuzozivisa kupinda
nzira, uye variability kwayo maturo kuburikidza vachichinja excitability kuburikidza
kusiyanisa dzose b inomiririrei, saka patimire kutanga kunyange zvinotevera.
Ngatidane B kukosha , umo chairema kutekenyedzwa ? unogamuchirwa,
tichadzivisa mu mukuru okuti, izvo kare nokuti b uye K akawedzerwa, kukosha ?
= kuisa 1 kana isu panguva imwe chete = B yakatarwa. Saka isu kuwana
constants izvi somunhu Zvaiitwa experiential ukoshi B , zvinoti

(14)

(15)
tsika idzi nokuti b uye K ipapo uyewo vanogona kuisa chero vari kuyerwa fomura. In
achigamuchira kukosha b ane mumwe

(16)
Dzinomiririra
nokuti Pinda
muna risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi
ichi, iyo inotungamira kudzokera kare (ona pamusoro) vakawana mugumisiro,
takarurama ndechokuti danda
=
nokuti munhu anokosha nhamba.

danda rimwe , uye kuti danda rimwe = 1,

In achigamuchira kukosha , k inogona kuwanika nyore

(17)
Zvichakadaro ndiwo kudekara kushandiswa tsamba b uye K kureva kuyerwa
inonyatsoita kazhinji zvikuru zvakakunakira zvinowana mhedziso.
Areas huchakurukurwa apo kushandisa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita zvokunyama
zvinosanganisira kuvapo womukati kutekenyedzwa mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira. Kana ivo zvivepo, ndiko kuwedzera ayo Ukuru ukuru zviwane
kukosha kuwana, ndizvo kuzozivisa kupinda nzira. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona
kuva kwavo kuvapo uye kukura kwavo agara chete pamberi uye kusimba
nezvekufadza pasina zviwane uye kufungwa nokuenzanisa pamwe Migumisiro yavo
munzvimbo neShanduro. Saka isu wedzera duku kukura chero zvokunze chiedza
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye ikawanda kutsamwa ari nzira
sezvo kuzozivisa kuti vawane mugumisiro omumwe chiedza zvachose, chero bedzi
pashure yapfuura kukurukurirana kare wandei pasina zvokunze anotikurudzira simba
kutekenyedzwa chiedza muupenyu Black nharo anoita, izvo presupposes kuvapo ane
mhaka kutekenyedzwa yechiedza, izvo isu rinorondedzerwa zvishomanana sezvo
womukati anotikurudzira yomukati. Zvino achirega izvi okuwedzera saizi haasi
kuziva zviwane chaizvo, asi kuvapo kwavo kunofanira kufungwawo, sezvo panguva
simba zvokunze chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira rinonyanya kukosha
simba, uye chinofanira kushandiswa hwakanyatsorwisa siyanisa simba zvokunze
chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, apo pesvedzero yavo kunyora nezvavo.
Kubva mhiri zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo kuti vamwe mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira pasina kuti Vanotakura blunting pamusoro kushatirwa, rukungiso yavo
chiito vakaomerwa mashandiro, mugumisiro kunowedzera pamwe kusimba ari
kuitika. Kanenge ichi ichokwadi chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kana
mboni iri kujekesa nokuda yakawedzera chiedza anotikurudzira, uye zvingaita
chaizvo kuti hearings uye zvichida uyewo dzimwe pfungwa zvaizoitika zvino
vachiwirirana. Chokwadi, anotikurudzira kuti kusumwa chete kufunga chipingidzo iri
nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, iro zvaaida kuburikidza somunhu dzakasiyana kuderera
kwemitambo kana nokuwedzera b kunogona zvakakwana.
Chero anotikurudzira irradiiert mune imwe denderedzwa uye mumwe unorira imwe

nguva; pashure pfungwa dzake chaitika kamwe. Izviwo zvinogona buda kurudyi uye
iye achiita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti funga Zuwchse.
Asi mune dzimwe nzira, maererano nemitemo kusiyana, kureva, risati uye
vanoteerera mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vanoita abndernd kuti kukura
kutekenyedzwa kuti pave kupiwa anotikurudzira. Vanofanira kuwana nyore kushanda
panyaya iyi, nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, saka kana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
zvose kuchinja mune imwe maererano, kana vose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
kunze kuchinja akaramba kugara; kanenge, zvingangoita kuti pasi izvi zviviri
ezvinhu, mano pokushandisa kuyerwa inonyatsoita kunogona kutora
nzvimbo. mutemo The Weber wacho zvinoti yasimbiswa pasi wokutanga ezvinhu,
vari kuedza mumakore nuances (Th. IS 140), pasi yechipiri ezvinhu ari uchimutarira
pamusoro akatisiyira magnitudes.
Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kuva munhu kuyeuka kuti zvinosanganiswa zvikumbiro
yakayerwa inonyatsoita achitandadza hanya. Provisionally, tinoti kuti yakafanana
pokushandisa kuyerwa inonyatsoita yakafanana ezvinhu hanya. Gare gare
kuchaonekwa zvakare kuti dzakasiyana pamwero pfungwa hakuuyi mukati zvimwe
uye mupfungwa, ari kushanda yakayerwa inonyatsoita kuti manzwiro kufungawo,
chepiri kuti nokuyerwa inonyatsoita inogona kuwanika mwero pfungwa kunyange
chikumbiro. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, zvisinei, anofanira kutanga kuchatangirwa
nevamwe pakakurukurwa yomukati psychophysics.
Mumwe anoona ikozvino zvimwe kubva apa kuti, sezvo nyore sezvo nokuyerwa
payakavakirwa, asi chikumbiro chavo hachisi nyore chinhu. Zvino, nokuti zvinetso
izvi chikumbiro chavo nyore mubvunzo ndewekuti chinhu uye zvakanga peri akunda
naye.
Panyaya iyi zvinofanira kucherekedzwa kuti huru kufarirwa nokuyerwa
inonyatsoita kunyange chokwadi iri kuti zvinoita here kuti kuenzanisa nezvekufadza
chaicho kusanganiswa chimiro, chii hakusi nyore kungangova masayendisiti kana
inoshanda chikonzero pane kuti:
1) pamwe kuburikidza Vakarangana, kuti akaziva pasi akanaka ezvinhu tichidzorwa
neMagwaro yakayerwa rokuti rayo pamusoro yakasimba, akajeka, yakarurama hwaro
akavaka uye neizvozvo psychophysics ari akarongeka chawo ari yakasimbiswa
zvachose; kuti 2) vari kushanda pamwe tsika , b , nhamba anotikurudzira,
manzwiro uye aikanganiswa runoratidzwa, achipa pave nenguva kufefetera maonero
ukama uyu haulla facto Links, uye feya kwepamutemo zvakajeka uye vamwe
vanonangwa; kuti 3) kunogona maererano ichi kushanda ukama pasina hunokosha
mwero asi kufanoona kazhinji sei kuchinja uye asati manzwiro mananara vanofanira
kuchinja pamwe nadzurudzo iyi kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo ndiye ane
pamuganhu nyaya uye wekushanduka pfungwa; Saka kunyange apo pasina speziales
nechiyero zvinobvira, asi vakawanda mhedziso zvinobvira.
zvakwakanakira izvi kuuya pachayo mumunda dzokunze psychophysics ndiko, uye
vakadaro pane zvakafanana kashoma vanoda ave kuti akaziva mukana kuurayiwa
nechiyero ndiko kukosha yakayerwa inonyatsoita kunotsvaga mumunda uyu.

Zvisinei, chikuru kufarirwa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita hunogara wangu maonero asiri

zvokunze, asi yomukati psychophysics, kana zvirokwazvo dzakapiwa uwandu
varehwa navo ndeiya yakaita ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro asina
kupinda yomukati psychophysics, asi saka kutaura, kiyi pasuo rake ndiro.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kare kungabatsira zvikuru
kuMabvazuva tizviise nokure ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manyawi, ndizvo
mushure zvose pamusoro apa, wakachena uye kunyatsoomerera pokushandisa chete
hakumbofi kuitika pano. Chete vamwe, zvikuru kana zvishoma rakafara, haana
chokwadi chaizvo kuti kutsunga, miganhu, mamwe zvichidzika rakada, tinogona
proportionality pakati anotikurudzira uye pakudaro akaparirwa psychophysical basa
kunotarisirwa, uye apo proportionality iri anetseka kana kunopera, vari applicability
ari kuyerwa fomura akashatirwa kana repealed. Naizvozvo, mukuru simba rokunze
psychophysics kuona nokuyerwa payakavakirwa hunogara zvandinofunga kuti
ukapembedza pasinei kukanganiswa zvose saka kure mundima yavo, kuti yeshanduro
yakachena kushanda mumunda yomukati psychophysics runobvira uye
zvakakodzera.
Zvichakadai, tiri asi ikozvino nokuyerwa inonyatsoita asi zvachose kuruvazhe
psychophysics, uye kuti vaswedere zvinobatsira avo uye zvausingakwanisi vari
pauriri wokutanga ichi kufunga. asi zvizere, akatendeka, presuppositionless ichi
zvaitika, nani ticharamba kushanda dzavo kuyambuka dzomukatikati psychophysics
saizvozvo.
Simba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira munzvimbo chiedza uye kurira
zvinogona kumiririrwa zvakananga yavo nesimba, uye kubvuma navo nezvimwe
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti vaite chete sezvo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, chero simba ravo vapenyu mupenyu simba psychophysical kufamba
parura mumuviri uye nokudaro inomiririra. It anofarirawo zvadaro, kuchera
Masvomhu edu ave Zvaiitwa kinetic simba pamusoro anotikurudzira kana sangano
Saka akaparirwa. Chokutanga, kunyange zvazvo izvi anongowanika mumaonero ane
akarongeka yokufungidzira; Uyewo hazvigoni akasarudza kubva pakutanga kana
Masvomhu ayo pakutanga akasanganawo chete nokuda kinetic simba pamusoro
vibrations yose vari akamisa, uyewo transferable kune kinetic simba wacho nguva
vibrations, uye kana nesimba rose oscillation uye zvimwewo kumwe rwokufamba
nokuti manzwiro nokuda summation chii zvayo nomumwe nguva pashure Masvomhu
aya kubatsira, vanogona kuwana kodzero, izvo chete kutapurirana panhambo
yakarurama uye kuonekwe anobatsira. Sezvo zvino kururamiswa kwakadaro sokuti
nei chitsauko akazotevera, saka isu achatuma advanced vachirondedzera kwachiri
zvokuvamba Masvomhu.
Ngatimbotii munhu PARTICIPLE nevazhinji m, izvo ane nguva nenguva
pamwechete velocity V unotii, uye saka kinetic simba mv 2 rine nemhaka nazvo, kana
sezvo tide mabasa ari pfungwa nhengo, kana kunyange psychophysically kushingaira
maatomu akafanana chete boka, uye neizvozvo nzira kana vari kuita kuti zvachose
kutekenyedzwa inova waongororwa akapedzisa zvokutanga migumisiro pane kuenda,
sezvo vachanzi akatsanangura muudzame mune ramangwana.

Iva b yacho velocity yacho PARTICIPLE, sezvamakaropafadzwa mupiro wayo

zvinonakisa kutekenyedzwa nokupera; isu tiwane kuburikidza
dzinomiririra mv 2 nokuti uye MB nokuda b vari kuyerwa fomura

uye chinokosha payakavakirwa

Kuenzana pakati
chete
okupedzisira payakavakirwa hunoratidzwa nenzira
differential calculus, akapa D mundima 2 sokugamuchira differential = 2 vdv . Saka
isu zvishoma
;
izvo anokoshesa kunyange nguva chinhu DT kuchawanda, pane rumwe rutivi
mupiro ? DT kuenda tide, iyo panguva T kukura mv 2 rine, nokuti manzwiro
panguva chinhu DT ndiko, Ukuwo iri kutekenyedzwa kukura D ? DT, kuti
pari t undergoes akabata manzwiro apo anotikurudzira mv 2 munguva
zvinhu DT kuti D mv 2 inokura.
Kubva yapfuura Masvomhu inotevera chinozikamwa mhedziso ndokuyerera:
1) The kukura inoramba asingadi kupinda zvokuvamba Masvomhu.
2) Zviri sakosha kana munhu anotanga kinetic simba kana mano nokukurumidza
mune zvokuimba vega pakupedzisira kana chete constants k uye K kaviri.
3) The chiratidzo mundima uye saka vatungamirire velocity iri pasina kuchinja
kukosha kutekenyedzwa uye okunzwisisa musiyano nokugara chete chiratidzo
numerator uye dhinomineta kwemashoko rikauya, nekuti b tiri homologous
kuti mundima dzine chii ndeye nedzidziso ,
Pfungwa yokutanga Kubatana, saka zviri pasina mubvunzo kwete pasina
mubereko, uye, kana muchida, hunhu ari divi zvomudzimu zvakakodzera kuti
Zvinoumba Masvomhu izvi mumuviri zvachose nokukasika. Zvepakutanga
mupfungwa kuchinyanya ipapo hunoenderana badzi kufamba, kwete
vakawanda. Zvisinei mumwe anogona chii, nokuti zvinhu kwete kune
nehurongwa. Kushandisa zvokuimba kuti zvinonakisa Kugamuchirwa, ipapo pulses,
ataure chete iyo inoramba yakasiyana kuunganidza pamwe imwechete pfungwa
sentient nhengo, mabhero akadai vaviri achinyudza pamwe kupfuura rimwe,
vakapararira pamwe pane zvakasiyana, sezvo nyeredzi maviri maviri amboita
makwapa yechiedza muziso kuoneka, uye vaviri kana zvachose kukura
kutekenyedzwa nokuwanda kugumbura inoramba, Ndizvo vane zvachose nyandu ari
anotikurudzira kukura. Kushandisa zvokuimba pamusoro nhengo pacharo

psychophysically kufara, saka ndiye anofanira kushandisa nokuwanda zvomoto

inoramba. Kunyange PARTICIPLE nevazhinji kutevedzera chete nokukurumidza iri
undisputed vanofanira kushandisa akaenzana chitsama inoramba maviri nyore guru
panguva zvazvingava.
The yapfuura Masvomhu vave vakaswedera nyore uye dzepedyo kubvuma kuti
nedoro izvo ariko mushure ruzivo pakati kukura kutekenyedzwa uye kinetic simba
ane rose oscillation, translatable ari vajairira pakati mbiru, mumwe chete nguva
oscillation vari nguva chinhu kune yose manyawi, uye simba mupenyu, izvo panguva
ino okunze, adaro ndakadzidzawo zvimwechete kuti chinobuda zvikuru, kana isu
yaiungana vanhu nokukurumidza kana kuroorwa nokukurumidza
nokuda kuzozivisa kupinda Masvomhu. Zviri ikozvino asi yakati kuti chaizvo
zvekumirira kuwedzera chiedza uye ruzha, mamiriro ezvinhu avo taigona chete
hwuchavapano, nokumhanya kwemabhiza oscillating inoramba anochinja
nokukurumidza kuti atore nzvimbo panguva imwe oscillation; zvakapetwa kaviri
amplitude, saka mwero Paarismngud uye kaviri kuchinja velocity panguva imwe
nguva panguva imwe chete. Uye pashure sezvo chikonzero zvikuru kuyeuka kuti
nokuda anotikurudzira kuchinja nokukurumidza kupfuura pakukurumidza pachayo
yakanga kuisa mukati zvokutanga Masvomhu. Pano tinogona zvenguva chisarudzo
chete pashure kuuya izvo zvinogutsa nani maviri ezvinhu basa kusika experiential
basa yose kunzwa yose kufamba kuburikidza akapedzisa zvokutanga mipiro; uye
hakuna kana husina, kupfuura yakakodzera kudzidza mubvunzo uyu, kuti icho ini asi
chete ramangwana eingehe.
Anofanira zvino kubvuma chaizvo sokuti nani pane kuongorora kwakadaro - uye
chokwadi ichava nyaya - kuti chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera inonyatsoita
kuti pachinzvimbo mano nokukurumidza kuchinja nokukurumidza, kana chii
ticharamba kudana pfupi wechipiri-kuitira mwero kuti akazova kuitira kuti kuvakwa
zvinoumba manzwiro mari chero mhando yakakodzera, izvi zvaizoita, Sezvineiwo,
muchimiro Masvomhu kushandura chinhu, nokuda chete chete pasi mundima angadai
kwakaitika pamwero wokutanga kuti tinzwisise akadaro yechipiri-kuitira kana
nokukurumidza kuchinja uye pamusoro nhatu pfungwa kuchine zvakafanana
kuramba kushanda:
1) kuti mukanyiwa kunyangarika kubva zvokutanga Masvomhu;
2) kuti, kunze tsika pakati constants k , K ndiye sakosha kana munhu anoshandisa
yechipiri kuitira aimhanya nyore kana dzinoungana;
3) kuti zvakanaka kana akaipa kukosha chete, kureva, kana vachiita sezvo
kumhanyisa kana deceleration, haana zvainoita kutekenyedzwa mugumisiro.
Uchida kudzidza mubvunzo pacharo, Zvisinei, kusvikira kwapera panzvimbo,
sezvo chaauya pachayo kana vachida kubatsirwa kana chiratidzo kusvikira ikozvino,
kusarudza izvozvo chaizvoizvo.
Handina akakurukura kumusoro, chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera
inonyatsoita kuti pfungwa huru, nyaya yacho inogona kunzi chete saka kure sechinhu
chinonyanya inoshanda uye mukuru akapoteredza pfungwa idzi anouya

kuchiedza; asi vachadzoka chete munhu ari pazvitsauko pamwe mukukurukurirana

chaizvo zvinoda achengetwe sezvo zvikumbiro kuna Masvomhu. Uyezve, ndauya
kuti kungotaurawo pamusoro kuyerwa inonyatsoita uye rose Maprinzips I kutarisira
kuratidza zvishoma.
Nokuyerwa fomura ndiyo kutsamira pakati nezvekufadza kubva mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira. Sezvo mamwemazwi chete, nzira yemaitiro zvandinoti
musiyano payakavakirwa, shandisa, zvawakabudiswa nazvo mashandiro
kutekenyedzwa musiyano kunopiwa anotikurudzira ezvinhu kubudikidza nokuyerwa
inonyatsoita inogona aionekwa seMutambo nyaya musiyano payakavakirwa, apo
mumwe nezvekufadza mbiri pakati chii musiyano uri, razero. The zvokuimba nekuti
manzwiro kusiyana kuva mberi kunogona generalized avo kusiyana manzwiro
kusiyana kana kusiyana yepamusoro kurongeka. Pakati manzwiro kupesana
kudzidzisa reshiyo pachikumbaridzo ari musiyano inonyatsoita pacharo kuti kwapera
chokwadi kuti zvitsanangurwe musiyano, zvichienderana nokuti vanokwira vari
kutekenyedzwa kana kuti kunyanya kunzwisiswa, uye nokuda neyokupedzisira
richidiwa, zvawakabudiswa nazvo Unterschiedsmaformel unomuka. Pakupedzisira
nyika Maprinzip yose kubva mutemo Weber inogona kumiririrwa
tisingatungamirirwi.

XVII. Akarongeka Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kuyerwa

fomura.
Yakatangawo pasuo kumashure chitsauko kunyatsogona fomura

kwakavakirwa kuedza kusiyana, iri pamuganhu zvitoro Lichen. Zvadaro

unogona Dy uye dQ vanoonekwa uye sevanhu differentials naye. By kusanganisa
chete munhu anowana ipapo pakutanga kuzvitutumadza zvakasikwa logarithms

= K nerogi + C,
apo C ndiye kuramba kwakaita kusangana. Kana tingaziva napo ezvinhu kuti
kutekenyedzwa pachikumbaridzo kuti tide kuita = b anonyangarika, saka une
O = K nerogi b + C ,
saka
C = - K nerogi b
uye

= K ( danda - danda b ).
Somunhu munhuwo logarithm akaenzana, iyo modulus = M ndiye .4342945
kwakawanziridzwa dzinongoitika logarithm, saka anoenda, vachishandisa vanhuwo
logarithms uye kuderera kwemitambo

, yapfuura payakavakirwa kupinda

 = K (danda - danda b ) = , k nerogi

risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi Izvi zvingava illusory kana chokwadi

vomukova haako, izvo saka chete yomuSouth pamwe mutemo Weber wacho
achitevedza zulngliche kutsigira nokuyerwa inonyatsoita uye neizvozvo nemhedziso
kutekenyedzwa nechiyero. Kutaura zvazviri, manzwisisire mu- anokamuka tsika
anofanira kuenda panzvimbo panguva razero kukosha anotikurudzira, saka tinoda
kuti kugara C achagamuchira kunaka kukosha kusingaperi, uye hazvina kwaizova
anokamuka mashoko semhedziso manzwiro mutengo kuti kuwanikwa; hapana
inokanganisa manzwiro akasiyana kuyera asi, mune mashoko
avo C nokukasika. Naizvozvo Euler kuti inonyatsoita kuti namo, uye Steinheil kuti
inonyatsoita kuti akatisiyira magnitudes, pane chokwadi vomukova kwete
Achivakira, anoreva chete kutekenyedzwa kupesana.
Kunyange pasina calculus, mumwe vanogona nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kubva
mutemo Weber nomuromo kubvunzana nezvokuti vomukova; kana zvakadaro
inoratidza murayiro Weber wacho, kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano ndewokuti kana
mari anotikurudzira ndewokuti. Uye sezvarinokodzera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti
rakabva papi ichi kunyanya anozikamwa zvakawanda zviri munzvimbo kuderedza
ichangobva kuchinja, kureva panzvimbo ruzivo Data kubva chete kuenda chinokosha
payakavakirwa kuti zvinowana muna amboti, nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kubudikidza
kusangana, asi chete kuti kuyerwa fomura kuti tisvike zvinowana chinokosha
payakavakirwa kubudikidza mutsauko.
Kutaura zvazviri, vaiva uye ' mbiri nezvekufadza hama kuti
nemazango uye ' ndezvedu, sezvo anoti Mutemo Weber muna azvino muchimiro
akaona kuti - ' anoramba achitsungirira chero bedzi
kuti

anoramba kugara, kana

-=
kana add ndiro basa vatambi.
Pasina concurrence nezvokuti vomukova basa aigona ikozvino add kutorwa
pamadiro, mamiriro ezvinhu mutemo Weber zvaizoreva nguva dzose
chichazadzika. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinotevera Masvomhu vangavatake
-=
=
=

Nezvimwewo

zvakafanana zvakanaka kugutsa ezvinhu kuti - ' anoramba achitsungirira chero

bedzi

inoramba kugara apo fomura

- '=, k nerogi

Asi isu wedzera mamiriro kuti kutekenyedzwa ari anokamuka

netsika b haazombotaurwi kuti tide kuita, saka chete ekupedzisira chimiro
zvinogoneka.
Kutaura zvazviri, isu akaisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
-=
uye kutekenyedzwa ' = 0 uye zvinoenderana anotikurudzira ' = b, saka
anoenda. ivo vari
=

Naizvozvo, isu akawana kubva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

-=
pakuti isu ? = 0 apo tsika = b kuonana,
=

Ndiwo musiyano
-=

chii musiyano wacho pakutanga kuwanikwa

-=
anofanira kuva zvakafanana. Semuna. Unofanira kuva
=

kana
=

+
Zvino, nokuti uchapupu kwamuri muna Cauchy kwakaita algebr cours
d'Analyse. p. 109 suiv., algebr muna Schlmilch raMwari Handb. D .. Analysis p.86
nokumwewo akawanikwa, mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
F ( X, y ) =
add ( X ) + add ( Y )
kudaro kazhinji zvakakwana, sezvo zviri
F ( X ) =, k nerogi X
F ( Y ) = , k nerogi Y
F ( xy ) = , k nerogi xy
apo , k Ndinoramba.
Dzinomiririra muzvirevo equations

kuti X,

nokuti Y, saka zvinobikwa

zvose
nokuda xy, saka zviri akafanana pamusoro apa, uye anotevera kuti munhu
anofanira kuisa
;

Zvisinei, kana , ' pamwe , zvose zero, kureva b = kuva 0, saka

risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi izvi zvaizoita nokuda magumo tsika, iyo
danda

, danda

tisafunge kwete kuitika uye basa add vaizotorwa pamadiro.

The theorem Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira ukama iyo tinonzwa tichimanikidzwa sezvo

hazvo akanongedza Anonziwo kusiyaniswa nemamwe mabasa ose anotikurudzira
reshiyo vaigona kuva kuedza kutsiva zvakafanana nokuda pfuma kuti, insofar sezvo
rinogona kudonongodzwa nekutarisisa anogona zvakafanana anoshumira ezvinhu
pachikumbaridzo kururamiswa kuwana murayiro Weber wacho, theorem basa
zvakachengeteka; uye pasina yawakanga rugwaro aigona kutora nzvimbo chete
manzwiro hukuru nokuda mutemo Weber kwechiKristudhomu pasina
yapfuura; nokuda akarongeka axiom kuti yose kusiyana kurikumbira akapedzisa
kusawirirana maviri zvishoma chete, asi chete achishandisa theorem Zvaiitwa
anotikurudzira reshiyo kuti manzwiro kusiyana angawanika, chero kuti vari kushanda
vose anotikurudzira reshiyo.
Iva Z. B, mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira matatu achiburuka pachidanho
kukura , ', " pamwe akabatanidza nezvekufadza , , " wakapiwa, dai
nomunhu sezvo kwedu theorem Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira nhamba musiyano isu pakati
zvakanyanyisa nezvekufadza uye " kuwana imwe kwezana Verengai misiyano

kuti isu pakati uye ', ' uye "kuwana.

Regai titsanangure kuna akatisiyira magnitudes. Vatatu mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' ' achapiwa anomiririrwa zvitatu akatisiyira magnitudes l.,
2nd, 3rd kirasi. Kana kutekenyedzwa musiyano mimwe Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira
reshiyo kupfuura hwedu theorem, saka vanofanira musiyano kubwinya anogona
kuwanikwa, kana anopfuura zvakananga ziso kubva 1st kuna 3rd kukura
ngapaonekwe yakakura kana miduku pane musiyano kubwinya inogona kuwanikwa
kana mumwe Figure 1 . kunonzi 2, ndinoiitawo kusiyana zvinogona kuwanikwa kana
munhu anopfuura kubva 2nd kusvika 3rd, uye kunogona akaiswa pamberi chero
kukamuka hukuru pakati zvose hukuru ane misiyano kubva ose ari pedyo Sizes yose
musiyano wiedergben chete. asi nokuti zvechokwadi inotunga nyanzvi
chakapatsanurwa hukuru nokuti nheyo iyi kutongwa ziso vakananga saka vanofanira
axiom vari mubvunzo pano vane ukoshi hwayo. saizvozvowo kuti kuonekwe kwatiri
penguva iri pasi pasi hakusi kwakaenzana Verengai wechishanu uye wechina, asi uyu
chokwadi ruzivo. uye kana iwe tarisa zvichida asina kuroorwa, kuenzana uyu
zvachose musiyano zvakafanana akasarudza kuratidza kutekenyedzwa pamwe
Verengai kukwana nezvekufadza munzvimbo dzimwe nezvekufadza pamusana
ruzivo, sezvinoitwa nzvimbo namo, ticharamba bvumidza kanenge kuti ndoda
chikonzero pane zvakaitika kuna zvinopesana aripo, hongu zvaizoita ohnedem
kupokanidzana nokungochinja-chinja munzvimbo vakanzwisisa kuuya, izvo
zvinoratidza chinhu.
Mumwe anogona zvino chokutanga chete empirically uchapupu kuti kana , ', " ,
kuti nezvekufadza vatatu kuti vatatu mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ', " ndiko, kuti hapana kune apa mashandiro sezvo
theorem - ' akaenzana ( - ') + ( - ' '). inotengwa mutemo, zvaizoita
kushandisa rokutanga chimiro, zvingadai kuva

Kana ikozvino - ' = ( - ') + ( '- "), saka wakaramba

zvakadaro
kana =
usingabereki kazhinji, asi chete pasi particulate chaizvo ezvinhu kuti
ave nyaya. kuva zvakafanana zvingava akawana Misiyano vose mamwe
mabasa; kunze theorem.Kutaura zvazviri, pashure uyu ane

yokuenzana pakati
- ' , uye ( - ') +
( '- ").
General apo
-=

; - =

; - =
sezvo maererano mutemo Weber wacho zvazvingava, uye kana aida kuti chokwadi
chokuti
( - ') + ( - ") = - "
saka fanira
+

kuva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga panyaya yokuti

= kureva, maererano chii
(saka) iri vakacherechedza, haagoni kuva kugutsikana nomutowo wakapesana kana
ukaisa
= K Pinda

Saizvozvo, sezvo pane mamiriro ezvinhu ayo uchimanikidza akasarudza kurega

panguva theorem basa, saka kune avo kuburikidza iyo ichi kana kuti zvinhu zviri
pamusoro apa, zviri kutongwa hazviiti. Kana basa izvi chimiro
- '= K
saka kutekenyedzwa musiyano kwete nguva dzose zvakafanana kana mari
anotikurudzira ndiro kukura, asi dzaizobuda chete maererano sezvo mari
anotikurudzira iri kukura, zvisinei ukuru mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira. asi ari
aipesana nezvakaitika. Nekuti they. B. ari akatisiyira magnitudes rinoenderana
doubling musiyano maviri anotevedzana akatisiyira magnitudes, kana musiyano ane
nyeredzi kukura nomumwe kwete rechitatu zvinoreva doubling pamusoro reshiyo

chiedza intensities, izvo ndezvaJehovha anotevedzana akatisiyira magnitudes. Kana

Ukuwo chimiro kuti ichi
- '= , chivi
saka kwaizotika kunzwa musiyano zvakatowedzera kusimba tide, ukuwo vamwe
inoramba kuchinja, kuti-nguva nenguva uye bvisa, uko handizvo.

XVIII. The akaipa pfungwa anokoshesa zvikuru. Kumiririrwa

kwakaita kupisa nokutonhora kutekenyedzwa. 1)
The raora dzokushungurudzwa kuti vanobatanidzwa pasi nokuyerwa
payakavakirwa, anogona kupinzwa pasi huru nyaya nhatu dzinonzi muchidimbu
anorondedzerwa kuti ati nhaurirano rechi16 chitsauko:
An chiitiko, chinokosha anotikurudzira mutengo uri 1, nyaya wechipiri mukuru
pane 1, wechitatu kana asingasviki 1.
1) Tichitevera

S. 88 zvi-., S. 122 va-. Revision S. 206 va-. Psych. Maprinzipien,

S. 218 va-.
nyaya yokutanga ndipo kutekenyedzwa kunoitika nezvikumbaridzo, anotora
wechipiri apo kwazvo chikumbaridzo, kureva vanoziva tsika; rechitatu apo
zvazvinosarira asingachazivi pasi pechikumbaridzo uye neizvozvo, ukuru kunaka
tsika uyewo nokubviswa nekunzwa padanho zvinova kuoneka, kana kudzika
okusaziva matanho, sezvo kukura zvakanaka zvinokosheswa ongororo pfungwa iyi
kana simba nako inopinda kuziva. Saka muri chipimo yedu inonyatsoita muchirevo
chechinyorwa nechiyero zvose kuziva sezvo kufenda mwero kutekenyedzwa.
The kumiririrwa asingachazivi vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mitemo
kunaka variables chinhu chinokosha nokuda psychophysics, ane ukoshi chingava asi
vakaedza kusava;nomumwe pamuviri angapikisana zvakafanana, Ndinofunga kudiwa
kusangana nezvedzinza, sezvo yave frherhin chaizvoizvo vaiva pamusoro pangu
kubva anonyatsozivikanwa simba sezvo sachgemere; nemaonero zvinoti kuti
zvakaipa okunzwisisa ukoshi kuratidza nani kukosha pfungwa zvakaipa hunhu, sezvo
kuuya chando manyawi, marwadzo-manzwiro nokupisa, kufara kutekenyedzwa
zvichienzaniswa kukura akapfizuka manzwiro zvose asi kungoti chete razero kusvika
akanzi.
The inosvitswa chikonzero chinhu kwete kutora zvokuti ndechokuti akapoteredza
chokwadi ari nyanzvi kwete kumiririrwa. chipimo kwedu fomura raimiririra upenyu
nezvekufadza somunhu Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira pamusoro vomukova, dzakadai
chokwadi vomukova pacharo zvakaenzana cogent. Kana akarongeka kumiririrwa
chokwadi vanoramba vachirarama nokuda zviduku anotikurudzira tsika saka
vanofanira nechokuita kunaka kunzwa tsika sezvingatarisirwa kufungisisa chii chete
nerokuti ari ruzivo, asi izvi hazvisi pakatarisana nezvekufadza asi zvisipo
nezvekufadza nenzira yakadaro kuti makuru asina kunaka tsika zvakafanana ari

kukura chinhambwe kubva kuti munhu hunhu kana chokwadi pamusoro

kutekenyedzwa.
Naiwo chinopesana mweya wemasvomhu hachisi kutora kuti nzira. Nekuti nyanzvi
musiyano chechiratidzo inogona kunyatsonanga uyewo, inobva kusiyana kwakaita
chokwadi uye seasiri echokwadi sezvo zvibereko uye kuderera kana
mirayiridzo. Rinoshandiswa kwose kwose pamusoro pemhando chii zviri
kurondedzera. Saka zvinoreva hurongwa rectangular rinoronga musiyano pakati
mirayiridzo mitsetse, mune gadziriro polar rinoronga kusiyana kwakaita chokwadi
uye asiri chokwadi tambo kuitira kuti zvikuru kunaka tsika dzinoratidza kure zvikuru
kubva chokwadi, pane zviduku vaya. Zvingasava wevadukusa mhingaidzo, izvo
chinoshanda nokuti nharaunda Vector sechinhu Zvaiitwa necheparutivi, kuti ape
kutekenyedzwa somunhu Zvaiitwa tide.
Sezvo tine kutora yakachena masvomhu chaiye uye zvekufungidzira chokuita uye
kurapa make cogently vanomirira akapoteredza uye ezvinhu chaiye, uye vafunga
kubva zvekufungidzira kuti chaiye kwete zvishoma rinonyatsotevedzera
wechokwadi, sezvo avo kufamba inongova chokwadi, zviri naiyewo psychophysical
kushandiswa masvomhu nyaya.Kuti muchidimbu mamiriro ezvinhu enyika
chavanoziva triftig pakati pavo, vanofanira kunzwisisa mashoko akapfizuka
nezvichaitika izvi.
Kunyange nokuda ukama yakafanana muenzaniso, kururama kwemashoko
yapfuura maonero zvichabviswa kutsanangurwa.
Inogona kuva munhu chombo kana liability dzisina mari uye nenhumbi por se, asi
zvakanaka kana kunaka nhaka yayo dziripo. Zvino anonzi triftig mari chinzvimbo
kusina zvakanaka kana kunaka upfumi aripo, mumwe murume ane chinhu, hapana
chikwereti, ane razero ukoshi; nepo zvaizenge untriftig unoratidzei makuru
nemaduku chikwereti pamwe null tsika, pasinei munhu kana ichi hapana, nokuti
dzinopesana kunan'anura pamwe makuru nemaduku kunaka tsika, iyo kuratidza kuti
zvakawanda kana zvishoma mari, nhumbi yavo vaigona inofanira kuwedzerwa chete
chete aunze zero mamiriro chete.
Zvisinei, muna zvikuru zvineringanidzo nyaya, tinonzwa tichimanikidzwa pamwe
afenda. Sezvandakakupai muzvikwereti mukuru kana muduku kukura mari uye
zvinhu zvinodiwa kuunza razero mamiriro chepfuma mhiri unotanga zvakanaka
chombo, sezvo psychophysical kana chaanoziva, mukuru kana muduku nokuwedzera
anotikurudzira, hama yacho kuti pave sangano chokuunza zero ezvinhu manyawi,
kubva apo anowana chete panguva yakanaka tsika zvaiitika. Uye unogona kuudza
vose zvakafanana mupfungwa; munhu anonzwa mune chavanoziva ezvinhu
isingasviki chinhu, sezvo unogona kuudza panyaya chikwereti; ine zvishoma pane
chinhu; insofar somunhu nokusingaperi kuona zvinoratidza mhando kuva
musoro. Vari chete triftig kuburikidza lining navo cogent ndeechokwadi ukama.
Shure tiri akamanikidzwa akapoteredza, kusiyana chiratidzo pamberi manzwiro ?
kushandisa kutsanangura kuti uwandu hwayo budding, ukama, hatigoni
vanofanirawo kunan'anura ane pakatarisana unhu hwake kutekenyedzwa naye. Cold,

marwadzo anogona chete kuva zvakasimba akanzwa kupisa, nokuchiva, sezvo simba
migumisiro iri mweya vanokwanisa sevapristi kupisa, ruchiva; Saka ivo anoonawo
kuti mweya uye mashoko akapoteredza ichangopfuura akarongeka nezvavanofunga
chete uyewo zvakanaka chiratidzo, chero bedzi vari pamusoro chikumbaridzo,
chaizvoizvo akanzwa.
Kwete manzwiro ushamwari, mafaro, chando, marwadzo pamusoro pavo, asi chete
wavo zvinokonzera, migumisiro uye kuyeuka ezvinhu vari pakatarisana munzira kuti
akarongeka musiyano chechiratidzo anofanira kushanda kwavari, ndipo kare Th. ARI
17 yave zano nokukurumidza. Cold manzwiro akasikwa achideredza ganda
tembiricha anodonhedza pazasi imwe pamwero, kupisa manzwiro nokuwedzera
nayo; panguva iyo, ganda kuchaita kubata uye ropa rinobuda ura, iri rukazara ganda
uye ropa anoenda kunze; Ruchiva chokuita kazhinji pamwe iya kuti icho kutuswa
chinhu, kufara ane kuramba nayo; uye zvichida uyewo chii mafaro uye kutsamwa
pasi krperlicherseits, mune dzimwe nzira pakatarisana sezvo positives uye
negatives, kunyange tinoziva pano chinhu chaicho. Saka iwe uchava Zvisinei kuti
anosiyanisa zviratidzo mukufananidzira manzwiro iwayo ave kushanda kurwara,
dzakadai inverse kumiririrwa mumuviri muupenyu ayo kuvimba zvokunamata; asi
kwete nezvekufadza pachavo, asi kune mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kana
kufamba nayo vari vakuru chokuita.nyore chaizvo asi kururama kune kwakaita
kutekenyedzwa zvikuru nechokuita kana causal ukama kumapati aine musiyano
pakati nezvekufadza pachavo.
Zvinotevera psychophysical kumiririrwa kudziyisa uye kutonhora manzwiro ane
vanotova chete yokungotaura kukosha, kana zvichiitirwa kuratidza, maererano iyo
musimboti wacho akarongeka kumiririrwa kunzi dzinopesana manzwiro uye
kushandiswa chiratidzo kushorwa aizotora nzvimbo pano. How kure kumiririrwa izvi
zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, kunobva kuchigere zvakakwana mutsindo
mubvunzo, sei kure anoita mufananidzo uyu akasarudzwa inotsigira mutemo Weber
chaizvoizvo nezvekufadza panguva tembiricha zvinoshanda. Kuti kwete-siyana
zvechokwadi kushanda kuti kuedza yakatotanga conceded kwokutanga, izvo,
zvisinei, haasi hazvibatanidzi kuti aigona kuva paine mamwe ari kuchinjwa
anotikurudzira pamusoro psychophysical sangano pane kuedza goho. Zvisinei,
mubvunzo uyu haasi kukosha saka pano zvachose; sezvo kuitwa mutemo Weber pano
somunhu chiratidzo chete, mishonga zvakasiyana nezvekufadza kuzvitsanangura
pasina kuti uyu ndeyevanyori nezvaidiwa noMutemo Weber wacho.
Sezvo nechiyero kupisa anotikurudzira hakusi mhedziso pamwero tembiricha, asi
musiyano kubva tembiricha, apo tiri kunzwa hautonhori kana kupisa, kuona, kana
Zvaiitwa musiyano, sezvo kutekenyedzwa kutonhorwa maererano kure
inowedzerawo kubva unosvikirwa tembiricha. Dzinomiririra nokuda nyore
zvinodiwa = T - T , apo T ndiyo tembiricha, runoonekwa panguva kana kupisa kana
kutonhora, T akarurama huripo tembiricha, saka chinokosha payakavakirwa
uchishandisa mutemo Weber iyi
,

Zvino zvinofanira kucherekedzwa kuti rokuti yechipiri mukana wokuti vanhu

vanga ichi nokuda achishandisa zvose nezvekufadza nyaya apo T = T hadziperi,
kureva, pashure akarongeka mashoko anova discontinuous. Vaviri, nenzira iyi yoga
nyaya, mukuru zviitiko apo T iduku, uye apo T mukuru Zvichakadaro
tembiricha T Saka, kwete anogona kubatanidza pasi chete chinokosha, uye zvinoda
mumwe yakazvimirira vakatsunga kusangana chenguva.
Kana isu zvino pakutanga vaitarisira kuti zvose romugungwa uye chando manzwiro
ane chikumbaridzo, kureva kuti zvose kwete chete panguva centre tembiricha T, asi
atova imwe chinhambwe uye mhiri kwenzira tembiricha T vanorega kuva
zvinoonekwa uye zvikamu pakati tembiricha maviri kana nokupisa kana kutonhora
Runonzwika, ane mafungiro zvinofanira aionekwa somunhu mamwemazwi kuti gare
gare kuti aendeswe nehanya kuti chikumbaridzo yaizova zero, saka tichadaro, kana
isu pachikumbaridzo tembiricha yokupisa C, kutonhora C runhare ', nokuti kupisa
uye chando mugamuchire zvinotevera Masvomhu maviri kusanganisa
sezvamakaropafadzwa , k kuti (saka) unotaurwa reshiyo kuna K ane:

Sezvo chenguva c '- T akaipa, apo munenge - T ndiyo yakanaka, saka siyana
mashoko kudziyisa uye kutonhora nechiratidzo zvakapesana seri
Logarithmuszeichen, uye nenzira imwe, kana iwe c' kuitira kure pazasi T seDamakumusoro T anoda kugamuchira, asi ichi hachisi zvakakodzera zvinotevera zvayo
mhedziso.
The rokutanga Masvomhu izvi zvinogona kuva zvakanaka ? kuwana razero
kana C = T , wechipiri vanokwanisa ' = 0, ona kana T = C '. The Masvomhu ipai
yakarurama tsika chaiyo kupisa ? uye zvekufungidzira kuti kutonhora ?
'apo T > T; Ukuwo, kana T < T; sei nenzvimbo nyore pasi kukurukurwa, kuti
logarithm munhu akaipa kwazvo iri zvekufungidzira. The Masvomhu kupa
pakupedzisira chaizvoizvo chavanoziva kana chavanoziva, kuti zvakanaka kana
akaipa, anokoshesa kuti kupisa ? , Refrigeration ',zvichienderana nokuti
numerators pakati nezvikamu pasi Logarithmuszeichen akakura kana kuti muduku
pane dhinomineta. Nokudaro dzinomirira triftig rwevanhu ezvinhu zvose, izvo
zvinofanira kumiririra.
Izvi pasi ezvinhu maviri munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva imwe nechokure,
pachikumbaridzo tembiricha C , c ' nokuti kudziyisa uye kutonhora. Zvichakadai,
inogona kusava kwazvo kana nezvinodiwa iri pamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo
kunoratidza kuti imwe upamhi tembiricha kumativi kusavapo weumwe kunzwa
kupisa kana kutonhora anogona kuramba kugamuchira, uye izvi zvinoita kuti kuva
chinhambwe pakati zvikumbaridzo & Beyond maviri T kutaura. Asi zvinofanira
kufungwa nezvazvo kuti ichi aigona kuva zvakafanira kuna
Accominodationsvermgen ari Reizempfnglichkeit kana aikanganiswa

chikumbaridzo ganda, uye tinoziva zvisinei vamwe zvikonzero. The kuedza rechi9
chitsauko vakaratidza kuti pane avhareji tembiricha womumwe upamhi pakati chando
pfungwa uye kupisa ropa, apo ruduku tembiricha kusiyana zvichiri vachinzwisisa
pamwe manzwiro kuti akabatanidza tembiricha kusiyana panguva lmpmittari
kuitika panenge Unorudzi pakuongorora zvikanganiso. Izvi anoita basa nani kuti
mukati ichi paavhareji tembiricha nevakawanda chikumbaridzo, kureva nenhanho
zero, nokuti kudziyisa uye kutonhora ndiko, sezvo vataizokwanisa kutarisirwa
pachinzvimbo rokumavirazuva nehanya, kusava mune imwe tembiricha
upamhi. Kana pachikumbaridzo tembiricha kuti kudziyisa uye kutonhora asi kunze,
saka kuti kungova kuva, nokuti pakuongorora sezvo vanishingly ionekwe, kukura,
uye saka zvingangoita kuti vaite kwete kunze.
Eh Weber anobvumirana nazvo, ichiti kuenzanisa chiedza nokupisa manzwiro
(Programmata collecta S. 169th):
"Sensus caliginis Est sensus deficientis lucis muGiriyedhi cernenduna
necessariae. Quae ngaave nunquam ndege deficiat, gradu tantum differnnt sensus
lucis bv sensus caliginis.Hinc zvakakodzera, UT Aut crescente decrescente Luce
Sensim paulatimque yekare sensus muna alterum transeat, neque gradus medius
existat, neque kwakabva lucis neque caliginis sensu afficimur. Contra Talis medius
gradus temperiei corporum nos tangentium, kwakabva Nee Nee frigore calore
afficimur, tichi- existit, arctissimis vero terminis circumscriptus Est.Causa muna eo
posita Est, quod nostro corpori calor ane calidioribus corporibus comnaunicatur, a
frigidioribus Zvino detrahitur, lux Zvino nunquam ocalis detrahitur, And semper
communicatur. Frigus bv calor igitur Se habent, ut Numeri positivist bv negativi,
Inter quos Est svikiro punetum indifferentiae, lux bv caligo contra, ut Numeri
positivist minores bv majores. "
Sezvineiwo, kana mubvunzo kuti zvikumbaridzo kuti kupisa nokutonhora zvachose
-enderana ane hwava razero muzano, ine yokungotaura kufarira, zvikumbaridzo dai
asi kwokuedza zvisinei kunogona nguva dzose ave appreciably coincident, uye
chaiyo vakatsunga constants C , c ' kuwa hazviiti. Naizvozvo vanofanira kuonekwa
anobatsira ari kusangana chero kana sarudzo constants, izvo zvinofanira
zvinopindirana zvikumbaridzo chaizvo kwaizoita kutsvaka voga. Zvino kuti mukuru
mhinduro yacho nzira iyi:

=, k nerogi ( T - T ) + C
chichava chenguva C kupfuura nyore nokuda nezve kwete tembiricha apo = 0 , asi
apo (pamadiro) = 1 wakaisirwa kusarudza chii panyaya kupisa ane tembiricha
kumusoro, muna zvinoitirwawo refrigerant pane imwe tembiricha
pazasi T ndiyo. Regai ikozvino C , C 'tembiricha aya maviri anoreva saka C hama
kuziva panyaya kudziyisa uye kutonhora kubudikidza equations:
1 =, k nerogi ( C - T ) + C
1 = , k nerogi ( C '- T ) + C .
The matambudziko tsika kuti C, ipai kuchiiswa mu mukuru mukana wokuti vanhu
vanga,

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikwata nokuda Frost Se hapana kukura anobvuma

tichienzanisa Unit nokuda kupisa, sezvo vose zviumbu nani pasina mumwe vane
anzuneh-varume. Saka tiri pasinei Maprinzips edu, hungu zvakafanana mune
akarongeka mweya, haana kukwanisa kutaura kuti kana isu chete -oma zvakadaro,
sezvo vari inodziya; kana zvakare saka kuchitonhora chaizvo, sezvo zvinopisa
Zvisinei, anopiwa kuti nzira huru kuudza kangani isu -oma rimwe sezvo mune
dzimwe nyaya kana ushamwari; zvingava pachena mamwemazwi kufambidzana
pakati nezvekufadza akasiyana kwemarudzi nokuti, sechipo saka kure.
Asi pashure tsika C , C ', tiri, nokuti uyo tinoda kutora chairema tembiricha
nezvekufadza udzvinyiriri, zviri pachena kuti hatigoni kuita nani kupfuura ivo
symmetrically kuna T,kureva C ' sezvinoita kure pazasi sezvo kumusoro
kubvuma. In ichi dzinongoitika kubvuma, ipapo nokuenzanisa pakati kupisa
nokutonhora Zvisinei, akamisa kambani ave aizviti nokuda zvakasikwa, kunyange
kana iye asiri nyanzvi zvakakodzera. Ichi C - T = T - c ' uye kusiyana kwakaita
kupisa nokutonhora kuderedzwa kuti chokwadi kuti T - T iri nzira yokuti kupisa T T iri nzira nokuda inotonhora kunoitika, saka akaderedza kutendeukira pamusoro
musiyano chechiratidzo pasi Logarithmuszeichen.
Saka kure anotungamirira dzidziso pasi kubvuma kuti murayiro Weber rinoshanda,
uye K zvakajairika kuti kupisa nokutonhora. Zvino ini kare akataura kuti maererano
Frost pfungwa kuti mutemo Weber kuti anorasikirwa ukoshi hwayo; Zvisinei yave
Ukuwo, akacherechedza kuti zvarakasiya kubva mutemo Weber hakusi zvakakodzera
kutora nzvimbo achifuridzirwa zviwane uye chibvumirano psycho-mumuviri
kufamba saizvozvo akaparirwa; naizvozvo yapfuura nezvavanofunga kwokutaura,
pashure zvose, vanogona kuramba vaine kukosha kwavo. Asi chinangwa chikuru
yapfuura kukurukurirana wakanga usingashandi zvose, ona nechiyero mashandiro
tembiricha manyawi, chii kunyange yavaizofanoshandisa miedzo yakawanda
experimental zvinokosha, chaizvoizvo, vave chipo kusvikira akarongeka pamuviri
ane zvinyorwa zvokupikisa pamusoro nezvekufadza sezvo umupe kudziya uye
chando, kazhinji tsanangura.

XIX. Reference Weiser Kufamba anotikurudzira uye

manyawi.
The kutekenyedzwa kunowedzera kune mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, asi
kwete zvinoreva zvakafanana zvichienzanirana. Asi, tinoziva kuti nepo
anotikurudzira inowedzera kuti nezvikumbaridzo, kusvikira kutekenyedzwa hakusi
kunyange kuoneka, uye kunyange kwapera harisi ari nyore, asi theorem ukama
kukura. It anofarirawo kutevera huru mamiriro ezvinhu mukoridho ichi zvishoma
kunyatsotevera pane zvave kusvikira kuitwa zvawo mutsauko uye Inbetrachtnahme
vatatu huru nyaya iyo vanobatanidzwa pasi nzira. Kuti izvi zvidaro, chitsauko izvi

zvichiitirwa.
Nokuti twakawanda rinobva nezvezvinotaurwa pfungwa chikamu anotikurudzira
uye manzwiro nokuyerwa inonyatsoita folgends yayo nyore chimiro ? =
nerogi inofungidzirwa ipfupi, sezvamakaropafadzwa chikumbaridzo
mutengo b nderei Unit anotikurudzira, uye anotikurudzira netsika kukosha
inokosha tsika munyika (pamusoro) akaratidza kubvuma
pfungwa. With E kwakafanana nguva dzose mujinga nhamba dzinongoitika
logarithms 2,718 .... vari akasarudzwa.
General zvakafanana nomumwe zvakanaka pfungwa tsika kwenguva vakapiwa
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira imwe akaipa wakaenzana panguva itirana
anotikurudzira tsika
danda

; vakawanda ukama (Chapter 14 inonyatsoita 2.) kuti

= - danda , pashure izvo misara miviri anotikurudzira tsika

1; 2; 3; 4 ....
1;

; ;

.....

nhengo mbiri ngaatevedzane Mhedziso nhamba rinodhindira kubudikidza chete

kukuru kutekenyedzwa tsika yokutanga munhevedzano zvakanaka, chechipiri
dungwerungwe zvakafanana saizi kunaka manzwiro tsika, iyo kusangana
pachikumbaridzo ari anotikurudzira 1 null tsika kana nezvikumbaridzo pamusoro
kutekenyedzwa. Pashure pacho here chete aifanira inonzi yakapedza kunzwa
pamusoro mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti tsika kutevera, izvo mukuru 1
vari, kuwana pashure dzakamboitika ukama yezwi noruremekedzo kuti tide kuita
zvinhu zviri zviduku kwazviri.
Vose uwandu zvakanaka uye kunaka netsika manzwiro achimhanya
sezvamakakangamwira tsika ? = danda kana = danda
kukura
nokusingagumi mashizha, akapinda haaperi hama akanaka kana akaipa uwandu; iyo
yaimbova inotaura zvikuru simba manzwiro, yokupedzisira iyo kufenda nemhedziso
kutekenyedzwa. Asi chii rokutanga hanya, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti nzira yedu
chinoshanda bedzi Mutemo Weber rinoshanda kuna, uye kuti ichi rinoshanda
panguva simba irritant migumisiro kurega pashure pokugadzwa yedu Muviri, saka
kutekenyedzwa kubudikidza kuwedzera anotikurudzira munhu haagoni
ngazviwedzerwe saka nokusingagumi, sezvo aizova nyaya maererano tiivistelm
kururama kwemashoko nzira. Kusiyana neizvi, hapana kunotadzisa kufunga kuti kana
psychophysical sangano aigona muwandeko nokusingaperi, iro kutsamira pamusoro
kutekenyedzwa zvaizoratidza kutevera nokusingagumi pakati nzira.
Nyaya yose kunaka manzwiro netsika kubva akaipa kusaverengeka
pachikumbaridzo rinoenderana zviduku anokamuka zvikamu zviri anotikurudzira
tsika kubva 0 1, apo nyaya dzinotevedzana zvakanaka manzwiro tsika
pachikumbaridzo kusvikira zvikuru simba zvakanaka kunzwa magumo zvikamu zviri

anotikurudzira tsika kubva 1 kusvika akateerera.

Kana tikatevera humwe ikozvino nzira yakanaka kunzwa tsika.
Pakuverenga pahwaro upi yokusafa hurongwa maererano nzira ?
= danda tsika , izvo achikura ari akarara 1 kuunhu ndezvaJehovha, tinoona
kuti pakutanga panguva nokukurumidza ratios sezvo kunowedzera,
sezvinoratidzwa chokwadi kuti reshiyo

pakutanga anowedzera. Asi imi

Boosts kuwedzera, saka anoita akabatanidza reshiyo

zvakare. Muchidimbu,
mumwe kunowedzera kufarirwa nezvikumbaridzo zvayo, saka kutekenyedzwa
pakutanga rinobuda zvikuru nokukurumidza kupfuura anotikurudzira, pamusoro
mumwe muganhu asi wononokera.
Sezvo kutekenyedzwa apo nezvikumbaridzo kunyange zero, chero anokamuka
kukosha asi unendlichemal kwakaenzana zero, zvikaitika kuti kuwedzera
kutekenyedzwa kana akapfuudza chikumbaridzo saizvozvo duku anokamuka kukura
pakugarisana zvikuru simba. Dzinomiririra Ukuwo akakodzera nyaya simba
dzisingaperi pamusoro anotikurudzira pasi Fort kuramba kururama kwemashoko
yemaitiro, saka anokamuka Zvakawanikwa anotikurudzira achapiwa vainzwa chero
chinokosha accruals nokusurukirwa zvakawanda. Kuchinja kubva mumwe muganhu
kune rimwe, uko kutekenyedzwa rusingaperi ezvinhu uye zvino apo hazvisisirizve
zvinoonekwa inokura pedyo kupiwa anokamuka Zvakawanikwa anotikurudzira
chaizvo chokwadi rinopa kuti kusvika zvimwe mhanyisa, wononokera mhiri zvimwe
sezvo kukwezvana inokura.
Pano zvenguva anofanira hazvo kupa yakananga mumiririri nyaya apo
kutekenyedzwa kunyange nokukurumidza kana wononokera kupfuura anotikurudzira,
asi (chaizvoizvo, chete mukati ane kamwoyo penguva) chete maererano ari
kukura. Uye pashure kusvika ichi chiitiko chinokosha ukoshi

kukura inowedzera, uyezve zvinoderedza, nyaya iyi ane kufadza pamusoro

machisa.
Ichi ndiyewo nzira kusvikira ruoko, iyo anotikurudzira ukoshi kusarudza umo
ichi yokuchinja kunoitika. Mitemo pashure wakazikamwa differential calculus
(kuburikidza zvinoderedza pamusoro differential pamusoro razero

inowanikwa kuti kukosha , izvo kufadza

anoenderana chete , e , von
akaenzana zvitsigiro nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms. Saka kana vanhu
vakurukurirane ari 2,718 ... nguva yaro chikumbaridzo, uye kuchinja ikoko zvishoma,
saka kutekenyedzwa kuchinja ari anotikurudzira-siyana chaizvo Proportional.

Kunowedzera kukwezvana mberi kukosha ichi, kunyange zvakadaro panova

kutekenyedzwa asi akatorwa zvachose, asi zvinoderedza maererano mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira.Kana anodzika chaizvo kudzika, saka kutekenyedzwa
chinoderedza zvose zvachose uye hama kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira.
The padanho iri hama kunonyanyisa pamusoro manzwiro kunoitika ndiro
mufundisi pfungwa inopisa, uye anotikurudzira chamunowana izvo zvaitika, saka E fold vomukova kukosha, uye akabatanidza nepfungwa hukuru kukosha
anotikurudzira uye kutekenyedzwa.
Saka kana vanhu vakurukurirane vari E anoita simba -fold kwayo chikumbaridzo
kana rine mufundisi tsika ndicho hama kunonyanyisa pamusoro manzwiro kana
simba Cardinal kutekenyedzwa. Uye kana naizvozvo zviri mukati mhirizhonga
yacho, akaita pfungwa zvakawanda zvakapararira vachishandisa kupiwa
anotikurudzira Quantum, mumwe kuwana chaizvo kutekenyedzwa goho kuburikidza
chete vaifanira vakaparadzira kuti E kana simba -fold vomukova anoita sezvo
Cardinal chikumbiro. Kufunga izvozvo zvikuru, saka kutekenyedzwa chaizvo; asi
mari duku zvakawanda nezvekufadza kwakanyanya zvakadai simuka kuti ichiri
yarasika yose kutekenyedzwa waivako; kukamurirwa nayo zvikuru saka mukuru
uwandu nezvekufadza ndiyo kurasikirwa havakwanisi nekure rezasi zvikuru. Gare
gare, muna kuparadzirwa zvokuimba pamusoro manyawi, tinogona kuwana imwe
nzira akatitungamirira kuti zvakafanana.
Kana kune kunonyanyisa ukoshi, tsika kuchinja chete zvishoma nezvishoma, saka
achaita
varambe dzinenge dzose panguva yayo kunonyanyisa kukosha, uye kwete
kardinari tsika yacho anotikurudzira, asiwo pedyo chete kutekenyedzwa appreciably
kukura kuenderana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira.
Naizvozvo basa ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro rinosanganisira
zvimwe chaiwo zviitiko imwe nzvimbo kukosha rusarura vose vane mberi,
chikumbaridzo pfungwa uye mufundisi pfungwa. Kana chikumbaridzo pfungwa
ndiyo kutekenyedzwa razero apo mufundisi rinotaura ine hama kunonyanyisa kuti
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira. Chokutanga akataura ndiwedzere ari
anotikurudzira pfungwa maari umo kunaka tsika manzwiro akanaka, wechipiri pokuti
hama kuwedzera anoenda mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mune hama
kuderera. Pakutanga kutekenyedzwa anosimuka zvikuru kutsanya tichienzanisa
kubuda anotikurudzira, yechipiri naro anowedzera proportionally chete kubuda
anotikurudzira.
Nokuti ikozvino pakazowedzerwa pamutemo kunokosha chokwadi kuti maererano
nemitemo (s. Chap. 16), chikumbaridzo somunhu Unit anotikurudzira uye mufundisi
ukoshi sechinhu chairema manyawi, nyore chimiro yakayerwa inonyatsoita ( =
danda ), uye ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro anoratidza kupa kana
rokudzora logarithms, chirongwa ane akarongeka nzvimbo nechinangwa pamberi
zvimwe hurongwa.
Heino tafura duku, izvo kune mumwe runoenzanirana tsika pakati anotikurudzira

uye kutekenyedzwa zvakatowedzera mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye

kuwedzera manzwiro nokuda ezvinhu anotikurudzira Unit nezvikumbaridzo, uye
manzwiro unit mufundisi tsika, papeji Ini zvokuti akapiwa anotikurudzira hukuru
akabatanidza chishamiso hukuru vari, papeji II akataura vakutarisire.
Page I achishandisa zvakasikwa logarithms maererano nzira ? = nerogi kana
chinyiko rinoenderana tsika, zvinoreva zvakajairika kuti nzira

akaverenga; Page II maererano fomura

,
Panyaya rinotevera tsika
rinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti avo Mhedziso saizi
hazvina basa, nekuti kunobva kuchengera vamapoka anotikurudzira uye manzwiro,
asi chete wavo yakazvimirira yokuchinja kana yakawiriranwa hukama netsika idzi
nokunobuda uye .
I. II.

2,7183

0,36788

1.5

.4055

0,27031

1.5

4,4817

0,33469

0,6931

0,34657

7,3891

0,27067

2,718

1,0000

0,36788

2,718

15,154

0,17938

1,0986

0,36620

20,086

0,14936

1,3863

0,34657

54,598

0,07326

1,6094

0,32188

148,41

0,03369

1,7918

0,29821

403,43

0,01487

1,9459

0,27799

1096,6

0,00640

2,0794

0,25993

2981,0

0,00268

3,1972

0,24413

8103,1

0,00088

10

2,3026

0,23026

10

22026

0.00005 1)

1) Chokuwedzera

0,0000454.

Mumwe anoona zvino kudivi ini, kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira razero
unoenderana munhu asina kukosha kusingaperi manyawi, kureva gobvu inobvira
pamwero chaanoziva, kuti kufenda neMhedziso. Nepo anotikurudzira kubva razero
kusvika L kunowedzera, uko chavanoziva kutekenyedzwa rinotanga, kutekenyedzwa

rinopfuura chero akaipa netsika nokusaparadza vachitevera nzira iri tafura pamwe
akanyorwa nokuda anotikurudzira manzwiro akaipa
uye saka zvakanaka kuti
tide kuita 2, 3, 4 etc. enderana mune Mhedziso kusanganiswa tsika. Kana chikumbiro
chayo chikumbaridzo mutengo 1 kunowedzera, saka inokura maererano akataura
manzwiro pakutanga panguva nokukurumidza reshiyo kupfuura
anotikurudzira; nokuda ukama
pamwe Wachstume pamusoro pakutanga
inokura. Nokuti = E = 2,718, von mufundisi tsika yacho anotikurudzira, rinoratidza
kufadza pamusoro

= 0,36788, uye kukosha ichi = 2 = 4 kutekenyedzwa

kunowedzera chaizvo mune zvemupiro anotikurudzira parutivi reshiyo

pano
pedyo anoramba achitsungirira; Zvisinei, zvakava tinyanye unoshamisa kunodzikira
mimwe Wachstume ari anotikurudzira.
Pano kutevera yapfuura tafura anotevedzana akasiyana manyawi ? , kana ichiri
kukura kubva 0 kusvika zvakaenzana 1, runoenzanirana kusiyana anotikurudzira .

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Diff.

Diff.

1,7183

4,6708

12,697

34,512

93,81

255,02

693,2

1884,4

5122,1

13923,0

Saka kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakurukurirane kuti inokura kutekenyedzwa of 0 kuti

hukuru tsika kana zvepanyama unokosha Unit, kungotaura kuti 1,7183 hwokukurira

ayo chikumbaridzo 1 rine, anofanira kuva kutekenyedzwa 9-10 akure kusvika 13923
Simukai ,
Pane nyaya nyore chaizvo, umo munhu anogona kureva yapfuura kuchinja
chaizvoizvo. Kana kuramba ruzha tinyanye kuchinyanya iri pedyo zvaitevedzana,
saka kana izvi zvaitika kubva isingaperi kure panze, kuburikidza madhigirii zvose
chaanoziva kubva kunaka kusaverengeka, kusvikira pane imwe nguva anopinda
noticeability uye neizvozvo pachikumbaridzo ruzha vari panguva iyoyo
hwakanyorwa patafura inonzi yakapedza manzwiro inoteverwa nenzira yakanaka
mupfungwa.
Sezvo simba inzwi anomira inverse reshiyo pamusoro mativi ari nechokure,
zvingava 1 panguva chairema kure, uye zviri kuisa sezvo chikwata ichi daro apo
kurira anotanga kuva kuchioneka. Ipapo kusimba nenzwi riri
kure D. Uyezve,
regai chairema kutekenyedzwa apo mufundisi tsika, saka nokufamba kutekenyedzwa
mune zvakasikwa logarithms ndiko
= nerogi

= - 2 nerogi D

kupiwa. Zvakanaka tsika enderana pano tsika D, izvo idukusa pachikumbaridzo

kure, uye somugumisiro tiri fractional tsika; chii danda D kunaka uye danda D anoita zvakanaka.
Mumwe anogona ari pamusoro tafura sechinhu peculiarity akaona kuti reshiyo
pana = 2 pamusoro pfungwa iyi zvose machisi pazasi mufundisi pfungwa pamwe
mamiriro 4, kureva zvose zvakakodzera 0,34657, uye kuti panguva iyoyo, nhamba
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira izvi = 2 uye = 4, sezvaiitwa ratios ari
unoenderana nezvekufadza 0,6931 uye 1,3863.
Wokupedzisira ari dzinongoitika mugumisiro Rokutanga, nokuti kana

sezvo Zvakakodzera panguva imwe chete

Chokutanga asi wapfuura zvishoma kubva kuyerwa fomura.

Kureva, kana = nerogi zvakadaro
zvaitevedzana = 2 uye = 4, tine

nokuti = 2

. Kana isu zvino

nokuda = 4

Asi mukuchengeta danda 4 = danda 2 = 2 nerogi 2, vose zvinokosheswa vane

zvakafanana.
Asi munhu anogona zvakare kuona kuti hausi kazhinji machisi nhamba yacho
kutekenyedzwa pamwe kukura nhengo inokosha anotikurudzira tsika. Izvi kungada
kushandisa inokosha dzakabatana kuti

chii kwete vakawanda, kana mumwe , ' pane nhamba. Asi dzakananga ukama
wakanyatsojeka chiri hakugumiri avo kunyanya nyaya chinokosha anotikurudzira
zvinokosheswa 2 4, ichi asi chete nyaya inokosha uye zvikurukuru kwazvo pakati
isingaperi uwandu zvakafanana zviitiko.
Kazhinji unoenderana pamamiriro tsika
pamusoro kardinari kunongedzera
zvakaenzana pasi mufundisi pfungwa, sezvo vakutarisire, uye kazhinji anobvumirana
pano nhamba chinokosha anotikurudzira tsika pamwe kutekenyedzwa tsika
Nanganisa saka mumwe wavo zvinhu zvinofanira kunzi tsamba uye tsamba inokosha
anotikurudzira tsika kunyanya X, yvari akasarudzwa. Rine zvimwe kufarira kusarudza
ukama hwavo, sezvo ari intensities maviri, umo kupiwa anotikurudzira Quantum
anopa imwe kutekenyedzwa waivako kana yadzoswa kuti intensities izvi nokuda
akakodzera kuparadzira. Achigura voga uye vaviri vakasiyana Cardinal anokoshesa,
rezasi chokupika pamusoro quantum pamusoro intensities izvi. In hukuru anokoshesa
vazvidzore tsamba tsika kusangana panzvimbo iyoyo vaifanira.
Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva mamiriro ezvinhu ayo zviri, izvi:
Kana X uye Y porusvingo anotikurudzira tsika uye , ' aishamwaridzana kunzwa,
isu saka tine

Asi nokuti = nerogi X , '= nerogi Y , zvinoreva

Kana isu zvino

uye chinotsiva Yn pamusoro X zvapfuura mukana wokuti
vanhu vanga, tinowana

n=
N danda Y = danda NY
danda Y N = danda NY
Y N = NY
and N 1 = N
( N- 1) danda Y = danda N

x = NY =
Kazhinji akawanikwa pamusoro apa Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva runoenzanirana
anotikurudzira tsika dzinotevera kunoshamisa, mumwe rinoenderana nerokuti, ukama
pachinzvimbo:
XY=YX

kubva izvo kana munhu,

rinovira, vachitevera Kutsunga X uye Y Rwako:

Ko saka chero upi reshiyo , umo runoenzanirana anotikurudzira intensities

vanofanira kumira, saka unogona kuenda yapfuura equations, iyo unoenderana
intensities X, y kuwana pacharo, iro anotikurudzira Unit, chikumbaridzo, kunzwa unit
iri kuchengera.
Below duku, akaverenga maererano Masvomhu izvi, Table, papeji wayo wechipiri
simba tsika peji rokutanga vakatsunga mune nhamba dzavo.
I. II.
n
1

X
E

Y
E

2,718

2,718

22

21

4,000

2,000

33/2

5.196

.1732

44/3

41/3

6.350

.1582

55/4

7.477

.1495

10

10 10 / 9

10 1 / 9 12,92

.1291

100 100 100/ 99 100 1 /99 104,8

1,048

It kunooneka patafura iyi, dzakanga kusimba runoenzanirana anotikurudzira

kuwedzera, kurukutika ndiye mumwe ane nengaidzo kuiita nenzira imwe hama kuita
manyawi, zvokuti, nokuti. Muenzaniso, imwe mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, iyo
104,8 peta chikumbaridzo chacho, tide unoenderana chokwadi chete 1,048 nguva
yaro chikumbaridzo mutengo, kureva 1 / 100 inoreva zvapfuura, uye vari akatiwanira
pamwe chete anotikurudzira Quantum chete manzwiro waivako apo kurishandisa ichi
kana kuti simba nokuda demgeme kupararira ari anotikurudzira unotsiva
kurasikirwa yayo zvikuru. Kunyange ipapo zvakazosunungurwa kuparadzirwa
zvokuimba pamusoro manzwiro neimwe nzira achatirwira kudzosera.
It zvino zvinogona kunzwisiswa kuti tsamba inokosha anotikurudzira anokoshesa 2
4, iyo kardinari ukoshi E vane zvikuru pakati, uye pakati iyo
inogara anenge
dzose, kureva manzwiro uye anotikurudzira kukura mumwe zvinoshamisa
zvekumirira, panguva imwe chete ndivo chete ndivo umo integers ratidza kuti kupa
nyore zvichibvira ezvinhu kunyange nhamba pachikumbaridzo 1, uye okumusoro
ndiye kaviri, uye mativi ari pasi. Saka une akarongeka musiyano kupfuura vamwe
vose, rinobatana yayo chaiko kukosha sezvo kureva penguva kukosha, pedyo huru
penguva pakati chikumbaridzo pfungwa uye hukuru pfungwa delineate ari penguva
zvekumirira chaizvo mberi anotikurudzira uye manzwiro; izvo kuti kunzi mufundisi
penguva Zvisinei unoda kudana kuti chinokosha penguva.
Kuongorora avhareji kukura manzwiro aya zvikamu zviviri, tinoona, dzikapfeka
mufundisi kukosha manzwiro sezvo chikwata, sezvo svikiro pamusoro
kutekenyedzwa Fundamenlalintervalls = 0,36788, pane kuti mufundisi penguva
Nat 3 nerogi. 2 - 1 = 1.07944. Avhareji manzwiro 1 inotengwa nokuda penguva
kubva zvikumbaridzo kuti inokosha anotikurudzira tsika S 2 , uye mukuru okuti
Zvichakadaro imwe kutekenyedzwa kubvira chinokosha anotikurudzira
tsika X kuti Y ndiko
,
Zvichakadaro Kukosha kunzwa vari penguva pakati maviri anotikurudzira
anokoshesa X, y anogona kureva pamusoro mamiriro K = 1, b = 1 kuburikidza

ndivo vanomirirwa; izvo unokoshesa kuburikidza kusangana kusvika apa zvokudya.

Kurutivi patafura wechipiri (ona pamusoro), kunze mutsetse kutanga sezvo
akuvadzwa manzwiro anokoshesa 1.5 uye 2,7183, nyaya dzinotevedzana
nezvekufadza anomirirwa sechinhu svomhu pamwe musiyano. 1 Mumwe anoona kuti
yakafanana geometric runako netsika imwe anotevedzana anotikurudzira ukoshi
kubva yapfuura kuwanda parutivi exponentE pachena = 2,7183.
mugumisiro ichi Kuva pamwe svomhu uye geometric dzakatevedzana manzwiro
anotikurudzira dzakatevedzana hakunei chaizvo dzakabatana kuti vakasarudzwa
pano; asi kazhinji zvakafanana nomumwe svomhu dzinotevedzana nezvekufadza,
nevamwe dzakabatana uye nezvimwe musiyano, munhu geometric tsika yacho
anotikurudzira. Kureva kuti, exponent ane kutekenyedzwa ngaatevedzane musiyano 1
Kazhinji akaenzana inokosha anotikurudzira tsika, umo anogadza chairema manyawi,
mune nyaya Table wedu Ini, pane chimwe musiyano asi kuenzana nesimba
chinokosha anotikurudzira ukoshi icho runotaurwa musiyano ndiro. Saka munhu ane
patafura kwatinoita munhevedzano nezvekufadza 1,3,5 ..., uko musiyano uri 2,
mumwe geometric dzinotevedzana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti simba E 2 .
Unogona kuona nokuyerwa inonyatsoita vachiri pasi siyanei chimiro kupfuura kare
kusvikira nekuonekwa kuti tide kuita seinobva chikumbaridzo vakaenzana
zvikamu b uye zvakanaka kana kunaka accruals ane kwachiri zvichienderana
anotikurudzira kumusoro kana pazasi pachikumbaridzo ndiko , rava maonero,
saka = b + munhu anogona kuisa, mauri kuyerwa fomura zvinoenda
,
Izvi zvinomutsa Zvisinei, somunhu Zvaiitwa reshiyo, iro rine zvibereko
pachikumbaridzo pamusoro chikumbaridzo, tanga chimiro ? akapa somunhu
Zvaiitwa reshiyo, uko kwakapiwa anotikurudzira pachikumbaridzo.
Aripo chimiro iri nyore zvinowana zvinotevera results.
Chero bedzi vanhu vakurukurirane akapfuudza pachikumbaridzo zvishomanana,
saka
ndiyo chikamu chiduku duku, duku zvakakwana kuti pemasimba epamusoro
pamusoro wokutanga kunyora nezvavo, mumwe anogona kuona Chap. 14 nokuti
nerogi

chinotsiva M

, apo M ndiye modulus. Chokwadi kutekenyedzwa,

chero bedzi simba kwazvo, zvakananga kukura

vanhu vakurukurirane zvokuti 1 pamusoro

nengoro ichibuda. Zvisinei, kana

kunyora nezvavo, saka kutekenyedzwa

inowedzera proportionally chete nerogi = danda rimwe - danda b , uye

pakupedzisira kwazvo kuti kunyange danda b maringe danda munhu kunyora
nezvavo, izvozvo anowedzera proportionally chete nerogi a, uye yakazvimirira
pachikumbaridzo tsika.
Nzira nokuyerwa inonyatsoita pamwe Wachstume ari anotikurudzira kunowedzera
kutekenyedzwa kuti inogona nyore kumiririrwa yakanyatsotsanangura nokuda
theorem munyonga, kuburikidza yokumiririra kukura anotikurudzira kubudikidza
abscissas, ivo runoenzanirana tsika manzwiro kuburikidza nawo, perpendicular
ordinates.

XX. Summation pamusoro nezvekufadza. 1)

Zviri zvinokosha, nyaya umo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pamusoro apa
pfungwa, kuwedzera anotora nzvimbo, nokudaro kusimba kubwaira uye manzwiro
rwuchiwanzwa, kusiyaniswa kubva nyaya apo nekukura anotikurudzira inowira
dzimwe discrete sentient kubva iyoyo, pakudaro uwandu zvomoto uye sentient
pfungwa, nazvo ari kuwedzera vasafara uye manyawi, ari
inoparadzirwa. Sezvakaitika Chap. 16 akaona chete nyaya yokutanga iri zvakananga
pasi nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, sezvo kuti akakodzera chete kuti kuvimba pakati
omumwe kusimba ari anotikurudzira zvakananga; asi hapana kunodzivisa iyoyo
inozotevera kubva kuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti nomumwe pfungwa pamusoro simba
kuzvinetsa ravo, kupfupikisa kwadzo uye enzanisa kwadzo izvi. Hapana kutora
zvakakodzera, kana kunenge kuri nokuvhenekerwa noruvara, kutaura kuti yose
kunenge kuri kaviri manzwiro sezvo mumwe nomumwe nebhande dzayo; uye kana
ruzha vakatsungirira kunyange imwe nguva (uye zvaizoita chete chenguva dzose
wanda) ndechokuti kunonzwisiswa sezvo kaviri muna hafu yose nguva. Saka ane
panyaya spatial kana kwezvenyika chiwedzerwa, kuburikidza iyo tide uye pakudaro
akamutsa manzwiro zvakakwana kutaura pfungwa makuru nemaduku inopfupikisa
manyawi, uye avo kuzvienzanisa saizi wavo mumwe nomumwe. Nokuti Kupfupika,
isu dzingasiyana nzvimbo kwadzo uye nguva inopfupikisa pamusoro manyawi,
Sezvatakakurindirai muchidimbu manzwiro zvakasiyana pfungwa nzvimbo kana
nguva muzano.
1)

Revision S. 187 pa-.

Pakati pfungwa, nzvimbo kana nguva pfungwa (Nguva) tinonzwisisa folgends

kwose kwose hapana akarongeka pfungwa, asi vakawanda (vakaenzana
zvekufungidzira kana maererano hama kukura kufungwa wakatorwa) nzvimbo kana
nguva zvinhu zvakadai kuti kutekenyedzwa mupiro kuti kuburikidza navo
therethrough anotikurudzira chiito inopa, nokuti nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana
chingarangarirwa sechinoitika munhu kugara umbirimi; Zvisinei, intensities nokuti
akasiyana pfungwa angava akasiyana.
Kana inouya akatsamwisa munhu akapiwa nzvimbo, semuenzaniso. Sezvo akapiwa
pose kunenge kuri uchipenya, ndizvo kwazvo manyawi, chii tine, sezvo chitsama

nezvekufadza izvo ngaakupe munhu pfungwa kana pose zvenyaya Illuminated

chikamu yokubereka, ichi kutekenyedzwa chitsama asi kwete Verengai dzinokwana
mauto ndikaita chikamu ichi chiedza anotikurudzira pachishandiswa theorem
chipimo inonyatsoita yose kuverenga asi dzemaitirwe kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe
(chaikosha) pamusoro simba kuzvinetsa rake kunyanya kuita, uye ipapo achitora
Verengai chii wacho pfungwa kana zvinhu zvinoshanda.
Saizvozvo, apo akabvunza sei zvakawanda kutekenyedzwa mumwe akanga imwe
nguva, saka unofanira kutora Verengai nezvekufadza kuti munhu akava munguva
yose munhu zvikamu nguva ino, uye mari iyi sezvo kwete kwedu kuyerwa fomura
Zvaiitwa Verengai mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti akaverenga, izvo
zvamakatiitira yose iyi, asi chero nguva kana nguva, door saka shoma nguva chikamu
kuti manzwiro anogona kunzi mayo kuti kuramba, simba kunzwa pashure magetsi
chiito uye kunge kuti akaverenga nokuda kwokutanga Kuramba mugumisiro
pamusoro anotikurudzira uye ayo kutora Verengai zvose nomumwe nguva.
Musiyano, zvichienderana nekukura tide kutsamwa apa pfungwa (zvinhu)
kunowedzera kana chinozova pfungwa itsva, aimhanya zvatakurukura mhiri nyaya
iyoyo yokutanga, michero anotikurudzira ari yokupa vanhu mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira pasi Logarithmuszeichen, wechipiri kana logarithm kwekuwedzera
yacho logarithm konzera yacho anotikurudzira ndiko kuva mugumisiro michero
kutekenyedzwa.
Pano, Zvisinei, mubvunzo vanogona kumutsirwa kana, kana vazhinji pfungwa dziri
kwakamutsa pamwe chete, kutekenyedzwa kuti anopa munhu wose ari chaizvoizvo
vakatsunga asi nenzira imwecheteyo somunhu Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira, sezvo apo
munhu dzinovhurika woga. Asi ngatitii pachiimbwa vakawanda pfungwa ndiwo vari
kuchinja nzira iyo mumwe nomumwe maonero, saka izvi zvaisazova chabvisa axiom
kuti mubatanidzwa manyawi, izvo mupe zvose pfungwa, izvo kubudikidza Uyezve,
hunoita kuti munhu wacho wawanikwa;yaigona chete simuka kana kwete vari
mumwe muduku kana mukuru manzwiro apo remubatanidzwa zvakawanda pfungwa
asingafariri, pane maererano zvishoma zvakaenzana zvakasimba asingafariri. Zvaiva
ezvinhu ichi kana zvaizoitika, asi pane mukuru mitemo Kuwedzera nokusurukirwa
maturo, asi kungotaura kushandura kukura Kuwedzera Ellen okunze. Nokuti sezvo
Masvomhu yedu irege inobva zvakaitika panguva mumwe pfungwa, asi pane
kubatana wakadaro, hazvigoni vaifungidzira kuti chimiro Masvomhu wedu
dzakachinja kuburikidza unobva Dots, asi chete kuti constants zvakafanana anogona
zvakachinjwa nazvo; uye kunyange zvazvo pachine nhau ramangwana kuferefeta, sei
kure izvi ndozvazvakaita, uye chii simba chiitiko yacho constants napo. The
Kugara b zvingava shanduka maererano kukura munharaunda asingafariri, variability
ichi vaizotorwa kufungwa kana summation, mitemo summation kuramba asi
zvakafanana mune zvimwe. Ndichaenderera mberi zvakare; asi abstracting ikozvino
izvi mukana.
Manzwiro inopfupikisa zvakasiyana maererano kusanganisirawo uye kusimba
kwezvido nezvekufadza Zvadziine zvisinei munhu quantitative kuenzanisa vari,
zvisinei musiyano uyu chairwo, vaikwanisa. Kutaura zvazviri, pakutanga rakanga

chete chinhu ari kuwedzera akapiwa kupiwa pamamiriro kusimba kubwaira, saka
munhu akapiwa zvinonakisa kukura kutekenyedzwa kuchaenderana; ichi isu zvino
inogona kudaro dzakawanda zvichiberekana pamamiriro ezvinhu kuti tinowedzera
nhamba zvinhu saka asingafariri inozivikanwa se kwazvo, kuti tinowedzera kusimba
kubwaira pasina kuwedzera uwandu okunze, uye tinogona pane imwe uye imwe
nhungamiro iri vakapiwa ratios vakawanda pakutanga chete quantitatively enzanisa,
kana kubereka atova vaviri kana kuitwa yakasiyana.
Saka tinogona vagamuchire kuutio, riri pasi ari chinjikira mupfungwa uye mune
wehunyambiri mupfungwai, uye kuwana nokukura equations pakati pembiru mbiri
saka kuumbwa, zvisinei vari akasiyana zvachose mirayiridzo, zvokuti havaregi
superimpose pashure izvi mirayiridzo dzakasiyana ,
Imwe nzira inokosha chaizvo kufunga kuti munhu anofanira kutora ari
summations, ndiye zvinotevera:
Zvichienderana pfungwa kubudikidza ikure anotikurudzira kunowedzera vakapiwa
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pamusoro chikumbaridzo, kana nokuda kurega
pamusoro anotikurudzira kusanganisira rinosakara, iyo kutekenyedzwa iri zvakanaka,
vachiziva kana akaipa, usingazivi, uye tine nguva dzose nyore zvakanaka kana
kunaka mugumisiro kutekenyedzwa. Asi kana vazhinji discrete sentient pfungwa
pamusoro chikumbaridzo, zvichiita yakanaka kutekenyedzwa pachiyero, chakasiyana
vazhinji vakadaro pfungwa pazasi pachikumbaridzo kunoitika, nokudaro zvichipa
kunaka kutekenyedzwa Muchidimbu, zvakanaka manzwiro haisi kutapudzwa nevaya
ichazivikanwa asi kunze akaipa kunopfuurira;zvakaipa haasi kuvhomora kubva
zvakanaka kubva, uye haisi ndanyarara hangu nokuda zvakanaka, uye kunyange tine
zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa pfungwa, kuti vaunze pachiyero uye pakaunda mashoko
pamusoro mumwe, asi kwete algebraically kuwedzera kana bvisa kubva kune
mumwe kuti zvakanaka dzinomirira manzwiro hurumende yose.
Ndipo pane hapana pakakuvara ari akarongeka mugumisiro; asi, rapfuura ukama
inogona kunyatsonanga chakanaka panguva zvineringanidzo nyaya dzose ane
munyonga yaitsanangura kumiririrwa yavo akarongeka kunoratidza chete. Munguva
ellipse azovaka kurutivi zvakanaka abscissas zvakanaka ordinates kuzadza zvakanaka
nokuda akarongeka inosvika kumiririrwa zviri pazasi asimbiswa kungofanana kunaka
nzvimbo, kana kupfuura zvazviri, ari metrics nawo isu kuyera vaviri magwanza
anenge, akatiwanira nyanzvi pakatarisana chiratidzo. Pamwe chete, makamuri maviri
aya algebraically, isu tiwane Nemutengo akaenzana razero. Asi izvi algebraic
Kuwedzera kunoreva chinhu. Munhu anofanira nani kunzwisisa zvakanaka uye
kunaka nzvimbo zvikurukuru nokuti vakatsunga kuburikidza ordinates anoenderana
akasiyana pfungwa. Saizvozvo vanofanira zvakanaka uye kunaka pfungwa
inopfupikisa izvo zvinobva nezvekufadza anoenderana akasiyana pfungwa, kunyanya
mimba. Against ichi, chinofanira kusika kwadzo vega pfungwa zvakanaka chikamu
ellipse magwanza anenge pachavo, uye kunaka chikamu magwanza
anenge. Naizvozvo kunoitawo musoro muchidimbu manzwiro anoita pfungwa
dzakanaka uye vaya vane nezvisingafadzi tsika pachavo.
Muchidimbu, unogona kuona algebraic Verengai zvakanaka uye kunaka pfungwa,

izvo kuwanisa siyana zveefa nhengo asingafariri, kwete kwete kuonekwa sechinhu
nechiyero zvachose vanoziva kutekenyedzwa kuti inopa, uye chiratidzo ichi algebraic
Verengai hurumende mamiriro pfungwa, iyo nhengo iyi vanowanika; asi munhu
anofanira kuva akasiyana pane kana Verengai mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
anofunga kwaaiitwa pamusoro chete pfungwa, kunyanya averenge zvakanaka tsika
vanoziva uye asingachazivi kunaka tsika izvo ndezvaJehovha wacho
pfungwa. Zvisinei, mungadai kuwana penga mugumisiro kuti hapana akanga achiziva
pamwe nhengo, iyo kwazvo akanzwa chikamu, zvakanga zvakakodzera udziku pazasi
pachikumbaridzo nomumwe zvikamu.
Zvikuru zvakafanana rinei nokuda summation manzwiro kuti wakatora nzvimbo
panguva imwe nguva. Verengai vanoziva manzwiro chaitika panguva chikamu nguva
yokuzvisarudzira, uye kwete Verengai akapfizuka manzwiro chaitika munguva
yakasiyana chikamu, kuunza bvisa nayo, asi chete muchidimbu Exchange uye
kuenzanisa.
The nezvavanofunga kuti takaita pano havasi nokuda zvakajeka uye kushandiswa
samolecular zvokuimba dzokunze psychophysics pamusoro vakawanda kukosha, asi
kuratidza sezvo zvikuru kuti cogent pamuviri pakati ukama womukati psychophysics
uye akashandisa kuedza kuti kuvaka nezvekufadza chepuraimari
kuwana. Ndinorangarira achabatwa kusanganisira kurara uye kutsinzina kuvimba
indisputably pamusoro hombe imwe oscillation pamusoro kinetic simba kwedu
psychophysical kufamba. saka hatigoni kuziva kuti tichandovigirei kunaka kuziva
mumatunhu pakurara kubva zvakanaka panguva kutsinzina deducted, kana kutora
algebraic Verengai zvose kuziva pakuverengwa kwemaawa 24; asi nguva imwe
neimwe kuti yave anoramba vanoziva, uye kana zvakadaro kufenda imwe nguva
raizongova pamusoro chizenga. Kupfuura kunge inobvawo pane chimwe nechimwe
Kunyanya manzwiro chero oscillations shoma psychophysical basa. Kana chokwadi
vomukova anoda kubatsira vari zvokutanga, oscillations izvi zvinogona chete
panguva chikamu nguva pamusoro pachikumbaridzo kuva 2) ; nekuti dzichimhanya
nguva nenguva auya pasi razero. Pasinei yapfuura nezvavanofunga aigona zvino
kuwana pfungwa, mugumisiro pfungwa vaizopiwa inopiwa algebraic Verengai
zvakanaka kutekenyedzwa zvipo pamusoro pachikumbaridzo uye akaipa pazasi
pachikumbaridzo kwaaizovapo zvimwe simba chaizvo kana razero. Izvi chete
hazvibvumirwi; asi chete zvakanaka mipiro kuuya nokuda kuziva nezvoupenyu, uye
kunaka kuwa pfungwa kubva nyore; iri vanoziva tsika pedyo asi nokuti hatina kuziva
Zvichakadai, pane mumwe nomumwe wavo, nenzira yakafanana, uyewo bofu gwapa
haakonzeri chero yokumbozorora chamazuva ose spatial chinooneka manzwiro
muziso.
2)

Izvi ndezvechokwadi kanenge kazhinji rectilinear vibrations, asi zvavo

nokuda oscillations chero mhando, kana kuita kuti aimhanya sezvo kutanga
kuitira wechipiri zvinopesana.

Kubva ikozvino ndinopa zvinotevera samolecular zvokuimba pamusoro manzwiro

kuti muzvizhinji pfungwa asingafariri izvo ndezvemamiriro muchadenga uye nguva

kwadzo inopfupikisa pasi ezvinhu kuti kutekenyedzwa mupiro neimwe pfungwa
vagara vandifungira wayo kukura nokuda kwedu chipimo fomura.
Kuva kuti kungopfupikiswa nezvekufadza ', ', ' "... iyo hama kuita pane
zvakasiyana pfungwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira ', ", '
"... ndezvaJehovha. Kana pfungwa apo vanoita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
izvi vangava dzakasiyana nehanya, tinoshandisa navo chikumbaridzo B 'b
"b"' ... zvake. Kureva ikozvino ' + ' + " '... muchidimbu , saka tine

Zvadaro, iye kutekenyedzwa Verengai chingaenzana izvo zviri kukonzerwa

kushatirwa imwe vazhinji akasiyana pfungwa, pamwe kutekenyedzwa pamusoro =,
k nerogi , izvo zviri kukonzerwa kutsamwa ane chete chaizvo pfungwa yakadaro
nokuzvisarudzira
=
dari vose vakaenzana, kana chinokosha anotikurudzira kukosha pfungwa akaenzana
zvibereko inokosha anotikurudzira netsika akasiyana pfungwa.
Imwe chinozikamwa mugumisiro inonyatsoita uyu kuti kana siyana pfungwa dziri
kwakamutsa zvakasiyana, pamwe zvakasiyana nehanya, manzwiro chitsama
haachinji kana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vari interchanged pamusoro
pfungwa dzakasiyana utetsa pamadiro, kana kunoshandurwa, ari nehanya nokuti
zvakasiyana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira.
Iva
pakati geometric Zvichakadaro inokosha anotikurudzira tsika dzakasiyanasiyana pfungwa, uye nhamba N, ipapo
=
uye empirical payakavakirwa unogona kunyorwa uyewo
= K nerogi
= Nk nerogi

pashure iyo kutekenyedzwa pakuverengwa nokuda n chero kumirira chimwe

inonyatsoziva pfungwa mukuru, sokunge yose N pfungwa vaizova asingafariri

pamwe geometric Zvichakadaro inokosha anotikurudzira netsika akasiyana pfungwa.

Kazhinji, munhu anogona maererano evaMedhia kana zvinoreva manzwiro apo
ruzhinji akatsamwisa yakasiyana pfungwa yakafanana mibvunzo avo, iyo kana
panguva iyoyo zukme pazvose yaizova yakafanana sezvo rimwe Summa maererano
siyana anogamuchira bundu kwayo. Izvi zvinoreva manzwiro inotengwa
panguva N pfungwa asingafariri apo apa mari okuti pamwe N yakakamurwa, iyo
inogona kuwanikwa
,
Zvadaro, svomhu zvinoreva munhu akapiwa kutekenyedzwa chaienzanirana
geometric zvinoreva inokosha nechokuita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
tichitarisa nokuyerwa fomura.
Saka kure tine anokamuka nhamba pfungwa zvaida, asi summation kwenguva kana
sentient hukawanika, tichatema kazhinji apo anotikurudzira shanduka kusimba
anoita, ose shoma nguva kana nzvimbo maatomu akafanana naye ikoko achiita Simba
anotikurudzira kutambudzika kufunga uye kuhwina Verengai kutekenyedzwa
nokuda kamwoyo summation manzwiro kukwana dzinouya izvi kukwana irritant
migumisiro, 3) ; chii kana tinofunga nguva uye spatial papi panguva imwe chete,
anotaura maererano fomura

sezvamakaropafadzwa DT nguva chaikosha, DS nzvimbo maatomu akafanana

anotaurawo. ave kushanda t uye S vanomirira. Kana b kuva shanduka, saka
shanduko anogona bha- kuti kurapwa. The kusangana pamusoro mutoo uyu
anofanira kuitwa mukati mwero iro munhu anoshandira kutekenyedzwa
pachiyero, S uye T anofanira muzvikamu zvavo, uye kuti ave mumwe chairema
kutekenyedzwa Verengai izvo chairema waJehovha uye T uye udzvinyiriri
chairema chinoshanda.
3)

Hazvina nharo Zvisinei, chete chete yakafanana nehanya, sezvo pamwe

kamwoyo summation pakati zvinokwezva nhengo dzomuviri kunogona kutora
nzvimbo mabhomba hurongwa.

Nyore nyaya, kunouya nezvokusakwana pano, ndiko kuti apo vanhu

vakurukurirane noruvara apo kuchengetedza Fort yakaenzana aikanganiswa
kuburikidza kupiwa nguva kana mune imwe kupiwa kuwedzera mabasa. Ipapo une
sezvinoita manzwiro Verengai kwenguva t kana kuwedzera S
kt danda

kana KS nerogi

uye Kukurukura waJehovha uye T pamwe

kst nerogi
apo T uye S vanoverengwa kubva razero.
Nyore nyaya inotevera kuwanikwe somunhu mharidzo kukarukureta pano
panzvimbo, kunyange handizivi kuti chero chipi zvacho kushandiswa nokuti
ikozvino. Zviri apo tide (the irritant mugumisiro) anowedzera proportionally chete
nguva kana spatial kukura imwe pfungwa. Sei nguva kana spatial Verengai
kutekenyedzwa kuti ipiwe panguva yakapiwa nguva kana spatial kure, kuzvibata?
The epanyama kana spatial papi, inobva pokuti anotikurudzira ndiye razero,
kupisa X , uye anotikurudzira panguva nechokure X kubva pokutangira pfungwa
yaiva px, apo peji iri kugara. Zvadaro tinofanira averenge kutekenyedzwa vari
penguva kubva X = A kuti x = B kuti asarudze, pashure anoiswa pamusoro K = 1 , b =
1:

= B (danda PB - 1) - A (danda Pa 1)
kana, kana isu pamwe ane ndiro mujinga nhamba Zvakarurama logarithms, nazvo
kukura anotikurudzira kurondedzerwa, nokuti izvo kutekenyedzwa ane pfungwa = 1
(ona muonde. Kap.16)

Uye isu agovane aya pamwe B - A, isu tiwane paavhareji kutekenyedzwa ari
penguva B - A.
Zvino yunifomu kuparadzirwa tide kubva kusimba 1 manzwiro pakuverengwa mu
zvikamu B - A
= ( B - A) danda 1 .
Saka kuti vanhu vakurukurirane kuchinyanya 1 kuwana kuti vane yunifomu
kuparadzira muna penguva iyi inopa chete kutekenyedzwa pachiyero, sezvo
kunyatsoita px, isu tose kwaainge tsika kuti inofananidza chii ichi ukoshi 1 vari

In kushanda Masvomhu izvi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo kuti kana taida kutora
kutekenyedzwa Verengai pfungwa apo anotikurudzira ndiye razero, kureva A aida
kuisa zero, apo isu kukosha B kuti dzatinofunga kuti kukwezvana achikura ,
pamusoro pachikumbaridzo annhmen, isu kunaka uye zvakanaka, vanoziva uye
afenda kwevari manyawi, vakabatana pakuverengwa chaizoita kuwanikwa, izvo
aizopa haarevi Verengai vanoziva tsika kunyanya. Saka, tine kugovana
kutekenyedzwa pakuverengwa muzvikamu zviviri, chimwe afenda pamusoro A = 0
kusvika B = 1, chero bedzi, chikumbaridzo = L wakaisirwa uye vanoziva A = 1

kusvika chero tsika B , mukati iyo isuwo anogona kusimudza chero zvikamu
kubudikidza A yakatarwa>. 1
Sezvo chairema rokuwedzera kuri udzvinyiriri, saka tinogona kuti = 1 yakatarwa,
uye anotikurudzira kubva razero tsika ichipfuura izvo kuti zvikumbaridzo 1,
apo peji = 1, uye tsikaB uye A panguva miganhu yacho extents dzaro anotikurudzira
zvakawanda pakati ndoupi anotora inopfupikisa ratidzai. Ngatitii kutekenyedzwa
Verengai pachikumbaridzo 1, saka tinePa = 1. Unite isu tose ezvinhu, ndiwo
zvakare A = 1, uye isu kuwana Masvomhu
= B (danda B - 1) + 1

Wokutanga ari kushandisa anokwana zviyero dzinongoitika dzinokosha, uko

kutekenyedzwa chikwata nhema kuna mufundisi pfungwa,
nokuti B = kute- kukosha = 1, kureva apo anotikurudzira kubva pachikumbaridzo
kusvika kardinari tsika noruvara kunowedzera, raakanga ari E nguva sezvo zvinodiwa
guru nguva kana daro, sezvo kumuka kubva razero pfungwa pachikumbaridzo
pfungwa; saka kuburikidza kutekenyedzwa Nemutengo ari vanowanika, izvo
zvakaenzana icho zvaizoita kuwanikwa kana (1 yakatarwa) manzwiro kuchinyanya
mufundisi pfungwa panguva (1 yakatarwa) nguva kana kure noruvara fortbestnde
ndiani anoda anotikurudzira kuti nodes noruvara kuti kuti simuka
pachikumbaridzo.Wechipiri payakavakirwa kwakafanana tide, izvo zvaizoita
kubudikidza iyoyowo kana kure kuita kuti yunifomu Bestande kufanana
pachikumbaridzo nokuda kardinari pfungwa noruvara kuwedzera anotikurudzira
,
Makuru paruzhinji uye mukuru applicability, mushonga zvinotevera
mabasa. Kukwezvana rinokura kwete kubva zero, asi kubva mumwe
ukoshi R panguva njanji zvinoenzanirana, zvokuti, kana pokutangira penzira ndimo
paavhareji kukura kunotanga, akatorwa agumise nzira X kukosha
R + px
ane. Verengai kutekenyedzwa achapiwa vakatsvaka mukati kure ichi. anogona kunzi,
sezvo mumwe shanduka anotikurudzira kubva apa pokutangira pfungwa mukati kure
zvakakwana diki sezvo chete maererano ari kuchinja (ona. Chap. 15), saka chete
neizvozvo anokunda ichi basa generality kukuru.
The kutekenyedzwa Verengai zvakanaka muchiitiko ichi,
pakati X = A uye X = B wakatorwa:

kana vari kubva pakutanga zvekumirira kukura, apo A = 0 zvinotora chete

,
Asi mune zvokuimba chino, kuderera pamusoro zvinokosha basa hauna inopiwa,
tarasika yavaizofanoshandisa nyaya anoziva rechi16 chitsauko (nokuti akanga asina
pano kuverenga panotanga kutekenyedzwa munhu pfungwa kana zvinhu pachavo
psychophysically
ipi Masvomhu ivavo vanogona kubatsira), asi Masvomhu izvi
Contribuu a millorar la traducci
aizofanira rinoshandawo kana kuderera vanofanirawo nokusingaperi
zvabvumirwa; uye tingadai chete aida kuti muzvirevo Masvomhu vs. kuti kutsiva
kukosha kwayo somunhu rokutanga kana kuti rechipiri kuti unodiwa. Mune imwe
summation kwakadai chichakurukurwa munyaya chitsauko akazotevera.

Text original

XXI. Distribution ratios pamusoro kutekenyedzwa.

Zvakafanana chiedza pfungwa shomanana pfungwa yacho kunenge kana kuwarira
pamusoro nzvimbo yakakura yaro, zvinogona kuparadzirwa noruvara kana vasiri
noruvara, uye ikoko kunogona kuitwa vamwe kwete uninteresting nemigumisiro iyi
richikunda ezvinhu edu kare dzakabudirira Masvomhu izvo kunyange kungotaurawo
vanokwanisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo; kurondwa nzira dzimwe nguva chete pasi
akasiyana siyana pamusoro zvawanikwa panguva iyo tine kufunga tsika
kwakatungamirira rechi19 chitsauko.
In saka kure sezvo chokuita chinooneka manyawi, kuti prerequisites zvakaitwa, 1)
kuti mukuru kana muduku nhamba retinal pfungwa chinoitirwa chiedza uye nokudaro
uyewo kukura ane chinoziva pamusoro waro haasi kukanganisa kusimba manzwiro
izvo zvinotipa ose chete pfungwa , zvekunze; 2) kuti retinal pfungwa, iro rine
kuparadzira nzvimbo, zvakafanana nehanya.
Zvose zvekungofungira zvechokwadi kwaisava kwakarurama, kana kwete
realizable muna zvakaoma kwazvo, asi kazhinji kacho vanoonekwa anofungidzirwa
zvakarurama, uye vari kuzvidzosera kupfuura nyore zvekungofungira kutanga
kubata.
Kana nokufungidzira wokutanga, saka unogona kuratidza kuti ukuru imwe
nzvimbo pamusoro maonero avo ane simba, taura kuti nzvimbo duku chiedza
Zvibvisike kure weziso, apo hombe photometric yakaenzana kuchinyanya kuona uyothe; asi haasi zvakakwana kutongwa sei kure vaduku, ziso chete zvokukanganikwa,
chiedza hukawanika zvakawanda pasi kukurukurwa diffusing chiedza ndeyokuita
irradiation mhosva nokuda kusiyana, nhaurirano dziri muchitsauko 11 chikamu chii
hwakadzama kunogona kuwanikwa. Mumwe anogona vanotaurawo kuti dzinodziya
pane Anonyudza munwe anozviratidza kuna ruzivo mvura Eh Weber kuti kudziya
panguva kunyudza ruoko yose, izvo zvinoratidza kuti kusimba kwezvido
kutekenyedzwa inokura nokuwedzera uwandu sentient pfungwa. Zvichakadai, munhu
anogona kuona kuti tembiricha musiyano pakati achinyatsotaurira noushamwari
mvura nzvimbo uye navamwe muviri inofanira kuderedzwa aibuda ropa
compensatory, zvakawanda uye dzichimhanya asi chiduku pane guru

anyatsofukidzwa pose, yakafanana negirazi remvura inodziya pasi chete zvokunze

kutonhora kunechekuita nyore dzaserera sezvo mudhiramu; uye mubvunzo sei
zvakawanda zvinogona akaremberera pariri pamusoro kusvikira zvino kanenge asati
kukurukurwa uye akagadzirisa. Sezvo kuri neizvozvo uzvibate kupisa manzwiro
ganda, saka zviri pachena kuti chiitiko ichi pachiso kwete kushanda anotambura
nokuti pamusoro zvinopesana nokuda White pedyo chena (by Kusiyana mitemo)
pane kupenya anorasikirwa Unobata. Zvichakadai, ichi hachisi kuoneka zvodii, uye
vose zvavo uchakwanisa kuona chero yairwirwa musiyano wakachena pakati makuru
nemaduku zvidimbu chena bepa mhando, zviri kuti iwe unzwisise izvozvo pedyo
kana pashure mumwe chete nechepakati zvikamu kunenge kuri. A Chivakashure
mutsara pano nhema Steinheil sezvo kuyerwa wayo prism photometer pamberi iyo
akakodzerwa chaiyo nechivimbo, sezvo akanga ava mucherechedzi yakarurama
mwoyo kuziva mamiriro ezvinhu simba pamusoro photometric inofungidzirwa
ndivo 1) . Zvadaro, "kukura uye chinzvimbo chiedza hukawanika pamusoro mumwe
hapana mutsindo rokuchinja kutongwa chete umbirimi "; sezvakanga shoma daro
rimwe izvo chiedza nzvimbo anofunga, uye iwe maererano ziso accommodiert, sezvo
muduku vacillation ziso. Izvi chinowanzoitika kupembedza zvokuti munhu anogona
kuona nokufungidzira wokutanga dzinenge muzviitiko zvakawanda paiva
nemazvo;kunyange ini regai funga kuti zvachose kwakarurama.
1) zvinhu

kwahwo kuyerwa muna Abh. D. Mnch. Akad. L837. S. 110th

Kana yechipiri ezvinhu, hazvigoni sechinoitika rinonyatsotevedzera kuziva

zvakadini kuti retinal pfungwa kubva pakati vane yakasiyana aikanganiswa
kunosiyana madaro.Zvichakadai, nokuti kunyanya makuru expanses paro inogona
sechinoitika anofungidzirwa vechokwadi.
Sezvineiwo, pokushandisa anotevera nokuparadzirwa zvokuimba pamusoro
kunenge ndeimwe chete muenzaniso mumwe zvikuru vakawanda applicability
zvakafanana, sezvo ini kuramba kuuya.
Zvino regai anotikurudzira pamwe kunyatsoita chete kusvikira (ichi kunzwisiswa
nenzira yokureva Kapoka. 20) kana kuparadzirwa kazhinji noruvara imwe yakatarwa
sezvo chikwata nhamba pfungwa, zvino danda riri novimba anotikurudzira kusimba
manzwiro simba achishandisa dzinokosha dzakabatana kuva , uye izvi zvinoitika
pamusoro yose kukabatanidzwa somunhu chikwata nhamba pfungwa, vachagara
ataure simba panguva imwe Verengai kana nhamba yemabhuku kutekenyedzwa
pamberi nokuparadzirwa.
Zvino kana anotikurudzira kubva nyore nhamba pfungwa pamusoro N vakaparadzira
nedanga akurumidze, saka kuuya ose chete pfungwa panzvimbo chete asi , uye
kusimba kwezvido kutekenyedzwa iri pfungwa nerogi . Asi sezvo kuchinyanya
uyu N kudzokororwa nguva nhamba pfungwa, tinowana kuti zvachose
uwandu G nokusurukirwa okuti

G = N danda = N (danda - danda N )

uye sezvo nhamba yacho yakagoverwa yepakutanga kutekenyedzwa Quantum
,
reshiyo Izvi zvakasiyana kazhinji pamusoro Unit, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa kuti
inoshanduka kuburikidza pakugoverwa mureza rakasiyana nhamba pfungwa,
mashoko kutekenyedzwa Quantum zvavo.
Zvino zvibvunze kutekenyedzwa Quantum zvinoderedza kana
kuparadzira? Mhinduro: zvichienderana nyaya.
Patinoita ugovere zvikuru kuchiitwa kuteterera nekaviri nhamba pfungwa, kaviri
zvinoonekwa ari kutekenyedzwa Quantum, uye inokura nokusingaperi panguva
haana simba zvokutadza kuparadzirwa yakasimba anotikurudzira chaizvo
mumamiriro ezvinhu yokuparadzira; muna kure inopepereswa kuparadzirwa asi
anotora kuripfekenura zvakare, uye nguva dzose kunogona nemhepo saka kure kuti
unnoticeable kuparadzira.
Kutaura zvazviri, tichava huru kwazvo, uye N hauna kunyanya guru, saka
tinogona danda N zvinoonekwa pamusoro nerogi hanya; ipapo G , iyo N -fold
pamusoro .Ngatikurukurei asi N kuwedzera kukura, saka pakupedzisira danda N =
danda , izvo kutekenyedzwa anova razero uye inokura N kunyange mberi,
anodzika G kunyange akaipa munharaunda, inova afenda.
Nyaya kuwedzera manzwiro Verengai kuburikidza kuparadzirwa yakasimba
anotikurudzira tinogona kutsanangura kwatiri pamusoro nyeredzi nokururamisira
rakajeka. Kana nyeredzi iri photometrically chaizvo inopenya, zvinoita kuti kunzwa
duku musiyano kana iwe kaviri kana vagovane chiedza chawo. Nokuti manzwiro
nerogi kunoratidzwa muna cherogi 2 kana danda riri; nokuti ekare, munhu
anogona kunyora danda + danda 2, nokuti yokuteverera nerogi - 2 danda; asi
zviri guru, saka zviri pamusoro nerogi cherogi 2 kunyora nezvavo. Nokudaro guru
kuoma kuenzanisa simba photometric intensities chaizvo photometry, nekuti
fananidzo asi chete achishandisa kutekenyedzwa zvinogona kuitika.Ngatikurukurei
zvino yakadaro yakajeka nyeredzi kuti blacked nokuda manzwiro chero chinokosha
zvikuru apo mumwe vagovane chiedza chawo, uye akabvisa chiedza nokuda
kugadzirwa imwe nyeredzi vakashandisa isu, saka ikozvino tiri nyeredzi zviviri
zvinoonekwa zvakafanana nokupenya sezvo ona wokutanga, uye saka kuburikidza
aparadzirwe maviri pfungwa Verengai vakanzwisisa Nokupenya kuona kaviri
zvinoonekwa.
Kuti manzwiro pakupedzisira kuti kukanganisika nokuwedzera kuparadzira
anotikurudzira kuti razero uye mberi, kunotevera sezvingatarisirwa pakuti yakwidzwa
neDare kukura kuparadzirwa pakupedzisira pachikumbaridzo uye anofanira kuuya
pasi chete mhiri. Mushure pakugoverwa payakavakirwa, zero kukosha vakaparadzira

kutekenyedzwa kunoitika Gane kana danda N = Pinda . Kutaura zvazviri, izvi

anoenderana pokuti yepakutanga anotikurudzira akauya pasi pachikumbaridzo
1. Kana omumwe chiedza, iyi haigoni kuonekwa panguva mhedziso kutekenyedzwa
yechiedza nokuti Black anoramba pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, uye haagoni
kuparadzirwa, asi chete musiyano zvokunze maonero yechiedza vanopeputswa pedyo
Black; uyewo asi chaizvoizvo vari kwose kwose, kuti tide hakufaniri chete
zvakakwana vakapararira kuti imperceptible kuti kutekenyedzwa.
Kana kutekenyedzwa Quantum kusvika zvimwe kunowedzera kuburikidza
kuparadzirwa yakasimba anotikurudzira, uyezve, zvinoderedza, saka panofanira kuva
Kuparadzirwa reshiyo N kupa zvatinoda N unoda kudana, apo pane widest
zvinobvira. Izvi Kuparadzirwa reshiyo anogona kuwanikwa munhu anozivikanwa
nokwevanhu differentiating kukosha Gnoruremekedzo kuti N uye zeroing musiyano
kupfura. Saka kuwana

apo E akaenzana zvitsigiro nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms.

mutoo uyu anotiudza pakutanga kwezvose, kuti zvikuru zvakanaka Kuparadzirwa
nhamba kusimba kuti tide kuita ndiye Proportional. Saka, kana munhu nhamba
akapiwa pfungwa zvokugumbukira kupiwa rakasimba, saka panguva kaviri
kunyatsoita kuparadzirwa zvichabviswa kuitwa kaviri nhamba pfungwa kuitira kuti
vaunze chaizvo kwazvo kutekenyedzwa.
Rinotiudza, chepiri kuti nhamba izvo anotaurawo akanakisisa kuparadzirwa reshiyo
rinowanikwa apo chinokosha ukoshi icho yakwidzwa pamberi rokupa ane 2) , pamwe
chete nechigadziko nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms E = 2,71828. , , yakakamurwa
kana kane 0,36788 .... Kufanana anotikurudzira kuva simba kana vasina simba, nguva
dzose munhu pakudaro kugamuchira zvinobetsera kuparadzira. Rinotiudza,
Chechitatu, kuti, zvichienderana nhamba yacho anotikurudzira kuti yakakura kana
muduku pane nezvikumbaridzo 2,71828 kwayo. , , ndiyo anotikurudzira
rwakapararira zvakawanda pfungwa kana anofanira kunyatsoisa pfungwa shoma, kuti
vabudirire zvikuru zvakanaka Kuparadzirwa reshiyo;nekuti pakutanga kana
mapopoma N kupfuura L, wokupedzisira nyaya duku.
2)

Sezvo b = 1 wakaisirwa wokudhinda kwese kubva kunyatsogona.

Pakati nyaya mbiri, nyaya apo chete = E , di, apo vadzi- ndiyo yakanakisisa
kugovera reshiyo kare.
Zvino ndiyo tsika = E mufundisi kukosha anotikurudzira uye manyawi, uko hama
kunonyanyisa pamusoro manzwiro kunoitika kuti mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira; uye saka tinowana kwokutanga (Chap. 19) Izvi akawana chete pane
dzimwe nzira zvakare kuti vakurukurirane anobatsira inonyatsobudirira hwokubereka
mukuru kutekenyedzwa paanoita kusimba mufundisi ukoshi. Haana chete

kuchinyanya ichi, ndiko kufunga kana kuti kuparadzira kana kupa widest
zvinogoneka pfungwa Quantum.
The kunonyanyisa uwandu pacharo, chii nokuparadzira tsika = N

anotora nzvimbo,

tinowana nokuda kukosha ichi isu nokuda N ari okuti G = N danda

chinotsiva. Saka tinoona kufadza pamusoro G

dari
0,15996
kushandisa chisakachena logarithms, kana
0,36788
kushandisa dzinongoitika logarithms, izvo saka tsika dzinosiyana mumwe, nekuti
kwedu, kunyatsogona wokurera, manzwiro Unit, uye neizvozvo anochinja nechiyero
manyawi, pashure theorem hurongwa.
Kumusoro mashoko chidzore navo pasi imwe ukoshi, kureva unotaurwa chaicho
kubatana manzwiro Quantum, zvinotora nzvimbo apo pane chinokosha chairema
manzwiro vose muchidimbu sezvo chikwata pfungwa pamberi kuparadzirwa.
Chii ukama zvino vane chikumbiro pamberi kuparadzirwa kune
nezvikumbaridzo zvayo, saka manzwiro ndiye 0,15996 kuna zvinobetsera
kuparadzira zvachose quantum pamusoro kuva peta Unit ichi, kana iwe wakaisa
kutekenyedzwa Unit panguva ka10 chikumbaridzo Zvisinei, 0,36788 nedanga
paunenge panguva 2,71828 ... nguva pachikumbaridzo ravira.
By asati kuparadzira zvachose kwazvo manzwiro rokuti nerogi anazvo, tine
kana
kutaura nokuti reshiyo pakati kwazvo kutekenyedzwa pashure Favourable
kuparadzira uye pamberi kuparadzira anotikurudzira, uko logarithms rinogona
kutorwa chero hurongwa, pasina mutengo rapera akasiyana, sezvo nhamba
logarithms vakapiwa kuwanda ose hurongwa theorem chete ndiro.
The yemaitiro
nokuti kunonyanyisa pamusoro kutekenyedzwa Quantum,
zvatakakutadzirai akwire, inobva pakawanda mhindu. Kukwezvana kunoitika pano
kubva theorem ratios panze, uye kutekenyedzwa ndiro kungoti zvekumirira, sezvo
nerogi E uye yee ndivo constants. Zvadaro iri musimboti anokwanisa here kuita
zvachose kwazvo pamusoro kutekenyedzwa uyu anotikurudzira saizi anoritsanangura
kumuka kwazvo zvekumirira, kana chete anotikurudzira mberi gehends akagoverwa
kuitira kuti nguva dzose kufadza pamusoro kutekenyedzwa inotengwa napo.

Achitendeukira zvakasikwa logarithms pamusoro, saka danda E = 1, kufadza

kutekenyedzwa anopiwa chete mashoko
iyo kunonyanyisa ichi kunoitika.

sezvo pakugoverwa nhamba N, panguva

Zvichienderana makuru kana duku pane E , pasi chete ezvinhu ari kufadza vanhu
kutekenyedzwa Quantum, iyo ine kupiwa inogona kubudirira, mukuru kana
muduku kupfuura chairema kutekenyedzwa Quantum, uye nokuda = E pamusoro
chikwata ichi chete tsurumete.
Below uye pamusoro zvinobetsera kuparadzirwa madhigirii, madhigirii maviri
mupiro vanofanira kusangana iyo kupa zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa Quantum.
Kana tikaenda nevamwe inosiyana mupiro chepakutanga, umo kutekenyedzwa
Quantum nerogi , saka kune riparadzirwe pamusoro N nguva nhamba
pfungwa N danda , uye chiitiko kuti vose nokugoverwa inoitirwa kupa
zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa Quantum
danda = N nerogi
akaisa kubva izvo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga N anofanira kutsunga kuti vane
reshiyo umo kukwezvana wokutanga nokuparadzirwa anofanira kuparadzirwa kune
wechipiri. Papera Analytical akavhiyiwa panyaya zvivako zviri logarithms uye
potencies Izvi pakupedzisira inotungamirira

nzira yemaitiro saka kure kugadzirisa basa redu, sezvo zvinoita kuti mumwe
aparadzirwe reshiyo N chii chinoita kuti kunoitika pakutanga yavaive 1 manzwiro
Quantum zvakare, uye akabatanidza anotikurudzira ukoshi (kunzwisiswa
zvichienzanirana yayo chikumbaridzo) kuverenga, uye kwokutanga ( chits. 19)
vakawana anobvuma. . Dzinomiririra muenzaniso N= 2, ipapo = 4; kureva apo tide
ane kuchinyanya ari mana nguva yaro chikumbaridzo, iri akatambanudza pamusoro
kaviri nhamba pfungwa, saka zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa Quantum anotora
nzvimbo sezvo pasina kuparadzira, asi riri zvose akakodzera isingasviki kufadza
pamusoro kutekenyedzwa Quantum. By ikozvino 1 panguva mukuru N zvinoonekwa
pamusoro N anonyangarika, iyo nzira iri nyore iri nyaya inotevera
Approximativformel
N=
iyo inoti: tide, kuitira kuti kupa zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa Quantum sezvo pasina
kuparadzirwa ne simba kuparadzirwa, anoparadzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu kuti
anouya mamiriro ake nokuda nezvikumbaridzo pedyo, kureva aburuke pacharo
zvinenge kuti zvikumbaridzo, vakawanda Vakurudzirwa pfungwa utera kunyatsoita
ndanyarara hangu.

Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva yemaitiro

vanga nerogi = N nerogi

pakati mukana wokuti vanhu

ndeichi:

Chokutanga, zvapedzisira mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona mu

exchange, uye kunotevera

NN=N -1
,
Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro kure hatina nzira kuratidza kumashure kunonyanyisa
determinations kubudikidza zvakananga ruzivo, saka ivo akusungirire asi
zvakakodzera vavo zvinodiwa pamwe chete, uye zvinogona hanya sezvo
vaivaona. Pane zvino pane mubvunzo kufarira. Ko omumwe chiedza, izvo kazhinji
zviri kuzvitonga zvokunze chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vari ziso,
kutekenyedzwa kwameso vatema, zvinogoneka pasi kana pamusoro
zvinobetsera. Uchida zvinoreva mubvunzo uyu:
Chii chinokonzera kutekenyedzwa pamusoro matema dzinoitirwa matiri, saka kure
sezvo vachifanira waongororwa yapfuura Nhaurirano somunhu nokurega kuona
zvakanaka kusiyanisa yakaderera maonero chiedza, tinogona kuona, ingadai chii
kukwanisa kuti chikonzero yomukati chaienderana ane zvokunze chiedza
anotikurudzira, kubudisa chete simba chiedza kutekenyedzwa. Zvino vaizofanira
kudaro kupiwa saizi zvinowanisa kufadza pamusoro kutekenyedzwa apo
yakagoverwa zvokuti kuchinyanya akaenzana 2,71828 ... nguva yaro chikumbaridzo,
uye nokudaro Zvaizoda munhu umwe kuchinyanya pamusoro kutekenyedzwa
chiedza kuitika. Mubvunzo zvino ndewokuti, ndiye chiedza dema muziso kana
zvasviba kupfuura ichi zvinobetsera zvikuru? - Kana, kana tikafungisisa zvakananga
pamusoro psychophysical basa iro zvinoenderana romukati kutekenyedzwa
yechiedza, Verengai aizokura zvakafanana kana kuderera kana basa iri vakaparadzira
zvikuru kana pfungwa?
Kunyange zvazvo isu hatigoni pano pamusoro yakachengeteka angasarudza kuti
masanga zviviri ndinoona yokusuma mumwe mukana kuti zvakadzamisisa mutema
weziso anoenderana kunyatsoreva zvikuru zvinobetsera zvikuru, saka kuti pane
mumwe yomukati jekeso zvakafanana - uye chokwadi, anogona Black yakajeka
nokuda womukati uye zvimwewo zvikonzero - kurasikirwa ichibudira mumoyo,
sezvo psychophysical basa, izvo chinokonzera kunyatsotsanangura ichi, vangadai
kunotangira kuparadzirwa mukuru, mukuru rakawanda manzwiro, asi havana
kubudisa shoma nekurashikirwa Sale nomumwe achienda pasi zvakadzamisisa

vatema kubudikidza ari chinooneka kutekenyedzwa aizombogadzwa kuswedera

chinhu, ane nzira kuti isu chaizvoizvo kuchengeta pamukova miganhu yeminda
namahwindo ziso.
Chokutanga zvose ndiwo mubvunzo unofanira kuzvidzosera vachamutswa, chii
chaizoitika kana mhaka chiedza zvikumbaridzo yomukati vanofanira kuswedera
kupfuura zvakadzamisisa rikasviba weziso, izvo zvinoitika, nyaya yacho. Hazvibviri
kuti Black kudzamisa kusvikira zvikumbaridzo mberi, nekuti pano chinooneka
kutekenyedzwa nani usingacharovi, nepo kwakadzama mutema kuchiri chinooneka
kutekenyedzwa. Saka panofanira kuva yokuchinja pamusoro pachikumbaridzo kubva
unotanga kutamira zvisvundu chichabuda, uye mumwe asingazivi chii chinofanira
kuita ichi yokuchinja, kana hazvisi zvedu kunonyanyisa rakasimba, akatambura kana
kurasikirwa mupfungwa yakasiyana kubva kumusoro ndiro. tichinyatsoda sezvo
vaifanira pfungwa asi mupfungwa zvakadzama vatema.
Ko nzira rakachenuruka, Hauoneki mifananidzo uye madhayagiramu pematanho
yedu vanhuwo mimba kumhanya, uye iro tichiri havagoni kutaura kuti kuonekwa
vatema, ndezvaJehovha kuti zvikamu pakati pachikumbaridzo uye kufadza pfungwa?
To yapfuura pfungwa zvinotevera kunoitika:
kazhinji Tinoona zvatinosiita zvivako akatorwa saka yedu Muviri kuti sezvo shoma
kuedza simba uye zvinoreva mukuru kubatsira zvinogoneka anozadziswa. Kana
zvechokwadi dema pamusoro unstimulated dzokunze ziso zvakafanana kuti kufadza
tsika, saka nyaya chaizozadzika kuitira kuti sezvo shoma nesimba sezvo womukati
anotikurudzira kana yakaenzana kinetic simba pamusoro psychophysical basa asi
mukurusa zvaibvira kutekenyedzwa pakuverengwa hwaizosimbiswa vanowanika.
Zvechokwadi, izvi zvose rucharamba nokuti ikozvino pfungwa asi
chete. Zvinofanira asi ave uchapupu, tingada, - uye ichi ndicho itsva pfungwa
mubereko, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvakare kuongorora chinhu - iri
zvakadzamisisa dema, chii chiri mupfungwa dzedu, panguva imwecheteyo kuwana
rinomiririra chaivo unokosha chairema chiedza manzwiro pamusoro takabuda
apfuura nokuda setsikawo akarongeka maonero. Uyezve, tinogona kuratidza
gangaidzo kuti Vakachengeterwa Night Dark akapa kunonyanyisa kupenya, kureva
kufadza kuti zvinogona kuitwa pamwe chete uwandu chiedza anotikurudzira.
Uyezve, munhu anogona kuona kuti pasi ichi dukusa chiedza nezvekufadza uye
chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti kusapfuudza Black, aizoenda mumwe
zvinoshamisa zvekumirira sezvo dzaidzidziswa mufundisi kukosha manzwiro
proportionality ichi kuti kwokutanga.
Similar ezvinhu sezvo maererano riparadzirwe anotikurudzira kuburikidza
mukamuri vane nzvimbo chete panguva uyewo maererano kuparadzirwa, uye pashure
zvose analoginen risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi chete payakavakirwa
prejudges. harizovi kusvika kumusoro kutekenyedzwa Quantum apo kunyange kana
iwe kusiya tide kuti pfungwa pakarepo, kuita maari zvishoma nezvishoma kumusoro
dilution. Asi vaifanira achaita paanoita pamwe 2,718 ... nguva akasimba kupfuura
ayo pachikumbaridzo. Izvi hazvirevi kuti nguva dzose aifanira kushanda zvakafanana

zvikuru, kana mamiriro Reizempfnglichkeit nhengo iyo pachikumbaridzo kukosha

anotikurudzira pachayo substantially zvaanoda, vanofanira kuchinja, asi,
sezvavakaudzwa Reizempfnglichkeit blunts uye komberedza ari b pamusoro
dzakaenzana payakavakirwa kunowedzera, uyewo chikumbiro achafanira kumuka
kuti zvakawanda kuti pave kufadza pamusoro kutekenyedzwa.
Nenheyo idzodzowo zvinoshandiswa zvinotevera nyaya.
Munhu wose anoziva kuti pane zvakasikwa rinodhaka, chero anogona, zvakare
achiparadzirwa nzvimbo uye nguva, kana pakati pavanhu vakasiyana, kana ari munhu
mumwe chete, mukati rose haizobatsiri chinokosha, asi kwete zvishoma uyewo, kuti
hazvisi kubatsira, mumwe rinodhaka kuvanhu kana nguva yakawandisa zvavakatanga
kuronga murwi. yemaitiro edu rine nheyo rworudyi nechiyero, kana asingadi kuva
executable nyaya ipi chaiyo iyoyo, uye zvakadaro kunyange anokurumidza blunting
pamusoro kushatirwa kuburikidza heaping runako chete zvaizotora nezvarwo.
, Kuparadzirwa chipfuro mari kana pfuma, ndiko kuti ave zvinondipa simba
zvinoreva chitsama zvinokosha nezvekufadza, pane kutanga vari musimboti
hwakaratidzwa Masvomhu edu yakagadzwa kuti vakawanda ichi Makorokoto
nomuviri kuti Makorokoto morale kunoita kana dzinoshayiwa zuerteilt asi kwete
kusabatana yakawandisa, vachiri wevasungwa yakawandisa uri iyi kuva
zvikuru. Nhumbi nhaka, apo murume anowana pamwe chete chinochechenya, kuda
pane chikumbaridzo kukosha pfuma panguva Masvomhu kuti aida kushandisa izvi
nyaya, kunzi.
Regai kwedu kugoverwa inonyatsoita N kachikamu ukoshi rinorevei, saka ivo
anoshanda ari chiitiko kuti chikumbiro raizoitirwa ari mamiriro
ezvinhu N vakagovera kuti pfungwa pane iyi ezvinhu.
Kubva ichi chinogona kuitwa pamwe Somugumisiro akanaka. Isa anotikurudzira iri
kuwedzera tichifunga nzvimbo kana nguva, saka pokupedzisira riri isingaperi
yevasungwa reshiyo; ipapo N =
uye kuparadzira inonyatsoita ndiro G =
danda = 0. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, zvinoti anoita akarongeka kuongorora
mashoko

nerogi kuwana = 0th

mugumisiro Izvi hazvigoni dzavasinei achibudiswa ruzivo, nokuti mumwe

anotikurudzira, kunyange kana zvakananga rinoshanda chete nyore pfungwa kana
kuuya sokuti, asi pamwero anoita kumativi, irradiiert sezvo mumwe Nachdauer
anoita, Zvisaririra, zvokuti kunyange kumucheto mufananidzo nyeredzi rinowanika
strahlig kana somunhu diki denderedzwa, iyo kuonana pfungwa imwe tsono
Runonzwika nokuda kupararira kwokudzvinyirira pane imwe denderedzwa, iyo
nguva imwe nokupenya kwayo afterimage mupfungwa, mumwe mushumo inosiya
resonates pahura. Asi munhu anogona kuwana chete zvichibvira tinosvika kuna
mugumisiro kuti Z. B. wose achava vanosarudza nezino pamwe jerks, sezvo kuti
zvishoma nezvishoma mbatya, uye vose nomuzvarirwo chinzvimbo uchitsanya rufu
kubudikidza kupfuura chisimba senzira kunonoka wokuurayira ,

The Previous kunetseka zvinotevera kubva kuyerwa inonyatsoita zvichienderana

kutekenyedzwa pamusoro Quantum yokuparadzira size, yunifomu kuparadzira
anotikurudzira zvapiwa; mumwe mugumisiro nokuyerwa inonyatsoita chokuita
mashandiro chimiro chenyika kuparadzira anotikurudzira. mhedziso iyi inobva
ndechokuti zvinonakisa kukura kutekenyedzwa inova chokupedzisira chaanopa
zvikuru yunifomu zvichibvira kuparadzira anotikurudzira.
Chokutanga, ndinoyeuka zvinotevera mutongo:
Kana chitsama N nhamba ane , B, C .... = S anopiwa sezvo zvibereko nhamba iri
kufadza kana nhamba dzose munhu, B, C .... mumwe, uye saka Zvichakadaro
zvinokosheswa

vakaenzana.

Somuenzaniso, pakuverengwa S ndiye 12, uye nhamba dziri 3, saka kunonyanyisa

chigadzirwa inotengwa nokuda 4 . 4 . 4 = 64. The Product 6 . 4 . 2 Dai 48 chete, uye
Product 7 . 4 .1 chete kupa 28, etc. This zvazvingava unoshandawo mitswe. .
Somuenzaniso, kana nhamba 1 rakakamurwa 3 zvikamu zviduku; saka
kupinda 1 / 3 . 1 / 3 . 1/ 3 kufadza.
Ngatifungidzirei zvino achawedzerwa chiyeuchidzo kuti vakaverenga logarithms
ose vakapiwa kuwanda akaenzana logarithm zvibereko zvavo uye nhamba pamwe
logarithms kukura uye bvisai, saka zvinotevera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva
papi kuuya pasina dambudziko.
Ngatitii une N sentient pfungwa, izvo hama kuti intensities , ', "... ndivo
asingafariri, Verengai S ndiko, zvinotevera kuchada ari kutekenyedzwa
danda + danda ' + danda "... = danda ' '...
Kufadza pamusoro chigadzirwa ' "... inotengwa maererano apa theorem no,
kana = ' = '. , . = , Ndizvo kusanganisira kufadza pamusoro nerogi '
' ..., uye nazvo kufadza ari zvachose kwazvo kutekenyedzwa.
Kana zvose pfungwa imwe nzvimbo asingafariri vari pamusoro pachikumbaridzo,
kushandisa yapfuura mutsetse hakuna dambudziko. Asi kana vanhu vakurukurirane
kwaizoitika nekuda kwekuda yunifomu pamusoro hombe nzvimbo kana kwenguva
refu pasi pechikumbaridzo uye saka hakuna chavanoziva manyawi, kunoitika
nokutarisa pane zvimwe zvinhu kuti nzvimbo kana nguva pamusoro chikumbaridzo,
iye pasinei ake zvino gogonera turakiti chavanoziva manyawi, zvinoita sokuti
zvinopikisana yapfuura mutongo.
dambudziko iri kusiyaniswa zvinotevera nekuonekwa;
Kana nokuda gogonera kugoverwa kunoita yakanaka chavanoziva kutekenyedzwa
Quantum mamwe pfungwa pasi yapfuura ezvinhu, saka inokura nedzimwe
kudzamisa chaanoziva kuburikidza yokubvisa vanhu vakurukurirane kunyanya
nokuda vamwe pfungwa, izvo rusesi vose zvakafanana zvavo akarongeka nechiyero
akaipa ari kutekenyedzwa Quantum nzvimbo, uye nekumwisa ichi kunaka manzwiro

Quantum zvakanaka kwazvo vasiri yunifomu kuparadzira vaifungidzira kunaka

kutekenyedzwa Quantum vari yunifomu. Saka akarongeka yakarurama pamusoro
mutongo ichiri, riri chete ichi akarongeka reshiyo kana algebraic Verengai vanoziva
uye chavanoziva maonero. Asi insofar sezvo zvakafanira kutora vanoziva uye
asingachazivi manzwiro kunyanya ziso, hazvigoni kushandiswa kuona kufadza
chavanoziva kutekenyedzwa kunyanya. Asi, vakaona kuti zvingava zvakanaka kuti
ugovere vakurukurirane vari hunhu vasiri noruvara kuti dzimwe pfungwa kuyambuka
pachikumbaridzo uchisiya vamwe, nokudaro kunyura vanotonyanya pazasi
pachikumbaridzo.
Kana munhu ikozvino anobvunza chii chinonyanya zvinobetsera ndiko kuwana
chaizvo uwandu rekuva chavanoziva manyawi, pasina pamusoro quantum yakaipa
asingachazivi manzwiro kuti nokudaro simukai kubva mhiri, saka zvichaita inganzi
kuti vatopa zvokudya uye chinonyanya kunakira munhu kana kuparadzira
zvigoverwe kukura netsika akasununguka ari munharaunda nokusingagumi yakakura
kana nguva, kudai kuti vabva munzvimbo iyi kana nguva pazasi pachikumbaridzo
kuti chikamu chiri pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, kuti 2,71828 ... nguva yaro
chikumbaridzo uye zvokugumbukira sezvo noruvara sezvaibvira pamusoro wayo
pepasi.
Sezvineiwo achabatwa kurangarira chii nokukurumidza vachaona mamwe mabasa
ake, kuti mweya uri kunze inopfupikisa kukanganiswa akasiyana manyawi, uye
manzwiro kuti misiyano kwete sechinhu ari Verengai chaizvoizvo ngozi Richikura,
asiContribuu
sezvoachinhu
millorar la Added
traducci kudarika inofanira kukurukurwa; Saka kutekenyedzwa yose
simba kwemaonero mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira hakusi reducible avo
cumulative maturo. Asi kushanda ichi yaisanganisa ndiyo chikamu kana divi
ichifamba kuita, uye zvakajeka zvenhare, kwekanguva kuti muvakweve imwe
zvikurukuru mune kuongororwa yavo sezvazvakatemerwa iri yoga nehanya
inokwanisa.

Text original

XXII. Kusarura manzwiro kusiyana uye zvakasiyana

nezvekufadza. 1)

Kunze Verengai nezvekufadza, iro rine basa uwandu uye chimiro kuparadzira
anotikurudzira pamusoro dzakasiyana nguva kana spatial pfungwa pane,
zvinokoshawo kuti kufunga musiyano pakati nezvekufadza kwayo kuvimba siyana
kuzvinetsa pane pfungwa idzi kufunga. Asi tisati akamisa kurondedzera kwazviri
Masvomhu, zvichava zvakafanira kuti mutsaure isina pachena, uye izvo kuchiri
kukosha.
1) Kana

totaura 9. Revision 183. 330. Psych. Maprinzipien p.188.

A kutekenyedzwa anogona dzinosiyana umwe kwazvo pasina musiyano iri saka

akaziva sezvo musiyano anopinda kuziva. Izvi ichivhenekera pakarepo ane mu

nezvekufadza kuripo muvanhu siyana. Saka mukuru musiyano kungava chete,

haigoni kubatwa asi, asi kutekenyedzwa kunonzwisiswa, umwe akanzwa, asi
musiyano rayo harina ainzwa, nekuti ichi chaiva kuti mumwe nomumwe mapopoma
ari chete kuziva. Zvakafanana, zviri pachena kusiyana nezvekufadza zvakafanana
munhu, izvo zviri nguva sezvo kure nomumwe kuti munhu kukanganwa apo mumwe
kunoitika. Kunyange zvazvo iri rinowanika kuziva zvose ipapo, asi hapana
ndangariro pamusoro neeSultan kubva mumwe, sezviri pachena boka kushayikwa
pfungwa, riri zvikuru zvakafanana nokuda musiyano maonero. Uye saka musiyano
wavo anogona sezvaakanga maviri vanhu siyana iripo, uye haigoni kunyange
kuonekwa musiyano.
siyana nezvekufadza vaviri vari nokusingaperi nguva dzose kana pamusoro
excitation dzakasiyana zvikamu sentient nhengo yakadai ziso, ganda, kunobva,
kuitira kure ndezvedu akasiyana dzimba, kana vachange zvaitevedzana simba
panguva dzakasiyana, saka kure ndezvaJehovha dzakasiyana, kana, pakupedzisira,
zvakasiyana makamuri uye nguva dziri uyewo nhengo, uye spatial nezvenyama
ukama naye asina kuzvironga vari allwegs ataure zvadzinoitawo pane Zvisinei, kana
uye sei kusiyana Runonzwika, musiyano chaicho nezvekufadza kunobva chete wavo
chaiye kukura, asi kwete pamusoro nechitarisiko mamiriro ezvinhu excitation yavo
netsika. Saka kazhinji chokwadi kuti musiyano achichengetedza kukwira Fungidziro
chete dzakasiyana nhengo kana dzakasiyana zveefa nhengo zvinoriumba iduku nyore
kuoneka, sezvo zvaitevedzana pamwe chete nhengo kwave Fungidziro kana ino iri
kunyanya guru, uye vakawanda kuwanika uye kunatsiridza kugara kukanganisa
zvichienderana Amendment ari spatial nezvenyama nzvimbo zvakamisa hurongwa
kunotiita vose simba guru izvi ezvinhu ari mapiro akasiyana anonzwisiswa, bvuma.
Saka tine mukana uye kuvapo nezvekufadza dzakasiyana vanobvuma musiyano
wavo asi asingaiti kuwira kuziva, uye murege kuziva nyore pamwe kusiyana
nezvekufadza, uye manzwiro ane musiyano Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu ari vakaenzana,
munhu akasimba mutsauko pakati nezvekufadza munhu akasimba mupfungwa
musiyano anotakura, kuitira kuti vose vave nyaya nevakawanda nezvazvo. Zvisinei,
vakawanda, musiyano rinozivikanwa pakati misiyano izvo kuvapo pakati
nezvekufadza pasina kuitwa zvaizoita sokuti kusiyana, uye avo chaizvoizvo kupinda
kuziva sezvo kusiyana. Vose vari, uko zvakakodzera kusiyanisa kwavari, vari
akasarudzwa sezvo manzwiro akasiyana por Se kana yakamanikana mupfungwa uye
sezvo vachinzwisisa kusiyana kana kunzwa misiyano; tiri kutaura zvakasiyana
nezvekufadza vangada zvokusazovapozve, sezvo zviri kunzi Kusiyana yekudyidzana
chete kutekenyedzwa zvinokonzera zvinonyatsobatana kusiyana waitwa, mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira. Asi zvataurwa haasi kudzivirira, kwazvisina zvikuru
chinhu adversarial chinzvimbo manzwiro kusiyana achangobva zvachose pfungwa
uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana pane pane pamwe nokufungisisa chete nyaya sezvo
pamberi zita kushandisa manzwiro kusiyana rinobatanidza mupfungwa pane
Zvinonyanyozivikanwa zvose, kuburikidza zvakaoma zvichida kuwanikwa rimwe
zita chinowanzokonzera zvose akapoteredza uye kwete nyore kazhinji kuva unoreva
zvakawanda nezvezvinoreva kushandiswa.
Nezvawagara mutsauko zvinotevera pachena kupikisana yapera.

Regai nenzwi kana chiedza pamusoro pachikumbaridzo simba kuramba kukura,

saka isu tinonzwa kuramba kukura kuburikidza zvose zvenguva tsika kubva rezasi
kusvikira dzakakwirira tsika, uye mumwe nomumwe ruduku Zvakawanikwa
anotikurudzira kunokonzera zvakakodzera kuwedzera manyawi, sezvo izvozvo chete
kutekenyedzwa pamusoro repasi anogona kukwira dzakakwirira tsika. Saka chero
dukusa nokuwedzera anotikurudzira kana anotikurudzira musiyano Runonzwika
runoenzanirana kutekenyedzwa accruals, manzwiro akasiyana. Kubva mhiri, asi
chokwadi musiyano pachikumbaridzo akaratidza kwatiri kuti haasi munhu wose
dukusa nokuwedzera anotikurudzira, anotikurudzira musiyano Runonzwika
pamusoro chikumbaridzo, asi kuti chete imwe kukura runodiwa, zvikasadaro zviri
imperceptible. Chiduku chiedza, uremu musiyano haisi akanzwa. Nzira yose chete
kuoneka kusiyana yakavakirwa payo.
Heano maviri mashoko anoita kuti kupikisana zvakananga. Mushure wokutanga
nomumwe duku anotikurudzira musiyano Runonzwika pamusoro pachikumbaridzo,
maererano wechipiri havana akanzwa, asi kunoda chete imwe anokamuka
kukura. Asi mashoko anogona kupikisana chokwadi, asi kushora azorore chete yedu
pfungwa, kuburikidza kuziva zvisiri kufanana, uye kuti pachena pagakava
inopedzisira nokuti chete chokwadi kuti tinoona chinhu nyaya munhuwo manzwiro
musiyano, nyaya yechipiri kuna vasiyane; asi musiyano pachikumbaridzo inongova
wevakabhuroka.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana kurira, kana chiedza inoramba ichiwedzera, kunyange
zvazvo yaimera kutekenyedzwa, uye tinokwanisa dzakawanda akura manzwiro, asi
kwete kukura sezvo kudaro zvikuru kuziva musiyano uri sei tinoda kutaura pachedu,
indistinguishable ari manzwiro pamusoro kusvikira kukura rinosvika kana
akapfuudza imwe kukura; ipapo tinogona kuva chaizvo kuziva kuti haizopereri
kutekenyedzwa mukuru kupfuura vokutanga, uye kugumisa kubudikidza chamazuva
nhungamiro rinofanira rakura panguva iyoyo yose zvenguva madhigirii, pasina kuti
takava kukura nokuda zviduku misiyano aigona kutevera chaizvo nezvekufadza.
Zvadaro, tinogona kuona kusiyana rakatetepa mupfungwa, chero bedzi kuvapo
pakati uye nezvekufadza pasina kuitwa asi akaziva sezvo kusiyana, uye kusiyanisa
vakanzwisisa zvechokwadi sezvo misiyano yakadaro sezvakunoitwa manzwiro
ndichifumira uye kunyanya mimba kutekenyedzwa kupesana.
Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti musiyano pakati kutekenyedzwa kusiyana uye
vachinzwisisa kusiyana usimbe panyaya apo mumwe duku musiyano pakati
nezvekufadza zviviri zvechokwadi akanzwa, panzvimbo vasiyane pamwe
kutekenyedzwa kusiyana yaizova -enderana. Zvino unogona zvose zvinobvira nzira,
musiyano yakadaro inogona akanzwa, Fungawo zvakaitika sechinhu pamuganhu
nyaya kuti chaizvoizvo ane duku musiyano iyo iripo, vaizovawo akanzwa kuti aizova
kureva kufadza mwero kusiyana nehanya. Panyaya iyi, kutekenyedzwa musiyano
anogona nguva dzose kuzvibatanidza pamuganhu Kana zvakadaro, uye mitemo uye
mamiriro ezvinhu noruremekedzo kuti kuvimba kunzwa tsika zvinhu zviri kuitika
zvakasara hanya chero Kumbova nehanya, kunyange vaigona kudonongodzwa chete
paakaziva misiyano asi kutamira kutekenyedzwa kusawirirana kubvumira, sezvo tine

kufunga utetsa chete zvayo muganhu kwakawedzera kuona ukuru vasiyane

rienderane kutekenyedzwa musiyano. Naizvozvo mutemo Weber rine kuti vakaedzwa
chete paakaziva misiyano; asi ichi hakutadzisi kuti varambe triftig kuti manzwiro
kusiyana zvachose mupfungwa, uye zvinowana kubudikidza kubvunzana pamusoro
akarongeka ebetsero nheyo chinokosha payakavakirwa nokuti duku manzwiro
akasiyana, izvo panguva iyoyo unoenda nokuyerwa inonyatsoita uye kune
chinotevera kuchengetwa musiyano fomura.
Pfungwa musiyano pakati nezvekufadza kunotova inokosha pfungwa, izvo,
sezvataona, uye pamwe kuvapo nezvekufadza havana kupiwa woga, asi achiri chaiwo
ezvinhu kunoda mhedziso. Tinogona zita chepamusoro vanoziva chiito kupfuura
nyore rekugamuchira kutekenyedzwa, kana inoda fananidzo pakati vazhinji
nezvekufadza, kureva hana noukama pakati pavo.
Pfungwa pakunamata chechetere kunoitika pano kokutanga pashure kosi
wakasiyiwa nesu kuenda mberi, uye yakaitika wokutanga uyu waongororwa sezvo
chero pakutanga.Tinonzwisisa izvi izwi kubva kazhinji zvokuti kana A ukama
vanoziva kana kubatana pakati mananara ane uye b zvinosanganisira kongiri kana
Abstract, A kupfuura imwe uye b anonzi.Chii zvose mweya yedu, izvo
zvinosanganisira vanoziva ukama yayo yose mananara, kuti chaihwoihwo soro, nyore
kutekenyedzwa nokusingaperi ndiyo yepasisa kongiri soro, kubatana pfungwa matiri
chii matiri. Kutaura zvazviri, tinofanira kuita mutsauko pakati chaihwoihwo uye
kongiri shanduro kureba kwese, Sezvatakakurindirai kufunga ukama abstrakti kana
ukama. Saka tinogona Abstract ari kutekenyedzwa pamusoro musiyano kana kufunga
akasiyana nezvekufadza kunyange kana paakaziva kusiyana.
Mune imwe ubanguranyika pamusoro Stufenbaues yose pakakwirira yomudzimu
muvanhu, zviri ikozvino haazi kunze, asi danho rokutanga manera ichi uye
mirayiridzo mberi yakatanga kubata chete.
Pamusina anoratidza Muzvitsauko zvinotevera, kuti musiyano achiziva kukura
hakuna muduku anokwanisa kupfuura nezvekufadza pachavo, pakati raakanga
ndechokuti kuyerwa inogona kuparadzaniswa uye kwakabatana; uye kuti zvishoma
kusiyana kutekenyedzwa kusiyana haigoni kuonekwa, uye manzwiro aya
dzakakwirira vari musimboti kuyerwa, anoratidzwa zvakananga kuti yepamusorosoro
yomudzimu, Abstract sezvo kongiri kuti dhigirii hakuna muduku nyore pane rezasi,
uye kuti nemiwo musimboti muchiitiko ichi kuenda kubva repasi kwakakwirira,
kwete asipo.
Isu tidzamise pamusoro apa nezvavanofunga, saka kuva tinoona kuti kusiyana izvo
takaona kuitwa pakati maviri mhando manzwiro akasiyana, uyewo asiwo
nezvekufadza pachavo, chero kuti ose manzwiro, anogonawo kunzi sezvo manzwiro
musiyano pakati razero uye vakutarisire. Kutaura zvazviri, tinosangana ari
nezvekufadza ane pachena antinomy sezvaiitwa mune kutekenyedzwa kusiyana
zvinogona kugadziriswa vo saizvozvo.
Sezvinongoita anotikurudzira hunopfuura pachikumbaridzo, anopinda dzedu
kuyerwa inonyatsoita manyawi, uye kana achiri anomira kunze zvishoma kupfuura
pachikumbaridzo.Asi manzwiro ichi kuziva nenzira kuti vanogona kuva, enzanisa

nevamwe, zvatakawana pane imwe nguva, kana vari kufara mune dzimwe nhengo
obva kusiyanisa nevamwe, kuti kunogona chete kana vane imwe simba
yasvika. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, isu kufanana izvozvo vanoziva risingabhadhari
mupfungwa kudanwa Kupfupika hafu-chavanoziva, zvinopfuura yepamusorosoro
chavanoziva, zvizere vanoziva nokukurumidza.
Pane maitiro musiyano pakati siyana maviri zvaiitika. Panguva hafu-vanoziva
manzwiro anogona munhu asina kurangarira, pamusoro zvizere vanoziva
haukwanisi. Musiyano uyu chokuita musiyano zvakasikwa zvose. Kusiyanisa
kutekenyedzwa nomumwe, mumwe anofanira superimpose navo ndangariro
pamusoro chete kana anogona kuchengeta pamwe chete.Naizvozvo chikumbaridzo
zvizere kuziva aripiko mukana ndangariro anondimutsa, uye nokudaro ane assignable
uye anokosha chaizvo zvinorehwa. Zvisingaverengeki nezvekufadza tive nehafuchavanoziva, pasina kwedu kugona kurangarira naye.
Chii ndezvechokwadi manzwiro, zvinogona kuratidzirwa yose kuziva. Nhambo apo
murume anondimutsa mangwanani, hazvina panguva imwe chete, apo iye pretty
achaita ake vanoziva kana kuti vachiziva, asi kune takamuka chete zvinofanira
afambira mberi pamwero kana kusvika rumutsiriro zvinoreva imwe simba. Ukuwo,
kana munhu arara, kuzodzima kwepamusoro kuti ane pfungwa dzake, chinhu
pamberi zvizere hope. Hapana chinogona kuyeuka nguva apo akarara uye kana
akamuka. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinotoda zvakanaka kuwana hope, zvokurarama
kuverengwa. iwe ipapo Anorara munhu here, saka iwe uchagona kurangarira
kumbobvira, chii vaiva okupedzisira nhamba kuti dzave kuverengwa asi, tisati
nehope.
In hombe imwe nguva wokuhafu vanoziva mamiriro sokuti zvichazoitika
nokubatwa Chloroformierung; nokuti akadhakwa nokuti kare kudhaka kazhinji
zvachose kwete anogona kuyeuka chii wapfuura panguva kudhaka navo uye ivo
vakaita; uye sezvo vamwe chloroformed Kuridza mhere panguva marwadzo
kuvhiyiwa, iyo vanoziva hapana zvakawanda pashure.
Zvinonzi undisputed kuti anouya ndizvo akanzwa kutekenyedzwa
musiyano; kutekenyedzwa kuva achinyatsoziva Chokwadi, kuti aigona kuva
zvachose kuziva, kwete musi kukura ari anotikurudzira, asiwo mwero kufunga; asi
isu tiri pano, sapamazuva nguva dzose kare chete mwero nemakakatanwa nzeve saka
kure napo kuchengera mberi afumure, kuzochera chii kunoenderana ukuru mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira kufunga; nokuda mufananidzo hanya bedzi yomukati
psychophysics munhu anogona kutaura.
Mumwe angazviziva achirova zvichida zvingave ari priori akawana zvisingabviri
kuti kusiyana nezvekufadza, manzwiro kusiyana sezvo zvakanaka kunogona simuka
pakati anotevedzana pane mawa nemaonero, kana kunyange pakati aimbova
vanongogona kuva raidudzwa kupfuura pakati ekupedzisira; nokuti sei vanongogona
kare kuti ukama hwake aine enpresenting achikwikwidza? Zvino isu hatina
chikonzero pano ngatiite nokuda zvino zvokufungidzira, nokuti Masvomhu yedu
inobva chete pamusoro chokwadi uye uende pamusoro chokwadi uye ichi ndicho
zvakadaro. Zvichakadai, anogona yakaratidza kuti okupedzisira pfungwa iye

anoramba achiri indisputably muna migumisiro kuitika kuna pazvidhindo itsva

ukama, uye zviri zvikuru nezvayo kuti zvaitevedzana akaita zvakafanana chikamu
nhengo saka pazvidhindo vari rusarura zvinhu nyore kuva vakaenzana, sezvo
panguva imwe chete kuti nhengo dzomuviri zvakasiyana aita, nokuti nguvasukzedierenden pazvidhindo uyewo spatially sukzedierende uye nokudaro kusiya
kusasanganisa migumisiro, asi nokuda achichengetedza kudzvanya nemigumisiro
kuvimba kuti intertwine. Asi ichi chinofanira akamisa kungoziva sechibvumirano
pfungwa pano.

XXIII. Musiyano yemaitiro. L)

Kana zvakafanira kuti kuyera musiyano pakati nezvekufadza mbiri dziri chabva
vaviri, kuita dzakasiyana nguva kana spatial muzano, mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, pasinei kuti musiyano kunonzwisiswa, kana kwete, kuti ndiye
kutekenyedzwa musiyano pakati wakaoma pfungwa yapfuura chitsauko, kwete
vanoyera vasiyane, saka chokwadi chete musiyano pakati paMhedziso kuyerwa, izvo
zvinoshanda munhu nezvekufadza vanogona kushumira. miganhu aya inopiwa
nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, uye saka ndicho chiyero kutekenyedzwa musiyano kuva
nyore kuona musiyano maviri inopiwa nokuyerwa fomura tsika.
1)

Kana totaura 9. Revision S. 184 f.

Kuva nezvekufadza maviri ane musiyano anoshandawo asarudze

izvozvo, , ', iye akabatanidza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira , ', uye
kutanga nyore kubvuma ane utetsa wakaenzana nokuda , ' saka
vaifungidzira b zvose kugara, saka tinofanira chimiro yakayerwa inonyatsoita (chits.
16), ari equations maviri okutanga
= K (danda - danda b )
= , k (danda '- danda b )
nokudaro musiyano maviri
-
=,
k (da
nda
dand
a
)

chii fomura akanga atova (chits. 16) hwokurara saizvozvo. Panguva payakavakirwa

tiri panze, kana tikafunga chimiro yakayerwa inonyatsoita wechipiri

akarara ndezvaJosephus, kuburikidza aitanga vanogamuchira
.
izvo fomura ndiye zvakare chokwadi chokuti logarithm pamusoro quotient
wakaisirwa musiyano pakati matanda, akaderedza kune yapfuura mumwe.
mutoo uyu ichanzi nyore musiyano inonyatsoita kana nguva pfupi musiyano
inonyatsoita ndima kunakisisa.
Pane kuziva musiyano inonyatsoita nenzira kunoratidzwa dzakaenzana
payakavakirwa, vanogona kuwanika kuburikidza kusanganisa chinokosha
payakavakirwa zvakananga sezvo mamwemazwi nokuyerwa inonyatsoita
nokuwedzera kwachiri yakakwana kusangana muupenyu vachiwana nokuyerwa
inonyatsoita kubudikidza zvinoderedza pamusoro manzwiro razero apo mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira b tsunga akanga ichazivikanwa kuona kuti isu kazhinji
manzwiro = ' panguva kubwaira anokoshesa ' yakatarwa.
Zvinonzi akaona kuti pachikumbaridzo ukoshi b yakanyangarika musiyano
fomura. Kana zvakadaro kubva kusaziva zvikumbaridzo kwete semhedziso mwero
manzwiro kuburikidza nokuyerwa inonyatsoita pacharo zvinogoneka vanongogona
kushumira nyore musiyano inonyatsoita kuenzanisa manzwiro kusiyana
zvichienderana kukura kwavo, sokuvapo pachikumbaridzo inogona akapa chete
sechinhu chenguva dzose. Zviri mberi zvinopa kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano
kazhinji kacho asina Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira musiyano, asi anotikurudzira reshiyo
ndeyokuita chete logarithm ndiye Proportional.
Pano anooneka kusafambirana darzubieten. Vanofanira yemaitiro edu kutozviita
talk ukoshi, zvinofanira zvinoshanda zvikuru nezviduku kusiyana, asi chinokosha
payakavakirwa zvinoshanda kusiyana duku okuti

pashure iyo kutekenyedzwa musiyano panzvimbo hama anotikurudzira musiyano uri

zvekumirira kuti logarithm ari reshiyo pamusoro anotikurudzira, izvo, kazhinji
achitaura, ratios dzakasiyana chaizvo. Zvichakadai, kunogona kuratidzwa
sezvinotevera, kuti Gungano iri nyaya kusiyana zvikuru duku manzwiro zvose ratios,
zvokuti anodzoka musiyano inonyatsoita kuti inokosha payakavakirwa pamhaka iyi.
Zviviri nezvekufadza uye + D ? , iyo wechipiri chete duku increment D ?
wakasiyana kubva pakutanga, uye kuva nechokuita mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira uye + D , riri duku kukura chete D anosiyana, saka isu,
kuburikidza + D ? uye sezvo vaviri vakasiyana nezvekufadza, +
D uye achitsiva nokuda chokuita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vari
musiyano fomura, pakutanga

,
Asi

une vashomashoma, saka tinogona kuona Chap. 14 nokuti

pakururamisa
, apo M ndiye modulus. Ndizvo tinowana D ? = , k
marwadzo ose , k M iri nyore kugara K

uye

.
rinova inokosha payakavakirwa.
No asingasviki chinokosha payakavakirwa, nokuyerwa inonyatsoita inogona
achimiririrwa nyaya chaiye musiyano payakavakirwa, uye, sezvataurwa pamusoro
apa, kuti zvinowana mutsauko inonyatsoita pachayo sezvaiitwa mamwemazwi
nokuyerwa yokuita chinokosha payakavakirwa. Nokuyerwa fomura iri kureva nyaya
musiyano inonyatsoita ndipo mumwe maviri nezvekufadza pakati inova musiyano
anova zero, uye saka akabatanidza anotikurudzira anowana chikumbaridzo kutoti
zvinogona chero nyore manzwiro kubata sezvo musiyano kubva razero tsika
kutekenyedzwa. Kana isu zvino ? '= 0 uye ' = b, ipapo mutambo zvawanikwa
zvakananga nokuyerwa fomura. Dzinomiririra = 0 uye = b, tinowana kutanga
,
Asi sezvo kune zvivako zviri logarithms (chits. 14)

, saka tine

uye kuchinjwa zvinokosheswa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi nevakomana

chiratidzo kune rimwe divi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
.
izvo ndiyo chimiro nokuyerwa fomura.
Hereinafter, mutsauko payakavakirwa, kunyange zvinobva nokuyerwa
payakavakirwa, iro pacharo rinobva chinokosha payakavakirwa, asi anoonekwa
somunhu mamwemazwi vaviri, uye sezvavakanga yakabuda kwavari, zvakadai
uyewo kuzvipa shure.
Mune Gebrauche musiyano inonyatsoita chinodiwa pamusoro kukosha chiratidzo
musiyano - ' kutaura kunogona tambira.
Kukosha ? - ' ndizvo zvakanaka kana kunaka zvichienderana

nokuti > ' kana < '. A akanaka ukoshi - ' anoratidza muropa kuti
kutekenyedzwa ? chinokurira iyo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vakateerera,
munhu akaipa kuti kutekenyedzwa ' rikunde izvo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira ' akateerera. Saka musiyano chechiratidzo kazhinji zvinoreva
musiyano iri akananga kutekenyedzwa musiyano, zvose nezvekufadza pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo, kana zvose pazasi pachikumbaridzo, kana mumwe pamusoro
mumwe angava pazasi pachikumbaridzo.
zvinoreva ichi chinofanira kuzivikanwa sezvo mukuru nokuda kutekenyedzwa
musiyano; asi kwete pano zvavo kududzira kushora chiratidzo kushorwa kuziva
zvirikuitika pakati kutekenyedzwa kusiyana. Chete chiitiko apo kuburikidza
zvinoderedza pamusoro ' = 0 kana = 0 kunoderedza musiyano inonyatsoita
pamusoro dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, kusiyana iri chiratidzo zvinoita zvino oga
asara mhedziso manzwiro pacharo kuti kukosha nezvokupikiswa pakati vanoziva uye
afenda, nokuti kupikiswa ichi inongova chete rinoreva nhamba kutekenyedzwa
kusvika razero manzwiro, asi kwete dzimwe nezvekufadza.
Ungave uchifunga kuti akarongeka mugumisiro haabvumiri pamberi mhedziso
tsika kutekenyedzwa kunzwisisa kwakaita chiratidzo yakadaro inokosha nzira, pasina
generalizing kukosha ichi nokuda maonero musiyano, saka zvichaita chete
chaizodiwa zvakare, panguva imwe yapfuura kuyeuchidza raishandiswa zvakafanana
muenzaniso kubva Analytical geometry kuti akakudza kuona zvinonetsa. mhedziso
tsika imwe nharaunda Vector ari polar pamberi rinoronga gadziriro kusiyana
chechiratidzo ndiko kusafambirana zvinonyatsorehwa uye zvekufungidzira; asi
zvinoreva ichi uyewo haana kubvumira kuti musiyano pakati vaviri radii vectores R
R ' generalized; Asi ndicho chiratidzo R - R ' uye kazhinji chete mirayiridzo
musiyano pakati zviviri, kana mumwe ari mukuru kana kuti muduku pane mumwe,
uye musiyano pakati chaiye uye zvekufungidzira chete kana R' kana R = 0th Izvi
ndizvo zvose analogues ose mhosva yedu. Nenguva pamuviri anotungamirira
mufananidzo zvakanaka uye kunaka netsika manzwiro kubudikidza akanaka uye
kunaka ordinates, ukuwo anotikurudzira tsika vanoumba pamakona zvakarurama
kwazviri abscissae. Tinogona kuita musiyano rekuva ordinates maviri
akaenzana - ' tora, uye zvichava zvisina kunaka kwedu musiyano inonyatsoita
apo > . Asi ane ichi musiyano kunaka pakati zvakanaka ordinates maviri asi
maererano nomudzimu analytic geometry anoreva zvakasiyana pane zvakafanana
guru kunaka musiyano mumwe chete ordinate pamusoro zero, inova chinhu kupfuura
nyore kunaka ordinate pacharo musiyano Vaya anowa zvachose mukati nzvimbo,
anomiririra hana iri yose iri muchadenga, inomiririra afenda. uye kukosha kufenda,
raiva vapedzisira musiyano, saka hazvigoni kune vokutanga, asi haasi mukusiyana
nawo, asi zvose zviitiko dzinokosha zviitiko imwe mamwemazwi maonero chiratidzo
zvinyorwa zvokupikisa. naizvozvo maonero edu ari mweya masvomhu, uye zvingava
hapana ukama Masvomhu uye zvinhu pamwe ZVAKASIYANA kuti anobudisa.
Sezvineiwo, zviri kuonekwa kuti chimiro musiyano mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
kwakafanana kuti nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, kana isu nokuda kutekenyedzwa
musiyano - 'kuisa tsamba imwe chete, chete kuti kukosha anotikurudzira anotora

nzvimbo pachikumbaridzo kukosha nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, pamusoro tinotsvaka

dzimwe, uye nzvimbo kududzirwa chiratidzo vanoziva uye afenda, kududzirwa
akananga musiyano. Under nehanya ichi, zvose mitemo uye mamiriro, izvo
zvinogona Rinobva kuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti Mhedziso manzwiro tsika uye
misiyano transferable uye vakutarisire.
Naizvozvo nokuti

saka tichaona musiyano pakati nezvekufadza maviri Supply N kuwana -facht apo
reshiyo
ari kuitika, izvo ndezvaJehovha nezvekufadza pamusoro N kuwedzera
fung simba, isu kupa kutekenyedzwa N akawana -facht apo nhamba yacho
anotikurudzira kuti nezvikumbaridzo pamusoro n- fung simba inowedzerawo.
Just saka tinogona zvinotaurwa pamusoro bhuku pfungwa chikamu manzwiro uye
anotikurudzira, hwakatamisirwa bhuku pfungwa ndima pakati manzwiro musiyano
uye kuteterera, nokusaparadza chete chinokosha anotikurudzira ukoshi somunhu
reshiyo pachikumbaridzo, asi pamusoro anotikurudzira, tichitarisa apo musiyano
anoonekwa kutora.
A zvinoshamisa izvo zvisati zvaitika (Chap. 17) rave vachikumbira kupembedza
nokuyerwa inonyatsoita muna chete siyanei okuti, chinovapo kana isu pamusoro
nhamba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira , ', ", '" ...., pasinei kana akarayira
sezvakarayirwa pakukura kwavo kana kwete, kutora kutekenyedzwa kusiyana
nomumwe nomumwe chinotevera, uye aunganidze misiyano iyi. Verengai izvi
kusawirirana manzwiro ndiyo kutekenyedzwa kusiyana yokunyanyisa mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira pane akatevedzana zvakafanana.Kutaura zvazviri, isu
chete tinoda vakaverenga logarithms ose , etc. dzika mukati logarithm zvibereko
reshiyo ichi kuti amuwane yasimbiswa mutongo uyu.
The yemaitiro nokuti manzwiro kusiyana chinogona kuonekwa generalized kuti
inonyatsoita kusiyana okunzwisisa kusiyana.
Dzinomiririra ari kutekenyedzwa musiyano - ' = , u , ari anotikurudzira
reshiyo

= , mumwe kutekenyedzwa musiyano ? "- = , u'; ruripo

anotikurudzira mari , saka tine

Akatarira = , k nerogi
saka

nepfambi = , k nerogi

fomura Iri mamwemazwi kupfuura nzira kushanda nyore manzwiro kusiyana, apo
kupfuura ari chete, kana iwe kuisa nepfambi = 0, izvo anotakura '= 1, ' = ' ".
No zvishoma zvinoisa kune kungotaurawo inokosha payakavakirwa inozivikanwa
kuti musiyano fomura
U = K nerogi
Akasiyanisa, nokudaro kuwana

inova chete kuburikidza kusanganisa mukuru payakavakirwa

nepfambi - U = K nerogi

ndechokuti hatina kugamuchira nzira kune vamwe.

A kungotaurawo musiyano inonyatsoita mune imwe pfungwa patinokura kana isu,
panzvimbo magetsi, Mhedziso nehanya uye saka kukosha b pasi zviito vaviri mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira , ' kuti rinoringanidzwa, akasiyana nezvikumbaridzo,
hama b, B' anogona kutora nzvimbo. Zvadaro, nezvikumbaridzo haasi inonyangarika
kubva nzira, uye isu wana
(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)
Ava inongova zvakasiyana siyana chete inonyatsoita kuti tinogona muchidimbu
kutaura musiyano pachikumbaridzo fomura. The okuti (2) anotidzidzisa kuti
kutekenyedzwa musiyano iri kazhinji zvekumirira kuti logarithm pakati nhamba
mbiri dzinokosha anotikurudzira tsika
uye , chii kuti kuburikidza kupatsanura
uyu chigadzirwa ndiye. The okuti (3) kuti ndiye logarithm ari quotient zvekumirira,

iyo inotengwa kana nhamba dziri kuitika pamwechete ratios ari kuyeuka
nezvikumbaridzo yakakamurwa. The okuti (4) Pakupedzisira, kuti kutekenyedzwa
musiyano zvinoderedza kana kunowedzera zvichienderana pachikumbaridzo parutivi
musiyano pakati nehanya b uye B ' , makuru ari pedyo kutanga nyaya nerogi , ndizvo
okupedzisira kana akaipa akanaka. Kana isu zvino sezvo akasimba anotikurudzira,
chikumbaridzo anofanira bha- ' ari anotikurudzira simba kuva mukuru, saka kuti
zvakanaka manzwiro musiyano kukura, uye tichaita ' sezvo akasimba
anotikurudzira, saka zvakare vanofanira chikumbaridzo b kuva mukuru pakati
anotikurudzira kusimba saka zvakaipa maonero musiyano waxes. saka kazhinji
kutekenyedzwa musiyano inokura kubudikidza musiyano pakati nehanya kana
kunodzikira, zvichienderana chikumbaridzo kurukutika kana akasimba anotikurudzira
ndiyo yakakura, saka simba kana kusimba anotikurudzira kunonzwisiswa rukuru
nehanya. Ko zvikumbaridzo imwe chete maererano sezvo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira vanopinda iyo, saka kutekenyedzwa musiyano nokukasika.

Saka hazvisi chete maererano maonero kusiyana, chii takawana kwokutanga

nokuda kutekenyedzwa inopfupikisa kuti sakosha kana sensitivities ari kusimba uye
kurukutika anotikurudzira interchanged.
Sezvineiwo, inoratidza imwe inonyatsoita kuti kunyange kusiyana b uye b asi
kutekenyedzwa musiyano uri zvinoshamisa yakazvimiririra nevasina kana nerogi
zvinoonekwa pamusoro nerogi
anonyangarika, kureva apo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' mune simba, chikumbaridzo b, B' mu rakakwanira diki
wakasiyana.
Musiyano chikumbaridzo inonyatsoita kunogona kuderedzwa kuti chimiro kuyerwa
inonyatsoita kuti isu kutekenyedzwa musiyano - ' kubudikidza , u, mari
anotikurudzira
kubudikidza , nhamba pachikumbaridzo
kubudikidza F kureva; kubudikidza chimiro musiyano pachikumbaridzo fomura

zvadaro akashandurirwa

Kana ikozvino tinoti quotient , unova reshiyo kubva anotikurudzira yakakamurwa

nhamba ruripo nezvikumbaridzo, muna pfupi, chinokosha musiyano reshiyo, saka

tinogona kutaura kuti kutekenyedzwa musiyano kubva inokosha musiyano ratios,

sezvo kutekenyedzwa inokosha anotikurudzira mamiriro kunobva saizvozvo.

XXIV. The Unterschiedsmaformel. 1)

Zvichitevera kwokukurukurwa 22 chitsauko pamusoro musiyano pakati
kutekenyedzwa kusiyana uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana kana musiyano nezvekufadza
vanogona zvedu kuyera wokutanga zvakavanakira, musiyano inonyatsoita here kupa
nechiyero wokupedzisira. Kutaura zvazviri, rine anongomiririra Zvaiitwa maonero
musiyano pakati Gro ari kuitika, asi kwete zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, iyo
ukuru vasiyane asi inobvawo, uye chokwadi musiyano pachikumbaridzo hachisi
mairi yaisanganisira, pashure iyo havana nepanhengo unozvipiwa pakati vanoziva
uye asingachazivi vachinzwisisa kusiyana aripo asi chaizvoizvo hapana isingasviki
Mhedziso nezvekufadza. Kuyera paakaziva kusiyana asi zvakasiyana inonyatsoita
anofanira tishandire izvo zvinogutsa zvinodiwa izvi, uye chii Ini kudana
Unterschiedsmaformel nokuti kunoita vachinzwisisa kuti nechiyero kusiyana
zvakafanana nokuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti chiyero Mhedziso nezvekufadza.
1) Kana

totaura 9. 11. Revision S. 185 zvi-, Psych.Maprinzipien p.194. 200th

Kufunga chokwadi kuti paakaziva kusiyana uyewo vane chikumbaridzo chavo

sezvo mhedziso nezvekufadza, mumwe anogona kutanga chigaro
Unterschiedsmaformel akatasva muenzaniso nokuyerwa inonyatsoita sezvinotevera.
Kana isu kureva, sapakutanga, kutekenyedzwa musiyano, saka zvino vasiyane
pakati nezvekufadza uye ' pamwe , u , ruripo anotikurudzira ukama
naye ,
uye kupinda tsika iyi anotikurudzira reshiyo, sezvamakaropafadzwa vasiyane
kunoitika chikumbaridzo, kureva, nhamba kugara kana reshiyo
pachikumbaridzo ndima chete reshiyo kuti kupfuura nyore
chikumbaridzozve b kune mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira ane nokuyerwa
payakavakirwa, tinowana

Pano, sezvo vari pechiitiko nguva dzose akapa kuti mukuru kuteterera somunhu
pakaunda kukosha rinoshandiswa, saka > 1, uye danda ndizvo zvakanaka; izvo
kunokosha kana zvakanaka tsika muzvirevo chimiro yemaitiro nepfambi vanofanira
kunyorerana vanoziva tsika yacho vasiyane. Nokuti kana mumwe vaifanira
kushandisa anotikurudzira duku sechipiriso pakaunda, saka achida <1, saka
danda zviri kunaka, uye nepfambi kuwana mukuru kunaka tsika, imwe kuenderana
nokusingaperi hombe tide kune rimwe zvaizoita Zvisinei kugamuchira, asi
kutekenyedzwa musiyano neizvozvo dzakanga hunopfuura pachikumbaridzo.

Zvisinei, pacharo, hapana kunotadzisa, kunyange kushandisa anotikurudzira seduku

pakaunda, chete une zvose zvapfuura payakavakirwa achinje ichi inverted
chinzvimbo vose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kureva, kubudikidza
anotikurudzira reshiyo ari itirana 1 =
itirana mundima 1 =

kunoshandurwa, kukosha V muna

kuti ishande, uye nzvimbo 1 uye ndima 1 , kubudikidza

pamusoro uye V saka kushandisa kunyora nzira

chine chete yapfuura ukoshi kana .

Below Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu > 1 uye maererano chinzvimbo chikuru
vakurukurirane munogara rakaitirwa pakaunda, pashure iyo, kana kubatanidzwa
pamwero inokufadza ezvinhu ari pamusoro pamwe makuru nemaduku kupfuura
rumwe, uye nzvimbo yaro somunhu pakaunda uye dhinomineta iri tsika anofanira
kuchinja.
Waibatanidzwa apa payakavakirwa iri kazhinji achitaura anowanzoita
zvokufungidzira kuti kana vaviri panyama kana spatially mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira siyana, musiyano wavo, zvinonzi anoonekwa kuti kukura komiyuta
nemumwe, zvokuti mukuru anotikurudzira kunoitika, uye vakutarisire panzvimbo
zviduku, chete nhungamiro, kwete ukuru vasiyane-siyana. Izvi kazhinji haasi mukuru
zvazvingava, chokwadi, sezvo pane dzose nguva apo vanonzi nokuda bvunzo
differential wanda. Constant kumbokanganisawo vanamba musiyano zvichienderana
spatial nezvenyama nzvimbo iri akaenzanisa variables vanoratidza (ona. Th. IS 90) ,
iro kutekenyedzwa musiyano pamwe chete kukura ari kuitika pakati inosiyana
zvinopera, zvichienderana nokuti munhu anoita mumwe kana mumwe anotikurudzira
kuti yakakura. The ekuedzwa noMutemo Weber, iro kunobva inonyatsoita wedu, asi
presupposes kusavapo kana kuchaitwa kugara kukanganisa.
Asi zvechokwadi kunogona kuramba kukanganisa nguva dzose zvachose
kuburikidza bvunzo uye kukarukureta, uye saka vanenge kugara zvikanganiso anonzi
inowanzotorwa ezvinhu, muzviitiko zvakawanda, kugara kukanganisa kwazvo
yakaderera kuti kufunga zvakakodzera pakupedzisira kune pashure inokosha
payakavakirwa uchapiwa nokuda inowanzotorwa nyaya, ipapo wokunyatsoporesa
nenzira yakakodzera nenzira (ona chitsauko yechi27.); pashure iyo paumbwe nzira
nokuda chakaipa nyaya nguva dzose inoramba, nderupi kubuda.
Panguva muchimiro Unterschiedsmaformel kuti tiratidzike chakavakwa pano
nokungoona Ringanidzo uye saka kwaisava mhosva, kusanganisira mutemo
noruremekedzo kuti kuchinja chimiro nzira, maererano kana > 1 kana < 1 kunoita,
unogona kuva zvikuru nokuda Weber ' S mutemo uye chokwadi nhamba
pachikumbaridzo nevanhu zvineringanidzo nzira pane kuwana munzira yakaratidza

mune zvinotevera activation yokuyeresa fomura.

The vaibatsira Weber mutemo unokosha payakavakirwa vari vaviri nezvekufadza
misiyano chaiyo

kwaizvozvi

By ikozvino ? uye ' nezvekufadza maviri ane musiyano ? - ' ndiyo

differential zvawo D ? - D ? ' sezvo chinhu kutekenyedzwa musiyano
vanoonekwa, mutengo wayo
ndiye. Asi sezvo ari kuwedzera munhu
achitsungirira ari Integrale hapana muupenyu differentials, ndizvo D ? D
- ' chedziviriro kuramba (kureva vose zvavo kana
akazvimirira shanduka)
yakawedzera kana ungaderedza kutekenyedzwa musiyano. Zvino kuti Cape. 22
Pakati kutekenyedzwa musiyano pamwe rinokosha nyaya imwe vakaona musiyano
kuziva apo duku zvichibvira musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' , musiyano kunonzwisiswa, uye vanoona munhu vasiyane sezvo
mamwemazwi nyaya, uko chero chaiyo tsika nemaonero omumwe musiyano
kunotanga uye nokukasika. By kusanganisa pamusoro apa kukosha D ? - D ?
' uye kunopfuurira kutsunga pakuri kuti vakaratidza, tinowana mashoko okuti
kungopa nyaya iyi uye neizvozvo Unterschiedsmaformel.
Kutaura zvazviri, tinogara D ? - D ? ' iwe (kana kwete pacharwo chikonzero
kushandisa chiratidzo pamberi imwe), saka tine

Izvi ndeyokuita kusangana uchishandisa zvakasikwa logarithms

a = K (danda - danda ') + C

= K nerogi + C
apo C ndiye kuramba kwakaita kusangana, kana, dzichiritsiva dzinongoitika nokuda
zvakajairika logarithms (ona. Chap. 17), uye maererano, yaitsiva K kubudikidza K

 a = , k nerogi + C.
zvino isu kuziva kugara C, kubudikidza , u kuisa akaenzana razero
apo mutengo V achipfeka, sezvo tine kazhinji
O = , k nerogi vs. + C
Naizvozvo
C = - k danda ndima .
Uye ukoshi uyu kuchiiswa mu mukuru mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ndiko,

Uchishandisa rokumusoro chiratidzo tine

(1)
kushandisa rezasi uye Kuchinjai chiratidzo kumativi ose
(2)
The yemaitiro (1) anoenderana mamiriro kuti danda zvakanaka uye saka hombe
anotikurudzira yakaitika pakaunda, chacho (2) sezvo chirwere kuti danda ndiye
akaipa, saka anotikurudzira muduku kusvikira pakaunda yakatarwa ndiko nekuti
chete ichi uye nokuwedzera ari mhedziso kukosha inogona kukura mune zvakanaka
pfungwa, sokuvapo chinodiwa kwatiri kazhinji. Kana tinosiyanisa nyaya mbiri kuti
mukuru uye kuti tide kuita duku yakaitika pakaunda, pakuti isu pakutanga kana
netsamba uye V , wechipiri kana 1uye ndima 1 kushandiswa, ipapo, insofar sezvo
vose nyaya yakafanana kutekenyedzwa U rondedzera, uye saka nechiyero yavo
kungava inongova pamutemo akasiyana

saka

anofanira kuva, izvo presupposes, sezvo 1 =

kuti kunyange ndima 1 =

ndiye.

Kana ndozvakajairwa haana kutora nzvimbo, asi nepfambi tsika yakasiyana

chakagamuchirwa, zvichienderana nzvimbo Pamwero anotikurudzira
kunoshandurwa, ipapo equations (1) uye (2) kuti anoramba kukanganisa waizoramba
kushandiswa akamisa Unterschiedsmaformel kuti mutemo Weber zvaJehovha, izvo
panguva iyoyo wacho akaziva gwanza anofanira kuramba zvakaenzana, nokuti
mumwe, sezvo ari pakatarisana nenzvimbo makuru nemaduku anotikurudzira chaiyo

iripo aigona. Vaibva vachangodzoka zvinoti aida dzose mundimapakatarisana

epanyama spatial nzvimbo yacho akaenzanisa variables kuona zvakasiyana. Asi
insofar sezvo ichi ndozvazvakaita vasimuke kuti nemhaka kugara kwokukanganisa
mukati mitemo yacho anotikurudzira duku pane mukuru akaonekwa uye richikura ari
vasiyane apo kwakaderedza musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira nani
chakawedzerwa, dai muchiitiko ichi pasi yevasungwa ushe, nguva dzose kushandisa
zvikuru norunako zviri pakaunda, uyo kumiganhu iyoyo kushandisa mukana wokuti
vanhu vanga (2) pane (1), kana pokutonga kushandisa yakakura vakurukurirane vari
pakaunda, vane chaizvo kushanda vakomana kuitira kana mukana wokuti vanhu
vanga (1) kushandisa, saka nguva dzose zvakanaka tsika dzinoenderana vanoziva
tsika yacho vasiyane.
zvaida Kana ari kwokutanga Masvomhu uyewo Unterschiedsmaformel zvinoreva
chiratidzo zvinyorwa zvokupikisa, izvo kutekenyedzwa ukoshi vangafungidzira
chimwe kunyatsotsanangura.
Panguva zvizere kutsunga kukosha , u harisi chiratidzo , u pacharo, asiwo
chiratidzo manzwiro, pakati inova musiyano kuteerera. The vasiyane uye zvinotora
mushure risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi ipapo tsika chete = vs. razero
kumuganhu pakati vanoziva uye akapfizuka kwevari kana reshiyo riri pakati
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, nekuti chete ipapo
experiential kuziva chenguva inorondedzera V , asi kana vari mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira uye neizvozvo ruripo nezvekufadza anowira pasi pachikumbaridzo,
ndizvo rose dzidziso vasiyane wakarasika, uye kana vanhu vakurukurirane chete
pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, mumwe ari pachikumbaridzo kana pazasi
pachikumbaridzo, ndizvo zvakanaka, sokunge munhu aifanira kuita chete rimwe
chete manyawi, sezvo musiyano razero kana kutekenyedzwa ane kutekenyedzwa
kwete chaiye.
naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti vayeuke, nokuti, maererano yemaitiro U = ,
k (danda - danda vs. ), kukosha , u , kungava zvakanaka kunyange kana vaviri
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira , ' vari pazasi pachikumbaridzo, uye naizvozvo
hapana Runonzwika, neizvi dzakakuringanai kuti > V , izvo zvingava nyaya
chaizvo zvakanaka apo vose sezvo ' ari pazasi pachikumbaridzo, yakapiwa
chete hombe reshiyo kuti ' ane. Mumwe anogona zvino iyi yakanaka tsika ,
u kuona zviratidzo kuziva, nokuti precondition chinoshayikwa kuti hana tsika
izvo U zvinoenderana.
Kana kuti kududzira izvi zvakasiyana chiratidzo ,
u, zvichienderana nepfambi ishande nzira kana beschaffener
anokoshesawo , ' kureva, kune nehanya vachiri, saka zviri zvakare, sezvo vasati
akawanda zvakadai nekuvabvunza, kubudikidza panotaurwa kuti zvineringanidzo
nyaya anogona kumutsa analytic geometry. Kunyange izvi, chiratidzo kukosha , u ,
iyo inoratidza vaviri anokoshesa , ' kureva, tora chirevo chakasiyana kwazvo,
zvichienderana tsika , ' saka kana vakadaro.
Kutaura zvazviri, tiri kutora mativi achishandisa imwe, kunorondedzerwa payo

pfungwa, mativi muchinjikwa kufanana rakakamurwa zvina zvidiki akaenzana ne .

R iwe, l. iwe, r.Akatarira, l. nepfambi (pamusoro kurudyi, pamusoro kuruboshwe, pasi
kurudyi, kuruboshwe nechepasi) anogona kunzi, uye isu tiri kutsvaka Analytical
okuti nepfambi nokuda 4 akaenzana diki. Zvekubuda kubva pakati rworudyi ruoko
muchinjikwa zvaizoita nechiyero ake pashure kubudikidza + akasarudzwa, ipapo
kusiiwa - dzinotaurwawo; pakati zvichikwira richisvika ruoko muchinjikwa kuenda
kuburikidza + ' rinoratidza, sezvo chinoramba pasi ruoko ndiko
- ' dzinotaurwawo; uye isu tiri kurikumbira vachiwedzera hama akanaka uye
kunaka kusanganiswa netsika pamwe chete pane Analytical okuti U nokuda
r. Haiwa
k o.

ukoshi
--

+ '

- '

r. nepfambi

k u.

+ '

--

- - '

Saka kuva Maausdrcke chaizvo pakatarisana hama kuti pakati dzinoungana

rakamiswa R . O uye l. U nomunhu ari kushanda chete zvakanaka, vamwe kunaka
tsika , ' ndiko, asi chete chiratidzo, uye tinogona kuona kubva chiratidzo ichi oga
havazomukizve pedyo kana mativi ari mumwe nzvimbo yakanaka uye kunaka zvinhu
uye chii nzvimbo rine chokuita nzvimbo, kana tisingadi kudzokera chiratidzo
chezvinhu pachavo, ane basa iri. Saka tinogonawo akaita chiratidzo nepfambi sezvo
Maausdruck kuti vasiyane, kwete pedyo asi kuti reshiyo ane vasiyane kuti pfungwa
kana tisiri pamusoro pezvakaita tsika; ari mairi akapiwa, kuteerera, uye anochinja
chinhu nhungamiro tine kutekenyedzwa nzvimbo pakubata panzvimbo pamwe
mashandiro ari quotient, somunhu chigadzirwa. Asi sezvo isu tiwane zvakazara
vakatsunga dzinoungana, kana isu pamwe chiratidzo nepfambi panguva imwe chete
riri chiratidzo , ' nehanya, saka zviri ndinogarawo paakaziva kusiyana nyaya kana
isu , u, , ' nokuti izvi.
Panzvimbo gadzirai Unterschiedsmaformel somunhu Zvaiitwa anotikurudzira
reshiyo uye reshiyo chikumbaridzo, tinogona akarimisa kuva Zvaiitwa hama
anotikurudzira musiyano uye musiyano chenguva sezvinotevera.
Kuva anotikurudzira umwe kubva kune umwe parutivi mari , uye nhamba
chikumbaridzo vs. 1 kuti kukura zvakasiyana, saka une
uye ndima = 1 +
Ipo pano,
hama anotikurudzira musiyano, pfupi inopisa,
uye musiyano chenguva muna Th. IS zvinangwa 244
kutaurwa. Zvinotaurwa Unterschiedsmaformel achipfeka zvinotevera chimiro
U = , k [nerogi (1 + ) - danda (1 + )].
Pane zvakaitika apo uye zvidiki tsika, vane dzinoungana wavo kunyora

nezvavo pamusoro simba rokutanga, anoenda i. Chap. 14 akaratidza achigamuchira

mutoo uyu munzvimbo
U=,kM(-)=K(-)
rinova Maausdruck kuti vasiyane, akarurama kuoneka akapfuudza zvishoma, pasi
ezvinhu kuti musiyano chete kuoneka pacharo anoenderana zvishoma differents
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, inova musiyano akadaro zvekumirira kuti
kuderedzwa musiyano Zvisinei, kugara hama anotikurudzira kusawirirana, duku
mune kutekenyedzwa achifumira manzwiro musiyano zvekumirira tiine hama
anotikurudzira Sub-kusiyana kuri 2) .
2)

Kana cape. Kunonzi 15 kuti musiyano duku uremu panguva kaviri size'm
akaziva sezvo chaizvo kaviri, saka izvi zvinofanira kugadziriswa sezvo
zvinoreva kuti musiyano duku uremu panguva kaviri kukura mitfhre munhu
kaviri sezvo guru manzwiro musiyano kuburikidza chete ane priori vaziva
kubva akarongeka ebetsero musimboti unogona kuva, asi kwete kuti musiyano
kunonzwisiswa huru mbiri, sezvakanga pamusoro payakavakirwa, musiyano
duku uremu panguva kaviri kukura hakuna nzira anotakura vachinzwisisa
kaviri musiyano chokwadi, chero bedzi kwete panogumira hama differential
utetsa runodiwa , Zvisinei, rine chete avo akangoverengawo hanya nyongano
hapana zvainoita Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva inokosha payakavakirwa uye
kuyera inonyatsoita izvo zvakaitwa pasi kwakakodzera kushandiswa
akarongeka upiyona musimboti.

The Unterschiedsmaformel ndiye ave mamwemazwi mutsauko payakavakirwa,

uye neizvozvo uyewo nokuyerwa inonyatsoita uye dzinokosha payakavakirwa, chero
kuti ivo pachavo rinokosha zviitiko musiyano fomura. Kutaura zvazviri, ruchapinda
muruoko musiyano inonyatsoita kuti nyaya apo V = 1, kureva kuti vasiyane iri
wakaenzana zvose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira anowanikwa chikumbaridzo,
uye nokudaro ruduku zvaibvira yomuzvarirwo waizonzwa pamusoro vakaenzana,
izvo maererano kare i. Chap , 22 yemashoko aizopiwa sezvo yokunyanyisa kana
vakaomerwa zvakaitika hama differential nehanya, uye nokudaro vasiyane
kwakaenzana ukama yakataurwa musiyano inonyatsoita musiyano chairo
nezvekufadza.
In inowanzotorwa nyaya, dzakataurwa mazita inonyatsoita wedu ndima iri nguva
dzose kupfuura 1, saka bedzi kwete panogumira musiyano utetsa kunokwanisika. Asi
apo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pasi akanaka ezvinhu, kuva zvaizoita
musiyano wavo, pane, uye musiyano pakati utetsa mukuru, wakasiyana vs. nguva
dzose chete zvishoma 1 kubva sei Z. B. yaratidza vari kuedza pamusoro differential
aikanganiswa nechiedza, apo pashure Volkmann
yakawanikwa. By nerogi
ipapo vs. wakasiyana zvishoma kubva zero, iye Unterschiedsmaformel anowira
pedyo pamwe nyore musiyano payakavakirwa, uye izvi zvinogona kutora avo

anofungidzirwa vanoshumira chero kunyange nerogi rimwe chikwata pedyo

chaizvo kukosha, uye naizvozvo pedyo kuti razero ukoshi unoburuka.
The reshiyo pachikumbaridzo vs. kunoitika, sezvatinoona, muna
Unterschiedsmaformel kutsiva zvachose pachikumbaridzo b iri dzakaenzana
payakavakirwa, uye sezvinoita kusarudza kuti mwero nehanya nako pamamiriro mari
anotikurudzira iri zvaizoita sokuti dzose b unoreva aikanganiswa nako pamamiriro
anotikurudzira ari icho. Sezvo chiyero mhedziso nehanya, inogona
kushanda
nechiyero hama musiyano wanda. Zvose une kukosha mundima simba, apo munhu
akapiwa anotikurudzira mamiriro ari vasiyane nechakatsinhiwa, uye naizvozvo
zviri mundima pakunzi kugara kuramba ezvinhu yokunambwa.
Pakati simba ezvinhu ari kukosha mundima ndomumwe kunze epanyama spatial
musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, musiyano wavo anofanira
zvaizoita kuti hunhu chii intercalates pakati, kufanana chii umliegt nguva uye
nzvimbo. simba Izvi zvingava zvakadaro kuti kugara kumbokanganisawo vanamba
musiyano zvisamuka, izvo zvinofanira waongororwa kuedza uye kukarukureta
nenzira nehanya uye zvitsauko 27 kunoratidzwa kuyerwa dzinoshandiswa Kusiyana.
Noukuru mhedziso nehanya, izvo zvose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
anonzwisiswa, une, kana nguva dzose inoramba zvimwechete nokuti vose mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira kusina kuchinja kukosha vasiyane; Zvisinei dzisakarurama
kukosha chete nezvikonzero kugara kukanganisa nokuti zvose mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, izvo zvinoita kuti kutorwa zvinhu zvakakodzera.
Kufanana shanduko chero ari kugara b iri kuyerwa inonyatsoita uyewo
achishandisa itirana kuchinja kushatirwa inogona kumiririrwa, ndiye wechokwadi
yekupindurwa ari kugaramundima , chero kuti chero kushanduka kwayo achishandisa
itirana nokuchinja zvinogona kumiririrwa.
Izwi kwenguva zvizere chavanoziva kutekenyedzwa muna Cape. 22 akapiwa
zvinoreva ndechokuti, kana vachigona chingabatisiswa sechinhu kunyanya
akanongedza Fungidziro musiyano kutekenyedzwa pamusoro pachikumbaridzo
kutekenyedzwa pachikumbaridzo, kureva munhu razero manyawi,
ndezvomuzvarirwo kuwanikwa kana isu vari Unterschiedsmaformel duku
anotikurudzira 'kune vamwe nesu funga mamiriro ezvinhu,
pachikumbaridzo b kuderedza, apo isu panguva iyo kutekenyedzwa ? kuderedza
kusvika zero, saka nokuda =
chinotsiva , uye
nokuda nepfambi kutsiva . Saka isu kuwana mutoo uyu
,
Ngativerengei kudanwa either zvizere chikumbaridzozve, b , sapakutanga,
Naizvozvo ndiyo reshiyo pakati renguva pachikumbaridzo uye chikumbaridzo
nhamba chenguva ndima chikumbaridzo kutekenyedzwa mundima apiwe. Isu

kuvhara avo vasiri uniformities vane kwakakwana sensitivities uye epanyama spatial
nzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, anogona kuti kuti tide yakakura
kupfuura ari maduku achivonekwa, ndima iri nguva dzose kupfuura 1, kana
> 1,
uye saka anotikurudzira kubva tsika b muchiri mamiriro mundimavanofanira kukura
kuitira kutendeutsa pakatangira semi-chavanoziva ezvinhu manzwiro ari zvizere
vanoziva.
In iyi zviri nokusingaperi kumisa inokosha zvokuimba nepfungwa chipimo
chokutanga nokuda nyore ezvinhu, uye nezvose presupposes murayiro yakatsauka
duku kana kuomesa richiswedera vakasimudza dzinokosha siyana, pakutanga
kuregeredza uye kufunga chete nachtglich, ari kusanganisira kukura
Unterschiedsmaformel anga uye izvo navamwe kumigumo nokuti hurukuro saka
kure havana vaitirei ezvinhu izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa sechinhu kutsaudzira
yakadaro kana kuomesa, uye ichi ndicho kuti kuvapo tide, ane pamusoro nehanya
izvo murume muvakidzani anotikurudzira kunonzwisiswa zvadzinoitawo, izvo
dzisakarurama mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, sezvo achipinda
Unterschiedsmaformel, haana kuenzana vaviri mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira. Saka kana chena uye matema pedyo nepedyo, varungu sokuti
yakajeka, dema vasviba kupfuura vari continuo pasina dzisakarurama yakavakidzana
anotikurudzira, chii anonzi nokumutsirwa pazvidhindo parutivi kusiyana. Zvino ava
kukurudzira pazvidhindo imwe peji iri nharo chete chinhu kuenzaniswa mutongo,
kureva kuti isu, nhema pamusoro chena, chengeta chena pamusoro idema chiero,
kana somunhu plus munhare asi kubvisa pamusoro pomumwe; uye anozviita kure
hapana wokunyatsoporesa apo nekuisa Masvomhu dzedu zvakakodzera sezvo
mutongo uyu pamusoro nhamba Mhedziso nezvekufadza pamusoro kukura uye
mirayiridzo vasiyane ichiwanika chete ichi asi hakubvi paari. Mumwe nyore kuita
zvose Nokusimudzwa yose pazvidhindo dzaro zvichienderana parutivi
kusiyana. Ndichaita zvino papera kudzidzisa experiential chokwadi izvo
hazvivabvumiri, zvinopesana kufunga kuti, kunze kuti kuenzanisa kutonga,
zvinowedzera aikanganiswa chechiedza pamusoro chena kuburikidza pedyo Black,
pamusoro dema kuburikidza munharaunda White kwakaderera pamusoro nyaya
yaidiwa iri kuti isu chete tine vatema kana chena chinooneka kusango, komberedza
White chaizvoizvo zvachose inopenya, dema rinowanika zvasviba kupfuura mune
continuo yakatorwa voga ziso, saka kuti zvose anosangana izvi zvakachinjwa tsika
nokuda Pakusarudza okufananidza mutongo pachayo chete. ezvinhu ichi zvino
ndicharevawo Chokwadi kunze simba pamusoro paumbwe uye kushandiswa
Unterschiedsmaformel kana isu (zvinotora pashure imwe nzvimbo pamusoro
kuteterera psychophysical sangano akaparirwa napo mune zvokuimba kuti
dzinomiririra kuyerwa) anoreva, nokuti zvakachinjwa nehanya nokuda anotikurudzira
inogona hunomiririrwa yakasiyana kukura chete releasable psychophysical kufamba
pacharo, uye voraussetzlich dzinokosha zvokuimba ari mupfungwa tinosiyana vane
wakachena uye kunyatsoomerera ukoshi noruremekedzo kuti havakwanisi pakati
kukura ari psychophysical kutekenyedzwa kufamba ezvinhu. Uye kunyange asina
kuchembera pamusoro psychophysical sangano chete anofanira kuramba akasimudza

yomukati psychophysics, ipapo, kana chete taiziva mitemo naro aikanganiswa ari
kuitika kuburikidza munharaunda kuchinja dzayo yaizokwana, maererano
zvakachinjwa tsika , ' uye naizvozvo , kana chii zvakafanana chete, ndima kuti
kuisa muna Unterschiedsmaformel kuti ipapo kuzvishandisa sapakutanga; hazvina
inouya pamberi rinokosha vanofanira kudzidza mitemo iyi. Muchidzidzo ichi ini
ichakurukura gare gare. Chero bedzi vasina kuzivikanwa asi, tinofanira kugutsikana
kushandisa Unterschiedsmaformel somunhu asi ane rakada nemakoshero muzviitiko
apo pasina chikonzero, iye akapiwa ezvinhu anonzi akamboita simba, zvakadai. Kana
ari uchimutarira iri vakanzwisisa kusiyana brightnesses nyeredzi , uye nenzira
inoenda simba chete zvavo kupinda munhoroondo, nokuti kazhinji kacho havasi
nharo, apo pesvedzero mubvunzo mukuru kuti raigona kuregeredzwa pamwe
chikonzero chakanaka.

XXV. Kushanda Unterschiedsmaformel pamusoro

uchimutarira pamusoro akatisiyira magnitudes. 1)
Zvakazoitwa kushandiswa Unterschiedsmaformel anogona sezvo muenzaniso
mamwemazwi applicability, izvo nokusingaperi ndezvaiye inonyatsoita iri nyore
nguva, kushumira.
1)

Revision S. 160 pa-.

Nokuti Kupfupika, tinoti pano kupenya mwero okunzwisisa chiedza, rakasimba,

mwero muviri chiedza anotikurudzira kuti chinokonzera Nokupenya, uye kubvuma
kusiyana wakachena nguva dzose zvikurukuru pamuviri vane pamwero
kunozivikanwa nokupindura Unterschiedsmaformel.
Regai peji kusimba chikamu dzokudenga pokutangira izvo rinowanikwa nyeredzi,
pasina nyeredzi, Ini kusvika unopfuura kusimba nyeredzi, zvokuti = S. + Ini ndiye
kusimba nyeredzi ndinoiitawo chikonzero, ndima yacho reshiyo
chenguva, mutsauko chenguva (ona muonde. Th. IS
244). Tinoridaidza Ini pachangu, = peji + Ini wose,

hama kusimba nyeredzi.

Hereinafter, musiyano nokupenya D kwenyeredzi kuzorwa nechigadziko,

zvawakabudiswa nazvo chete kunze pasi, pakutsvaga

Okupedzisira chimiro inotengwa mune kufunga kuti V zvishoma 1 yakasiyana, saka

nokuda nerogi mundima anogona kuiswa M , apo M ndiye modulus ari theorem
hurongwa.

Kuwanda pasi S. chinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri, mumwe sezvo zvinoshamisa

achitsungirira ionekwe Parts A , uko kunomiririrwa kusimba Black, uye variables
zvikamu Z , izvo kunobva chiedza zvokunze, zvikurukuru, vakaparadzirwa chiedza
chenyeredzi.
By achigamuchira pamusoro ane + z nokuti S. ipapo zvinoenda fomura

Izvi yemaitiro pamwe Masvomhu zvinobva ane saka kure kufarira, inogona
akarayira kubva anotevera kuongorora kukura nyeredzi sezvo.
Maererano zvatinosiita kwazvakanga zvaita, nyeredzi hukuru akabvumira kuti
nhamba kukwira chete, ukuwo intensities buruka, asi izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kuti
funga ukama pakukura uye zvikuru. Saka ngatirambei pasi hukuru pamwe intensities
kukwira uye vanofungidzira zero kukosha kukura apo nyeredzi indistinguishable
anorasikirwa rinonyanya, saka kukura nyeredzi rinobatana yayo musiyano
nokupenya D pamwe kubva pasi, uye tinogona kushandisa apa payakavakirwa
zvakananga Watch sezvo mukuru okuti nokuda kushanda ukama pakati akatisiyira
magnitudes uye intensities, nesu akasununguka kusarudza vamapoka akatisiyira
magnitudes uye intensities kuitira kuti nzira sezvinobvira Simplified, chii kutora
pasi. Saka kuchangobva payakavakirwa inoenda zvinotevera mhedziso.
1) Kukura nyeredzi hakubvi chete kubva avo kusimba nyeredzi kubva, asi
kunokosha kuvimba kusimba pasi p = ane + z, uye zvinotora kupiwa pachake
kuchinyanya saka kubva zvikuru, sezvo kusimba pasi zvakunowedzera sezvo zvino
Zvibvisike nyeredzi dzakawanda zvikuru pamusoro masikati denga, kuti hapana
musiyano kuoneka wakachena anoratidza chikonzero. In iyi zvinobatsira kusiyanisa
chokwadi uye pachena kukura; kubudikidza ukuru pasi musiyano wakachena zvimwe
chikonzero kwagara yakatarwa, Zvichakadaro kubudikidza pachena kukura mamwe
chikonzero, izvo zvinofanira vakadzokera zvavo comparability chete pamusoro
musiyano iri kupenya chikonzero chechokwadi.
The dzose kusimba chikonzero ndiyo angangoita kuvapo zvishoma pano, kureva
kusimba ari vanonzi meso vatema. A usiku akakwana rima denga kuchaita pedyo,
uye pane ruripo kuonekwa kuburikidza materesikopu, apo ari Black zutretende
kuchinyanya nokuda vakaparadzirwa skylight simba maererano magnification
zvinoonekwa nezvatakarerekera naro.
2) Kana pachavo kusimba nyeredzi kuzorwa pasi iduku zvokuti Masimba
epamusoro
=M

kune wokutanga kunyora nezvavo, saka

anogona kuiswa, saka pakukura renyeredzi zvinoonekwa

pashure chap.15

kureva zvekumirira kuti surpluses ari hama kusimba nyeredzi

musiyano chenguva .

pamusoro

Kana ndichinge kuva yakakura zvakakwana kuti S. vachiregeredza Ukuwo,

ndizvo D = , k nerogi
, uye pakupedzisira ini yakakura zvakakwana uyewo
danda wakakwira pamusoro nerogi Ini kunyora nezvavo, ipapo D = k danda ini .
The Masvomhu maviri

uye
D = , k nerogi Ini
kusarudza vakaomerwa nyaya yacho nedoro poukuru
nyeredzi peji uye ndima . Panguva rokumusoro muganhu, kukura yakadaro kuti
nyeredzi vaviri kuonekwa yakazvimirira kusimba pasi sezvinoita hama musiyano iri
aikanganiswa chete, chete zvakakwana simba, pachavo kuchinyanya pazuva siyana
ndichibvunza hwaro uye madhigirii siyana hama differential nehanya vakaenzana.
3) Munyaya telescopic dzokuonera zvinhu anouya nezvazvo. The pachavo
kuchinyanya Ini munhu akadarika renyeredzi akakudza chete zvakakwana yokutanga
ziso-chidimbu, uye kunze Lichtverschluckung kuburikidza magirazi, ivo ratios
pamusoro pemvura nzvimbo yacho izvo nharaunda kukura mboni. General ndiye F ,
nhamba umo chinoitwa yakakura nokuda teresikopu. Kubva kusimba denga
muvhu S. = ane + z ari kukwana chinoramba munhu kuchinja kuburikidza
kweteresikopu, chikamu nokuti nokutora maererano nezvibereko munharaunda G ,
izvo akapa teresikopu, kuchinyanya kubva, kuburikidza zvichienderana, sezvo ruvara
kudenga chifananidzo chikuru vari muna ziso, chiedza panzvimbo iyi zvakawanda
rakasanganiswa. Kubva ikozvino ari kushandisa
kweteresikopu ndiri muna Fi uye peji mune imwe +
pamusoro, uye tinowana
kana D add kunoonekwa kuburikidza kweteresikopu saizi

zvatinogona kuisa mukati kwete vasingakoshi augmentation uye kwakakwidibira

denga

inopiwa ipapo Z pamusoro AG ndiye kunyora nezvavo.

zvino kana nyeredzi wayo kuchinyanya Ini ' pamwe materesikopu uye mumwe
chete yayo kuchinyanya Ini kuona pasina teresikopu, vanotarisa akaenzana apo

kana
Panguva chakasuruvara chaizvo denga S. havana kucherechedza
kubva imwe akasiyana, zvino apo
zvingaonekwa pakuiswa, asi, apo denga
pasina teresikopu zvakadaro kudzima kuti Z. B. ane kaviri kusimba Black,
nhamba
chete pakati mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi aizowana sezvo guru
sezvazvakaita chaizvoizvo.
Kana kupenya pfuma kwazvo kuburikidza kweteresikopu
kuti munhu zvichienzaniswa Fi anogona kuregeredzwa, tawana nzira

pashure iyo fuma kuburikidza kupiwa teresikopu nyeredzi dzose, simba uye simba,
kuwedzera vakaenzana kukura , k nerogi F pakuunza. Ukuwo, kana yakaipa saka
simba uye inichiduku kuti Fi pamusoro munhu anonyangarika, saka kweteresikopu
haana kuita kuwana, uye aizova pakupedzisira zvokuti imwe uye Fi vane kuuya
nezverusununguko hama kune mumwe, saka kuwedzera kukura wakaramba kuva
kuburikidza chete teresikopu shanduka.
4) Kutora nyore musiyano pakati hukuru maviri D, D ', iro riri chete
chikonzero S. zviri saizvozvo anonyangarika V , riri chete pamusoro richikwira
kutekenyedzwa musiyano Kupenya anouya shure chete. Kuti ndiwane kunyanya
pamuviri kana vasiyane chete, unofanira zvakananga kushanda
Unterschiedsmaformel

asi makuri ndima haasi zvichida zvakafanana ukoshi sezvo apo isu tiswedere
musiyano mumwe nyeredzi kubva yakapoteredza ndezvaJosephus kudzidzwa.
mutoo uyu zvinoratidza kuti kukura musiyano pakati nyeredzi mbiri kwete chete,
saka zvinhu zvinobva intensities yavo, asi ayo zvachose kunyatsoita kusimba
kwezvido substrate S.zvinoenderana; iyo panguva kwasviba zvachose denga usiku
nyeredzi vaviri vanoda zvishoma kuti zvakasiyana kwavo kuchinyanya pane
dmmerigem kuti dzinoita kupa akaenzana musiyano. Musiyano uyu ruremekedzo,
zvichienderana hunhu pasi richava rakasimba dukusa, Vasingazvioni panguva
nyeredzi kwazvo, zvokuti haana chete zvachose ukuru zvikamu pakati pachena
hukuru, asiwo ratios pamusoro zvikamu izvi kuti maererano umbirimi changed
chikonzero.
ndiro izwi kuti vasiyane kukura yenyeredzi maviri pokushandisa teresikopu

izvo zvinoreva kuti musiyano kukura pamwe kweteresikopu refu ndizvo novimba
pfuma chinhu F, sezvo munhu kwete Fi uye Fi ' zvinogona kuregeredzwa. Asi kana
amplification chakaita F iyi yakakura zvakakwana saka kukura musiyano
zvinoenderana chete vachiri mamiriro ezvinhu
simba pasina teresikopu kubva.

intensities zvakafanana sezvo

5) The svomhu nhevedzano akatisiyira magnitudes yedzinza geometric zvinonakisa

intensities kwenyeredzi, kana chete kusiyana D - D ' pakati akatevedzana mashoko
kukura chikuva, ane reshiyo wakaenzana , zvakafanana akabatanidza umbirimi
siyana. Iva pakati exponent ari kunyatsoita siyana, izvo ndowenyika svomhu nyeredzi
kukura nhamba 0, 1, 2, 3 ...., E, ndizvo here kuti kukura D = 0 asaende kusvika
aenzana 1, kunyatsoita wakakwira umo kushandisa zero saizi ndiko,
pamwe mae vanofanira ngazviwande kuburikidza unoenderana zvachose
kusimba kuwana. Mumwe zvino kuchiiswa mu mukuru okuti

1 nokuti D uye Evp nokuda , isu tiwane

1 = K nerogi E

kubva pazviri anotevera kuti , k anogona kuisa

uye saka anogona kunyora

6) Nhamba pachavo intensities Ini apo svomhu dzakatevedzana Size D akateerera,

hachisi geometric, asi anoenderana:
D = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 .... ... N
= Ini + p = wakakwira
Evp
3
4
EV peji
EV S.
EV S. .... EV N S.
Ini
= ( ndima 1) S. ( EV 1) s ( EV 2 - 1) s ( EV 3 1) s ( EV 4 - 1) s ... ( EV N - 1) s

Zvisinei, anowira kubva kwakadaro kuchinyanya zvikuru kuti 1 vara N kunogona

kuregeredzwa, uwandu pachavo uye zvachose intensities chaizvo pamwe chete, uye
izvozvo zvinogona kuva exponent E wekupedzisira kushanda uyewo nokuda
yokutanga.
7) The chairema poukuru zvinogona akatsunga chikuru chikwata kuti K = 1; Chero

nzira, kuti akakodzera kuti kukura zvikamu kubva ipapo wokurera, uye saka uyewo
exponent ari nechokuita mutsara zvachose intensities kunomiririrwa saka chete goho
uye mirayiridzo yapfuura kukura kwazvakanga zvaita, asi kwete madaro pakati
hukuru pamusoro mumwe uye ratios ari dzaari intensities achinje.
Zviri zvino shamisa zvikuru kuti kushandisa zvakasikwa logarithms vose mamiriro
kuti hunoumbwa zvokuti pedyo kuti haugoni kuva nechokwadi chokuti kutsaudzira
chaiyo zvakarurama.
Kutaura zvazviri, pashure pokunge vokutanga ezvinhu vanofanira ari kutaura kuti
kukura

kunokosha
iri kukura chairema chikuru nhamba Zvakarurama logarithms kuva
vakaenzana (ona. Chap. 16), uye nechigadziko ichi nhamba panguva iyoyowo kuva
mukuru exponent nhamba zvachose intensities izvo akateerera kukura siyana pamwe
musiyano 1, sezvo riri exponent pakati nhamba yokutanga kuchinyanya rakareba D =
0 uye D = 1. Zvino ndiyo mujinga nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms = 2,71828 .. uye
pashure Th. IS 161 akapiwa muunganidzwa ane exponent ari kunyatsoita siyana, izvo
ndowenyika zhinji wokurera nhasi, rinenge kukosha ichi. The zvarakasiya ari
kumashure gadziriro dzayo kungaenderana pfungwa, izvo I. In pepa iri
nezvokuonekwa Saxon. Soc (1859 S. 58 zvi-.) Wati kukurukurwa zvakadzama.
Kuti vo gadzirisa mashoko nzira inouya nenzira yakakodzera kusarudza
kunyatsoita Unit sezvinobvira, mumwe ane sezvo kuchinyanya
chikwata wakakwira kutora kuti sezvomundima akasiyana zvishoma kubva Unit,
pamwe kusimba dzokudenga chikonzero S. uye kana izvi usiku nerima wakakwana
kana kuipa meso Black kunoderedza anofunga aine imweanobvumirana nahehin. The
Saka nyore zvichibvira payakavakirwa
D = nerogi = nerogi ( rs p + Ini )
pashure iyo nhamba, makubhiti pakukura nenyeredzi, iyo logarithm ari zvachose
kusimba renyeredzi akaenzana.
mutoo uyu rinoenderana yepanyama kukura bhuku, asi rinowanikwa zvuzvungudza
mukati, sezvo tisiri zvinonakisa kusimba S. + Ini , asi pachavo zvikuru ini kuyera uye
saka munoziva. Tichifunga Zvisinei, kuti kana yakajeka nyeredzi makirasi, akadai 3
soro, peji kuti ini inogona zvinoshamisa vangosiyiwa, uye muitiro kuva kwete chete
anotarira asingaoneki, asi simba rinooneka kukura makirasi telescopically, akati
kuburikidza inopfumisa yakakwana nyeredzi zvikuru, kusimba pasi uyewo unogona
kuiswa zvinoshamisa Zvibvisike pamusoro yayo kusimba nyeredzi, saka iwe uchava
apo sizing Anoita ndezvaJosephus chero chete zvakakwana dzinongoitika kana
telescopically dzinowedzerwa kuchinyanya kuti kusimba chikonzero haasisina
zvinoonekwa pamusoro, kuti nzira D = nerogi ini pamwe D = nerogi ( rs p + ini )
kuchengeta zvinoonekwa noenderana uye nokuda dzaibatanidza hukuru uye

intensities vanogona kazhinji kushandisa, pashure chete kare akaderedza

telescopically vamwe intensities, uye hukuru kuti kwete telescopically vamwe chii
pamusoro apa okuti D add = K danda
Anhalt kubvumirwa. Dzinomiririra
kureva kunyatsoita fuma kuburikidza kweteresikopu simba zvakakwana
kuti munhu zvichienzaniswa Finerogi VA pamusoro nerogi Fi ndiye kunyora
nezvavo, uye K = 1, ipapo
D add = danda ma- = danda Ini + danda F
Saka telescopic kusimba Fi mune ratios pamusoro F kuderedza navo
wechokwadi Ini kuuya pasi, pakati telescopically inofungidzirwa kukura D add asi
danda F deducted kuti achengetedze Ini auye kuyeuka.
Kunyange ipapo hapana chinotadzisa pachinzvimbo yakawedzera kuenderana
reshiyo pachikumbaridzo kusimba pasi wakakwira yakaisvonaka kusimba nhema
denga Default kana chakaipa maziso Black ari kubvuma kuva Unit, umo zero saizi
pachinzvimbo ane. Zvino pashure nhaurirano (chits. 21), kusimba Black haana
kashoma kuti E nguva chikumbaridzo, uye yee ndiwo exponent ari kunyatsoita
siyana, zero pfungwa akatisiyira magnitudes vangavatake chete nokuda mari
kupfuura Mhedziso razero pfungwa kutekenyedzwa wechiedza , uye aigona
kunyange kana munhu aida chokuita izvi zvinongoitikawo.
Zvisinei, mune hurongwa dzataurwa pano, zvidzidzo chenyeredzi ichiripo
dzakaderera vari ipapo wakasiyana pasina teresikopu kuti akashama ziso asisiri chete
kusiyana, asi pamwe teresikopu, chii dzinoshanda rinooneka kuti, sezvo vari
yemanyorero kurangarirwa kuti muchadenga zvinangwa pamwe teresikopu.
Zvinonzi pamungawirirana une chirwere, kufungidzira kukura zvikamu zvokuti
chete intensities nyeredzi yavo kuchatekeshera, chii anoita zvose kuti kusimba pasi
kuchaita vanishingly diki zvichienzaniswa yepanyama kana artificially zvakawedzera
pachavo
nyeredzi, kuoneka fainter, uye kunyanya duku telescopic nyeredzi
Contribuu kusimba
a millorar la traducci
saka kure akasangana chete incompletely, uye pasina nheyo kubudirira
kunyatsofunga mupfungwa; uyewo zvichida nokuti nezvenyeredzi hakuna kufarira
yakakwana asati mukupindura vashanda nesimba hwakadzama zvokudya
izvi. Zvichakadaro rinotsanagurwa chokwadi zvimwe kunze matambudziko
yakafanana Zvinofungidzirwa kubudikidza ziso, nokufamba mukati sizing nyeredzi
diki kuti zvinowanika vanoongorora nyeredzi; uye exponents kubva kusimba-siyana,
izvo ichiyerera ichibva zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, anofanira influiert nenzira
inozivikanwa uye vanotambura vari kururama. Pasina kuongorora vatsva panyaya
apa mazano ndinoona kuti nyaya haisi kuunza vakachena uye yakajeka, uye kusiya
wakadaro kuongorora nyeredzi kana uchifanira kufarira kuvaringana.

Text original

Xxvi. The yepamusorosoro Unterschiedsmaformeln. 1)

Mano Unterschiedsmaformel akabvumira kungotaurawo nenzira mbiri, kunyange
kana tiri pane Vaicherechedza, ari nyore kusiyana, kusiyana pakati kusiyana, chepiri

kana isu, pachinzvimbo pazvikumbaridzo zvakasiyana vakatasva mikana yakawanda

yokukurudzira pane kugamuchira chete, anogona musiyano kwayo,
sezvamakaropafadzwa izvo anokunda zvadzinoitawo pane mugumisiro nokuchinja
kwakakura pamusoro mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vaiona. The
Unterschiedsmaformel anobvumira rakakodzera kungotaurawo nenzira mbiri,
nokurega vo kamwe kuti nyaya apo anochinja chete tatamuka nyore kusiyana
kusiyana pakati kusiyana, chepiri kubva nyaya uko kukura kuchinja mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira hazvichinji mugumisiro, , The kungotaurawo rokutanga
mupfungwa, uye kungotaurawo yechipiri mupfungwa vari vachibatwa chinotevera
muchitsauko chino.
1)

Revision S. 186th

Kana achiziva kutekenyedzwa ? chete anogona kutora nzvimbo maererano, sezvo

akabatanidza anotikurudzira (kana boka anomiririrwa naye rwomukati
psychophysical basa) Vamwe anokamuka kukura b kwazvo, uye vakanzwisisa
musiyano ? - '= nepfambi 1 chete pasi kupfuura unoenderana anotikurudzira
mari
vamwe anokamuka kukura vs. 1kukasapfuura, apo isu tsamba , u , ,
ndima kureva chinhu indekisi nokuda ukama zvinotevera, saka kufunga uye
akasimbisa nekutarisisa kuti kunyange musiyano pakati maviri nezvekufadza
kusiyana nepfambi - U '= U 2 vari akanzwa chete kuchitevedzwa, chaiwo unogona
kupinda kuziva, sezvo mari ruripo yepamusoro anotikurudzira

, von reshiyo

pakati ratios mbiri , imwe anokamuka yakawanda vs.

2 kukasapfuura,
nezvimwewo, kuitira kuti tine, pasi kuzombotaurazve kuenderera kwokuwedzera uku

nezvimwewo
Izvi rinoenderana nzira nokuti , u 1 nyore Unterschiedsmaformel; mumwe, izvo
tishevedzere yepamusoro Unterschiedsmaformeln inogona hwokurara saizvozvo
sezvo ichi. Kana isu pokugumira pachedu pano, chete paakaziva kusiyana yechipiri
kuitira U 2 kuzochera, dzinonyatsoshanda zvakananga, nezvezera.
Inbetrachtnahme Your hakusi usimbe, nokuti zvechokwadi kupinda
nezvazvo. zvichida Kuzadziswa kusachena ane mumhanzi chinguva ndiyo nyore
chaizvo zvakakodzera nyore tsananguro yevaviri vasiyane U 2 . Kutaura zvazviri,
vakanzwisisa kusachena munhu mumhanzi penguva chinhu kupfuura vasiyane pakati

zvikamu zviviri, yakachena uye kuchena;mumwe nomumwe zvikamu izvi asi sezvo
vaziva vasiyane pakati maviri pitches neMhedziso. Zvino kana kusachena
zvechokwadi akanzwa, saka kusiyana yakachena uye kuchena zvikamu vanofanira
pfuura rimwe kukura. Vacharaswa kunzwisiswa kuti, kuitira kuti kunzwisisa
musiyano pakati kusiyana, tinofanira kuwana misiyano iyi pachayo; asi chimwe kuti
ivowo vanofanira pfuura rimwe kukura; Asi pakupedzisira, uwandu nomumwe
matauriro kwanga imwe kukura kupfuudza, zviri kuonekwa ruzha, uye nokudaro
kuva kutekenyedzwa munhu musiyano zvichiita kuti Naizvozvo kuguma kuziva Fani
yakakwirira kuitira pamwe runopfuura yepamusoro chikumbaridzo kupfuura mumwe
dzikisa presupposes.
Kwete chete kutekenyedzwa tsvina ane mumhanzi chinguva, uye zvokuridza
pfungwa chakaitwa mugumisiro wakachena zvikamu zviri rwiyo, uye kunyange
zvimwe zvivako zvavo maererano, ndizvo paakaziva kusiyana yepamusoro
kurongeka, kureva ichi kutamba Kusiyana yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura wechipiri
kurayira basa ane.
Zvakafanana rine noruremekedzo kuti simba kutekenyedzwa paakaziva kusiyana
yakakwirira kuitira kugadzirisa zvaanoreva. Pfungwa yacho pachiruvi
chayo uye decrescendo, ari kudzokororwa nokuchinja
pakati piyano uye forte mimhanzi hunobva ichi uye anotsigira pfungwa rokuimba
nechinzwano, kunyange anokwanisa harizivikanwi chikonzero chero yakakodzera
aesthetic pfungwa, sezvo mutinhimira uye kuwirirana pachavo, , Nharaunda
kutekenyedzwa chiedza kunotipa mimwe mienzaniso. Kana isu vatatu
nyeredzi , ', "dzakasiyana kwahwo kana inonzi. Size vane, anogona kubvunzwa
kana musiyano Z. B. pakati uye ' mukuru musiyano ' uye ' ' , kana, pane 4
nyeredzi, kana musiyano pakati uye ' mukuru pakati ' uye " '. kuti vasarudze
kusiyana kusiyana vari kuenzaniswa, zvakare inofanira kupfuudza imwe kukura, izvo
kunyange nyeredzi intensities, isu zvakare hatizivi nei, maererano kunge zvikuru
kupfuura nenamo, asi anodana yezvomuchadenga Stern inofungidzirwa saizi
kusiyana kuenzanisa kwakadaro.
Kana tikatora ikozvino, kushanda nokuti vakanzwisisa kusiyana rechipiri
kurongeka, yechipiri kuitira Unterschiedsmaformel

pedyo aifungisisa nepanzvimbo iyi kupfuura zvavo nyaya hwaro, kuti isu 4 mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira, pitches, nyeredzi hukuru kana chero zvingava,
vane, , ', ", '"; kuti pakati kusiyana maviri
kubva kusvikira ' uye ' kuti '' rinofanira kunzwisiswa
musiyano kuti > ' uye " > '" kureva, saka isu ichatsanangura kwatiri
kuzadziswa inonyatsoita ichi, zvikuru zvakananga, saka anogona.
The vasiyane pakati yomuzana kuitira uye ' ndizvo

The vasiyane zvakafanana kuitira pakati ' uye "' ichakurukurwa chete kuitira
uyewo dzakataurwa ane dashes pazasi, vari kufunga dzimwe mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira asi, pakati icho rakanyorwa ari dashes akapfuura kubva yaimbovapo,
uye naizvozvo

Naizvozvo pakutanga vose richikwira kutekenyedzwa musiyano pakati vaviri

paakaziva kusiyana chichava musiyano nyore pakati vaviri, von

Kutaura zvazviri, musiyano pakati paakaziva misiyano zvakafanana vachinzwisisa

uyewo havana kubatwa, ekupedzisira Z. B. apo vaviri paakaziva kusiyana zvinogona
kuwanikwa siyana vanhu vaviri, kana yakarebesa penguva pakati pavo chete vanhu,
kana kuti shoma dzinosiyana. zvino kana kutekenyedzwa musiyano

rava akaziva misiyano, kukosha wechipiri-kuitira anotikurudzira reshiyo inofanira

kusvika imwe kukura, isu V achashevedza umo zero kukosha vasiyane wechipirikuitira kunoitika, izvo nokuti mashoko ari vasiyane U 2 vari

Zvisinei, ngatitangei nokuda

chete tsamba 2 uye

akaisa

, tinowana

fomura Izvi zvinotisvitsa kungotaurawo mutemo Weber muna imwe yayo modes
kutaura. Pashure mutemo Weber uri musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira maviri Runonzwika kuti aenzane apo reshiyo pakati mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti ape musiyano ndiyo chete. Pashure yapfuura
payakavakirwa musiyano pakati anotikurudzira kusiyana maviri kunonzwisiswa
sezvo zvakaenzana apo reshiyo pakati akabatanidza anotikurudzira ratios
vakaenzana. Nekuti 1 uye 1 , iyo quotient 2 chimiro, bvunza hongu ari
anotikurudzira ezvinhu
,
vanomirira. Mumwe havafaniri kukanganwa
ndechokuti anomutora Mutemo Weber somusoro kungotaurawo iri Wakabatanidzwa
mamiriro asi.mutemo The Weber wacho rwunoda kugara vomukova mundima 1 ,

sezvo ino kungotaurawo chayo kugara vomukova ndima 2 mberi.

Munda mumhanzi anotipa maererano gwaro kunoshamisa sezvinoita nokuda
anomutora kungotaurawo iyi Mutemo Weber kuti, sezvo mumwe, pamusoro
kusiyana mundima 2yakavakirwa, Kutsauka kubva ukoshi ndechokuti yavo pamwe
kumiririrwa yechipiri muna Unterschiedsmaformel wedu kuwana hurongwa.
Kutaura zvazviri, kusachena ane mumhanzi penguva ndiro nyore kuchizivikanwa
octaves siyana; ichi rinoenderana kungotaurawo wedu, kana iye ndezvaiye kusachena
anofunga kuti musiyano pakati vaviri marimba zvikamu, nokuti izvo zviviri
zvakasiyana vibration ezvinhu anosanganisira, kuti kuzivikanwa. Kuva wakachena
vibration reshiyo N, wakaipa V, saka kusachena kuchaita kuonekwa apo
kukosha V 2 manzwirwa; Asi sezvo zvakanaka, kana
mutengo ndima 2 manzwirwa; Saka zvinoenderana Mhedziso kukura 2 vs. uye
2 N kwete pano mundima 2 inova akazvimirira.
Zvisinei, nokutsauka munhu rechishanu kuchena zviri hwakanyatsorwisa nyore
azivikanwa kuti zvimwe chinguva chete pasi pasi, uye tiripo napaduku ichi
kuremekedza kusiyana zvikamu (ona. Th. IS 261). Izvi unoenderana yakatsauka
kubva kungotaurawo mutemo Weber uye zvinoratidza kuti, kunyange zvazvo nguva
dzose pamusoro mundima 2 kunoitika nzvimbo chete zvikamu zviri octaves siyana,
kusachinja-chinja uku hakuwaniki nokuti siyana zvikamu zvakafanana pasi pasi kana
ichi, hapana munhu priori faniro.
Dzinomiririra yedu Unterschiedsmaformel rechipiri kuti 1 uye 1 tsika dzavo,
saka tine

uye isu tiri muno ' = ", iro unoenderana nyaya kuti isu 4 mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira panguva nhatu hurongwa , ' '' kuderedza, uye musiyano
kubva kusvika 'nezvakaitwa ' kuti ' " enzanisa, tine, sezvo isu
kutora '" zvino " wekutaura:

kuratidza kuti vasiyane pakati miviri misiyano yakadaro kuitike, pachikumbaridzo

apo nhamba iri dzinoungana vanhu nechepakati anotikurudzira mumwe kukosha
kungoerekana zviwane V 2 yapihwa.
Mumwe anogona infer kubva dzakakwirira Masvomhu yedu, chii chakaitika
inosimbisa kuti pfungwa unofanira kuwana munhu mukuru zvikuru, neimwe
yepamusoro kuitira misayano zvinofanira nevamwe chete, zvokuti Z. B. musiyano

wechipiri-kuitira chete vanogona kuva kuchinyanya kupinda kuziva, kubudirira kuti

kana kwazvo kuti nyore kutekenyedzwa apo tsika = either 1 vs. 2 akateerera. Nokuti
hatifaniri kufunga kuti vasiyane U 2 nezvinhu zvinokosheswa 2 = vs. 2 anowanikwa
chikumbaridzo, nguva dzose nokusingaperi chinoitika chikumbaridzo pamwe razero
tsika pfungwa, asi chete ane razero kukosha wechipiri-kuitira kuziva pamusoro
chikumbaridzo rechipiri kurongeka, asi hana dzakasiyana , u 1 , nepfambi 1'iyo iripo
pakati payo, kana musiyano yepamusorosoro Runonzwika pakati pavo kana kuti
kwete, pachikumbaridzo pana mundima 1 angave kupfuura. Izvi vakapfuura kana
kanenge richisvika sezvo kuti vomukova b ndechokuti, sezvo zvataurwa pamusoro
apa, muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, mamiriro ezvinhu hana rokumusoro
kurongeka U 2 . Kungangove asi sezvinotevera kuratidza kuti izvi runoenzanirana
mwero pfungwa nderaMwari Chokwadi, pane kana uri nyore anotikurudzira kana
tsamba psychophysical basa kukosha either 1 vs. 2kubudirira.
Achitaura ari yemaitiro kuti , u 2 sezvinotevera

Nokudaro , u 2 nokungwaririra azviziva Saka rwaiva wechipiri-yakati sandara

chikumbaridzo, kukura pasi Logarithmuszeichen anofanira Naizvozvo mukuru 1,

Asi zvakakodzerawo kuti kusiyana kutanga Danho zvose anonzwisiswa

nokungwaririra, saizvozvo kwete chete , asiwo kana, kana pamwe mundima
1 pamwe

akabatanidza pachikumbaridzo anotaurwa chii tiri yapfuura

kusaruramisira

uye somugumisiro
> vs. 1 vs. 2 '
Pakupedzisira, zvisinei, anofanira nerimwe mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira , ' ,
chikumbaridzo b kunge kupfuura chii nokuda yapfuura kusaruramisira

> either 1 vs. 2

Saizvozvowo seyokutanga Danho Unterschiedsmaformel inosanganisira kuyerwa

inonyatsoita kuti uzere hana nyore kutekenyedzwa rokutanga danho sezvo nyaya
inokosha, tinogona kuwana kuyerwa inonyatsoita kuti nyore uzere kuziva wechipiri
Danho nokubva Unterschiedsmaformel rechipiri pachikuva; uye sezvo wokutanga
kunoratidzwa chokuti isu vasina kutekenyedzwa chete, asi tiri vanoziva kuti isu
vaiuziva, wechipiri achapiwa inozivikanwa, kuti tirege kuziva, takava ruzivo
urwu. Takatora fomura ichi, rokutanga yose vasiyaneU 2 sezvo musiyano vanoziva
kusiyana nepfambi 1 uye funga ane razero kusiyana netsika yacho anotikurudzira
reshiyo

kunoitika; chii vari

chechipiri nokuda musiyano nepfambi 1 ave musiyano pakati vanoziva

kutekenyedzwa uye razero kunzwa izvo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira ' = b akateerera, nokutipa

pashure iyo. sezvakarehwa chii takawana kwokutanga, anoona kuti nyore

kutekenyedzwa kuti vasiyane kukwira sezvo musi iwoyo pachiyero, kungoerekana
sleepers zvose inclus kusvika pachinhanho ichi anofanira pfuura.

XXVII. The nzvimbo Masvomhu. Its chikumbiro kuna

tinyatsonzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu tinyanye
kukanganisa. 1)
Kana kuti 'mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira maviri akasiyana epanyama kana
spatial chinzvimbo kureva nhasi zvinoshanda, ndiye akatasva nenzira anotikurudzira
pamwe , ndiye Kukodzera zvimwewo pamwe ', kukura ukama hwavo kana
dzinotaurwawo nenzira kuti hombe anotikurudzira anogara chinoshandiswa
pakaunda, pashure iyo tsamba , 'vachangobva swap nzvimbo yavo numerator uye
dhinomineta sokuti vaviri vakapiwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira panguva
dzose saizi harungashandurwi mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvinonzi pane kugara nzvimbo
saizi swap, izvo zvakafanana zvakafanana, kana vaviri mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira zvinosiyana chinhu asi kukura, anopiwa ino.
1)

Revision S. 130 va-. On the Mabestimmungen nzvimbo pfungwa, Abh. The

royal. Sachs. Ges. D. W. Math.-phys. Cl. XIII, S. 273 va-.

The reshiyo , iyo saizvozvo yapfuura > 'zvichiitirwa zvikurukuru

pamwe , ukama apo '> ndechokuti, pamwe akasarudzwa uye kugoverana
chiratidzo vose inodiwa.
Sezvo ini hereinafter kakawanda wangu kare akakurukura uremu miedzo aizofanira
kureva, ndiye anotikurudzira duku nokuda nyore huru uremu P , iyo hombe brunt
ndinoiitawo okuwedzera Zviidzo, saka kubudikidza P + D raimiririra, pashure izvo
anotikurudzira reshiyo = , kana = napo , ndeipi nzira kuti D ane kana
vanhurume ezvinhu pane vataizokwanisa kuva. Asi insofar sezvo kurema miedzo
kushumira folgends inongova mienzaniso kuenzanisira mukuru ezvinhu, anogonawo
pasi P uye P + D chero kupi zvako. kunonzwisiswa sezvo masimbi mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira.
In ichi kuremekedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mbiri, musiyano wavo
anofanira zvaizoita kuti kusiyana zvichienderana zvavo zvenyama kana spatial
paukama netsika, anogonawo kuwanikwa zvavo kuti musiyano pakati pavo pane
kugara ratios kuchiri vachinzwisisa sezvo inosiyana, zvichienderana nokuti ivo
imwechete nzvimbo, kukura , kana kuti kuenzana kana kuchinja nzvimbo
zvakawandisa mumwe pamusoro mumwe anotikurudzira kudivi kana mamwe
mapopoma, izvo chete mashoko kuti zvimwechete kusvikira kumusoro ,.
Saka zvinoita kuti kurema miedzo, kwave hurukuro vari mugove wokutanga,
musiyano ukuru vasiyane kana uremu ngaabvumire chete kumikidzo P uri
mumidziyo rokutanga kana kuti rechipiri repealed mune left- kana zvakaruramabapiro midziyo. Pasinei kuti, iyo anotikurudzira reshiyo haachinji iri nyaya
vasiyane ndiyo nyaya dzimwe tsika, sezvo kudaro, kana zvinoreva zvimwechete
sokuti kwatiri kuti uremu, umwe zvikunde nyaya zvakawanda kana zvishoma, pane
zvimwewo.
Kunyange pasina nokuva multi-uremu D kuti simba iri akanzwa; nekuti kana
Handina vaviri zvienzane pakurema D hwekubvisa vanganzi, asi ndinoona pakati
nemiedzo yakawanda zvokuti nekure pamutemo contingencies, kurema nguva
kwakanyanya kana vakareruka kupfuura vamwe; zvichienderana nenzvimbo kana
nguva kudzimwa. Asi ndinogona kudzikamisa izvi chokuti ini aine More zviyereso
zvakakwana versehe kurema kuti zvinoita nyore, uye pakudaro panguva
imwecheteyo kukwanisa kuona kukanganiswa nezvenzvimbo dzacho kwakakura uye
kutungamirirwa nokuyera, sezvo ini naye kuripa zvakakodzera D noukuru
zvakafanana, unogona kugara nevakomana. Mag ipapo mumwe D uye kushandiswa
dzimwe nzvimbo, saka iwe uchava ikoko nguva dzose kunogona kuona sokunge
vasisanetswi nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo aizoramba wayo chikamu anomiririrwa
kuti yakanaka, asi munhu chaiye zvakafanana achiita mamwe uremu, izvo zvinoita se
akayera anogona kunzi, asi iye zvino sezvo chirungiso kana subtractive kuti pave
chaidzo akawedzera uremu Dikaitika, zvichienderana nokuti chete kana pakatarisana
ezvinhu sezvo D, uye kupa neizvozvo dzakasiyana kukosha vasiyane zvichienderana

chinzvimbo D -founded.
Mari iyo kwakadaro chimiro kuburikidza simba nguva kana spatial nzvimbo kana
simba akabatana chete, kunze D , uremu P kana zvachose chero zvakawedzera ane
irritant kana tiratidzike kwakaderedza, vavariro yakanaka iyi, asi chaiyo kune
chokuita vakaenzana, akanaka kana akaipa kukura kuti aumbe anonzi kugara
kukanganisa, akapa anoita vergleichungsweisen yera mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira zvechokwadi somunhu mhosva kutaura uye akaita kugara pamwe
kuramba kurwisana epanyama spatial nzvimbo pakati mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, kana, mune saka kure pesvedzero ichi kuburikidza kwemashifiti
contingencies pavakanganisa rinozobudawo paavhareji munhu muzvizhinji pakati
kuedza. Sezvo chenguva zvikanganiso zvakakura uye neizvozvo yokuziva mwero
vasisanetswi nguva uye nzvimbo ezvinhu zvakarurama, rakapiwa tichifunga
nokuyerwa nzira, iyo differential wanda.
Mumwe anogona kuona zviri nyore kubva Vorigem kuti kugara kukanganisa kana
zvayo kuvapo kana ukuru hwaro uye mirayiridzo noukuru uye
nzvimbo D kunotsamira, asi akazvimirira kwayo, uye chete insofar sezvo siyana
vasiyane zvichienderana nenzvimbo D anotakura, kana zvayo munzvimbo nawo
chete, muna vanetsane vakomana mupfungwa, kuti ndozvazvakaita wokutanga D dependent musiyano iyo inowira mukati kutekenyedzwa yakawedzera, kana yechipiri
downsized.
Zvingatova zvakadaro, uye ane kakawanda zvakakwana mumwe bvunzo
differential nehanya kuti nemhaka simba nguva uye spatial nzvimbo yacho
anotikurudzira duku pane kuda kukuru uye vasiyane pane kwakawedzera kupfuura
ungaderedza apo D ipfupi, uye neizvozvo zvose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
wakaenzana nzira, yandichatuma kuzodana vasiyane iri rakashonyoroka
mupfungwa. Sezvo nyore kunzwisisa, pakadai kunoitika zvakafanira munhu kana
kugara kukanganisa sezvo zvakanaka kukura ikaitika nokuda mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira duku uye D makuru anotikurudzira chinokurira kure kuti akarurama
kuoneka musiyano iri kupfuura.
Saka uremu hwangu miedzo panguva zvakakwana inorema kumikidzo pamusoro
erstaufgehobene saka pamusoro nguva zvataurwa, uremu, kunze netsaona, nguva
dzose sezvo kupenya akazviratidza apo imwe uremu atova D waiva chete, chero
bedzi ichi zvokuwedzera uremu haana kusapfuudza mumwe muganhu , Kana
kuwedzera kosi yokuwedzera uremu zvakanaka, saka havakwanisi ari nzvimbo
chikanganiso ari kugara predominated, uye pane zvakakodzera pfungwa vasiyane
pane rwakakombama imwe pfungwa. Asi chero bedzi pane rwakatsauka pfungwa,
kunewo chokwadi chokuti vasiyane pane kwakawedzera kupfuura ungaderedza apo
nemazango wakanyatsojeka vari pedyo zvikuru.
Kubva ezvinhu kuti dzose kukundikana sezvo yakanaka kukura anotikurudzira
duku kuti D anofanira kusapfuudza mukuru anotikurudzira kuti kupfuura chete
kuoneka musiyano, saka musiyano kuchaita akanzwa rwakatsauka mupfungwa,
anotevera nzira isina zvakafanira kusika zvakaipa vasiyane apo pesvedzero kugara
kukanganisa pamusoro mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira duku kuti D makuru

anotikurudzira kwazvo, nokungoti kwete D, asiwo akarurama kuoneka musiyano

Saka unoramba kuti kupfuura, zvikasadaro omumwe musiyano, pane kumhanya kuti
pfungwa, afenda mapfupa.
Chikonzero kuti vasiyane iri yakakura kana miduku, kana kunyange mumanyoro
rwakatsauka mupfungwa, zvichienderana akasiyana nzvimbo anotikurudzira
dzinorega angava DUPLICATE. By mbiri mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' panoonekwa kana dzakasiyana zvikamu sentient nhengo
achawira sezvo zvaitevedzana kushandiswa dzakasiyana, vanogona kuonekwa chete
siyana Mhedziso nehanya, uye ivo maererano akasiyana nezvikumbaridzo b , b '
kuuya. Asi ikozvino tine kwokutanga (Chap. 23) kuonekwa kuti musiyano pakati b,
b kubudikidza musiyano pachikumbaridzo inonyatsoita vamwe musiyano chaiye
nezvekufadza panguva iyoyo ari mukuru kana kuti muduku zvichienderana
yakakura kana miduku anotikurudzira rukuru wanda (zvakaita duku chikumbaridzo
yakaenzana) rakundwa, pashure pacho ichowo hereinafter zvakawanda kana
zvishoma kuwira kutekenyedzwa zvimwe zvinhu ari vakaenzana. Tisingatauri asi
rinogonawo Z. B. akamborasiswa yakwidzwa, zvisinei zvaizoita mune chipo pamwe
chete nehanya, kupfuura chipo, asi akawedzera nokuda ndangariro apo kuenzanisa
pamwe kuitika kana vasanyanye vasiyane kuuya apo aitanga kana vasiyane maduku
kana hombe zvaizoitika, zvichienderana yapfuura anotikurudzira yaiva duku kana
hombe, mukupera nyaya vakutarisire. No zvishoma chaigona kuva ukama iri spatial
nzvimbo makuru nemaduku anotikurudzira, kunze dzakasiyana nehanya, izvo zvose
zvinzwisiswe kuti mushandirapamwe anosarudza ukuru vasiyane.
Nokuti Kupfupika, uye pasina mazita nani kuti chikonzero kuti yakasiyana
zvakaenzana 'kunonzwisiswa, sevakasiyana wokutanga mupfungwa dzakasiyanasiyana Mhedziso sensitivities nokuda , ' kunobva, anonzi mhedziso sevari asi
yechipiri mupfungwa kune epanyama kana spatial ukama , ' , kunze ratios
pamusoro b, b' inobva, hama. Kuvapo uye kubudirira mhedziso chikonzero ndiyo
chokwadi chii hanya hama, saka iye zvino kunodzambira pfungwa, uye zvinoda asi
pamusoro experimental kuferefeta dzisina kuwanikwa kusvikira ikozvino
yokusarudza kana ariko zvachose.
Kutaura zvazviri, kunogona achiri kuva akanga afa kana zvechokwadi kuchiitika
kugara yakatenuka kuti zviripo nokuda uchivayeuchidza mitemo vaswedere
kumashure kana unozotevera kuteterera kupfuura zvakakura okufananidza kana
kwete asi mutsauko, pasinei yakapfuura kana kutevera Kukwezva vakakura
chinombofadza kwakajeka chete, kuitira kuti yakawedzera contingencies
vanomhanyisa ndangariro ingaita duku chisingazivi kumisa chikanganiso kugara, asi
chete kuchinja, parutivi nguva kure nharo kubatsirwa pamwero mukuru hama
differential nehanya uye zvaizoreva. Kunyange zvishoma kunogona kufuratirwa sei
hama ivhu aigona kuuya vachinje mafungiro makuru nemaduku anotikurudzira
kufunga kana vimbiso kare zvakakwana saka zvaizova zvakakodzera, kubudikidza
zvakananga nokuyerwa Mhedziso nehanya zvikamu dzakasvikwa mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' kuwa, maererano zvakakodzera nzira kuti vave nechokwadi
chokuti kugara kukanganisa maererano nokukura kwavo ratios pamusoro sensitivities

izvi zvinogona kufukidzwa.

Nokuti zvinotevera ndiwo mubvunzo sei rokutanga kana kuti rechipiri chawo
yokungazodzoka kana oga mumitambo zvichishandiswa kure zvikuru,
sezvinoratidzwa nezvavanofunga uye zvokuimba kuti nedzimwe chikonzero
vanoramba vasingafariri, pasina kuita mutsauko inodiwa vachakagara asiwo sumo
pamusoro Kusiyanisa kubvumira kure sezvo vakadaro vanofanira wamunoswededza
ruzivo.
Kana musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira maviri ngapaonekwe
inosiyana, zvichienderana nomumwe kana vamwe vaviri vakasiyana wanamatira
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mumamiriro ezvinhu anoumba pakaunda, saka
ndiko, chero angava rwakadini kutekenyedzwa ichi, kupa kutekenyedzwa pamusoro
svikiro kukura pakati nezvekufadza maviri, izvo U ndiye. Zvakanaka uye kunaka
kukura + mumwe uye - a, iyo undergoes ichi paavhareji manzwiro zvichienderana
nokuchinja nzvimbo makuru nemaduku anotikurudzira kuti zvichava, zvichienderana
nemaonero omumwe kuchinja uku, uye paavhareji kutekenyedzwa pacharo, iro isu
inowanzotorwa kutekenyedzwa achashevedza somunhu ane yakazvimirira shanduko
nzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti Unterschiedsmaformel inogona
kutengwa muzvirevo mutsetse-up nenzira. Ko chiyero kwako maererano mutoo uyu

kuburikidza pano kare kushandiswa nokuyerwa

inonyatsoita uye ndima kubudikidza uye A chinotsiva. Kusvika
pakadaro A unonyatsoratidza nhamba ndiye, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvakajairika
kutekenyedzwa anonyangarika, tinogona kuratidza inowanzotorwa chikumbaridzozve
kudiwa payo. Below zvinofanira kuratidzwa achaita sei zviri kutsunga nekutarisisa.
Iva ikozvino kazhinji nepfambi uye nepfambi ' pedyo kuchinja nzvimbo pamwe
nemataundi nezvekufadza, kureva nepfambi kana , u ', zvichienderana payo
anotikurudzira kana 'ari kushumira sezvo mukuru anopinda pakaunda, saka tine,
chero bedzi , u, u ' pamwe kukura vachikura, kureva vasiyane zvakarurama
mupfungwa kunoitika 2) kuti zvakakwana hombe anogara zvakadaro,

2)

The inotungamirwa Unterschiedsmaformel pachake ndikagara zvinoti

mberi pfungwa iyi.
Zvino hapana kunodzivisa kukura ari kupa zvimwe zvandinenge chimiro. Saka
ngationei akaisa munhu = , k nerogi B , kubudikidza B kupinda demgeme saizi,
tinowana zvinotevera Masvomhu, isu muchidimbu kutaura mamiriro Masvomhu:

(1)
(2)
Kana, sezvo isu

uye BA = V yakatarwa:
;

Sezvaunogona kuona, tiri neizvozvo shure paanopfuura kuumba

Unterschiedsmaformel, chete kuti, zvichienderana pakatarisana nenzvimbo huru
neduku anotikurudzira nhamba pachikumbaridzo zvakasiyana ukoshi
hama mundima uye 'V wokurera, aichimbova izvo rinofanira kushandiswa
bedzi > ' , vapedzisira, kana '> . Tinoridaidza nechinzvimbo
nezvikumbaridzo.
The nzvimbo Masvomhu ndivo mamwemazwi yacho Unterschiedsmaformel
neizvi ndozvazvakaita chinokosha zvakafanana, apo B = 1, izvo unoenderana nyaya
apo pesvedzero yacho nzvimbo shanduko nokukasika. Uyewo, angadai mamiriro
zvokuimba chaizvo nezvikumbaridzo dzavo, sezvinorondedzerwa Chap. 24
wakaratidzwa kuti zvinobva chete unokosha equations mukuru asina kutanga
rakaratidzwa dzakananga nyaya Unterschiedsmaformel.
Inowanzotorwa chikumbaridzozve A unowanikwa sezvo geometric Zvichakadaro
maviri chinzvimbo nezvikumbaridzo V , V ' , kana mundima =
, V' = BA, saka ndima V ' = A 2uye
= A. Uyu ndiwo experiential zvinoreva
kuongorora, A pamwe kuburikidza kwakaita differential utetsa kugara mhosho
yokuziva. Mumwe unorinda, umo anokoshesawo , 'ari vasiyane anonyangarika,
zvichienderana mumwe kana vakomana nzvimbo makuru anotikurudzira harina uye
akatora geometric Zvichakadaro idzi tsika mbiri.
, More zvakananga, unoonekwa kuti mumwe nomumwe chinzvimbo
nezvikumbaridzo V , V ' zviviri ndiro chinhu A kana chakaipa chikumbaridzozve, iyo
inogara kugara kuruoko akakunda epanyama spatial nzvimbo yacho anotikurudzira
yemuraudzo, uye mumwe
kana B , izvo zvinogona kunzi kukanganisa
pachikumbaridzo, uye anogamuchira itirana ari kuchinja
chinzvimbo. Kana A anofanira kuva 1, izvo zvaizoita dzinoenderana kufadza ari
kwagara nehanya, ekupedzisira oga kwaizotika ukoshi V uye ndima ' chimiro.
The mugwara yakadaro zvakarurama vasiyane kuti mukuru ' anooneka
inonyatsoita (1) vachatanga kuva kuoneka kana
> vs. anotanga kuti vari negwara
zvakarurama panoonekwa yemaitiro (2), kana > ndima ' anotanga

kuva; Somugumisiro, wokutanga, kana > vs. ' , wechipiri,

kana < . Mune zvikamu zviri = mundima '
kuti = kana, chii zvakafanana zvimwechete, vari zvikamu
zviri ' + kuti '= vs.' kana pakupedzisira, chii zvakare chete, vari
zvikamu zviri = kuti = ndiyo vasiyane ari afenda.

Kana musiyano Runonzwika rwakatsauka mupfungwa, saka kuti vakurukurirane

yakakura kupfuura duku kuoneka, uye kukura kwakaita kukosha uye zvinoderedza
pamwe kuderera pamusoro kunowedzera, saka pamusoro apa nzvimbo Masvomhu
vachiri sezvo chinobatsira, chete ipapo chiratidzo zvavanotaura buritsa zviri vasiyane,
chinofanira nokududzirwawo wakatarisana mupfungwa. Izvi madzinde pamwe kubva
kunyatsoongorora sei zvakaipa vasiyane nekodzero vaiona ukama, pamwe, uye
nehasha, aine rinobva kuna nzvimbo zvokuimba kubva chinokosha equations (ona.
Chap. 24).
, More zvakananga, zviri rinozviti saizvozvo.
All zviitiko apo chete zvakarurama paakaziva kusiyana zvinobvira zviri pakudaro
nokufukidzwa Masvomhu edu kuti ndima sezvo 'mundima mukuru 1, kuburikidza
yaida zvakarurama vasiyane kuti mukuru ' achioneka
chero mukuru ', saka > L, uye kuti ' serakakura
kupfuura , chero ' kupfuura , saka '> 1, kusvikira richisvika chikumbaridzo
kukosha ; apo pamusoro vasiyane afenda; Saka tsika ose chinofanira zvose
sezvo ' kusvikira kuwana mundima uye mundima' , uye ndima uye mundima ' kuva
kunyange sezvo muganhu ari kupfuura repakutanga Kusiyana zviitiko apo musiyano
rwakatsauka mupfungwa kunogona kuonekwa, nokudaro akasangana kuti chete imwe
vaviri nezvikumbaridzo V , V ' ane kukosha kupfuura 1, ukuwo mumwe panguva
imwe chete ine ukoshi asingasviki 1.
Kutaura zvazviri, unofanira ari anotikurudzira, anogona kuonekwa inova
huru kupfuura dzimwe, pasinei kuti zviri zviduku, zvichaita sezvingatarisirwa oneka
akakura zvikuru saka kana akafanana nawo, kana ari kunyange zvishoma yakakura,
maererano iyo chikumbaridzo ukoshi
zvachose chero tsika kumusoro 1 uye
kunyange pana 1 pachayo, izvo wakaenzana pamwe ' anoenderana, zvinogona
kuwanika; ari anotikurudzira ' anofanirawo chete kupfuura zviri pachena
nekuenzana kuitika. Saka, nezvikumbaridzo ukoshi yaanofanira V , iro rinongoshanda
kwenguva > ' iduku pane 1, mutengo V' , izvo unoenderana
zvinokosheswa ' > anoendera-, kupfuura 1, saka mamiriro ezvinhu maererano,
kuti kuti kukosha haasi inogona kubudirira, izvi zvinogona kuitwa.
In aripo nyaya Zvisinei, muganhu penguva apo kutekenyedzwa musiyano uri

mukusaziva, nezvinhu zvinokosheswa = vs. ' uye =

kwakatemwa. Sezvo ndima <1 uye uyewo <1 (nokuti mundima ' > 1),
ipapo panguva vose miganhu < ', uye penguva ari akapfizuka tsika vasiyane
inowira zvachose parutivi apo ' > . chero > vs. ', iro vasiyane ane vanoziva
kukosha rimwe divi, zvinoderedza pazasi , anotora negwara risiri pamwe achiziva
tsika; iyo penguva iyo vasiyane achipfeka inverted tsika
ndiko = ' kuti = ndima '. In penguva iyi
zvinoti < ', nokuti
mundima < 1; Asi pasinei musiyano anooneka kunyange
rokutanga mirayiridzo umo iye kufuta kubva kuburikidza ' rinowanika.
Kuti tiwane mwero rwakatsauka manzwiro tsika vari zvikamu apo zvenhema
kupfuura ' sokuti tine kushandisa musoro payakavakirwa (2), nokuti
zvechokwadi ' > , asi akaipa chiratidzo , u ' , chii patinokura pano, kuderedza
mune zvakanaka, kana zviri nani kuratidza kufenda kuratidza vazive pfungwa
rwakatsauka pfungwa, kuburikidza vasiyane muna penguva iyi, kunyange here
mupfungwa , u ' afenda, sezvo kunaka chiratidzo anoenderana, asi anoda kubatsira
vari penguva vanoziva tsika nevakomana pfungwa.
Ichi hachisi chinhu udzvinyiriri ushe, nokuti panguva dzinokosha zvikonzero
Masvomhu (chits. 24) inoratidza kuti nzira (2) kune rwakatsauka manzwiro ose
kuburikidza fomura
danda ')

Akatarira ' = , k (danda vs.' -

inofanira kutsiviwa, izvo zvinosanganisira nevimbiso yokutonga yedu chiratidzo

dudziro pakarepo.
Isu Ita pakugadzirwa Masvomhu kushandura nguva uye spatial nzvimbo kunyanya
saka nokudaro nemitoo runoenzanirana yaanobhadhara, sezvo ari kare vaiona nyore
nyaya, izvo zvinoenderana nokuchinja chikanganiso chikumbaridzo B kana kuti
kuva chinhu ezvinhu hwava V , ndima ' kunopinda, kugume zviviri, mumwe novimba
nguva dzakadaro, izvo itirana panguva akakunda nguva achipfeka, uye mumwe
hwakawanda chinzvimbo-nemataundi R , izvo zvinotoda itirana panguva akakunda
hwakawanda chinzvimbo, zvekuti panzvimbo mbiri chete kukanganisa
nezvikumbaridzo B uye ikozvino akatsanangurira maererano kakapetwa runa
zvichibvira kuvhiringidzika nguva uye nzvimbo dzacho makuru nemaduku
anotikurudzira sei zvakadaro nokuda 4 huru nyaya yedu uremu miedzo (Th. Is 113),
vakagamuchira mana kukanganisa nezvikumbaridzo, zvokuti chakaipa
chikumbaridzozve A uwande hama ndiko kuti ndipe mumwe rukoko ari multi-uremu
kana pasi-uremu (takaberekwa anoritsanangura) chokuita utariri

pachikumbaridzo. Iva F 1 , F 2 , F 3, F 4 , izvi 4 kukanganisa nezvikumbaridzo, uye

zita ravo zvakajairika F , saka tine, kana mumwe pazvikumbaridzo izvi zr ndiko, kuti
mumwe
, , saka kuti vaviri vacho mumwe reciprocally. Aiwaka sakosha izvo
ava isu pamwe F 1 , F 2 etc. achadana, sezvazviri haana kunyange pachake, nokuti iyo
huru yacho, tinoda kushandisa rimwe kana mumwe zvavo mashoko aya, asi kuti
tishandise mumwe anogara pedyo, nezvakataurwa zvamarudzi kushandiswa vaviri
tsika Z , R isu vanogonawo kutanga, nguva dzose regai zvakafanana tsunga kuti
kugutsa ruzivo. Dzinomiririra Naizvozvo folgends nokuda 4 chikuru nyaya 3) :
F1=

;F2=

;F3=

; F 4 = zr

saka tine tsika idzi F 1 , F 2 etc. inowanzotorwa chikumbaridzozve A kuti

ngazviwande kuwana, 4 akaturikidzana ari makuru nemaduku uremu kuti nhasi
akabatanidza utariri Masvomhu; pashure iyo kutekenyedzwa nepfambi hama kuna 4
huru zviitiko achipfeka anotevera tsika:
;

(3)

3)

Zviri undisputed chinga pamutemo kuti expediently (kana atova chinhu

hanya), tsika F 1 , F 2 etc. kuronga indices yavo, kuti chero vaviri itirana tsika
vari mumutsara. Zvisinei, handina vakagamuchira apa kuitira kuti varambe
navo zvinodiwa yaisangana uremu Edza kutanga chikamu S. 113 muukama, iro
akasarudzwa ndisati kunyange aivapo, zvimwe zvinoumba kusarudza uye
akakodzera zvakajeka uye pashure nechekare miedzo vazhinji kubatwa kuitira
ichi kana akasiyiwa pasina zvingasanakira, uye vaigona kuva pasina mukana
mukuru kanganwa kushandurirwa mumwe.
Nokuwedzera izvi 4 manzwiro, uye Division 4, pashure pokunge Kushandurwa
Verengai logarithms vari logarithm pamusoro chigadzirwa inotengwa iri
yakazvimirira epanyama spatial nzvimbo pfungwa zvakare

Pakati yapfuura nzvimbo Masvomhu vaya iyo kundosangana pakatarisana nzvimbo

okuwedzera uremu nenguva uye nzvimbo, inozivikanwa pakuti dzine itirana tsika
kwokukanganisa pazvikumbaridzo, kureva kuti , u 1 uye , u 4 , kana ,
u 2 uye U 3 . Uchifarira ruremekedzo inopisa nechimwe Conjugate.
Pane kudaro, sezvo kare, uye anotikurudzira reshiyo kufunga izvozvo zvose
positional kuchinja uye kukanganisa mamiriro ezvinhu ari rinosandurwa
inowanzotorwa chikumbaridzozve ukoshi A kuwana kubudikidza chokuwanziridza

pamwe nokukanganisa chikumbaridzo, zvaunogona pashure achitandadza (chits. 32)

uye chimiro Masvomhu (1 ), (2), (3) chete uyewo pokudzora ezvinhu ari kunatsiridza
yacho anotikurudzira reshiyo nemafungiro yakavakirwa kuburikidza vachiwedzera
pedyo itirana wokutsauka vomukova, zvisinei, zviri zvakajairika
chikumbaridzozve A reserves sezvo kuchinja pachikumbaridzo. Chokutanga, kana isu
funga kubudikidza nezvenzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuchinja sezvo
mari anotikurudzira zvaizoita maererano nezvenzvimbo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira nedzimwe nehanya, wokupedzisira nyaya, yokuzadzisa nhamba
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, izvo zvinhu maererano chinzvimbo wavo
zvakachinjwa fashoni, aine muviri yakazvimirira nzvimbo nehanya. Vose mharidzo
nzira akarembera parutivi pfungwa yokuti munhu dzakachinja pamusoro kazhinji
inonyatsoziva tide reshiyo waimiririra kutekenyedzwa migumisiro pashure kuwana
kuburikidza zvakachinjwa saizi reshiyo zviri kuitika munyika wose nyaya, uye
kunyange ane zvakachinjwa ezvinhu psychophysical kufamba izvo zvinokonzerwa
chete mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, zvichienderana zvinogona
kuitwa. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino hereinafter yechipiri pamuviri chete pamutemo
rakasiyana rokutanga, iye akakodzera izvozvo, kunyanya nokuda cherudo kugara
kwokukanganisa unovapo pakati nechifukidziro, iyo iye nazvo kukunda nokuyerwa
nzira nehanya, chaiyo nehanya, izvo isu anoenzanirana, akaisa mamwemazwi nyaya
kuti kuchinja nguva uye spatial nzvimbo achipinda kufunga panguva iyoyowo
ndezvaJosephus.
Saka pane sakare, inowanzotorwa chikumbaridzozve A ne 4 nokukanganisa
nezvikumbaridzo F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 kuwanda, isu vawande nokuda ano maonero, iyo

anotikurudzira reshiyo pamwe reciprocals idzi kukanganisa pazvikumbaridzo yatiri

hama kuna F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , kazhinji F achashevedza zvokuti
F 1 = zr ; F 2 =

;F3=

;F4=

izvo tichava chokwadi vakadzoka chete yakasiyana chimiro kuna Masvomhu (3),
mamwe tsananguro yaro dzingave reconnect wedu uremu miedzo.
In kuedza izvi, uko anotikurudzira reshiyo kazhinji kuburikidza

anopiwa,

akaita D chete duku ukoshi kuna P, uye z uye R, sezvo uye akapfava Zvishoma
Unit, aichimbova kubva mukupera mune negwara sezvo kugara kuburikidza
kukutadza wechokwadi uremu reshiyo asi akachinja chete rakakwanira diki
dzinooneka. Saka ngationei akaisa Z = 1 + , uye R = 1 + Q, saka uye Q chete
duku akanaka kana akaipa Zuwchse 1, pemasimba epamusoro uye zvigadzirwa tiri
kunyora nezvavo, uye
vakaurayiwa

, uye

nokuda 1 - , 1 - Qinogona kumiririrwa, pakuti, kana

Division uye hanya kwakaratidzwa

masimba uye Q, izvo kutanga kupfuura kukosha 1 - uye 1 - Q ndiyo

quotient 4) .zvino isu dzinomiririra ari mashoko nokuda , u 1 , u 2 ,
nokuti , uye tsika 1 + uye 1 + Q nokuti Z uye R , vane tsika 1

etc. kukosha
- 1 - Q nokuti

saka tine:
etc.

4)

Nechikonzero chimwe chete vanogona

napo

uye

noruoko
kutsiviwa apo munenge duku akaenzanisa P ndiko, chii chimwe
kakawanda anowana mukana maekisesaizi.
Asi nesuwo Kana zvibereko variables , Q anogona kuregeredzwa nekuda kwayo
smallness, ichi anoenda zviitwe chokuwanziridza pamusoro mu

etc. vakadaro kuti tsika yokuti , u 2 , u 3 , , u 4 , chete vamwe chiratidzo

pamberi , Q kubva netsika nepfambi 1 anosiyana.
Ndinoyeuka zvino kuti, kune vasina simba nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo ungadai
padzakaitika, iyo kutekenyedzwa angadai mushure Unterschiedsmaformel

ipapo ( P + D ) ( + Q ) mari naro pesvedzero ichi nokurema P + D , kana, chii

zvakafanana chete, dzimwe uremu D rinowanika zvakachinjwa kwaro zvainoita
kutekenyedzwa;Zvisinei kurema P anozviratidza kuva kuramba, kuti inongova
chinhu kupfuura novimba nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo kuramba chokukanganisa
uremu, umo D ndiko.
The Kugara Kukanganisa mberi pashure yayo miviri basa pamwe chete kubva
novimba riini zvinoriumba ( P + D ) uye novimba hwakawanda chinzvimbo
zvikamu ( P + D ) Qkuti isu rinoshandiswa S., Q kunge zvinorondedzerwa uye
anorondedzerwazve sezvo vanoda. Unogona inopisa zvinoumba dzose
kwokukanganisa; saka kure vari asi kunyange kunzi kugara kukanganisa,
kukanganisa ndechokuti, zvikamu izvo vanofanira kunzi chikanganiso chenguva
vanosvika. Nokuti Kupfupika, tinogona kusiyanisa rive nguva kukanganisa uye
kukanganisa nzvimbo.
By achigamuchira pamusoro S., Q nokuda (P + D) uye (P + D) Q , isu zvino
kuwana panzvimbo equations (3), zvinotevera equations:

(4)

;
Sezvo kubudikidza kuitwa S. uye Q inogona tsunga, uyewo A kuna Cape. 27
inogona vakatsunga uye P uye D inowedzerwa, pakupedzisira k = chero 1 anogona
kuiswa, nokuti chairema , u uri udzvinyiriri, saka zvose zviri Ndizvo yandakapiwa
zvinodiwa kuyera vasiyane panyaya kugara kukanganisa.
Ngativerengei kuzodana chenguva chaunobura, zvisinei nokuti chii kunobva, uye
kana zvakanaka kana kunaka, kazhinji C , saka vari projecting 4 Location Masvomhu
zviitiko chinokosha chete kwaigara payakavakirwa
(5)
sezvamakaropafadzwa C , izvo, maererano 4-peta zvinobvira epanyama spatial
nzvimbo yacho anotikurudzira D wakawedzera kunoitika, imwe zvina yakasiyana
ukoshi hama C 1 ,munenge 2 , C 3 , munenge 4 achipfeka, maererano 4 mhosva
nezvikumbaridzo uye nzvimbo zvinhu. Kunyanya, isu Kubva ikozvino
C 1 = S. + Q ; munenge 2 = - peji + Q ;
munenge 3 = + S. - Q ; munenge 4 = - S. - Q ; (6)
pashure C 1 uye C 4 , uye munenge 2 uye munenge 3 akaenzana vane pakatarisana
chiratidzo. Unogona hama kune mumwe conjugated kupisa kana ivo. Conjugated
equations mukati zvinoreva Chapter 27 ndezvaJehovha.
Mumwe Musakanganwa, uyezve, kuti equations (6) ndivo chete insofar chikonzero
kana Z uye ? R zvishoma Unit zvakasiyana, saka uye Q vari zvikamu zviduku
duku, door apo epanyama spatial kukanganisa chete zvishoma
zvichienzanirana P + D mari; kukundikana ari kutaura munenge 1 , munenge 2 ,
etc. uyewo simba uye zvibereko S. , Q pamwe hwakadzama; sei kuwana nyore kana
munhu anoita yapfuura evolutions; pasina chimwe chinhu kuregeredzwa.
The underlaid kutsanangura kuedza zviri akaripira uye kubatwa pashure uremu
hwangu oedza zano, neimwezve uremu ari D zvaitevedzana vakaunzwa 4 zvichibvira
zvepamusoro, zvokuti nguva imwe neimwe ine zvakanaka chiratidzo akawedzera
anopinda chikuru Zviidzo, ayo nzvimbo imwe nezvevanhu uye anoramba
kukanganisa C anogara inobva neizvozvo mukuriswe brunt. Zvisinei, pacharo, kwete
chete kunotadzisa chinhu, asi dzimwe nguva anogona kuitawo wevakadzidza mabasa,
sezvatichaona parizvino kuratidza, kureva kugara kukanganisa kuti uremu muduku,
uri pakatarisana nzvimbo sezvo guru, saka ane vakomana C ane, waiva ipapo chete
zvakakodzera, chikuru uremu sezvo huru uremu P akatanga kupinda dhinomineta
yapfuura Masvomhu, uye D kutora pakaunda akaipa nokuti sezvingatarisirwa kurema
duku rine sezvo underweight zvikuru pamusoro zvikuru, sezvo ndakafuta ichi

pamusoro tuzvikanganiso. Mumamiriro izvi ezvinhu munhu ane muzviitiko apo

zvakanaka More Weight D anoramba chete nzvimbo, sepanguva mukati mumwe
chete kuedza sezvo huru nyaya nemiedzo, pfungwa iri vakada kushandisa rimwe
kana rimwe Conjugate equations, mumwe icho ipapo nguva dzose pamusoro mukuru
uremu, mumwe ari kureva kurema duku, wose ukoshi D + C pamwe chete kukura
pakatarisana chiratidzo nokuda makuru nemaduku uremu achipfeka, uye
kukosha P pakati zvinokosheswa duku uye hombe uremu kuchinja.
Power zvino ushe, vaviri conjugated equations nguva dzose kuti kuziva
kukosha uye kushandiswa, umo D + C akanaka (chii
nezvisingafadzi D ndozvazvakaita apo munenge zvose zvakanaka uye> D ndiko),
sezvo rikauya inozivikanwa P + D + C pose panzvimbo hombe
anotikurudzira P kuna diki anotikurudzira Unterschiedsmaformel; uye iwe unogona
kuzviona zvikuru kana nepfambi pakutsvaga nzira iyi, iyo haatombotauri mutemo
chaicho Kuchinjai chiratidzo panyaya zvakaipa paakaziva misiyano zvinodiwa. Asi,
tiri kuwana saka chero zvazvingava, chiratidzo akanaka , u kuti vanoziva, munhu
akaipa kuti chavanoziva chechetere. Asi chidiki paakaziva zviitiko ipapo
Munokudzwa kubva akaziva zvakanaka ndechokuti zvakaipa akanzwa kushandisa
akaipa D, kuti vaziva zvakanaka zvechokwadi D machisa.
Vanofanira vose mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuva chete, saka yapfuura
payakavakirwa raizongova kukwanisa kushumira kuona kukosha manyawi,
zvichienderana nenguva uye spatial nenzvimbo Zviidzo, kubudikidza D uye ane
kukanganisa kugara kuisa akaenzana zero, uye akaisa anotikurudzira ari pakaunda,
akanaka kune zvakanaka tsika , u kuwana vanoziva tsika kutekenyedzwa
zvinoenderana.
Pashure zvave, mamiriro ezvinhu inonyatsoita kuti mumwe chete vasiyane
anogona nepfambi pasi akasiyana maumbirwo matatu kumusoro, zvichienderana
nokuti munhu rokukuvadza mamiriro ezvinhu maererano nzvimbo
pachikumbaridzo F , kana avo itirana chinzvimbo chinhu F , kana vakuru ukama
kugara kukanganisa C runomirira, zvinoti pasi kukurukurwa kuti
kubudikidza

,
Kubva yokuenzana kwezvinhu izvi equations kunoguma kushanda ukama
pakati C uye F kana F . Nekuti munhu ane zvadaro

saka

;
Nokuti 4 huru nguva Masvomhu izvi tsanangurai nokuda apo F , F hama
tsika F 1 , F 1 , etc. achipfeka panguva imwe mutengo C 1 , etc. achipfeka; izvo
maererano Chap. 27 nokudapeji + Q anopiwa, etc.
Izvi dzichipfekeka ukama vanoramba vasingafariri, vasisanetswi mamiriro
zvingazokubatsira kana vasingakoshi, uye naizvozvo C iri zviduku kana hama
kuti P + D kunge; asi kuti chete panguva ratios shomanana C kuna P + D, iyo
unoenderana duku yomuzvarirwo pakati zvinokosheswa F uye F anoenderana
mumwe nyore Zvinoumba C ichaitika, iyo kunopiwa (6) equations. Kana
duku C ipapo vanogonawo (maererano Chapter 27
Schol .. 5) pakudhinda

5) aiti,

nyora:

rakanyorwa P + D panzvimbo P kuminyuka hombe ukoshi kufunga.

Kuva dzose zvikanganiso vakasuma pachinzvimbo novimba nzvimbo kukanganisa

nezvikumbaridzo uye nzvimbo zvinhu zviri Masvomhu edu, tichavawo kubatsira
pane yakazvimirira kubva chinzvimbo chakaipa chikumbaridzo A yakazvimirira
chinzvimbo, zvakajairika, chete kuoneka musiyano, door kukosha D , umo vasiyane,
kunze pasimba nzvimbo kunoitika nezvikumbaridzo, yaanopinda cnhaka inopisa
kuzozivisa, nokuisa

Kana tikatora ichi kufunga kuti vari kuedza kuti tine pano mupfungwa, D uye C ,
sezvo Verengai vaviri, duku chete akaenzanisa P ndiko, zvino yemaitiro (5) vanogona
nyore sezvinotevera.
Kuva Kupfupika
uye

saka muri E uye diki breakages, uye nzira (5) anobuda nezvomunhu kwazviri
zvaitevedzana pamusoro mu
(A)

= K nerogi (1 - ) (1 + E ) (b)
= K nerogi (1 + E - ) (c)
= K M ( E - ) (d)
= K ( E - ) (e)
It anotevera kureva (b) kubva (a), kana isu funga weboka

run, uye yakakwirira

namasimba hanya quotient, apo

= 1 - goho. It anotevera (c) kubva (b),
kana isu muwande (1 - ) (1 + E ) zvandakatonga, uye zvibereko hukuru
diki, uye ja nokusabatwa; zvinoreva (d) pamusoro (c), insofar sezvo e - ishoma
kana zvichienzaniswa 1, saka kuti utongi (Chap 14.) rinoshanda, kana
tichakataririra mumwe yakatarwa E - ; zvinoreva pakupedzisira (e) pamusoro (d),
rakanyorwa Km ari kugara K kondirakiti.
tava achisunungura yemaitiro saka zvechokwadi kuwanikwa
Akatarira 1 = K ( E - )
zvakare, kuburikidza nokuti , e uye akaisa tsika dzavo, tinowana
(7)
izvo fomura umo siyana zvikuru nyaya zvinoenderana nzvimbo Masvomhu
ichazivikanwa akatsaura seti kuti isu nokuda munenge kutsiva magwaro akasiyanasiyana akabatanidza tsika uye chiratidzo.
Pakati Masvomhu izvi isu ipapo nguva dzose kushandisa rimwe apo D + C akanaka
kuti kazhinji zvakanaka tsika , u kuwana zvinodiwa, afenda kunaka tsika chishamiso
chokuita;uye pano zvino enderana zvakaipa paakaziva kusiyana nyaya apo D ndiko
kunaka, apo D + C iri zvakanaka, kureva apo rudiki Se yakwidzwa ndakafuta
noruoko rwake rusingaperi nokukanganisa.
In Chap. 24 taiva sezvo Unterschiedsmaformel ari chiitiko kuti vasiyane chete
chete kuoneka kukasapfuura zvishoma kuti duku D presupposes uye kuti wakarurama
kuoneka musiyano, von D pacharo ndiro duku, kuti nzira
U=K(-)
akawanikwa. Tichifunga zvino zvinorehwa uye
;
saka mutoo uyu anoenda pamusoro kupinda

pashure izvo unogona kuona sei hunobuda seMutambo nyaya pasi mamiriro ezvinhu

inonyatsoita apo munenge yakaenzana razero; uye zvakananga haatarisi

sei cvasina chaizvo zvose somunhu dikidiki D kwakaita D kunogona kutora.
Kana kukanganisa nezvikumbaridzo uye nzvimbo zvinoita F , F panguva
dzakasiyana mhedziso kukura anotikurudzira P akaramba kugara, saka simba ezvinhu
haana kudzivisa mutemo Weber nomuromo kwakaita differential aikanganiswa
dzakasiyana P akasimbisa zvakananga kuvharirwa zvakafanana nzvimbo. Asi
maererano kwangu uremu-Edza kuchinja kazhinji Z, R, Ndizvo F , F uye neizvozvo
chete chinhu kukosha P + D dzawanda okuti ari kugara kukundikana (s. O), pamwe
pakukura P, uye izvi necessitates, kunyange, kuti kuti abgendertem kudaro
kuedza P kuwana simbiso mutemo Weber, kutsakatisa kugara kukanganisa, uye saka
kubereka nyaya kubudikidza inivhoyisi anofanira, sokunge paakaziva misiyano
nokungoona Unterschiedsmaformel kwete nzvimbo Masvomhu,
kwaienderana; Chechipiri, kuti kuitira triftig kushandisa nzvimbo zvokuimba nekuti
kuyerwa paakaziva kusiyana, zvinokosheswa Z, R, F, F , sezvakanga nemataundi
tsika dziri kugara zvakakanganiswa achinje tsika P pamwe achinja zvinhu, kazhinji
ave kushanda P , uchakusimbisai, munzirai zvakakosha kuti vajairira ratios netsika
idzi P mamwe Zvisinei kuongorora chii ini zvangu, iri "kuyerwa nzira" zvakananga
yakadyidzana, kuedza zvechokwadi kupa vamwe zvipo, ari mukuru,, asi kuti vachiri
kuva mutevedzeri pamuganhu kuferefeta kuti kureva.
By yapfuura nepfungwa yokuti kana pashure Munguva dzose kukanganisa (s
o.) Cvasina kazhinji chinhu P + D kugamuchira asi munenge kazhinji haana
zvekumirira kuna P + Dinowanikwa nemamwe chinhu F - 1 kana
hunotsamira.

uyewo

Kubvira ipapo Ndinogaroona vaiona anongomiririra Zvaiitwa kwokukanganisa

nezvikumbaridzo, nzvimbo zvinhu uye pashure uyewo kugara zvikanganiso
zvenyama spatial nzvimbo pakati akaenzanisa yese; asiwo nzira sei kuti hukuru
nokuda enzaniso, kureva nzira bata zviri nemiedzo, izvo zvinogona kutora
richienzaniswa hukuru vakaenzana, uye kubva ino ive simba kunoitika panguva
anawo maonero, sezvo zvaanoda ari nzvimbo chete kuti chikonzero pano zvishoma
nyore, uye zvechokwadi haagoni kutsvaka nokuchinja ari mhedziso nehanya nokuda
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pamwe.
Zvechokwadi ngozi iri zvichida Zvaiitwa kugara kwokukanganisa C pamberi kunze
nzvimbo variables, uyewo nzira kugadzirwa hukuru. Saka, muna nzira chete kuoneka
kusiyana zvinogona kuramba kukanganisa pakatarisana chiratidzo, sezvavakaudzwa
tichandovigirei hombe anotikurudzira Akaroromesawo kana duku anotikurudzira
nokuwedzera kuti pachena kuenzana nevamwe; uye nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa ari
kukanganisa kugara kuva nokuti isu nguva dzose pasi ari kururama kukura, asi kwete
nomumhu ari kunatsiridza kuti pachena kuenzana nevamwe.
Vakawanda wangu Tastversuchsreihen nokuda nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa
nokuzvivimba pokushandisa madenderedzwa vanoratidza inokosha zvikuru kugara
kukanganisa, izvo yasara pashure kubviswa zvenyama spatial kukanganisa, uye chete
chikonzero ichi zvinoita inganzi; vari pokushandisa denderedzwa nemunhu mubatsiri

asi akanga asipo kana zvakanga zvakawanda.

Where ikozvino kunyange vachiri vakabata mamwe dependencies tinyanye
kukanganisa, sezvo nguva uye nzvimbo ezvinhu, izvi haachinji vari nhungamiro
kubva izvo yapfuura Masvomhu dzinokudziridzwa; uye pashure uyewo hapana
Masvomhu iyo C yaisanganisira, izvozvo explicates pacharo
vanongotevedzera munenge vakasiyana chii chinogona nyore kufuratirwa
nokungonzwawo Ringanidzo, uye uwandu chinzvimbo Masvomhu inokura.
Zvakakodzera zvinogona panguva yapfuura nokuongorora zvinokonzerwa
contingencies vasunge, izvo, sezvo Th. ARI 76 kwave vachikumbira, zvose nekuyera
nzira differential nehanya basa guru, uye panguva imwe chete nazvo kupembedza
mutemo wakapiwa Ibid, kuyerwa kunosiyana nehanya chengeta chete chakafanana
pakuti munhu anogona kufunga imwe chete kumucheto pakati zvinongoitika zvoga
pano.
Muchidimbu, rinomiririra mugumisiro contingencies pane chimwe, pamwechete
kukura kumahombekombe chete kukura, kuwedzere zvakajairika
chikumbaridzozve A, iyo inobereka kupa paavhareji munhu muzvizhinji miedzo, uye
asingauyi nekure mumiriri ichi, uye somunhu kusiyana kwokukanganisa
chikumbaridzo F kana Location chinhu F neimwe yoga kuedza, avhareji sezvo
kazhinji uye zvakasimba rakaitirwa zvakanaka sezvo kunaka, uye kuva vakaenzana
nzira, kana chii ndiro rinoti, sezvo achikura kambani pamwe zvezvinotaurwa
contingencies kuwedzera ukoshi D uye dziine somunhu middleweight rakatumbuka
kuwedzera uye kuderera kukosha munenge .
Kutaura zvazviri, chikuru kukura kwebasa contingencies vari kuedza kunaya diki
saka chokwadi kuti kuti inowanikwa kubva achishandisa miedzo yakawanda uyere
differential aikanganiswa zvakadaro kare Th. IS 77 akanga vachikumbira, asi uyezve,
musiyano kukura neimwe nomumwe kuedza contingencies awanda kana kuoneka
maduku, uye migumisiro izvi kubhadhara nomumwe waiti, chero bedzi kuti haisi
nyaya, asisiri pakunzi uri kukonzera tsaona, asi kukanganisa kugara.
, More zvakananga, anogona kutsanangura izvi sezvinotevera:
Zvisinei, mumwe ukoshi Vachifunga akakodzera nyaya kuti musiyano pakati
yakachipa zvinogoneka ezvinhu inowira ari kutekenyedzwa, saka achida musiyano
zvachose duku haigoni kuonekwa ikoko chaiwo, asi inokwira manyawi, D chete
wakaitwa zvinokosha musiyano, nenzira, hapana kunotadzisa kuisa mukati
vakaomerwa nyaya razero nehanya pasina ichi chinhu kuchinja zvinotevera
hurukuro. Asi yakanakisisa nyaya havagoni zvachose kusangana, nokuti
contingencies nokukurumidza iyi, zvino kuti mupfungwa pave zvarakasiya kubva
zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. Chii nepfungwa asiwo ikozvino ave yakatosiyana
izvi, unogona nguva dzose chete zvinoderedza ari nehanya, nokudaro Kuwedzera
nawo sezvo yakatsauka kubva chakanakisisa hurumende A kana cnhaka kuva, izvo
anowedzera nekukura mumucheto pakati zvarakasiya; asi nemhaka nokufamba pakati
contingencies akapoteredza avhareji kukosha uye anoutsinye ukoshi fluctuates, izvo
Anoita sezvo enlargements kana reductions ose A kana C inogona kubatwa
nomumwe kuedza.

XXVIII. Comments pamusoro kuyerwa nzira nehanya.

Pasina pano kuenda kunyika mushanduro zvose uko nyaya ino aigona kupa simuka,
I kusungira zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinogona kushanda rokuwedzera kare
yakakurukura nzira Kuyerwa nehanya mufananidzo uye mupfungwa kunyange, kuti
nhaurirano uye zvokuimba ari kumashure chitsauko, apo kuramba zvirimo
akashandisa mazita nokuva asi vachitsvaka kuratidza pano kuti kururama
kwemashoko misimboti icho chichava pano, uye inoyerera kubva anotonga pamusoro
anomutora Masvomhu izvi kunosvika chii zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, pakuti
nokuyerwa nzira kushumira nehanya nokuti nyaya apo murayiro Weber, kuti
inotsigira yapfuura Masvomhu, kwete kana hairevi pamwe musoro rakada.
Sezvakaitika Chap. akacherechedza 27, vasisanetswi zvenyama spatial nzvimbo iri
akaenzanisa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira inogona nemhosva mbiri
nokududzirwawo bvunzo differential nehanya. Zviri pachena kuti akasiyana nzvimbo
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vane akasiyana Mhedziso nehanya kunogona
kunzi (Mhedziso vakaisvoipa); chokwadi kana epanyama kana spatial ukama mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira chimwe chikonzero (hama chawo) akariisa zvaiitika.
Kutaura zvazviri, imwe kuchinja nguva zvakanaka kuva nokuda vaviri kupinda
yokukwirira sentient nhengo asangana kare akachinjwa wokutanga anotikurudzira,
kana kurudyi mumwe mumwe Nachdauer inoitika nomumwe irritant zvazviri,
Ukuwo imwe blunting nechinhu kungoshatirwa 1) , zvinofurira, izvo ashande
negwara, uye kubva nokurwisana kwavo uye respektivem preponderance ezvinhu
chinowanzoitika kutsanangura protean variability riini kukanganisa ezvinhu kuti
ndakazvichengeta angu uremu uye Tastversuchen. Vose zvinofurira asi inogona
maonero sezvataigona kupfuura zvavo shanduro yokuti Mhedziso aikanganiswa
ichi. Nokuti kana munhu irritant nachdauert ari nhengo, saka pashure zvinoda chete
tide muduku pane dzose kuti kunyange kubereka zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa
kukura; pfungwa uye chiyero kwakakwana nehanya kunogona Zvisinei kubva chete
kuti zviri inverse reshiyo iri anotikurudzira, ndiye kutekenyedzwa kukura
kunokonzera. Maererano blunting ari reducibility zvindori vechokwadi vari
kushanduka kubva nehanya zvawo. Chii zvose sezvinei haagumiri, nokuti unogona
kushandura chero dikidiki nehanya nenzira nadzurudzo pamusoro irritant ndikaita
izvi pano, uye chii kuferefeta haasi chete hakuiti siya, asi chero nyaya ichiri mashizha
chinhu zvakadini rimwe kana rimwe ezvinhu chikwereti akanga ari kuchinja nehanya
kana kuzvinetsa.
1)

Chii chinonzi kuneta pashure nokusimudza masimbi, zvichatsvakwa

kumakwai ekare kupfuura neyokupedzisira ezvinhu, sezvo unogona kunzwa
vari kuneta ezvinhu kunyange pasina mutoro akaneta makumbo sezvo inorema
uye zvakafanana mitoro vanoisa kunorema kupfuura dzose; asi chii inonzi ziso
kuneta pashure pokuona chiedza, achava kunyora kumakwai okupedzisira
ezvinhu, kana kuneta nechiedza ziso anotarira zvishoma inopenya, sezvo asiri
taneta.

Pokudzora kwomudzimu spatial nzvimbo Kubatana, sezvo zvifakazira kuti siyana

nhengo kana zvikamu sentient nhengo kana kunyange chete nhengo dzakasiyana
vanomhanyisa zvinzvimbo, kana vari chokuita nokuchinja ezvinhu wemigove,
dzingasanganisira dzakasiyana nehanya; uye kuti saka, kana vaviri akaenzanisa
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira anonzwisiswa kwete nguva dzose kunyange
zvakafanana zvikamu imwecheteyo mamiriro zvakafanana, kubva ichi angamuka
zvadzinoitawo pane avo kufungidzira, saka, kana ndiri panguva uremu Edza uremu
pamwe chete, mumwe Ukuwo vachasimudza, kana kupfuura kubva kuruboshwe kana
kurudyi jana kune dzimwe Zviidzo pamwe chete ruoko, zvemaoko, yaanopinda
ndinoenda kuti nhungamiro iyi kana chete kupa akasiyana chinzvimbo ruoko
panguva mbiri zviyereso akasiyana.
Kungofanana anotikurudzira dzose neduku icho anoita, ane mumwe Nachdauer uye
blunting mashizha anopinda kurwisana, saka zvose anotikurudzira mabasa mune
imwe nzira kuva irradiiert chimwe chikamu kune dzimwe uye inowirirana Ukuwo,
zviri nehanya nevamwe Share vachitopikisa pasi zvinofurira zvinogona kuoma
kubudikidza yapfuura, apo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira akasiyana nhengo kana
nhengo zvikamu kuti zvaizoita.
In saka kure sezvo rimwe kana rimwe, zvenyama uye spatial siyana nzvimbo yacho
akaenzanisa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuwana simba pamusoro Mhedziso
nehanya izvo zvavari nemimba, inozivikanwa vomukova anokoshesa b , B ', ane
itirana pakati nechiyero kwakakwana aikanganiswa mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira izvi ndiye akachinjwa; uye kukosha amendments izvi kuva
nokukurumidza, ipapo rwevanhu, nokubuda maererano yedu vakambodanana
zvokuimba kufunga.
The muna Chap. 23 isingachinji musiyano pachikumbaridzo inonyatsoita kunotipa
kukosha yechokwadi kutekenyedzwa musiyano zvichienderana musiyano
pachikumbaridzo anokoshesa b, B ' , izvo vangadaro zvakare yakabuda musiyano
uyu; mamiriro ezvinhu zvokuimba ari kumashure chitsauko kutipa ukoshi vasiyane
pakupindurwa chete musiyano pakati pachikumbaridzo anokoshesa b, B ', pasi
Voraassetzung kuti kutungamirirwa ezvinhu chete musiyano ichi, saka chikonzero
chakakwana, chakavakirwa, mamiriro iyo folgends sezvo rinoumbwa
kugamuchirwa. Dzinomiririra inouya pachinzvimbo Masvomhu A = 1, izvo
unoenderana nomuganhu musiyano iri nehanya, saka isu tinonzwa musiyano
sezvazviri, uye naizvozvo unofanira kuuya neizvozvo shure kubva nechinzvimbo
zvokuimba pamusoro musiyano pachikumbaridzo fomura.
Kana tikatora ikozvino kutanga anongomiririra nyore Zvaiitwa vasiyane kubva
ezvinhu nhoroondo, tinowana kubudikidza zvinoderedza pamusoro A = 1 ari
Masvomhu demgemen Location

(1)
Zvisinei, kusiyana pachikumbaridzo inonyatsoita muzvirevo kugadzwa,
Sezvatakakurindirai ' kana vari numerator, ndiwo:

(2)
Fananidzo Masvomhu (1) uye (2) Saka zvinoratidza kuti
;
iro rinokosha mugumisiro runoyerera kuti isu pakutsauka nezvikumbaridzo B ,
Masvomhu vanokwanisa kana kuti itirana nzvimbo zvinhu vane nhamba Mhedziso
nehanya nako mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vari zvaizoita maererano
nechinzvimbo chavo; makavigwa munhu kukosha B = > 1 zvinoreva kuti nehanya
nokuda kwezva kupfuura ' ari ukoshi B < 1 asi kuti, Ukuwo, kuti nehanya
nokuti ' kupfuura 's.
Kana chine kushanda kwokukanganisa zvikumbaridzo ari epanyama spatial nzvimbo
isu kunogonawo mari yacho nyore
uye chine nhamba chacho
pamwe 4x
confusable tsika kuchiiswa mairi, iyo inoreva nhamba Mhedziso aikanganiswa
ematongerwo izvi basa, uye kuti nzvimbo tsika F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , kana avo itirana
tsika F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 kunoitika.Kazhinji, zvichaita
kuti

nemararamiro F,

Iri nyore vajairira ipfupi

kana

inonzi, saka

pamwe F machisi.
uye

panguva

izvozvo hunoratidzwa, saka zvinoshanda roga vo

uye
,

, uye chii zvayo

Zvirangaridzo utetsa kukuru tide kuti yakakura kupfuura dzimwe rinooneka apo
kare wakafanana naye, kugara kukanganisa yakanaka, pamwe utetsa duku Zvisinei
chinovapo kubva kwaari,, munhu akaipa kugara kukanganisa. Zvino regai kugara
kukanganisa yedu kuyerwa nzira nehanya vakatsunga zvakarurama kwazvo; zviri
kutsamira kunokosha F =
kana F=
zvichienderana nzvimbo kusiyana mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira ari kugara zvikanganiso iri akatsunga muzvirevo

chitsauko, uye zvadaro zvinogona kushandiswa chiitiko inowanikwa kuedza

pamusoro differential utetsa kugara kukanganisa, kuwana nhamba Mhedziso
sensitivities zvakasiyana nzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuenda, saka
kusvikira chikonzero nemhedziso ezvinhu simba rinogona kunzi oga sezvo kushanda,
chii kana kwete kwese, asi kuva bvumidzwa muzviitiko zvakawanda. Zvadaro tine
pamusoro pegadziriro iyi:
;
uye zviitiko apo D = 0
;
kukanganisa Constant, anobvumira chikumbiro yavo, vari neapo akapora pamwe
kuburikidza nzira zvakanaka nezvakaipa zviitiko, dzimwe nguva nzira ichitaurwa
kukanganisa. Asi apo uchida enzanisa nemaune utetsa ratios maviri akasiyana
nhengo kana nhengo zvikamu, iwe uchava sokunobatsira kushandisa nzira
neShanduro inova iri akaitira 131 Th., Uye izvo akatsanangura seizvi maererano
Masvomhu edu.
Ngatitii mamiriro ezvinhu inonyatsoita (1)

ipapo mushure Cape. 27 akanzwa hapana musiyano chero tsika pakati

uye

ane, kana kukosha

pakati

uye

anowa. Zvino isu vanodzidzisa

nzira neShanduro, nhamba

iri nguva dzose dzakaderera mune miganhu iwayo,
uye kupa nhamba huru miedzo mutsa dzakasvikwa ndingangokuvara nokurohwa
asingashumbi, nokuti tsika vose

pakati miganhu iwayo ndiro kukura, saka kuti

kukosha
uye
kuti kukosha
uye
vari kutora paavhareji
zvakafanana kazhinji, kana x chero saizi; iduku pane Aakasarudzwa. Vachiwedzera
ikozvino tsika dzose , tinowana, uye kudhonza geometric zvinoreva tsika idzi, ipapo
simudza zvinhu A - x uye , uye isu tiine ukoshi = = kuruboshwe oga, unotiudza kuti
zvikumbaridzo zvakananga , naizvozvo sensitivities inversely sezvo yakaenzana
nhasi mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira , ndezvake izvo, vazvibate, chii
mutsara nzira neShanduro Chokwadi. Nokudaro zviri pachena kamwe kuti musimboti
hakusi svomhu, asi geometric zvinoreva pakati siyana ratios ndiko kutora, umo
yakawanikwa yokuenzana; panguva isiri kure akasiyana tsika asi ndiye musiyano
pakati mbiri rinoreva kunyora nezvavo.

Kana panguva yokuenzana nemiedzo kunze spatial nzvimbo uye nguva uye nzira
kugadzirwa hukuru tiwane munhare, saka iwe uchava nemataundi ari spatial
nechinzvimbo ukama kana
nguva dzose kuhwina setsikawo pamusoro yapfuura
muenzaniso, kana zvakafanana kuedza vane ndakakanuka nguva uye nzira
kugadzirwa hukuru maoko maviri vakabhadhara, uye geometric Zvichakadaro
chezvinhu zvose yokuenzana ratios saka kuwana kuminyuka kubudikidza kubatsirwa
riini uye nzira inoshandiswa zvinhu kana ichi kunzi ndanyarara hangu.
Kunyange zvazvo wambotaurwa umbowo usability ari kugara kwokukanganisa
equivalences nokuda pakuenzanisa mhedziso sensitivities akaita kwakabatana
Masvomhu kuti nedzidziso kururama kwemashoko Mutemo Weber wacho, asi izvi
usability rakanyatsojeka yakazvimirira anomutora mutemo uyu; uye chero mamwe
mutemo, pachine basa rakafanana pamusoro reshiyo F kana
C, izvo (ona
pamusoro) kunopiwa Masvomhu, uye, iyo nzira neShanduro zvinoshandiswa
saizvozvo. Izvi haatarisi saka, dzinonyatsoshanda zvakananga ,:
Two akaenzana, asi zvakasiyana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira Kukodzera kuti
pano P, P ' anganzi, kwaizova pasina kutungamirirwa ezvinhu vakanzwisisa
sevakaenzana. ., Kuburikidza pokudzora chinzvimbo ane Somuenzaniso,
rinowanika P kupfuura vamwe; asi isu mari mushure pfungwa (Chap. 27) kudzorera
wakaenzana manzwiro wakakwana kuti isuP ' imwe ukoshi C hombe, izvo panguva
iyoyo nechiyero dzose nokukanganisa P ndechokuti, kana nokuda kwayo
muripo. Zvino mutsai P uye P ' + c zvakaenzana simba kutekenyedzwa. Pashure
chibvumirano Mhedziso sensitivities asi ava vari itirana noukama uye kuyeuka
nezvikumbaridzo B , B ' zvakananga ukama pakati anotikurudzira variables iyo kupa
zvakafanana kutekenyedzwa; Saka tine
=
kana, apo P '= P ndiko
=

Nokudaro

apo munenge rinofanira sechinoitika kuramba chokukanganisa anotikurudzira

iro B zvinoshanda.
Sezvo Masvomhu aya kazhinji rinoshanda chero kukosha P vari, saka anogona
naro uyewo P yakatarwa P + D . Saka mashoko ose vakawana
uye
zvakare,
izvo (ona pamusoro) akawedzerwa, vasina vaifanira kudzokera ezvinhu Masvomhu.
Kana nzira neShanduro, saka iri, uyewo yakazvimirira nezvomutemo Weber
wacho, chaizvoizvo chete; kuti kana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vaviri
zvikamu zviviri kuti zvaizoita pamwe zvakasiyana nehanya, uye mumwe ari

akadzokorora kuedza, ukama hwavo

nokusingaperi kusvika pokuti musiyano

nokuda kutekenyedzwa anonyangarika, reshiyo ichi

imwe avhareji reshiyo
siyana, izvo maererano zvinongoitika zvoga sezvakanga kazhinji kunowedzera uye
zvakafanana ezvinhu sokutadza kunoitika, uye sezvo geometric zvinoreva tsika
dzose
kunogona kuwanikwa kuwanikwa saizvozvo. Izvi avhareji reshiyo
rinorondedzerwa so anotikurudzira pamusoro variables vaiona, izvo aizooneka
yakazvimirira contingencies vakaenzana, uye pashure chibvumirano Mhedziso
sensitivities apa uyewo nhamba Mhedziso sensitivities ava anotikurudzira hukuru.
By yakayerwa nzira differential nehanya, isu nguva dzose kuwana kana kupiwa
nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira chete zvakaoma
nzvimbo uye nguva kukanganisa kugara kukanganisa C , kana oga, sezvo kunyange
mushure nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa, kana D kumbooma muna
chimiro H ( D + C ) 2) , apo nzira nezvakaipa zviitiko;uye zvadaro, kuti zvinowana
mano epanyama spatial kukanganisa.
2) The

M pamusoro dzidziso. IS 112 ndezvechokwadi zvinoti nezviri

pano C ndiko, vanobvumirana nazvo.
Sezvo raifanira kuitwa munyika nzira nezvakaipa zviitiko, atova Th. IS 113 f.
Ichitaurwa, saka kwacho nzira ichitaurwa kwokukanganisa substantially machisi. Asi
vakafanana Kuongorora kugara kwokukanganisa zvachose noruremekedzo kuti
akatsanangura nzira iyi pano zvishoma pedyo vakazoroorwa, apo kuongorora ruzivo
ari chaizvoizvo yokuvamba nyaya kutorwa kuti munenge kubva S. , Q zvakare inobva
yechitatu tsika zvichienderana.
Kana tikatora izvi Anhalt wedu, Th. ANE 120 va-. Kazhinji kukurukurwa, uye Th.
ARI 211 zvishomanana vaikurukurirana, Augenma- uye gropings pasi.
In kuedza izvi, kuti potsa kure nemumwe inowanzotorwa daro kuti mutengo
pano P , inowanikwa chete Avharenji ari kuedza, uye kunze kugara kukanganisa
inomiririra, saka kuti paavhareji = D akaisa 0 3) . Nokutsauka, iyo inoratidza
paavhareji potsa kure kubva chakaipa nechokure, kunoenderana zvachose nokuda
kugara kwokukanganisa C , uye anopa nayo kuzvida, iyo ikozvino asi anokundikana
nzvimbo zvemupiro kwagara nechokure uye potsa kure zvakasiyana mumwe voga
vakasiyana S. , Q uye maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu, asi wechitatu
anokoshesa S akanyora.
3)

The D pamusoro Augenmaversuche Th. IS 211 subs. Ko, sezvo

inowanzotorwa chinhambwe ndezvokuti, kwete D nokuvhiringidzwa neizvi
uye kumashure chitsauko, asi rinofananidza P.

Kana dzakananga urongwa yenhengo ava zvachose

kwokukanganisa cvasina kutora nzvimbo, saka anofanira miedzo vane zvakaoma
kuparadzana uye methodological kuchinja pakatarisana epanyama spatial nzvimbo
basa, uye nokudaro akawana tsika akasiyana munenge ikashandiswa kubudikidza
kukarukureta zvakafanana kuti vakaratidza nenzira.
A hama pamwe ini II kuti akasarudzwa pakatarisana nguva iyo nguva kukanganisa
+ S. uye - peji somunhu chezvinonhuwira chenguva zvachose
kwokukanganisa C kurondedzera, zvinoita sokuti dzimwe Tastversuchen apo mumwe
wokutanga anobata kwagara denderedzwa pachinzvimbo Ini, ipapo asina kururama
nekambasi , uye pashure pacho, vanhu rinosandurwa sizvo denderedzwa kunoita kana
mapapiro ake kunonzwisiswa sezvo rakasiyana kwagara denderedzwa, panguva
nzvimbo II asi ose wokutanga anobata zvakaipa nezvedzidzo, ipapo zvakajairika
kambasi zvadaro modifies ari vainyeperwa kambasi kana zvakajairika denderedzwa
racho kare akaisa vainyeperwa kambasi kwete oneka maererano.Izvi yakarongeka
muitiro pamwe kupatsanurwa nyaya vakawana apo ini akabvumirana wangu
Tastversuchen kazhinji. Kunyange Augenmaversuchen aigona munobuda kudaro,
pane taita vari nadzurudzo ari potsa daro kuti mugari nzira Herblicken, sezvo
zvakagara kuitwa yapfuura kuedza, nguva imwe neimwe apo ini wokutanga
chinhambwe dzose, ivo Miss kure, kutanga pamuviri muna II ziso , uye zviitiko izvi
akasarudzwa.
Sezvo pakatarisana spatial nzvimbo R uye L, kana O uye U, saka kukanganisa
+ Q uye - kuisa Q mune ukama, tinogona kutanga: pana Tastversuchen mukuchengeta
chakaipa denderedzwa kamwe mugwara, dzimwe nguva noruoko rworuboshwe, kana
kumusoro uye pasi zvikamu ruoko 4) Zvisinei vanhu zvisiri denderedzwa
chinobviswa nguva imwe neimwe kuti vakomana nzira; panguva nzvimbo
Augenmaversuchen kwomuzvarirwo kure kurudyi nekuruboshwe, kumusoro uye
pasi pamusoro potsa kure; izvo wokutanga reshiyo ari chinjikira, hunyambiri daro
pakupedzisira anopinda nezvazvo.
4)

zvakasiyana Mafungiro akadaro achipinda nezvazvo kana anofunga vose

madenderedzwa ari chete ruoko, kuitira kuti vakadaro. B. Miedzo Ukuwo. ,
More zvakananga, ndinonzwisisa pano pasi Oapo hunde yacho kwagara
denderedzwa pakati thumbs uye forefinger (zvandinoshevedzera pamusoro
ruoko runhare), kuti ari rekuguma denderedzwa pakati yasara minwe matatu
uye muchanza ruoko (yandakapikira rezasi chikamu ruoko dana)
muchidimbu; pasi U, kana inverse nhamba shanduro kunoitika.

Zvichida kunyange akasiyana mafungiro, denderedzwa pana Tastversuchen zviri

nani kutora nzvimbo yakasiyana maonero kugadzirwa nzira sezvo akasiyana spatial
nzvimbo akaenzanisa yese; Zvisinei uyu haachinji mune akarongeka mishonga
nemataundi zvikanganiso.
Ngatitii ikozvino, tine muna 4 huru nyaya iyo inomuka sezvakunoitwa kuedza
kwedu,

IL, II L, vaIri, II R
kana
Iu, U II, o II O
mana chenguva kukanganisa C 1 , munenge 2 , C 3 , munenge 4 chaiwo tsika
kwokukanganisa C chinowanikwa, tine, kana kukanganisa izvi
nokungoona S. , Q zvinobva - kana zvakadaro, pachake kubva anotevera kurapwa
mugumisiro - the equations sei Cape. 27 akazviisa:
C 1 = + peji +
Q ; munenge 2 = - S. + Q ;
munenge 3 =
+ S. - Q ;
munenge 4 = p-Q
uye iye zvino anogona (hama nokuda Kuwedzera kana kubvisa chero mbiri equations
izvi kubva kune mumwe nomumwe uye zvakaparadzana kubudikidza
2) s uye Q, kuona mumwe maviri tsika muna 4 dzakasiyana, sezvinotevera:
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Izvi 4 specializations kungasava akasiyana nepedyo, sezvo ichigona fungidziro

kudzikama contingencies; kana zvechokwadi chete Zvaiitwa S., Q kunoitika, uye
miedzo yose 4 akaturikidzana ndaramba akafanana. Wofern kutarisa zvikuru
nouchapupu kusiyana nevaya 4 specializations kukuratidzai kana kubvuma kuti
mwero wakati comparability yakakwana kumboitika, iye tsaona vakambotya
dzakasiyana kukura asi mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana mukamuri kana
nguva uye nzvimbo simba, sezvo dzimwe zvinyorwa, kana kuti kunze kugara
zvinofurira iwayo, izvo peji , Q kuvimba, asi mumwe akaita, izvo zvinogona,
sezvinoratidzwa, ona.
Runogona nyore kuregeredzwa kuti avhareji tsika (1) uye (2) inoenderana avhareji
tsika (3) uye (4); zvokuti pane chete svikiro kutsunga S., Q anosvika, pamwe
equations (l) uye (2) chete kunosvika chete, sezvinoitwa nevanhu equations (3) uye
(4), sezvo vakutarisire.
Sezvambotaurwa (Chap. 27), zvino anouya nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa dzimwe
nguva kunyange dzose kukanganisa ari chemabhazi, inova pachena kubva chokwadi
chokuti chete kururama kukura, kuti izvo isu anoreva dzose kukanganisa, asi kwete
nomumhu ari Amendment ndiyo pasi. kukanganisa ichi, izvo Gospels inopisa,
anoramba vakomana epanyama spatial nzvimbo yacho kuremara kukura chete
kukosha uye zvakafanana chiratidzo. Kunyange handina nguva dzose kuwana

izvozvo zvikuru kukura, asi apo munhu nokusingaperi chinozadzwa nechokuita ane
Kuongorora kugara kukanganisa, kuongorora neimwe nyaya kana ane kwakadaro,
uye pamusoro neizvi, equations nokuti kugara kumbokanganisawo kugovera nzira
avhareji kukanganisa mukuru saka:
C 1 = S. +
Q + yaJehovha;
munenge 2 = p + Q + yaJehovha;
munenge 3 = S. - Q + yaJehovha ;
4 = - S. - Q + s.

munenge

Izvi zvinoita:
(1) (2)

Pane kuramba iyi, vaviri chete equations nokuda kuona chimwe nechimwe
chezvinhu kuruboshwe, izvo zvinofanira kuva zvakakwana aibvumirana tsika apo
kubvuma dependencies izvi vanofanira zvakakwana, kana yauya Yakakwana
comparability nemiedzo.
Kusiyanisa tsika maviri S., Q, s, uko kurikumbira (1) uye (2), ndiye anogona
kugadzirira nokuda unoenderana indices, sezvo peji 1 , peji 2 etc. anokudzwa uye
Verengai kwavanoita tsamba anoshandiswa isina indekisi nokuda vamiririri vavo
kana ezvinhu.
General kwokusafunga akafanirwa zvino kuti kana tsika S. 1 , peji 2 zvakanaka
anobvumirana mumwe ichi munedzimwe
nemararamiro Q 1 , Q 2 uye S 1 , Almeida 2 ndozvazvakaita, Ukuwo, uye sezvakaita
noncooperation kumunetsawo zvinoenderana miviri netsika vose vatatu pamwe
yokubatana. Zvisinei, pamwe kumunetsawo duku kaviri zvinhu haafaniri kutsvaka
pakuti ukama hwavo kuvhara ichi ndicho Unit, asi kuti zvose zvinosiyana zvishoma
kubva 0; nokuda kana kugara kukanganisa S. , Q kana S iduku kwazvo pamusoro
mumwe kana vamwe vaviri, ndiko determinable chete bedzi zvokuti kure
nechokwadi kuti dzayo duku saizi hunobuda zvachose.
The tsika dzose kwokukanganisa zvinoumba S., Q, s, iyo inotengwa kubva
pamusoro equations, kuramba zvachose kukanganiswa tsaona kune zvakawanda,
kashoma kuchigadzirisa iri kwakaitwa nhamba uye comparability nemiedzo.
Where kukanganisa S., Q , kana va hunhu nyaya asingadi zvakaitika, iye anowana

pachake saka nemhaka kudzikama contingencies zvakadaro asi vakawanda vasiri

razero maererano pamusoro equations, asi zvokuti chiduku vabudiswa nezvizvi
equations kukosha nemasanga anofanira kusvitsa chete pamusoro contingencies
inofanira kusundwa kana kufungwa zvikuru isingagari. Mukana Masvomhu mitemo
kuti zvakarurama tinyatsonzwisisa pachinhu ichi, kuti izvo Zvisinei haugoni
kurondedzerwa pano.
In vasiri vashoma gropings yangu nokuzvidzora pokushandisa madenderedzwa
handina chete miviri tsika S. , Q, asiwo That zvisinei zvikuru uye nguva dzose
kuwana kuti varege chokwadi nokuvapo zvose zvitatu zvikanganiso zviri ezvinhu
kuedza izvi, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu rimwe kana rimwe kwokukanganisa
akaramba zvakawanda. Nokuti mashoko ari "kuyerwa nzira". The
Augenmaversuche vasina saka vakashandisa kubvumira zvizere Kuongorora kugara
kukanganisa, asi zvokuti chete kuti kukanganisa spatial zvikurukuru Zvakazoitika
nenzira dzose kukanganisa ari novimba nokuwedzera chinzvimbo uye yakazvimirira,
ayo nomuvhenganiswa nomutowo akaramba isingazivikanwi, kuputswa kwakanga.
Kureva, apo pasina azere Kuongorora kugara kwokukanganisa akaronga, asi
mumwe chete kana mumwe zvinoriumba kwayo, z. B. ari novimba hwakawanda
chinzvimbo Q,achasarudza nazvo yakakwana yokuzvionera vaine ndakakanuka
spatial chinzvimbo, zvisinei, nguva uye nzira inoshandiswa ari akaenzanisa hukuru
kuramba zvakafanana paavhareji.Zvadaro unokwanisa mbiri chete chenguva
kukanganisa C 1 , munenge 2 , nokuti munhu unopisa equations sezvo:
C1=Q+C
2=-Q+C
izvo zvinoreva

Ruri pachinhu, Q novimba hwakawanda chinzvimbo, C yakazvimirira spatial

chinzvimbo, zvichida chinoumbwa chezvinonhuwira dzose kwokukanganisa.
Kana miedzo zvinoitwa chete zvakakwana amendments, kuti peji uye Q vari pasi
nemiedzo neimwezve kuongorora. Saka unogona kuongorora pamwe zvakachinjwa
huru hukuru, kungava kuedza S. kana Q panguva kugara uye anogona gujunura
umwe chero basa novimba chikuru chikamu hukuru. Mune Tastversuchsreihe I
dzaisiyana akashandiswa denderedzwa nemaune kuti ini kamwe zvakajairika
denderedzwa nguva dzose pamusoro madzinde, uye kururama denderedzwa
pamusoro makumbo, iyo vakatora dzimwe nguva dzose kunoshandurwa, uye
kubudirira magwaro aya pamwechete richienzaniswa, apo vose madenderedzwa
nguva dzose pamusoro madzinde, uye apo vose vari nguva dzose vatora pamusoro
makumbo, etc. amendments zvose izvi simba pamusoro dzose kukanganisa. More

chaiyo nezvazvo asi ini versparen pamusoro "kuyerwa nzira".

Nepo kugara kukanganisa tinowana panguva aurayiwe nokuyerwa nzira, mutsauko
sensitivities, ari vakaratidza muenzaniso, anoshandiswa kuenzanisa Mhedziso
sensitivities akatosvika chikonzero mhedziso ndohwechokwadi, nzira idzi kuguma
ainge
Displayed
kusava dzose kukanganisa kuyerwa kunosiyana nehanya,
Contribuu
a millorar la nomutowo
traducci
sezvo ari kuchinja nzvimbo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
tisingatungamirirwi. Tinoita zvinoti kana kukosha D kusvikira kuti D ari
vakazvimiririra huripo kubva kugara zvikanganiso chete kuoneka
kusiyanad akaenzana chii nzira chete kuoneka kusiyana, kana tingaziva Zvichakadaro
kukanganisa ari nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa kukosha izvo chete D zvakananga
maererano, kana tsika t = HD nzira zvakanaka nezvakaipa zviitiko zvinokosha
zvakafanana D ari itirana ratios kutoti H sezvo musiyano wanda zviri zvekumirira
kuti zvakananga D ndiko inversely Proportional. Inofanira kufungwa nezvazvo
kuti d ndiyo huru kana maduku precipitates zvichienderana scopes pamusoro
contingencies, kana kwete chete kwayo kunoenderana, kunze yakanaka kunonyanyisa
differential nehanya, kuitira kuti, sezvo kakawanda akayeuchidza, kukura kwakaita
musiyano nehanya kunogona kuenzaniswa chete kusvika, sezvo ivo nedzidziso ane
chiyero zvakayenzana contingencies.

Text original

XXIX. Ukama pakati Kusiyana uye nezvekufadza

kutekenyedzwa inopfupikisa. 1)
mweya yedu akatsunga zvikuru nokuda paakaziva kusiyana, zvakasiyana
nezvekufadza, sezvo Mhedziso nezvekufadza.
1)

About kusiyana nezvekufadza, Bherekiya. Zvaifanira. Sachs. Ges. d. W.

Math.-phys. Cl. XII. Pa1860, peji 71 pa-. Muzvinhu S. zvi- 107.
Musiyano manzwiro sezvo manzwiro ane musiyano kutekenyedzwa sui
generis, izvo, pasina kuva muduku chinotsanangurika kunyange sezvo Nemutengo
kana somunhu Zvaiitwa chitsama Mhedziso nezvekufadza kuti manzwiro Verengai
akapiwa nokuda zvakamisa hurongwa musiyano, akawedzera kava, uye neizvozvo
kunowedzera zvachose chaizvoizvo kuti mweya ,
PaMhedziso manyawi, pashure nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, musiyano pakati
Mhedziso nezvekufadza nokukurumidza manzwiro musiyano, maererano musiyano
payakavakirwa, uye kunyanya pamuviri kutekenyedzwa musiyano, muchidimbu
vasiyane, musiyano manyawi, kuti nokungoona Unterschiedsmaformel vavo
kunanga, basa Masvomhu, uye parufu kuwedzera mamwe musiyano maturo kuti
pashure kuyerwa inonyatsoita uye kunobva pamusoro zvakadaro empirical
payakavakirwa (chap. XX) vamwe Nemutengo zvazviri kuva nepfungwa zvinonakisa
mugumisiro.
kutora saizvozvi, tiri kumanikidzwa ndechokuti pose kufanana ane anotikurudzira
iri kuvhiringidzwa munzvimbo kana nguva yaro Akaroromesawo, Zessation,

yokumbozorora, mweya anowana pacharo zvikuru simba kupfuura apo

anotikurudzira noruvara kuburikidza muchadenga kana nguva forterstreckte. Nokuti
ikozvino asi basa kana kwekanguva kuderedza kana Zessation kuti tide kuita
mubatanidzwa nemataundi mhedziso manzwiro kurutivi chiitiko chinoderedza kuti
tide kuita mberi aishanda ichi-, wakawedzerwa mugumisiro une mupfungwa kunobva
zvakaitika kusiyana, inova kwete Verengai mugumisiro mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira zvinonyatsobatana kana takabatikana mairi.
The nehanya vachisimudza mugumisiro kusiyana haachinji chinhu ichi
kuremekedza (Chapter 24.); nekuti kubudikidza nawo Verengai mhedziso
nezvekufadza yose haasi kuona kuwedzera. Kana machena ichiwedzera Kusiyana
vatema uye nekupenya, saka anoita mutema, zvisinei nenguva iyo iri kupenya,
zvirokwazvo ndichapa mberi 2) empirically anoratidza uye tsanangura kuti uye nei
kudzamisa ari dema kuburikidza musiyano nezvinozoitika kazhinji kuoneka, sezvo
elucidation White. Kuti pamwero anotora nzvimbo rokurera pazvidhindo kubudikidza
kusiyana, ichi kunosimbisa chete kutekenyedzwa musiyano, ndiko kuwedzera
zvachose mugumisiro haasi chete anoruramiswa nenzira iyi, uye uwandu mhedziso
nezvekufadza unozvininipisa hapana nayo.
2)

Chero asi nekuti angu Zvaanoona hadzina rakapepetwa panyaya iyi pane
chitsauko kwapera kana bhuku rimwe Saxon. Firm zvinyorwa.
Zvakaita kuti tsananguro uye uchapupu pamusoro inopiwa ndivo vanhuwo upenyu
zvizhinji.
Kamwe wasvikako wose chena bepa pose, dzimwe nguva dzakadaro pakati ane
bordered aine Disc dema muziso, saka ndiko kuwanda Mhedziso chiedza nemaonero
akafanana nechiedza nezvekufadza nyaya yechipiri iduku pane Muchiitiko
chokutanga; asi mweya anowana pacharo nemhaka yokuva zutretenden chemusiyano
nyaya akasimba kupfuura pakutanga, kana kukanganiswa, zvikuru saka kana uchiita
pepa multiple alternations michena uye dema, zvakadai. somunhu checkerboard
muenzaniso, akafunga, kunyange Verengai pano Mhedziso chiedza pazvidhindo
chinotonyanya ipfupi, nokuti Anowanza kusiyana maturo.
On kunzwa chaizvo ziso rangu kuita chete chinopenya mavara mukamuri
hwakadaro yakasimba yokuti handina zvichida kushivirira, asi ndinogona kuenda
zvizere pamushana mumugwagwa uye kunyange chando kana kuonekwa
dzapachivara denga pasina kunzwa izvozvo unotambudza ; zvisinei asi pano yose
kunenge dzinovhurika pamwe chete kana mukuru kuchinyanya kupfuura kutanga
kana shoma pfungwa.
Kungoerekana yokumbozorora ruzha mumhanzi kana pakarepo bang, pashure
kumbomira kuti vavafadze, izvo haasi kutsanangura Verengai pazvidhindo pakati
zvinoriumba, sezvo pane Muchiitiko chokutanga, migumisiro chimwe chazvo iri
akadzima, wokupedzisira nyaya sokuti panguva yokupinda nehana ndiko husina
simba kupfuura chero nguva wobuda timpani vertebra. Mumwe aigona zvechokwadi
okupedzisira rinotsanagurwa ndechokuti Bang ane itsva nehanya rokutanga

vakasangana kuti dulls zvakawanda nokuramba vertebrae;uye indisputably inobvawo

payo chinhu; Asi chete ezvinhu hazvigoni vachikumbira kana wokutanga, uye saka
zvinoda kunyange nharo yechipiri kana asiri mukuru mugumisiro.
Vamwe pachena anomalies Kutsanangurwa kunoitwa kaviri mapiro mweya hama
kubudikidza Mhedziso uye musiyano nefemero.
kusimba manzwiro chiedza sezvo kuchena, uye anoita kuti munhu pfungwa
akasimba mupfungwa sezvo vachena. Sei Rhymes ichi? Kusiyanisa Mhedziso
kutekenyedzwa yechiedza nhema kusiyana kutekenyedzwa pamusoro musiyano rayo
yapfuura, yakapoteredza kana avhareji Nokupenya tine mupfungwa. Kuendeswa
zvachose anoramba dema yakanaka maonero chiedza, uye tichaita uyewo bvumidza
tikabatisisa Makatsamwira kwete-nokuona nomunwe; uye kusimba omumwe chiedza
vachena sezvo chii vari kwete zvishoma isu bvumidza. Asi musiyano pakati mutema
pamusoro avhareji Nokupenya mukuru kuti vachena, izvo zvinogona -enderana
kunyange chose nacho; uye ichi musiyano mukuru anoita mukuru pfungwa nerudzi
rwayo muna mweya.
With nechando, kwakatosiyana pamwe dema, uye panongova Ringanidzo, kwete
wakaenzana pacho vose panzvimbo. Zvisinei, simba mhedziso yacho kutekenyedzwa
chiedza pamwe Verminde-tswa chiedza anotikurudzira yakasarudza kubudikidza
madhigirii zvose mwoyo ose kunodzikira vatema, uye chete contra Steindruck
kwakawedzera, nepo achikura kutekenyedzwa ane pfungwa apo tinoona kuti
hautonhori kana kupisa, zvachose kuwedzera inotonhora ; uye anogona chete simba
sezvo chete zvakasiyana chaizvo tinzwe simba chando, nyama, sezvo zvikuru
kupisa. Asi ichi hakutadzisi saizvozvowo kuita okukurukura kumbogadzirwa
manzwiro chete zvakanaka contra ibwe-wokudhinda zvakafanana hunhu kuti
zvinoshanda nzvimbo dziri omumwe chiedza. Uye saizvozvo ingaita inotonhorera
kuti dzinodziya uye kuchitonhora kwakamukira munhu kutonhora nesu tembiricha
inodziya.
Nokuti chekutanga pamberi zvinoita kuti zano kuti dzaona nokuda
Unterschiedsmaformel kana nzvimbo inonyatsoita musiyano manzwiro kuwedzera
kuwanda dzaona pashure nokuyerwa inonyatsoita neMhedziso nezvekufadza kuti
zvachose zvinokonzerwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kwete zvakakwana
ruzivo, kutoti chokwadi achizobvisa hazvigoni vakagumisa kuti munhu anogona
kuwana simba rokufunga kunopindirana chokupika kuburikidza kusiyana simba uye
simba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kupfuura apo vose mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira akasimba yaizova yakafanana. Nokuti samolecular payakavakirwa
rakavakirwa nokuyerwa inonyatsoita tiri vaviri mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira , ' pamwe pachikumbaridzo anokoshesa b, B' ari kutekenyedzwa
Verengai

The Unterschiedsmaformel kana nzvimbo inonyatsoita unodzokera nokuda vasiyane

.
pasi chinzvimbo makuru anotikurudzira kuti pakaunda 3) , apo ndima iri nguva dzose
kupfuura 1, saka bedzi tiine kuita 27) pasina rwakatsauka manzwiro (chits .. Kana
ikozvino tinoisa vose mashoko, tinowana
.
nepo ukoshi, iyo inotengwa nokuda zvawo Verengai inonyatsoita kuti nyaya apo
zvose makuru mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vakaenzana,
,
Asi kukosha uyu mukuru , kana ndima mukuru wokutanga
3)

The Resullat haachinji kana munhu anotora vaduku anotikurudzira kuti

pakaunda, uye ipapo vasiyane kubudikidza

anotaurawo inopiwa

zvinoreva Sec. 24

Zvino ndiyo musimboti, zvose akakodzera kukura nyore chokubatanidza

kubudikidza Uyezve, kuti vachengetedze vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga
zvachose goho pamusoro Verengai uye musiyano maturo pachayo kwete pachena kuti
hapana zvimwe kushanda kubatana nenzira raigona wokurera, kana ruzivo
kwakadaro kwakanga zvakakwana nani; asi tichapfuura hedu kupindura kure-nhema
zvinodiwa panyaya iyi, sezvo nyore, pachena chaizvo chinodiwa zvakakwana
kubudisa zvisipo chibvumirano ne chiedzwa; kureva kuti kusiyana kushanda hakusi
nyore kuverenga pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mbiri, asi kuti uye
uchizunguzire, sezvo ivo vari chokwadi pamusoro uye pamusoro yatovapo 4) , saka
kuti hapana zvishoma rinoumbwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira maviri maviri
nhengo, sezvo kune cumulative mugumisiro.
4)

Saka unogona kunyange rinokweva muchivara ari nechokure, chinokambaira

pasi mumutemo, nemafungiro akasimuka nokuti mumwe pamusoro nechekure
uye pamusoro nezvevanhu.
Izvi zvakapa une akatosvika omumwe Verengai zvinoenderana

insofar naro kunobva paakaziva misiyano

Saka vose

Kureva kuti, zvachose mupfungwa kuita, izvo kunoitwa kuburikidza kubvuma

kusiyana kusvikira pachiyero nezvinozoitika kuti
akasimba kupfuura izvo
inotengwa nokuda zvawo Verengai inonyatsoita kuti nyaya; kuti vose mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira akasimba vakaenzana.
Zvichava kubatsira kuona kuti isu pakuti isu pano
vasiyane

yakatarwa, Zvisinei, isu muchitsauko musi

Unterschiedsmaformel uye nzvimbo Masvomhu

kushandurwa, hapana

dzinopikisana yakatarwa, kubudikidza yapfuura mutengo

chete kuonekwa
sezvo mumwe chete angoramba achitaura mokumusunga musiyano
kana chaithanya Masvomhu iwayo kaviri kukosha , k waisa nokuyerwa fomura
inodiwa. Kutaura zvazviri, mashoko okuti zvakasiyana

uye

bedzi

pamusana izwi iri kaviri mumwe, sezvo

=2
ndiko, maererano
izvo zviri zvikuru sakosha kana tikashandisa umwe kana vamwe, chero isu chete
akaona pamwe kuenzanisa misiyano pakati kuita nhasi, pasina kuti funga
noruremekedzo kuti zvachose chaizvoizvo, sezvo asina kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu
paakaziva kusiyana, tinogona usaruyera mumwe kana mumwe okuti. Ndokusaka
ngakurege amene kuwana kusarudza pasi, vaviri madziro nani kubva mumwe chete
angoramba achitaura maonero kusiyana kunyange lineup kwatinoita
Unterschiedsmaformel uye nzvimbo Masvomhu. Asi izvozvo ndizvo zvino arimo
chokwadi chokuita kubatana kwakaita Verengai uye kusiyana zvazviri, uye nokudaro
zvinofungidzirwa chokwadi ichi kugadzirisa chinokosha kukosha.
Saka sezvo kwete kuwedzera nezvekufadza kumusoro pachikumbaridzo uye pasi
pachikumbaridzo pashure yapfuura nharo, asi kuti kutora kuzopindazve nezvazvo,
chero kuti kuvapo somunhu chaiye, unogona panyaya umo vasiyane inowira pasi
pachikumbaridzo, ndiko, kuti ndima iri guru kana
madiki, achaita kushandisa
wemishonga yokuita Verengai uye kusiyana manzwiro haana kushandisa, asi apo
akadaro unomuka, zvinoreva kuti zvino havana vasiyane chinowedzera chinhu

mamiriro kuziva zvakawanda uye rinoramba

zvakanaka kutekenyedzwa.

oga asi akasiya kumiririra

A mugumisiro ichi ndechokuti, kana vanhu vakurukurirane anoramba Kuchinja

muchadengadenga kana nguva, kusiyana mugumisiro pakati imwe pedyo pfungwa
anogona kuregeredzwa, uye kuti nhamba nezvinozoitika apo change haina kuitika
zvakare nokukurumidza, vakawanda wakaderedzwa kusvika Verengai kushanda
kubudikidza zviri ipapo uyewo kunyora nezvavo pakati kure pfungwa, kunova ndiko
kukosha kana munhu anoita kuedza, nezvekufadza zvinoreva somunhu Zvaiitwa
zvokutanga kufamba kana kuchinja Cape.16 akapiwa Masvomhu kuvaka.
Kana isu vakashandisa mugumisiro yandakapiwa yakwidzwa panguva noruvara-uri
kuparadzira pamusoro pachikumbaridzo akapiwa kufadza pamusoro kutekenyedzwa
Muchidimbu, zviri pachena kubva Vorigem kuti saka kwete kufadza pamusoro
kutekenyedzwa simba chikarerutswa inopiwa pakugovera gogonera zvokuti
musiyano pachayo sokuti anogona kuita, kusiyana anowedzera kutekenyedzwa itsva
kutekenyedzwa simba chitsama.
Tine hanya nyore nyaya kungogumira aimbova, kuti munhu anofanira kubata
vakasiyana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira mbiri chete, zvakanga zvakakwana
kuti nanga ezvinhu zvavo, izvo ichiri kushanda kubatana kusiyana maturo pamwe
vanosvika mugumisiro. Mumwe mubvunzo ndiwo sei ratios chenyaya hombe
nezvinozoitika kuongorora kupi kuti zvakasiyana migumisiro pakati anopfuura
maviri mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira achikwikwidza; Saka apo iri, kunze
Mhedziso nezvekufadza aunganidze uyewo zvakasiyana nezvekufadza. Sezvo pano
Somuenzaniso, panguva mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira zvitatu. , ', " ,
kwete chete kusiyana kwakaita : ' uye ': ' ', asiwo : 'ndohwechokwadi,
uye sezvamakaropafadzwa N mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira zvachose, nhamba
vakadaro maumbirwe kufunga kuti dzirege ratios n (n - 1 ) ndiko, kana isu pamusoro
ukama ose uye pamusoro, kana kaviri, kutarisira (zvikasadaro hafu kukura),
mubvunzo unomuka sei summation chinofanira pave iyi. Therefor ini ndizvo kure
kwete zvachose zvifakazira musimboti pamberi; asi Ndinofungidzira kuti zvinotevera
achava mutsindo, sezvo sokuti kunoenderana rationally uye ruzivo.
Sezvo hapana iwayo ezvinhu pamberi zvimwe mumwe yokutanga sezvo kuna
kutekenyedzwa ane, wakapiwa kubudikidza reshiyo chikumbaridzo, saka uchava
kutanga kuwedzera yose akaziva kusiyana kuti N ( N - 1) ratios zvake
nomumwe. Mari iyi haazomboparadzwi akaratidza. Zvino, zvisinei,
chete N nguva kana spatial pfungwa iripo, iro rikawira pasi kutekenyedzwa, kana
kukonzera nyoro chishamiso; naizvozvo mari iri mumamiriro ezvinhu

kuva

kuderedza, von N - kuva vagovere 1; saka vane ukoshi

. Kana isu takura ichi
nokuda mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira matatu, , ', ,' kubatwa achiburuka
pachidanho size, uye mhando K kaviri mutengo kuzorwa , k ari kuyerwa inonyatsoita
kuti chete kungoti kuzozivisa chero ukama, saka tine

kana ndima , , V ' " , ndima " vari vatatu ezvinhu akabatanidza reshiyo
nezvikumbaridzo, vane indices anotorwa kuti indices ari kuitika dzavanofanira zano
maererano.nezvikumbaridzo izvi zvinogona kuiswa kuti anoenzanirana 1, uye
ichagamuchirwa zvadai sezvo vakaenzana, vane zviedza matatu anoumba uri
yunifomu zvikurukuru vertices ane equilateral Triangle. Munguva vakawanda nyaya
pane V , , V ' " , ndima " vakasiyana kubvuma 1 uye kubva mumwe. Pasinei
anokoshesa zvavanazvo, saka kuenda kuburikidza Kushandurwa Verengai logarithms
vari logarithm zvibereko pamusoro okuti kupinda

Zvino kwaizova pasina kuwedzera nechepakati anotikurudzira ' ari vasiyane

yakanga

izvo nyaya kuti V , ndima ' ' = vs. " , inowirirana apa okuti; iri kuitika vatatu vane
zvikumbaridzo reshiyo vane ukama ichi, kusiyana Verengai kwaizova zvikuru sezvo
maviri pasina kuwedzera pakati. Zvisinei, apo, zvose zvikumbaridzo vatatu chete,
chii, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mienzaniso, kuti musiyano mari iri kuitika nhatu
duku pane pakati mbiri dzekuenda kumacheto wayo.
Kuenda 4 mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pamusoro, iye anodana ari achiburuka
pachidanho kukura , ', ", ' ', uye zvinobva 6 pazvikumbaridzo anopinda
nehanya pano, ,saka nechepakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira asisiri
inonyangarika kubva printouts kusiyana Verengai uye isu kundoitora

Panenge aedza kushanda Masvomhu izvi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo kuti

munhu umo Z. B. ndiye kusiyana kuwanda ngaabvumire iyo nyeredzi dzedenga,
kwete chete kune musiyano chenyeredzi imwe, asiwo kubva kudenga dema
ndezvaJosephus kudzidzwa akaita kudhonza, nyaya mugakava akapiwa huru
mugumisiro.
Kana chiedza makwapa coalesce kune chiedza kunzvimbo, nokudaro achidzikisa
hazvo Kusiyana kwavo muchidimbu chikonzero kuti hwakasimba kusiyana maturo,
saka ruduku reshiyo chikumbaridzo, pamungawirirana pakati nomumwe chiedza
pfungwa uye akatevera zvikamu vatema ivhu, asi izvo zvakaita kuti nhema mukati
chiedza chenyika pfungwa kubudikidza pfungwa chiedza anotsiviwa. Ever anofanira
Kubva ikozvino kukunda mumwe simba guru pamusoro kusiyana Verengai
kuparadzirwa, kusiyana namakona.

Zvisinei, pane dzimwe shanduro uye zvikwereti handidi kupinda pano nokuti
bvumidza zvisaririra kuti kutorwa pano sepokutangira ndizvidavirire musimboti
kana munhu priori,haisi rakabudiswa ruzivo kusvikira ikozvino zvakakwana
akachengeteka.
hakusi pasina mubereko kuti denga izvo yatakapiwa ambotaurwa akanunura
akanakisisa uye nyore zvinyorwa chokuita chinokosha chokwadi uye mitemo
psychophysics, ndiyewo yakanaka uye nyore muenzaniso vose anopa Nemutengo
sezvo kusiyana maturo. Kutaura zvazviri, tiri kuwana aipenya uye ipapo
achichengetedza aunganidze mugumisiro manzwiro pasina musiyano, sezvinoita
yakachena denga mazuva yebhuruu, uye hapana nyore zvikuru kutobaya musiyano
zvazviri, sezvinoita azere nyeredzi usiku. Nokuti ichi change ramakore, mangwanani
uye sokupenya manheru chinhu hariperi alternation kusiyanisa zvinokura munguva.

XXX. Mubvunzo sensacin zvigadzirwa. Ukama pakati urefu,

simba uye nguva nenguva chinhu mataurirwo akamboona. 1)
Tine manzwiro uye ruzha manzwiro kusiyana kufunga chiitiko
yakawanikwa; ndipo kuchimuka mubvunzo kana kugadzirisa kunyange pfungwa
kutekenyedzwa chigadzirwa zvaanoreva.
1)

Kana totaura S. 165 va-.

asi isu dzinobvumirana kare pamusoro pfungwa chigadzirwa uye kutora kuitira kuti
usarasikirwa tizviise kujeka ndivanamwari nokuda Anhalt muenzaniso chaiwo
pamusoro geometry.
Kana tine rectangle ane rimwe divi 2, mumwe 4 refu, nhamba idzi kunobva chero
Linear Unit, saka chigadzirwa yorega kurarama kumativi ose, nokuti kwakadaro
hakuna 2) , asi nhamba, apo kureba kunoyerwa, ari divi rimwe rectangle
noruremekedzo kuti chikwata nzvimbo, izvo chokuita Linear chikwata.
2)

Zvichida kwete maererano reruwa yakaoma akarongeka mutauro

kushandiswa; kunyange zviri chete nyaya tsanangudzo, kungodudza chibereko
kumativi maviri pamusoro nzvimbo, rwakadini, nezvibereko zvomunda
kusanganiswa tsika mativi, sezvo izvi zvinoitika kakawanda.

Kana chete mazhinji kana kuatapudza rectangle kutungamirirwa rimwe divi, apo
kubvumira mumwe kugara, saka rega vanhu zvekumirira resizing yose rectangle nako
kurutivi iyo shanduko kunoitika, pamwe chete, uye kubva muna chaizvoizvo asina
kukwanisa kushanda zvachose nyore mitsetse, ndizvo zvaunofanira Zvakanakisa
anotaura Linear ukama chaizvoizvo asi chete rectangles, sepombi uye. zvakadai.
tinyanye ukobvu kuratidza.
Zvino nezvishamiso kana kunyange kutekenyedzwa maviri akasiyana pfungwa
quantifiable mapeji kana kukura vanogona kunzi mumwe icho anokwanisa pasina
rumwe kuwedzera uye kuderera, pashure nomumwe nazvo kunoonekwa kuburikidza

tinosiyana hanya homologous chikwata zvinogona, uye kana mugumisiro manyawi,

iyo kupa mativi mumusangano, kuti zvakafanana kuwana chiyero yayo zvibereko
metrics, kunyanya nhengo mbiri panhivi, sezvo rectangle zviri zvibereko metrics
kumativi acho.
In nyasha maonero akadaro kunyanya simba nenamo ane katsamba tiratidzike
darzubieten zvakafanana mapeji. Uye ndinoda kutanga kutaura chii chinogona
kunorehwa mupfungwa iyi.
Vose starch sezvo mari iri pasi chete pamwero nokuda kwedu chipimo inonyatsoita
zvikurukuru. Zvino, zvisinei, anoita Qualitative musiyano pakati ukobvu uye
kukwirira zvinodiwa, mumwe anotaura kuti chairema adzo, uye izvi kunoreva
kusiyana kwakaita geometrical zvigadzirwa apo chete Linear chikwata ndechokuti
zvose kungoreva perpendicular kumativi kuti chikonzero. Asi kwete nokuti akasiyana
nounhu, asi anoenderana tiivistelm metrics vawanda ndinoona kuva shoma
chipingamupinyi dzinokosha, somunhu hwaimiririrwa siyana unhu simba uye
kukwirira inzwi, dzakasiyana perairo kumativi ari rectangle anogona
kuchengeta. Kana chikwata kamwe rakasarudzwa pamadiro nokuti vose kumativi
manyawi, saka zvinenge hapana uchadaro anoenderana metrics sezvinoita kuti kane
mumwe, uye kuenzanisa dzakasiyana zvigadzirwa vakawana nenzira iyi nemumwe,
sezvinonzi metrics maviri rectangular kumativi kwakawanziridzwa.
The zvinokosha, mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti mativi here kupa pfungwa
mhedziso zvokuti nechiyero kubudikidza zvibereko zviyero mapeji kunoreva chinhu
uye anoenderana mashoko akapoteredza chokwadi. Kana zvakadaro, hapana
akarongeka hanya anogona kuitika zvakawanda.
Zvechokwadi therefor Vamwe sokuti aripo.
Zviri pachena kuti nhamba maonero yakakwirira mataurirwo akakudza nokuda
kwayo simba, uye mukuru maonero yakasimba matauriro ichiwedzerwa
kunyatsodzivirirwa ne kukwirira kwayo. Ruzha zvakadaro kuti saka chakaomarara,
dzakanga zviri 3) . Chokwadi ndechokuti kucherechedza kuti mukurumbira zvakaoma
kutonga kubva wakaenzana simba akasiyana zvenzwi panguva dzakakwirira
akasiyana, nokutonga pakati kukura zvinonakisa pfungwa chaiyo kuyerwa simba
sokuti kuchiderera.
3)

Pano, ndinorangarira neapo pakuedza Desprez (Pogg. Ann. LXV. 445), izvo
vanoratidza simba uye kunyange sei ichisvota pfungwa kunogona kuita
kunyange soro anzwike zvenzwi chaizvo pfupi-Stimmga beln.

Saka chaizvoizvo chinhu kuyerwa sokuti kwose pfungwa ane inzwi kuvapo,
nechiyero vagara vandifungira pamwe mativi ose, ukobvu uye kukwirira.
Kuti uwane Chivakashure musiyano zvino tinoti folgends nguva dzose kukura
pfungwa, saka kure sezvo vaingova kunoenderana amplitude pakati oscillations,
somunhu simba, kukura chete, chero ivo chete kuvimba oscillation nguva kana

nhamba vibrations kupfuura kureba, kukura pfungwa, zvisinei, chero bedzi

kushandisa zvose panguva imwe chete nemataundi, sezvo kukura kana kukura
zvinonakisa pfungwa.
Akaisa pazasi, zvokuti akaziva inzwi rakasimba uye kurira pamwero S uye H vari
pachavo hama

apo ndiyo novimba amplitude muviri inzwi rakasimba, N nhamba

vibrations, nguva oscillation, b , N 1 , 1 ruripo nezvikumbaridzo, K, K ' kureva
constants kuva, saka kwaizotika nechiyero kusimba kana zvinonakisa pfungwa
pashure dzakamboitika maonero

kana, kana tikadzika pachikumbaridzo 1

Sh = KK ' danda nerogi N
iyo mashoko ipapo anofanira kufukidza ruvara maererano Ringanidzo.
Kana tikatarisa nesimba chiedza kana inzwi kubudikidza mativi ari amplitude
chaiko sezvo akayera izvo munhu inopisa, achava munhu 2 nokuti inogona
kubviswa kuchiiswa muzvirevo equations, uye sezvo danda ane 2 = 2 nerogi imwe ,
rapfuura okuti batanidza kupinda 2 KK 'danda rimwe danda n , kana,
sezvatakakuudzai 2 KK ' kutora nokuzvisarudzira demgemer vezvikwata akaenzana
1, iri nyore danda rimwe danda n .
Zvisinei, ndinofunga rapfuura maonero kwete kwete chete ndichisunga asi asina
uchapupu, uye nokukurumidza kuti kukurukurwa zvikonzero sezvo chiyero
chepfungwa zvinonakisa Kutarira kana kusimba nyore inzwi pachinzvimbo
muchimiro 2 KK ' danda
danda
chimiro , k nerogi
nokuda cogent kana
pasi L iyo, amplitude uye mwero vibration kana oscillation nguva panguva iyoyowo
nemataundi, simba mupenyu vibrations uye L ane pachikumbaridzo
zvinonzwisiswa. Nokuti Mavara yokunyatsotarisirwa nezvavanofunga nharo kuti
ndiri pasi.
Zvino, L inokurukurwa sezvo kuyerwa pachivara zvibereko pamusoro kana
quotient pamusoro
chii zvikumbaridzo ane 1 N 1 uye
tiri; pashure izvo
mashoko ari dhigirii kwepfungwa simba kwokubata pfungwa, mashoko zvinowanisa
nyore inzwi wakaramba,

kana nokuzvisarudzira vezvikwata dzakadaro, apo 2 K , A 1 , N 1 , 1 vakaenzana 1

vari
danda riri = danda rimwe + danda N
kana
,
Saka paizova chigadzirwa yakawanikwa pamberi logarithms tsika ane, N, iyo
logarithm zvibereko tsika idzi, kana chii ndiro, vakaverenga logarithms netsika idzi
kuitika sezvo chiyero chepfungwa kunopindirana pfungwa.
Grailich. In ake kudaro estimable akadhindwa ari Kuzadziswa zvinoumba Mavara
zviri Proceedings iri Vienna Academy 1854. XII S. 783. XIII. 201 ndiye kinetic
simba chechiedza oscillations, izvo nokunakidzwa ari kutekenyedzwa zvazviri,
quotient yevasina oscillation nguva padare ari amplitude, kana, chii ndiro,
zvigadzirwa kubva chete vibration nhamba padare ari amplitude, kureva
tsika ane 2 N Proportional Zvisinei Seebeck muna akadhindwa ake pamusoro ratios
hwedzidziso (Poggend. Ann. LXII. 872. LXVIII. 461), sezvo zvinoitwa pano, ari
kinetic simba pamusoro vibration riri zvekumirira n 2 ane 2 pazvinhu. Racho
indisputably cogent 4) , uye pokuti nyore Grailich yakatadza tsanangurai.
4)

Kuti Grailich wechiedza vibrations, Seebeck ari kurira vibrations zvinogona

kuitwa kunzwisisa mutsauko pakati nezvemarapirwo.

The chinokosha simba vibration ndiko (XII. P. 805) wakaiswa pakati cogent
Grailich

apo nguva yose vibration,

nezvinhu

nokukurumidza, T ndiyo nguva, chii vari kusangana

kana achitsvaka
munhu nokukurumidza kuti kushanda nguva t kuchiiswa, iyo
kwakaitika pane vibration apo munhu ari amplitude . , nhamba Ludolfsche. Zvino,
mupenyu simba ane vibration kuva kusarudza kuti kinetic simba, iyo yakataurwa
vibrations munguva kupiwa nguva, kuti chii asi kana kinetic simba mazwi akasiyana,

mavara anofananidzwa; asi anofanira kuva nhamba vibrations panguva ino

zvakananga, pamwe kubatwa reciprocally, zvawakabudiswa nazvo
panzvimbo nani 2 ari dhinomineta, kana kuti itirana N 2anopinda pakaunda.
Chinhu tsitsi kuti rakaoma Masvomhu noruremekedzo kuti kusimba
zvinokosheswa muna Grailich kuti essays (rinoshuma Th. XIII. S. 230 va-.),
Ndivanaani kunyimwa cogency yavo. Asi ake musimboti kutsanangura rinoumba
mavara, nokudaro haana kukanganiswa.
Zvikonzero, wokupedzisira maonero rokutanga vaida ndedzinotevera:
Zvinonzi pamungawirirana tine simba nenamo ane katsamba haina externally
kuonekwa sechinhu Unotibatsira; asi kune chinhu chimwe chipo mune hunhu zvinhu,
uchabatsirwa pfungwa yesimba uye kukwirira chokuita inokosha hukama pakati
manzwiro kuti sangano; uye nyore ezvinhu akanyatsonaka panyaya iyi zviri kwatiri
muChitsauko 32 kutoti Maausdruck zvinonakisa maonero Achiratidza muchimiro
nerogi kuti danda rimwe danda N kutungamirira.
Kunze kwaizvozvo, ndizvo zvinotaura ruzivo zvakananga muchimiro
danda rimwe danda N . Pashure chimiro ichi pane chaiyo pfungwa yesimba, umo
kurira hunoguma inzwiwe, pasinei pamwero akanga, uye akadarika pfungwa
kumusoro apo wafa inzwiwe, pasinei simba zvikuru zvaakanga anazvo. Nekuti
ndiye munhu kana N pachikumbaridzo muchimiro nerogi imwe danda N wakaiswa
akaenzana 1, burukai, saka ndiyo chigadzirwa danda rimwe danda N neimwe nyaya
razero sezvo kuzvibata zvakanaka mumwe ukoshi. Kwete kudaro fomu
danda riri . Pano simba vanomirirwa kukwirira uye vakutarisire pamusoro
audibility; zviri mukati paigumira nekukwirira, anogona kuonekwa zvachose
kuburikidza rakamiswa dzedu auditory nhengo, nokuti zvimwe mwero
vibration N yakasiyana amplitude A panguva iyo inova anzwike, uye
vakutarisire. The inzwi kana chigadzirwa pakati ari, muchidimbu = 1 yakatarwa,
pachikumbaridzo ane 1 N 1 zvasvika. Izvi zvinoitwa duku A kana N yakakura, uye
vakutarisire. Asi kana chiri chiitiko.
Kutaura zvazviri, yakadzika zvenzwi zvinoda hombe oscillation amplitude kuti
vachiri anzwike, uye mukuru-akadzika mitinhimira vanongogona kunzwika
yakaderera chaizvo zvikuru.
Chokwadi ichi chave kunyanya pachena Njiva, panotaurwa kuremekedza ruvara
chokwadi icho pazasi chichakurukurwa Zvisinei kukurukurwa, hwaingova anofanira
kuva chimwe chikonzero. Maererano chii anorondedzera Tongebiete kuripa
yakaderera kuchinyanya nokuwedzera urefu, kana vakaderera kukwira nokuda
yakawedzera simba, mira pano pakutanga, saka Njiva anoyeuka "akafanana
parukungiso ari kaviri bass vanotarisirwa uku, sezvo violin ;. .. sezvo tiri kutaura
yepamusoro matauriro, kana tichida kunzwiwa pasina yakawandisa nesimba ;. sezvo;
kana kwakadzika, ine inzwi, inzwi Mukwasvi anofa nedutu, kunyange shrill kurira
chikepe pembe kubudikidza nokuomba nemafungu uye kurira mhepo rakapinza; uye
sei Savart achishandisa spokes Irene yaratidza kuti panogumira maonero ari
machemero kurutivi kudzika pedyo kusimba ruzha zvinogona kuwedzerwa ".

Uyewo kutevera ezvinhu inowirirana kwete muchimiro danda rimwe danda N ,

paakanga ari muchimiro nerogi imwe + Log N iri kunoitika zvakanaka.
Kana kutekenyedzwa pamusoro Ukobvu kana kukwirira pasina chokuita nedzimwe
maatomu akafanana oga kupa mamita -facht, saka unogona kuita izvi mushure
mumwe ezvinhu maererano M nerogi imwe kana M danda N kumiririra. Zvino
unowanikwa zvigadzirwa nerogi N danda rimwe chinhu danda N kana
danda rimwe panzvimbo M , uye zvadaro hwaizochengetedzwa kutarisirwa kana
siyana kuti umbwa akarongeka mugumisiro kuti Naizvozvo kutekenyedzwa
pamusoro starch mune ratios pamusoro nerogi N uye nokukwirira ratios
danda ane kukura, saka munhu itirana kuwedzera simba uye kukwirira kuitika, imi
Naizvozvo zvakawedzera nenamo ane tsamba iyoyo yakawedzerwa pfungwa
yesimba, uye nesimba rakawedzera pfungwa yakawedzera kukwirira kuwana, asi izvi
handizvo. Muchimiro danda rimwe + danda N dambudziko iri hariwaniki.
Zvisinei, chimiro nerogi ndiko kuti tidzivise dambudziko kuti kana iwe kukurira
kuora mwoyo inzwi pamusoro mumwe muganhu, hapana amplification inzwi
yakawanda dzakakuringanai kuti anzwike, uye akarurama ruzha sezvo yakawandisaakadzika havachisiri anzwike, apo asi maererano muchimiro nerogi panguva chero
zvinoderedza pakati nkubudikidza kuwedzera imwe iri ndanyarara hangu, uye
pfungwa inzwi zvakatowedzera kukwirira kwaizowedzera nokusingagumi.
Zvirokwazvo ndiro yakatsauka kubva kururama kwemashoko yemaitiro
danda riri kuona pajinga uye okumusoro miganhu audibility mazwi, sezvo isu
kazhinji vari Zvisinei kushandiswa kuwana yakaderera uye yokumusoro muganhu
nokuda ukoshi wedu zvinokosha Masvomhu, izvo dzisakwanisa asi voraussetzlich
Zvinosanganisira chete rokunze, kwete yomukati psychophysics, insofar sezvo
zviwane ichi chete mukati zvimwe, umo anobata pfungwa kushandiswa, rinokonzera
disproportionate psychophysiscbe kufamba uko zvinokosha Masvomhu chaizvoizvo
kurondedzera, saka chete mukati mitemo anogona kumiririra.
Kutaura zvazviri, auditory midziyo yomunhu haizi mugakava kungotaura kujairana
kugamuchira vibrations mukati vamwe muganhu chechetere uye kusika kusvikira
zvimwe simba, uye inaudible asi saka simba manotsi yakadzika kana matunhu
kwakavakirwa kwete Kubva ikozvino kuti anononoka chaizvo kana kutsanya
psychophysical oscillations vari inaudible kunyange kunonyanyisa amplitude, asi kuti
havana kupinda varume inodiwa Ukobvu zvivepo kana ichi kare vari kwokunze
vibrations ikoko.
Kunyange eardrum wayo yakatora zvikamu zvinogona kukonzera rwakakwirira
kwazvo kana udzamu sevhisi vanotadza 4) ; zvechokwadi kunoitwa unotaurwa
Wollaston kunoreva kunyange artificially matsi pasi-pasi 5) . Hazvina zvakare haana
Kungangova kuti tsinga kiyi kuti kurohwa ne ruzha, kana kuti ungashandisa midziyo
hwaishandiswa vachiri kutemwa zvichangobva kudzidzwa, ndivo chete kusvika imwe
yakakwirira. Kutaura zvazviri, vakawanda zvikonzero zvandiri muChitsauko 33
pedyo vanofungidzira kuti apperception pamusoro zvenzwi kukwira siyana akasiyana
tsinga fibers.

4)

comp. nezvepfungwa iyi zvikurukuru yokungotaura ukama Seebeck muna

Pogg. Ann. LXVIII. S. 458th
5)

philos. Panorama. 1820. p. 307. "Ini akataura kuti, Kana muromo uye mhuno
akapofumadzwa kuti tympanum anogona saka apera nokuda nechisimba
kuedza kutora mweya nokuda rokuwedzera mubhokisi, vakaita nevezera
dzedenga kwokunze iri zvakasimba akanzwa pamusoro membrana tympani,
uye akaita , mune mamiriro iyi nemakakatanwa kubva zvokunze
kumanikidzwa, nzeve Kunova chisinganzwi guva zvenzwi pasina kurasikirwa
ari pamwero upi omumwe rakapinza zvenzwi. "

Vanhu vakawanda vanokwanisa dzakakwirira manotsi musaonesesa. In ichi

kuremekedza vanozivikanwa sightings pamusoro Wollaston 6) , maererano vamwe
yakakwirira Whistling mitinhimira tumbuyu, zvichida kunyange segwenhure shiri
nevamwe vanhu vasisina inzwiwe, asi munonzwa ezasi zvenzwi. Ini pachangu
ndakanga chaizvo akarova apo Ndaimbova kuva kufamba runobudirira pamwe Prof.
Ch. H. White, izvo chaizvo zvakaoma kunzwa mune imwe nzeve, akaita kuti akanga
asiri uri rinopisa muzhizha zuva zvakatipoteredza, zvikuru yainakidza inzwi cicadas
nezvimwe zvipembenene wevadukusa vanzwa, zvikasadaro usambofa kunzwa
nechivimbo, iye achiri neni kure kusimba nekuratidzwa mabasa chingoro iri kure
akamira. Zvino Bonafont 7) anokwevera mukuru mugumisiro Zvaanoona ake
pamusoro neNjiva, "kuti zvakaenzanirana sezvo aikanganiswa Nzeve kunodzikira,
zvakafanana audibility vapamatunhu manotsi rinorasikirwa, nepo anoona zvakadzika
zvakajeka asi." Munhu aisagona H II achiri II ( H kana munhu ) kunzwa, asi akatora
E II zvakanaka uye munenge II zvakajeka chokwadi. Bonafont kunyange anofunga
kuti ipapo vaongorore curability rworwendo siyana kusanzwa. Uyewo
Wollaston 8) muonekwe yakaoma nekunzwa, "thatthey Kazhinji kunzwa inopinza
ruzha nani zvikuru pane yakaderera ndivo."
6) philos.

Panorama. 1820. p. 306. 7) Compt. wakabvarura. T.

XX. p. 1498th Pogg. Ann. LXV. S. 448. 8) philos. Panorama. 1820th p. 306th

mugumisiro ichi asi Zvisinei, zvinoita sokuti vanoda chipingidzo, uye

pachinzvimbo chakakwirira matauriro inzwiwe nani pane zvakadzama mune mamwe
kunzwa kurasikirwa;kuburikidza kuwana mu "musoro Otiatrik" pamusoro Erbard
(1859) peji 65 zvinotevera ndima: "Ini ndakaita nekuonekwa kuti zvose zvinenge
huta matsi nani, nyore kunzwa nekaupenyu yakakwirira zvenzwi apo pasi-pasi
zvakafanana zvikuru, pasina achipedza kuti vakaita chaizvo chikonzero
kuzvibatanidza. muna acoustically zvakaoma kunzwa anogona kuwanikwa
Tikafunga tensor tympani hwakanyatsorwisa munhu ndezvokuti nani uptake nokuda
yakakwirira zvenzwi sezvo zvakadzama, uye izvi nokuti nyore chaizvo chikonzero

kuti munhu akaoma eardrum refu rine Eigenton nokuda dzakakwirira zvenzwi .. .
Uyezve, ipai wangu pathological zvakawanika vari yerudzi anzwa ari pasina
tympanic Kamudzira pasi-pasi nani, zvichida nemhaka stapedius resonates nyore ari
pasi-pasi. "
Kwete pasina mubereko ndizvo zvinotevera Handimupinduri kubudikidza
Wollaston ) :
"Kubva dzakawanda zviitiko Izvo zvandakachengetera zvino Mupupuriri
pokupedzisira kuti acuteness nekunzwa, uye kubva akasiyana kutevedzana matanho
handina kuti yokuverenga munzeve shamwari siyana, sezvo mugumisiro miedzo
yakasiyana-siyana sei yandakaita pakati pavo, ini ndiri kuda kufunga, dzimwe
Pamuganhu nekunzwa, penguva rimwe kucherechedza pakati mitinhimira vaviri,
zvingava kwakakwana kushandura yepamusorosoro katsamba inaudible Kunyange
rezasi ari zvakajeka kunzwa. "
) philos.

Panorama. 1820. p. 312th

Sezvineiwo, repamusoro panogumira anzwike ruzha kuburikidza anotevedzana

mucherechedzi ane zvakawanda kwenguva, uye mubvunzo ndewekuti atova yasvika
paunogumira.Comp. Panyaya iyi, Th. ANE 258th
Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti chimiro nerogi imwe + danda N , kana kuzodzosera
kumisa pamwe zvikumbaridzo, danda
+ danda
payakavakirwa kupa kuti pachavo kuumba

pamwe munzvimbo empirical

danda
+ danda
machisi zvose, izvo kunoitika apo isu vaviri anotikurudzira
variables , ' anogona kuita mbiri dzakasiyana pfungwa sensitivities siyana
munyika. Kukosha chimiro ichi saka generalized kuenda; kuti kwete chete chii chete
rutivi manzwiro ndohwavo, kubatanidza kuti akasiyana huru mbiri, asi chii mativi
maviri akasiyana ndorwevaya pfungwa yakafanana pasi fomu ichi. Uye izvi
zvichikanganisa kana enzanirana kubudirira: kuti sezvo anotikurudzira variables
zvinogona kuongororwa mbiri dzakasiyana pfungwa imwe yoga pfungwa, zvisinei,
havana kuramba kuita nevakawanda munharaunda kunzwisisa, simba uye kukwirira
kuna pfungwa yakafanana, zvisinei, havana kuita chimwe matauriro kutekenyedzwa .
kugara
Apo sezvinei wakaitwa Nokureva yokuenzana kwezvinhu chimiro cherogi

danda
pamwe chimiro nerogi
danda +
haasi akuregerere musiyano kuti
mumazuva okupedzisira muchimiro b, B ' vari pasina mumwe, apo pakutanga ane 1 ,
uye N 1 ne mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ane 1 n 1 = const. Akabatanidzwa. Izvi

anotakura nayo kuti vasiyane iri Kukwirira ruzha iri sezvo zvishoma akachinjwa
nesimba ravo dzakasiyana pane mari pachayo. Nokuti ivhu nerogi

, mumwe

nerogi
, ipapo munhu 1 kubva imwe ' 1 uye N 1pamusoro 'n 1 zvakasiyana,
asi munhu' 1 n ' 1 = ane 1 n 1 uye yose matauriro musiyano

Pasinei kwakadzika pasi uye yakakwirira matauriro simba kunogona Maausdruck

akaenzana, asi Qualitative pfungwa kana hunhu ndiyo zvose zvakasiyana kuti
Zvinoumba Maausdruckes ichi. Wokutanga sokuti huri inokudzwa, nesimba,
rakafara, wechipiri akataura, mutete, shrill.
Kururama kwemashoko chimiro nerogi pamusoro kuzvitutumadza sezvo
pachikumbaridzo simba inzwi chete saka kugara sezvo pamwero ari kugara, uye
chikumbaridzo uwandu chete kuitira kure nesimba kwakafanana kugara, uye, kazhinji
kacho, pachikumbaridzo ari vibration kakawanda izvo kunoenderana pakakwirira, ari
inverse reshiyo pamusoro amplitude pamusoro vibration, uye vakutarisire,
pachikumbaridzo kukosha amplitude iri oscillation iri inverse nhamba nhamba
vibrations, kutungamirira oscillation nguva.
Zvimwe akaita maererano miganhu audibility pamusoro inonzwika misiyano
kukuru pakati zvisikwa zvakasiyana (sezvo Wollaston yapera chaihwo) nokuda
chisikwa chose zvaigoverwa zvichienderana upenyu ayo Shoo nhengo uye tsinga
makiyi mumwe yakakura kana miduku, hwapamusoro kana dzakaderera chikamu
Tonskale kufanana, apo ticharamba tichingonzwa tine kuti tisafunge kuti
nokukurumidza oscillations uye amplitudes duku ndezvaJehovha pamwe chete. Kana
chii chinoshanda kuridza vibrations, zvinogona kushandiswa dzose vibrations izvo
vanovimba nezvekufadza generalize vanofanira, saka tine kunyatsodzivirirwa atova
ziso uye nzeve zvisikwa zviviri zvakadai akasiyana, sezvo chiedza oscillations
panguva zvikuru smallness zvikuru kutsanya, kurira vibrations zvizhinji zvikuru
kunonoka zvikuru kwazvo, pakuti rinogona kunzi kunge kuti reshiyo uyu
nechitarisiko vibrations vari kushandurirwa menyika. Zvechokwadi, sezvo
nokukurumidza kukurukurwa, nerogi fomu kuti kuona mavara isingakwanisi
chikumbiro, kana tichida kuyera kuvimba kwakaita kutekenyedzwa achibva
kuruvanze ruvara anotikurudzira zvadaro; asi ndizvo mukana kwete rakatonga kuti,
kana isu, rinoti richangopfuura Kuongorora womukati vibrational anodudzira kuti
vari pasi omumwe chiedza mirayiro iyo kuyerwa chimiro nerogi pamusoro yaizova
akakodzera pano.
Mumwe angafunga hurongwa umo kufamba kwakadaro yakareba sezvo sangano
renyika rwakapoteredza zuva ichiri akareverera chishamiso mananara; kana nevasina
amplitude yaizova yakafanana guru; uyewo hatigoni kuziva kana nyika pachayo haisi
hurongwa yakadaro. chete kwaizova kusingabatsiri kufunga mikana mimwe vakadaro
pano.

The yapfuura zvabatanidzwa uye zvakaoma nheyo chimiro nerogi

kunoenderana pamusoro ari Maausdruck ari kusimba kurira okunzwisisa uye
zvinogona transferability nzira iyi kune dzimwe nezvekufadza mbiri ezvinhu: 1) kuti
mutemo Weber nokuda simba uye kukwirira ichokwadi kunyanya sezvo chaizvoizvo
kuwanikwa zvenzwi izvozvo; payo theorem chimiro Maausdruckes yaro
disassembly zvinoenderana maviri akazvimirira nhengo; 2) kuti kusimba
Toneindruckes chete panguva dzose kinetic simba ane 2 N 2 uye somugumisiro chete
vibration chigadzirwa kuti kugara, nokudaro kuderedza audibility pakati
kwakaderedza amplitude kuburikidza unoenderana Zvakawanikwa uwandu
vibrations, uye vakutarisire, richisuruka pamusoro audibility pane imwe
kwakaderedza mwero vibration pedyo unoenderana kuwedzera ari amplitude inogona
ndanyarara hangu nokuda, chii unogona kuona panguva zvenzwi dziri kusvikira
yasimbiswa vo, sezvaungagona pashure mukuru nokukundikana ruzivo sezvo
vakadaro (ona pamusoro) vakatungamirwa kuenda.
Zvichakadaro yokupedzisira yemakomo kosi kuti ekuedzwa yakarurama asati
panze, uye munhau iyi inotevera Handimupinduri kunokosha. Vose anomutora
Mutemo Weber kuti simba uye kukwirira zvikurukuru, sezvo compensability
pamusoro starch kuburikidza kukwirira uye vakutarisire chokuita audibility nokurira
zvavo, saka kure sezvo akataura saizvozvo kure nokuda rwevanhu uye kujeka
nemaonero, kwaizova sezvaakanga zvakanaka siyana Maausdruckes ari muchimiro
nerogi pana 2 kana danda ane 2 n , sezvo muchimiro nerogi kutikushivirira. Saka kuti
asarudza nekutarisisa haasi pakati izvi siyana, uye chimiro nerogi pamusoro bedzi
pamusana wayo nyore zvikuru uye twakawanda ukama manzwiro noukuru kuti
kukura simba mupenyu kungangova achabatwa kuti vanosarudza chero chisarudzo
zvakananga haamo.
chisarudzo kwakadaro, zvaigona hwokurara nokuda kuedza, nokuti iyo, sezvo
ndikuratidzei pazasi, kwete asipo maonero zvose, asi kwaizova zvinokosha. Kubva
kukurukurwa yemberi (the 32nd) chitsauko zvechokwadi kunetseka kuti chimiro
danda riri kunodiwa, kana kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa pakati ukuru aimhanya kuti
vanoumba danda kusvika 2 asi kana kukura velocity siyanei nedzimwe (aimhanya
hurongwa chechipiri) kuti atore nzvimbo Muswere vibration; novimba mukati
zvinoreva dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, inova mubvunzo unokosha chaizvo kuti
psychophysics, aigona kwakasarudzwa saizvozvi. Uye hazvinei Ini kumashure
kushaya chisarudzo chakadaro muchimiro nerogi pamusoro sezvo vane nyore
nzvimbo uye vanoda nokukurumidza, ndinofungidzira Zvichiri zvose kuziva kana
kushandisa iyi ichava pachavo 9) . Kusiyana siyana maviri haasi, sezvinei, zvose
vakawanda mhedziso pamusoro ratios pamusoro ndeiya yakaita tsika simba uye
kukwirira kwavakange vachabatana, vaisimbirira.
9)

Muna Th. II p. 32 Ini kare vorgreitlich favoring nokufungidzira hwaakange

chimiro danda riri kuti kutsigira 2 iziviswe, asi zvikonzero izvi zvive uwane
nezvavanofunga havachaoni kuwana maungira uye woisa chisarudzo rose
kubudirira ramangwana experiential kuferefeta dzinodya.

Kuedza, izvo ndirege sezvo kutyaira chisarudzo vane, mupfungwa ndeichi:

Ngatitii akabvumira sando chete nguva dzose kubva chete nokukwirira chete
chinjikira tambo, asi panguva yakasiyana voltage kwayo, kuwa, kana yakarova chete
zvakavamba kuchinja nguva dzose pamwe kuongorora noMweya mumwe chete
Elongationswinkel pamusoro chete asi dzakasiyana tensioned wehunyambiri tambo,
saka tambo anogara pamwe chete yakajeka simba rinosunda, asi zvikuru ivo vachava
zvikuru, zvikuru ari kuderera n kuwedzera, izvozvo door vachagara uku muna
amplitude nokusingaperi chiduku, nepo panguva imwe chete yawana kuwedzera
nenamo, chigadzirwa ane 2 n 2 , saizvozvovo kuti vacharamba chete ,
Zvino atsanangura Maausdruck danda riri , saka kurira nenguva kureba kuwa
nguva dzose vachatanga inzwiwe uye kurega kuita sewe abndere uyewo
makakatanwa pakati tambo;kana, kana iwe (pasi inversion ari kuedza maviri)
anokumbira kuedza maviri kuoma Tambo zvakafanana asi zvakasiyana uye vaviri
vakabatana yakafanana kuvakwa sando kana pakufamba kuenda kwaaishanda
panguva iyoyo yakakwirira wokuwira, izvo zvaizoita pasina mubvunzo aivabatsira
fananidzo, kurira zvose panguva imwe nechokure wemuteereri kutanga uye chichiita
zviri kuoneka.
Zvisinei, kana mufananidzo wechinhu nerogi pana 2 triftig, iyo audibility ndiye
magnification pamusoro N kuwedzera kupfuura nokuwedzera kubva a.
Kana chimiro danda ane 2 N vari, asi chii kuti nedzidziso kuti hapana yokungotaura
chikonzero, zvinopesana neizvi kwaizova kwechokwadi.
Nokuti nguva handigoni, kuedza ichi kuti yakarurama zvakakwana chete anodiwa
amendments, izvo ndingatadza kuitika mune ramangwana; kana kwete ikozvino,
ndinoshuva sei vamwe kuti pfungwa yakafanana. Hazvina pamungawirirana angadai
achiri zvakawanda angatarisirwa pairi, dai asiri ezvinhu izvo zvinofanira kuchinja
yayo mutsindo simba chaizvo.Its Zvaizoguma nyore uye inonzwisisika apo kunzwa
midziyo neimwe N chiedza chete micrograph, kureva amplitude ari nechitarisiko
vibrations vane zvekumirira amplitude yacho womukati matsamba, asi pashure
chokwadi akakurukura, izvi handizvo; uye zvikuru ari N anosvika papi audibility,
zvikuru vanofanira panguva kugara tsika kuti kuchiderera audibility, kunyange kana
muchimiro nerogi pamusoro zvinofanira yakarurama panyaya yomukati kufamba,
kuongorora chii chikuru kufarira. Zvichava kuramba nyaya, sei pamusoro paakaziva
kuchinja audibility mukuru siyana manotsi pamwe chete kinetic simba nani kuvimba
kuenzana ari kinetic simba pamusoro nechitarisiko vibrations haagoni transmits
kupinda mukati, kana kubva ndechokuti nechomukati chete kinetic simba panguva
siyana n uye ane kuteerera kwete chete kusimba manzwiro. Zvichakadai, aigona kuva
zvichida kubatanidza migumisiro nemiedzo 1) pamusoro rezasi, 2) kune rokumusoro
panogumira audibility, 3) kutamira pakati pakati vaviri kubatanidzwa
mhedziso; kunyanya kwete kutamba Accommodationsfhigkeit dzakadaro voltage
pamusoro dhiramu kunoitika, kuti maonero akasiyana dzakakwirira manotsi mukati
zvimwe vakaenzana nyore kuitwa.

Kana Zvisinei, nokuda vasiri patsanurika kuomesa kudini regai kupa zvakakwana
mutsindo mugumisiro nyaya kuti psychophysics yomukati budding, mubvunzo
mukuru, zvingava kubatsira asi kuti vakawana yayo ematongerwo mugumisiro
nokuda dzokunze psychophysics.
Mag pashure ose Maausdruck danda riri kana danda riri 2 kuva zvikuru cogent,
saka inogona asi kunobva iripo mukuru ruzivo pamusoro munda ruzha, musatora
mavara kupedza.Nokuda ruvara yatova pashure Th CHINONZI yemashoko 175
mutemo Weber kuti kwete sezvinoita nokuda pitches, saka kare mamiriro rokutanga
fomu danda. On kana danda riri 2inapplicable pano; uye pane chokwadi, pashure iyo
yechipiri haadaro.
Izvi, kana ndisiri kukanganisa, rokutanga Purkinje 10) muonekwe Njiva 11) uyewo
kuzvidzora nguva yakawanikwa uye yakawana chaizvo, pamusoro
Grailich 12) akataura nguva, pamusoro Helmholtz ) zvikuru Mavara uye afunga
chokwadi, maererano nomumwe ari rubvunzavaeni yakareba kupfuura Red anoona
yebhuruu, kuita nesimba pfungwa pazuva, anotaurwa chechipiri zvinotevera mutongo
kana mitemo. "Vaviri chitsvuku chiedza rakawandisa zvinoonekera zvakafanana
chinopenya pane imwe mhedziso chiedza rakasimba, izvozvo kazhinji havaiti kana
chiedza siyana zvose kaviri kana vagovane. Aiti, kashoma frangible vaviri mavara
mumutsetse wokutanga, kare ari brechbarere yakajeka kuva. "
10)

Purkinje, N. mbiru. 109. 11) inoshuma Berl. Akad., 1852. 69 kana

Pogg. LXXXV. 397. 12) Sitzungsber. pamusoro muVienna. Akad. 1854.
XIII. 251. ) Pogg. XCIV. 19th

"The ataurwa neNjiva rakawanikwa Fani chingava - anoti Helmholtz -. In kuedza

yangu homogeneous mavara vakachengeta kwazvo handina bicolor chiedza mari
kubudikidza mbiru chidzitiro anonyatsoona nenzira svinga kuti vakakanda chete
erima mimvuri, uye vakauya pakati heliostats uye wokutanga pakakoromoka rimwe
kana vakawanda paiva mutete rejira chena, iyo anoramba chikamu chezuva pasina
kuchinja nhamba yaro siyana zvinoriumba. It ipapo mumvuri zvishoma tyoka ruvara
akazviratidza zvasviba kupfuura refrangible. nenzira, misiyano yakaderera zvikuru,
chero ini zvose mavara kubva zvishoma tyoka hafu chakarondedzera, tsvuku mutema
zvitema, akatora mamwe unoshamisa pakati izvo refrangible hafu, uye vakawanda,
kana pamwe ari Violet kashoma tyoka ruvara. "
Mumwe arege chokwadi ichi, sezvo zvinoitwa zvakanaka, chengeta chete kutaura
pamwe yokuti nhamba huru vibrations anogona kubhadhara kuti amplitude duku
nokuda maonero;nekuti ukuwo neyokupedzisira, mune zvenzwi zvakakwana
akataura, chokwadi muchimiro nerogi pamusoro kana danda riri 2 mu kunoitika uye
zvinodiwa ne chinopesana chokwadi huri Helmholtz theorem no, izvo akataura kuti

ikozvino chete ruvara, kwete zvenzwi, chimiro ichi sezvo chero izvo zvakaenzana
maonero riri simba mupenyu zvakaenzana kana akafanana chigadzirwa sezvo kune
kana munhu n ukama. Nokuti kana mune zvenzwi zviviri kana
mavara ane 2 N 2 = ane ' 2 N ' 2 , uye somugumisiro kune = 'a'n ndiko, saka anonziwo
2 kuti = 2 mumwe N anofanira kuramba; uye kana theorem kana izvo
kushanda ari N kana kuti sezvo Maausdruck nokuda kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa
kuti vayananiswe pamwe Helmholtz wacho theorem no. Naizvozvo muna
zvinoitwa kuti kana munhu N. Saka kana Blue kudarika yavanababa tsvuku
mumadekwana, saka zvaizova vachiri vakawanda kuti chimiro Maausdruckes
panguva kunonyanyisa Kupenya iwoyo zvakadai; nepo Dove'schen zvakaitika uye
Helmholtz akaisa kuratidza zvinopesana.
Kana munhu anoongorora kana anofungidzirwa chimiro
danda rimwe danda N zvaizova zvakakodzera kurega Helmholtz wakasiyiwa
kunanga, zvinoita sokuti iwe haudi kuipa ngarurege naro; nokuda kana zviviri
vakaenzana pakukura intensities danda rimwe danda N nerogi imwe ' danda N ' ari
amplitude rimwe uye rimwe 'yakawanda chete maererano, kwete chete anogona
kuramba hapana wakaenzana intensities, asi Helmholtz mitemo zvakananga
pamusoro ruvara pamwe zvikuru nokukurumidza zvichauya vakafuta.
Kutaura zvazviri, kuenda intensities danda rimwe danda N nerogi imwe
' danda n' kuburikidza vachiwedzera tsika imwe uye munhu ' pamwe chete tsika that
m kupinda
danda Ma nerogi N nerogi Ma ' danda N '
= (Log mamita + danda rimwe ) danda N uye
(danda mamita + danda rimwe ' ) danda N
pashure iyo kukosha danda rimwe danda N kuti danda mamita nerogi N , ukoshi
danda rimwe 'danda N kuti danda M nerogi N ', saka kukosha pamwe vakawanda
vibrations kuburikidza kupfuura vamwe kuwedzera kuoneka.
Saka unogona kuona pamungawirirana rakaitirwa panhu kuzvokwadi mavara uye
zvenzwi kuti frequencies madiki vanoda zvikuru amplitude kuva kuoneka, asi kwete
kuti kuvhiringidzwa nenzanga mutemo Helmholtz nokuda vose, usina kuisa
zvokuti 13) , uye Ndinofunga hazvisi Kungangova kuti Helmholtz murairo ruvara
nevamwe zvakasiyana zvakawanda zvokuti iyo kupa ruzha, ivo ratios akajeka uye
zvandingapindura kunyanya kuisa pamwe muchitsauko 33, kwakabatana,
zvichingodaro mavara, hairevi mitinhimira, chii ukama zvirokwazvo zvakananga
kuedza vaizova rine chokuita pamusoro aronga, asi chinodiwa zvikuru.
13)

Zvadaro anoita kunyange Grailich muna Sitzungsber. d. Vienna, Akad.

XIII. 1854. peji 253 vakanyatsoteerera.

Chisingafaniri kurerutswa ndiyo nzira yokuti chiitiko mugumisiro huri Helmholtz

mutongo chete inosimbisa kuti zviparadzanise mavara, uye kuti achiita zvakasiyana
kana mavara yakasananiswa kuti chiedza chena, sezvo iri iyo anoziva kana simba

zvose yenhengo dzayo simba iri chete maererano, uyewo kuti mugumisiro kunyange
yoga mavara hakusi zvakajeka, chero vose mavara anotorwa kubva zvishoma tyoka
hafu chakarondedzera, izvo zvinoratidza kuti pano kwete netsika dzose n varipo
hanya reshiyo , Zvimwe zvinoenderana kuti anomaly pano nokuda brechbarere
mavara von mukuru tsika kumusoro N zvinoratidzwa, pamwe nedzimwe anomaly
pamwe iyo Helmholtz rakati kuti refrangible mavara yokungazodzoka achinja
pamberi zvishoma tyoka pamwe zvakachinjwa starch ukuwo Nuance 14) ; Zvisinei,
haana kuziva; kuti dzakakwirira zvenzwi yokungazodzoka pasi pamberi zvakadzama
ari kushanda vibration kakawanda pakati amplitude. Pakupedzisira, nyaya inoramba
kuti elucidated.
14) Pogg.

XCIV. . 13

Zvadaro, mibvunzo miviri inokosha chaizvo kuramba.

First. Zvakaonekwa pamwe sezvo vamwe, pamwe sezvo zvichida kuti ruvara
nezvekufadza havavimbi zvakafanana nenzira frequencies, sezvo nezvekufadza
pamusoro matauriro, aizongoramba kuva zvakafanana kusimbisa ivo mutemo Weber
wacho. Chii chinogona kuva nechikonzero musiyano kuva pashure asi chaizvoizvo
zvachose kuvimba? To mubvunzo uyu Ndinoenda pedyo mumwe, chitsauko 33, iyo
kana kwete zvachose chokwadi; asi vakawanda preponderant ndingangokuvara
panyaya iyi uchaudzwa.
Chepiri. Maererano zvidzidzo yaivapo panyaya simba uye uwandu ruzha (Th. I.
Chap. 9) zvinoenderana pfungwa zvose nokuda mitemo vakaenzana, parufu zvaiita
simba amplitude, kubva kukwirira uwandu vibrations, uye kuti ezvinhu ose aizofanira
inofananidza iyo kutekenyedzwa yesimba uye kukwirira. Asi haisati. Kutambudzwa
dzakakwirira akapfeka dzinongoitika nechiyero manzwiro pacharo, iro haabati
kutambudzwa zvinokwaniswa pacharo, uye kunze pazvidhindo ari kufambira mberi
muchirongwa pamukwidza iri pamwero zvakakwirira, tine pfungwa periodicity, isu
vachikoshesa ndiwedzere havana kutambudzwa simba. Nekuti nguva dzose
kufambira mberi imwe pasi pasi rokutanga pakafunuka manzwiro rinotiudza panguva
imwe chete kuti isu vakaswedera machisa vakadzoka pfungwa kwokutanga
pazvidhindo, inoitika chinhu zvineringanidzo vari mberi kutambudzwa
zvinokwaniswa.
With manzwiro pasi pasi sezvingatarisirwa kunoenderana pfungwa pedzimba dzose
pasi pasi pamwe chete. Rapanzvimbo zvinokwaniswa ndiko kunzwa zvachose
parinogumira, izvo hakuna zvachose anokamuka reshiyo zvikamu, nepo demarcated
nedanda rechikero dzakakwirira anokamuka penguva pasi pasi mvumo uyewo
anokamuka reshiyo zvikamu.Ngatimbotii zvose chikero sembiru, izvo kungapfuurira
kusaverengeka. Asi rutsoka mbiru dzakakwirira vakakamurwa uye pashure tinoonga
masendimita nyore. On mushongwe simba chinhu partitioned, uye saka tinofanira
kuziva pasina hwaro, pedzimba kubudikidza sezvaunotara iwe.
Sei musiyano ichi pakati kutekenyedzwa kutambudzwa zvinokwaniswa uye treble
zvenzwi ari akarongeka kumiririrwa chete? Saka equating vaya vanogona batanidza
kuti yapfuura mubvunzo kupfuura, yaakabvunza apo mutsauko, kuti manzwi panyaya

iyi mavara asi sezvavari vanovimba nhamba vibrations, kupa? Nokuti mavara kupa
asi haasi zvokuridza nemaonero ari pasi pasi penguva uye pedzimba dzaro Analogue
Kunyange zvazvo ruvara chakarondedzera kuti kudzokera tsvuku kanenge frangible
mugumo anozviratidza kubudikidza Violet pamusoro frangible mugumo kuratidza
chii munhu kuti verenga mashoko ari muChitsauko 33. asi Magefhl incremental
zvikamu pakati Red uye Violet ari saka haana kupiwa kuchangotanga; mavara kuti
avo mamirire pfungwa zvachose, pasinei ukama hwavo peiko, uye kusiyana
nezvekufadza kuti zvinokonzerwa ukama hwavo, vane chinhu chakafanana pamwe
nezvekufadza pakati zvokuridza zvikamu wechishanu, wechina, etc.
Haaratidzi kukwira, unogona kukumbira pano zvaunokanganisa pakati dzidziso?
In kwangu maonero, kwete kuzvuzvungudza kuti kana magetsi dzidziso kwaizova
kukanganisa, asi incompleteness kana vachiri vanoda chinamatidzwa. Ndisati edza
ikozvino kupa ichi, asi ndinoda kugoverana pamwe tsanzira hwakajeka magadzirirwo
uye kuona, nokudaro Drobisch ane kare kare nzira mberi upgrades pamwe periodic
dzokororo pamusoro Toneindrcke sensualized apo achipfuura matauriro scale,
nemaonero anogona zvechokwadi kwete pasina uchawana mubereko pano 15) .
15)

kuvaka uku kutanga muna Abhandlang pamusoro Drobisch: "Panenge

akarongeka kutsunga zvenziyo zvikamu" iri akadhindwa pakati
Jablonowski'schen Company, 1846. S. 113, uye gare gare, pamutemo chete
siyanei, mune bhuku rake: "About navarongo Tonbestimmung netembiricha
"iri Abhandl. d. Sachs. Soc. d. Manhattan., Mathematics uye phys- Cl. Vol. II.
1855. p dzakapiwa 35thhurukuro pamusoro zvinoreva chete kusiya parutivi,
nyore kuti reconstructed, akabvisa vatambi vavo tsananguro, wokupedzisira
kunobva. - On chinotokurudzira yapfuura zvakafanana kuvaka Opelt, riri
asingazikanwi epakutanga ini ane Drobisch kurutivi pedyo ari pamusoro
Citation Zvisinei, iye pfungwa dzake pane kuva kune chokuita Newton kuti
ruvara denderedzwa kunyange pashure katsamba S. 181st

"Kana munhu anofunga pamusoro penguva 1 pasi pasi pamwe chinokosha

kucherechedza kupfuura sekamufarenzi ane denderedzwa ane nharaunda kureva
= 0,15915 anofanira kuva, ipapo zvose vasara zvikamu arc denderedzwa ichi, regai
avo kuyeuka nechepakati angled nyore kutsunga. Nokuti pachena, kana of
zvikamu X runoenzanirana maonero = W,
360 : W = 1 : X ; Saka W = X . 360 .
Zvadaro, simuka nokuti namatatu zvikamu chikuru kutevera tsika W, izvo isu 'W tsika
komberedza, kwakafanana mari varehwa wegumi pasi pasi zvikamu zviri kiibhodhi
zviridzwa.
W
1) Prime 0 0 '0

W'

2) Small mumasekonzi 33 31 30
3) zvikuru wechipiri 61 10 60
4) kuduku chechitatu 94 10 90
5) zvikuru chechitatu 115 53 120
6) chechina 149 24 150
7) augmented wechina 177 42 180
8) Quinte 210 36 210
9) kuduku rechitanhatu 244 7240
10) zvikuru rechitanhatu 265 19 270
11) kuduku rechinomwe 298 50 300
Liquid
12) zvikuru rechinomwe 326 29 330
13) 360 0 360 pasi pasi
"Tsika aya W uye W ' avo akabatanidza chinhu chakakombama akaisa nhamba 1
ne2 (chepakutanga) ndiyo. Zviri navo nharaunda yaro dzakasiyana zvinzvimbo pane
nzvimbo matauriro pamudzi tsamba mufananidzo .... ..
Sezvineiwo, pano mururamisire pakunzi sixths uye sevenths sezvo zvisizvo
muzvitatu nemasekonzi uyewo zvakajeka. pashure akabvumira kuti nharaunda
pashure akatsanangura yose sekamufarenzi ari denderedzwa, votendeuka, saka ndivo
masekonzi uye muzvitatu, yaakanga zvino kubva zvinowanisa pasi pasi, ari sevenths
uye sixths inokosha. Saizvozvowo, kuwa chechina yakarondedzerwa ichi neizvi
kutenderera pamwe rechishanu inokosha pamwe chete 16) . "
16) In

kumiririrwa ichi hwezvaizoitika akatipa nzvimbo Newton raMwari optics

( Lib. L. Ndima II. Prop. VI akapfuura).
"Kutenderera uku nharaunda pane kuchinja izvo anotambura matauriro apo
zvishoma nezvishoma vachambokanganwa kubva chinokosha katsamba kuti pasi
pasi, chete asina kukwana mufananidzo ;. Nokuti pasi pasi riri ukama vose
chinokosha chitsamba asi distinguishable kubva mutinhiro uyu akati zvino kunyange
akanga ari Hurukuro inokosha ari chepamusoro, pasina kupa asiwo mashoko
chinokosha. Close zvakakwana ari pano kuchengeta kuti, sezvo kuchinja matauriro
ane zvishoma nezvishoma, ichi chepamusoro kwete nokukurumidza, chete pasi pasi,
rupinde, asi kumeso yezwi kuitika kwaari. "
"Hatina pano pane kuwana tsananguro zvachose yakakwana, kana isu mukana
wokuti vanhu vanga Y = 2 X , ukama pakati hama vibration nhamba Y ane inzwi rayo
zvikamu Xkupinda inomiririra inokosha katsamba, yakakodzera geometric
kugadzirwa. Zvechokwadi, sezvo zvinokosheswa X kuburikidza arc denderedzwa,
saka zvinokosheswa zvinogona jakuburikidza kururamisa Rwonzi vakaratidza, izvo
perpendicular kuguma pfungwa iyoyo chinhu chakakombama mundege yacho
denderedzwa. saka zviri pachena, tsika idzi Yachimiririra mitsetse ari curved pemvura

ane humburumbira kuti vakomberedze kuti nechigadziko, ine mugumo pfungwa ari
kumativi humburumbira writhing theorem zononoka kana.x = 0, and = 1, ipapo
nhambwe unoenderana chinokosha kucherechedza pfungwa zononoka ichi kubva
mujinga humburumbira = 1, uye X = 1, Y = 2, saka daro riri pasi pasi porutivi
pfungwa iri kaviri sezvo guru. mumwe zvenguva kurira icho nguva dzose 1> X > 0
uye 2 > and > 1, ine runoenzanirana pfungwa iri zononoka. Pashure pacho filters
saka X uye Y ari Coordonatele ane theorem zononoka pamusoro pemvura yakarurama
humburumbira ndiko, uye anogona Y sezvo Mhedziso pamwero matauriro, X vari
kunzi Kutsauka wayo kubva mirayiridzo inokosha. "
"Vanotsiva and - 1 = U, saka woutsinye uye hama ukuru hama oscillation
nokukurumidza Y wakapiwa matauriro pachinhu yakakwirira yayo inokosha
matauriro, kana mapfupi kuunganidzwa kwemari inzwi riri pamudzi, ipapo ndizvo
U = 2 X -. 1
Zvinokosheswa nepfambi vanomirirwa madaro pfungwa yacho zononoka ndege
yacho denderedzwa kuti anoiswa kuna ndege nechigadziko kufanana kubudikidza
pfungwa zononoka iyo unoenderana chinokosha kucherechedza; kana X uye Y ndiwo
Coordonatele ari kwatiri, kuti ichi pechingoro rondedzera chikamu nerokuti
pamusoro humburumbira ..... "
"Pashure pezvinhu izvi (by Fig. 3 uye nezvemidzimu zvavo epakutanga
vakatsanangura) kumiririrwa zvino vanhu varambe kutevedzana zvenzwi
zvinoenderana mufananidzo haasi kwazvo theorem zononoka pamusoro cylindrical
pamusoro, asi panzvimbo paizvozvo sikuruu pamusoro, iyo rinorondedzera
nharaunda yacho humburumbira, kana mune madzishe akabatana ari humburumbira
rinobuda uye rotates pamusoro chete panguva imwe chete, uye pakati pakakwirira
uye vachishandisa kutenderera ukama. nepfambi = 2 X - 1, kana chii ndiro, X =
danda 2 (1 + nepfambi ) paruchaitika ko kana munhu, sapamazuva zvokuridza.
matauriro kwazvakanga zvaita c , d, E, f, g, a, H , munenge zvinoitika chete imwe
nhamba zvenzwi, pamwe usingatodyi chete zvenguva kubva, saka kuvapa mitsetse
zvakakodzera mufananidzo zononoka manera. okuti kukwira, pitches vari saka
PAUNOFUNGA kwezana muitisi panguva iyoyowo, chokwadi, zvikuru nomazvo
vakasarudzwa ..... "
"Sokuziva Ndinoziva, uyo kutanga akashandisa apa cylindrical zononoka kuti
sensualisation nevhu dzinotevedzana W. Opelt (On Akamboita Music. Plauen uye
Leipzig, 1834. peji 43). Kubva sikuruwa pamusoro, mufananidzo anongowanika
kwandiri kupedza haashandisi. "
Akatosvika mufananidzo Drobisch iri pasina mubvunzo chaizvo, kubva
mukomboni kunofambira mberi uye nguva nenguva maatomu akafanana kupa
wakajeka pfungwa unokwidza nokuderedza dzinotevedzana.
zvino Tinoratidza kutanga sei rokuvaka iri rinowanikwa muna ukama musarudzo
chete nemamwe vezvikwata zvedu yapfuura Maausdrcken.
Iva N mwero vibration upi zvikuru inzwi, N ruoko rimwe vaiona vamwe

Machiridza,
= Y ukama hwavo, x omumwe musiyano N uye n ', kureva
kutekenyedzwa pamusoro penguva yavo, k yedu vanhuwo kugara, saka ndiyo
musiyano fomura
X = K nerogi

Sezvo , k simba kuchengera kusarudza manzwiro Unit, iro n ' simba kuchengera
rakasanangurwa pakati chairema nenguva iyo munhu anosarudza kuwanda vibrations,
ane udzvinyiriri ukoshi kunogona kugadziriswa, saka isu kugadzirisa kuti
kushamwaridzana kumigumo kwazviri denderedzwa kuvaka , k = 2 . ,
apo Ludolf 'sche nhamba zvinoreva;kutora mamwe kufungawo chinokosha
kukosha chokuziva vibration reshiyo 2 sezvo Vergleichungsmastab nevamwe vose
vibration ezvinhu, chinokosha nhamba oscillations n ' uye panguva imwecheteyo
vakapiwa theorem gadziriro kuburikidza ukama ichi, kuti

(Ungada kunyange kugovera izvo okuti nerogi 2, kana panzvimbo theorem gadziriro
chete chawo nhamba 2 aida kushandisa vanhuwo).
Ngaatorerwe ikozvino zvinokosheswa X, iyo yakapiwa ichi nzira tsika N enderana,
kubudikidza arc denderedzwa 1 rinomirira nharaunda, ayo akatorwa kubva
yakananga pokutangira pfungwa, ipapo 2 . pamusoro sekamufarenzi pamusoro
denderedzwa uye panguva mumiririri iwoyu pasi pasi penguva. Pose N iri simba
rokufunga nhamba 2, kureva, kana kurira pamusoro yepamusoro pasi pasi
rinobuda; achaita danda chinhu integer, saka X ari vakawanda 2 . ive integer, von
chiri integer circumferences, kana anodzoka X kunyika magadzirirwo outputs,
kunoitika apo N = 2, kuti akaenzana vibration kakawanda inokosha , Kana isu zvino
vo vibration reshiyo
= Y kubudikidza kururamisa mitsetse, iyo kuwa mukati endpoints ari
riemukaari X perpendicular kuti ndege yacho denderedzwa kumira nezvimwewo,
sezvo Drobisch, saka tine zvose kuvakwa.
Uyewo anogona ari divi pasi yakatarwa, akarongeka mashoko nyore wakaderedzwa
mumwe nomumwe. Mushure Drobisch ane Y = 2 X saka,

kana, kana iwe wakaita Drobisch chokubaira kushandiswa logarithms muna

Tongebiete pre schla-Gen, 2 sezvo zvitsigiro nhamba theorem emuviri uye anotora
iyoyo sezvo zvitsigiro kuwanda zvenzwi nesu

x = nerogi
pashure izvo chete musiyano pakati Drobisch uye kwedu nzira inoramba kuti
Constante chete K, isu = 2 . yakatarwa, achaita Akaisa 1, iyo anotakura kuti naye
nharaunda pamusoro denderedzwa =
ari nharaunda = 1, nesu ari nharaunda = 1,
nharaunda = 2 . yakaiswa. Sezvo vose kana pasi pasi penguva inomiririrwa
sekamufarenzi, saka izvi dzimwe Drobisch kukosha 1, nesu ari 2 . , iyo yaimbova
zvikuru zvakakodzera kupfuura pasi pasi ndiro zvakasikirwa mwero zvokuridza
zvikamu. Zvisinei, sezvo izvi havasi kuona unokwidza nokuderedza kwenhamba asi
geometry, rine kupatsanura zvishoma pachavo, iyo nharaunda senguva dzose, 1, iyo
sekamufarenzi kubudikidza 2 Express; uye pakupedzisira vakasara vane sarudzo
vezvikwata nokuda kuvaka gleichgllig.
Sezvineiwo, unogona kuona kuburikidza aitarire inonyatsoita redu zvishoma, kuti
nzira ivhu pazvidhindo nyore kupfuura munhu kuti humburumbira ronda, zononoka,
zvinogona hunomiririrwa sandara zononoka, kana mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
X = 2 nerogi
inomiririra nokuda polar Coordonatele, nokudaro X kunyanya sezvo necheparutivi,
uye kana danda
kana somunhu nharaunda Vector vaiona, iyo yaimbova chinhu
Archimedes, ekupedzisira ane theorem zononoka. Vose Kana uine muna yorusvingo
kuumbwa kuburikidza nharaunda Vector yaro netsika panguva N siyana = 2 anotora
nzvimbo kutanga chinzvimbo, ukuru vakanzwisisa Kutsauka kubva chinokosha
kucherechedza kana chipi pasi pasi inokosha kucherechedza; nyaya yokutanga (mu
zvakaitika Archimedean zononoka) iri nharaunda Vector danda

nechiyero

vakanzwisisa kumusoro chinokosha kucherechedza, kana X = 2 . nerogi

zvinoenzanirana pamwe nerogi

anoramba nyaya yechipiri (mu zvakaitika theorem

zononoka) iri nharaunda Vector

uwandu chaiye kana chinangwa Altitude
kumusoro chikuru inzwi apo hama reshiyo pakati frequencies ari runoenzanirana
inzwi uye Hurukuro inokosha iri zita. Zvose Kana unogona Saka sezvo aida
Drobisch, regai nharaunda Vector panguva yayo rotation kumuka, uye uchiraira
kutanga kana kukwirira chaiyo pamusoro inokosha katsamba, wechipiri nyaya nerogi
kubudikidza kuongorora
dzinomirira vakanzwisisa kumusoro chinokosha
matauriro kwairi; zvekuti vose nyaya, anowana waimiririra chete-siyana, pamwe
vakanzwisisa Kutsauka kubva chinokosha katsamba kana pasi pasi chete panguva

imwe chete, iyo vakanzwisisa kumusoro chinokosha katsamba, pamwe chete serimwe
racho chairo, ndiro zvichida kuva duku zvinobatsira kuti kukwana. By zvose zvivako
akawana zononoka chipasa ane sikuruu kuburikidza wokutanga ane
hwakanyatsorwisa zvakawanda mari wakavhomorwa, ari sikuruwa akabatana
pakupedzisira mapedza, maererano wechipiri mumwe kure rwakatambanudzwa,
asymptotically zustrebendes vane dzisingaperi majana ose akabatana.
Uyu, Sezvineiwo, pamwe chokwadi kuti zononoka reza mashoma majana ndeimwe
chinonyanya kukosha mativi yedu auditory midziyo, kutsigirwa chikamu
Endausbreitang Gehrner-Ven. Hazvinyaradzi asi vakatopondwa vachida kuchengeta
cochlear etsinga yokungazodzoka pamberi labyrinth tsinga kuti manzwiro pamusoro
kwenzwi kutsunga; asi anozorora pane ichi chinhu pazvinhu zvakanaka; uye
anofanira kuti musangano kugadziriswa kupfuura kwemasanga kukosha, saka
ungadai abalone anoratidza chete majana zvakakwana, sezvo tinogona kunzwa
octaves, riri handizvo kana usingadi vamwe kufunga kuti labyrinth etsinga
kutambudzwa Schnek-kentne mberi. Chimwe nechimwe vaizova vamwe kufarira
kutsvaka chaiyo Maumbirwe zononoka chipasa abalone wedu, uye kuti mugogona
kupa zvakatonyanya, teleological nhoroondo chimiro dzaro; kusanganisira asi saka
kure kungangova pasina tarisiro uye chii harisi zvikuru hanya nesu pano.
The yapfuura ndizvo chete zvishoma zvinokosha Kushandurwa mufananidzo
wokutanga Drobisch chii hapana uremu pashure zvose, uye kuti ndiye chete kusvika
kusimuka ino, sezvo vachiti saka chaauya pachayo sezvo chaiwo kuratidza
zvikonzero mamiriro unoratidzwa ndiri ikozvino.
Kureva, pakutanga haafaniri kuregeredza chokwadi kuti zvakagadzirwa izvi zvose
zviri chete empirical, izvo zvinogona Zvisinei kupa experiential ezvinhu
nokutendeka, pasina, tidzidzisei chinhu kubva pasi ratios wawakaratidzwa. A
chepamusoro kana pasi pasi anopinda aine dare anonzwa kukosha kana munhu
vibration maitikiro kaviri kana vagovane, naizvozvo nhamba 2 akatanga sechinhu
chinokosha chenguva ari zvokuimba apo zororo zvakagadzirwa izvi. Asi nei
aisakwanisa 3, 4, 3 / 2 , kana musoro nhamba kuva ichi dzose, iyo zvino akatamba
pasi pasi mumwe penguva vaizova yairwirwa kukosha upi, izvo chokwadi ane
pasi. Ruzha pfungwa angadaro, mupfungwa pokutangira pfungwa hei saka pasi pasi
shure,, redunhu basa 2 . sechinhu chinokosha chenguva yechipiri kwakamboitwa
inonyatsoita yedu uye izvi chinomiririrwa polar Coordonatele vedu; Asi chikonzero
chii iri mamiriro ezvinhu ava dzinosanganisira? Kubva yemaitiro kwakavakirwa
mutemo Weber wacho

kutanga; taigona nokuti , k chete uyewo mamwe ukoshi pane 2 . kuchiiswa, uye
panzvimbo polar Coordonatele chete uyewo rectangular Coordonatele kuratidza
kukura ukama pakatiX uye
kana danda kushandiswa, kwataizogara zvino
kuwana aingovawo theorem munyonga, asi kwete zononoka, zvawakabudiswa nazvo

ungadai kubvisa mashoko ari periodicity. Sei mamwe chokuita periodic chaikosha
chete nokukwirira, kwete simba, nei rikauya akasarudza chete muumambo ruzha,
kwete ruvara? Pamusoro peizvi zvose kunotipa magadzirirwo hapana mhinduro, asi
chaizvoizvo kunoda chete mhinduro.
vanhuwo mashandiro Toneindruckes pamusoro vibration kakawanda uye
amplitude, izvo maererano Zvakanditorera ikozvino akashamisika chaizvo, chii
ndinoona mhinduro, rwusiri rwokukumbira kugamuchira ndichiri chimwezve chinhu,
asi zvakadaro Coherent, vakatsvaka, kureva chete izvozvo payakapera, hurukuro
pamusoro anoita inonzi nokuti ruzivo, kuti rediscovery kuburikidza Kunyange
zvazvo kwakabva zvokutanga ezvinhu, pasina kufunga kuti nedoro periodic pasi pasi
pfungwa aigona kuva yokubatana saka kupiwa sei chaizvoizvo
kuratidzwa; Somugumisiro, chii pandinofunga 4-nedanga zvinhu zvinokosha
kupfuura yose Maausdruckes nokuda kurira pfungwa kubudikidza chidhindo ukoshi
ndiko kunorehwa, sezvo kukuru musimboti chepuraimari rinobva, akanga
akawanikwa ichi mugumisiro, akaratidza nokudaro, sezvo ari psychophysical
dambanemazwi iri kugadziriswa izvozvo, uye darzulegende pane mumwe, nomumwe
paupamhi, ramangwana (Chapter 33), zvikonzero kare zvimwe, asi chete zvichida
kuitwa, maonero nyore vibrational kuchiva, izvo pasi kuteerera kwedu nechomukati,
uye chiduku nyore nevaya pasi funga, vakatsigira pakudaro, ndizvo yomukati
psychophysics iri kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo unoshanda imwe negwara. Chete
pasi ezvinhu kureva kuti kurira vakurukurirane nyore zvaibvira waveform
kunokonzera yedu sentient ndichizvinzwa mano, pane mashoko anotevera.
Details nyaya iyi achava abatwe neni muChitsauko 32; asi Ndinosimudzira chinhu
kubva ramified nhaurirano, izvo zvichaita kuti mamwemazwi shanduro basa ikoko
zvinodiwa pano kutotarisira uye nokupfupikisa Munhu panze, izvo zvinoreva
mubvunzo wedu chipo zvikurukuru.
Muchitsauko 32 kucharatidzwa kuti nechiyero zvinonakisa pfungwa yesimba
nenamo pamusoro katsamba kubva chimiro nerogi musi kana danda riri 2 pakati izvo
maererano hurukuro pamusoro ichiri kusarudzwa zvinogona zvakare kuwanikwa
akapedzisa rwakadini chepuraimari manzwiro zvipo, izvo kunotangira munhu nguva
vibration apo mumwe chepuraimari manzwiro mupiro kana kutora nzvimbo panguva
ino nguva kumhanya (izvo chimiro nerogi pamusoro ikoko) kana kumhanya kuchinja
(izvo nhema kuna 2 vari) saizvozvo zvichienderana anofunga, apo kutekenyedzwa
rose kunobva yose amplitude uye vibration maitikiro.
In risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi izvi kusiyaniswa kwete chete pachayo
Izvo zviri Maausdrucke nokuda mataurire pamwero mukuru amplitude uye
zvichienderana kukura nguva oscillation, asiwo kunogona kuwanikwa Maausdruck
kukosha zvakadzama, inova yakazvimirira pamwero mukuru amplitude uye kukura
oscillation nguva chete kunobva periodic dzokororo mumwechete oscillation nguva,
uye kuti zviri nyore vibrations mumwe amplitude uye mumwe oscillation nguva
ndewokuti, iri nzira Maausdruckes dandariri kana danda riri 2 asi wadii kuuya
muchiedza nokuti, rwake rusingaperi Nature maererano, imwe chete 1 yakatarwa

constants k uye ane 1 n 1 kana ane 1 n 1 siyana izvi 17) pamwe rinobuda,
sezvinoratidzwa kubva anotevera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi. ukoshi
Uyu Zvaiitwa zvose dzinokosha constants 2 uye , iyo kukosha pasi pasi
penguva kunobva, zvinoti zviri pasina Panyaya kuchengera vakatsunga dzakabatana
uye kugara K, zvakaenzana maviri ezvinhu, pakati riri kusarudza zvakadaro,
zvachose kuburikidza
kupiwa chii pamusoro apa tsika X nokuti chikwata
rinoringanidzwa vibration nhamba n anoenderana uye rinogona sechinhu yakachena
kutaura izvo kunoenderana kakawanda kufamba nguva nenguva vanzwe nenamo
kutekenyedzwa. Ari iko kugadzirwa chete kubva summation pamusoro kwenguva
nenguva basa, umo nguva oscillation kana vibration kakawanda, asingadi kupinda
amplitude, naizvozvo, chete wokutanga (kureva pamwe nenamo), kwete
vokupedzisira chokuita, asi rine, sezvaungaona, kwete kunyange oscillation
kumwedzi; ichi uye amplitude kuenda mhiri muna Maausdruck yose Toneindruckes
a.
17)

Zvichava kudzoswa kuti akava ukoshi chaizvoizvo k danda

k danda

kana ,

riri.

The ndima bhiri kuburikidza iyo iri mugumisiro rinozobudawo,

achitungamirirwa nokufungidzira kuti kutekenyedzwa zvipo kuvimba kumhanya ari
vibration chero nguva, ari zvishoma zvinotevera. Muchitsauko 32 iwe uchava bhiri
nokuti ichi mamwe kumhanya, pamwe kuwana mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu
(zvichienderana pakukurumidza change).
Iri nyore rectilinear oscillation pamusoro amplitude A , iyo oscillation nguva , kana
kuti itirana oscillation nhamba N =
sipidhi V panguva T , ichi akaverenga kubva
vaifanira kubva siyana kwezvinhu, anozivikanwa 18)

apo yacho Ludolf'sche nhamba, kana hafu denderedzwa arikunze, iyo

nharaunda = 1. By zvino kutekenyedzwa romupiro ose nguva DT zvokusamutswa
zvirimo velocity V , kana chii zvinokosha zviri theorem muchimiro mashoko kubva
kuna zvimwechete, kurarama simba vs. 2 ari zvimiso, ndiko
k danda DT kana K nerogi DT
akapiwa chii rokutanga mashoko anogona kutorwa sechinhu hwaro, nezvomunhu

kuti
nguva dzose kuti kutorwa sezvo zvakanaka. Ipo pano, b kukosha mundima ,
umo mupiro kutekenyedzwa kunoitika pachikumbaridzo (zvokutanga
chikumbaridzozve), uye k zvake kugara. Hereinafter, iyo kutekenyedzwa
pakuverengwa S riri rwakakonzera panguva ya ane oscillation inopiwa

18)

Unoona Z. B. Herschel pamusoro chiedza . 569 panyaya kukosha

Sezvo pakukurumidza Unit ari udzvinyiriri, tinoshandisa (kune mashoko, kuti

chinokosha pano, kuti ndiwane vari nyore chimiro) mutengo = 1 , anoora mashoko
logarithm pamusoro chigadzirwa kupinda chitsama logarithms, uye
chinotsiva N nokuda , izvo isu Verengai zvinotevera nhengo nhatu vanogamuchira:

iro rokutanga kusvika amplitude, wechipiri unomirira nhamba vibration kana

oscillation nguva, wechitatu novimba periodicity pamusoro vibration chikamu
Maausdruckes.Dzinomiririra Pasika
mune

, saka anoenda rokupedzisira kubatana

Chivakashure chinokosha
Zvisinei, kuti periodicity ari dzavasinei nemataundi,
yakazvimirira kukura oscillation nguva, chikamu Maausdruckes, kane dzose
chinhu

ndechokuti, ndizvo

pashure izvo Maausdruck yose nokuda manzwiro pakuverengwa S panguva imwe

oscillation pakati kureba iri

By kupatsanura aya kuburikidza , nokudaro pakuwana kusimba manzwiro

pachinzvimbo Verengai manyawi, nokugadza K = 2 . , inotengwa somunhu
nechiyero umbirimi

kana, kana ari Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva K = 1 uye b = iri nyore okuti
danda riri .
Sei kuumba K nerogi

asati asvika, anopiwa muChitsauko 32.

Mamiriro wechipiri kuti kutekenyedzwa pamusoro Kukurumidza kuchinja

(wechipiri-kuitira mwero) runotsamira, zvinotungamirira munhu Swing unoenderana
zvachose chete anodhinda-outs 2 . nerogi
nokuda periodic chinhu zvikurukuru,
kana rapfuura ezvinhu, uye outputs sezvo kwokupedzisira ukoshi rose Maausdruck

umwe izvo kubudikidza zvinoderedza pamusoro b = 8 . ane uye , k = mu

2 nerogi
unogona kuchinja chii zvinogonawo kuvaka sezvo maererano yapfuura mamiriro
kuita.

XXXI. Kungotaurawo pamusoro Maprinzips

kutekenyedzwa. 1)
Nokuyerwa fomura, musiyano inonyatsoita uye Unterschiedsmaformel izvo dzave
tiri kukura manyawi, manzwisisire kusiyana uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana,
kwakavakirwa murayiro Weber uye chokwadi vomukova (pachikumbaridzo uye
differential chikumbaridzo), uye kuramba kushanda chero mutemo uyu uye izvi
chokwadi vanoramba zvakarurama.
1)

Psych. Maprinzipien S. 179 va-.

Zvichakadai, tinofanira kuziva kuti mutemo wacho Weber Zvisinei zvimwe

pamusoro risingagumi generality uye ukoshi pachinhu rwomukati psychophysical
kufamba, asi ukama zvayo zvokunze anotikurudzira chete mukati papi svikiro
excitability anonzi musoro uye vazhinji zvirwere uye matambudziko pasi, pasi
mamwe mamiriro kunyange kushanda anorasikirwa zvose.
Kubva panguva iyi maonero okuti uye kudzvinyirirwa yemashoko ambotaurwa
zvakakosha kuti Masvomhu chete avo, asi pfungwa kwete yakayerwa yedu zvinoukoshi wayo anomutora Mutemo Weber wacho, kuti zvinopesana ichocho chete
pachishandiswa dzimwe Masvomhu sezvakanga zvakanaka chiyero manyawi,

manzwisisire kusiyana uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana zvinogona akapora kubudikidza

zvazviri, pakwakanga pfungwa dzedu zvinotsigirwa zvakazara ayo generality, chete
mukana ndiko, wakaenzana kuchinja duku, Zuwchse kudonongodzwa manzwiro
nokuti vakapiwa Reizzuwchse munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana anotikurudzira
pakafunuka chii hatizi chimwe chete, asi nzira yakanaka matatu vachiriita. By yose
kutekenyedzwa tinyanye Zuwchsen D ? kubva zero, sezvo kushanda akabatanidza
Reizzuwchse D , nemafungiro takatsunga muna dzakasiyana-siyana
anotikurudzira pakafunuka ichikura, tinowana nokuyerwa kukosha yose
kutekenyedzwa ? kuburikidza akapedzisa Zuwchse wavo kubva razero
kuunhu , izvo munhu akapiwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira anoendera-,
kana kupfuura kazhinji musiyano - mbiri nezvekufadza , ', iyo
nemazango , ' anoenderana Verengai zvigadzirwa akafukidza ari akabatanidza
penguva Zuwchse. , More zvakananga, unomuka seizvi:
Ngatitii tawana kuti chete musiyano chete chete kuoneka Runonzwika apo isu
anotikurudzira kuti kazhinji inopisa,
kukura ' arayire D ', kukura ' kuti D " u. S . F , kura,
sezvamakaropafadzwa D ', D " zvishomanana, maererano nzvimbo
anotikurudzira chikero iri kunoitika kwacho dari maererano kukura kureva
shanduka Reizzuwchse; saka isu vanowanzova
F()D=C
apo F munhu wokutanga isingazivikanwi nerevane C ari kugara, uye kuziva
basa F kuitira kuti kana kune mumwe runoenzanirana
netsika ' uye D ', " uye D " , etc. muna F ( ) D vari kuchiiswa
chaizvoizvo kwose kwose kugara ukoshi C inotengwa, zvaanoda izvo, kubudikidza
kusarudza kuchengera zviyero, mhedziso ukoshi anosvika chinhu. Kana W eber'schen
mutemo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga achava zvakakwana kana ari kugara reshiyo
kuti D reserves, saka

akaisa, dari F ( ) =
kuva nokutora, apo K chinhu kuchengera
rusingaperi. Wakamira kuwedzera mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira ari
anotikurudzira musiyano D , inova pakuraramisa zvakaenzana kuti munhu
musiyano, zvisizvo panzvimbo zvakananga ukama , saka achida F ( )
kuva K . Enderana dzose chikamu anotikurudzira kubva akaenzana anotikurudzira
musiyano D chete noticeability kudaro F ( ) chiri chokungoda K kuderedza. Saka
izvi vanoita nyaya nhatu anoenderana equations zvitatu:

KD=C

K D = c.
Zvino rinogonawo kuva nyaya here nyore kana kuti rose anotikurudzira pamwero
mukuru ukama pakati D uye anotanga kugara kukosha. Zvino nguva dzose
zvichibvira, achishandisa anozivikanwa interpolation F ( ) chero akapiwa chikamu
anotikurudzira scale, nokuti mumwe anotsvaka nechiyero, maererano zvikamu ichi
akawanikwa pakuongorora chokuita mumwe netsika ' uye D ' " uye c " uye
kuti asarudze; kuti mamiriro
F()D
akaenzana kugara achagutiswa.
Chii chinogona kuonekwa sechinhu chenguva ukoshi kurutivi manyawi, ndiko,
chaizvoizvo, asiri wechokwadi kutekenyedzwa musiyano, asi vakanzwisisa
musiyano, kana tichibatisisa hwakatangwa kubva 22. Chapter kuzivisisa manzwiro
kusiyana zvachose mupfungwa uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana. Asi insofar sezvo
kutekenyedzwa kusiyana kunonzwisiswa chete seMutambo nyaya pakati
vakanzwisisa kusiyana kuti utetsa yaizova akakwana, tinogona pane zvakafanana
tsika uye D , uko vasiyane ari kugara, uyewo kuona akabatanidza kutekenyedzwa
musiyano kuti kuramba, saka mukana wokuti vanhu vanga F ( )
d = cvasina kuchengetedza kubatana nokuda diki manzwiro kusiyana uye
vachinzwisisa kusiyana zvinosanganisira, uye D ? sezvo diki manzwiro musiyano
nokuti munenge chinomiririra muzvirevo equations. yokubatana uku zvichida
haisi munhu priorizvikuru pachena, asi mamiriro ezvinhu ayo chii chinoita nechiyero
kunorumwe rutivi zvichibvira, Ukuwo kunoratidza experiential migumisiro.
Kana munhu ane chimiro chakadaro, mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
D?=F()d
pamwe kutsunga F ( ), saka vachange sechinoitika differential equations uye
zvinogona revatema sezvo vakadaro; kuburikidza pasi D ? chidukuduku kugara
manzwiro musiyano, pasi D chidukuduku pamwe anonzwisisa shanduka
anotikurudzira musiyano. Saka, nokuti anokamuka musiyano pakati nezvekufadza
maviri ? , ', vaviri tsika , 'ndezvaJehovha, panguva dzinotevera chimiro

uye kutekenyedzwa oga pasi muchimiro

kana b ari anotikurudzira chamunowana iyo kutekenyedzwa anova zero, izvo ukoshi
aigona kazhinji kutaura kuva razero kana kuva anokamuka ukoshi, iyo yokupedzisira
chinoshanda kuti ruzivo.
Zvadaro, vatatu, somuenzaniso, zvambotaurwa Masvomhu anotevera results:

Pakazoti K =

= K ( - B ) , sezvamakaropafadzwa K =
= K ( - b), sezvamakaropafadzwa K = K.
Kukwira kubva kutekenyedzwa kusiyana nokuda paakaziva kusiyana, uchava ipapo
pasi idzodzo iyo (chits. 24) pamusoro dzichipfekeka chimiro

kwave akatsanangura, pasina nehumwe musimboti zvinoda.

Inotarisira Vorigem kuti mutemo Weber iri chokwadi hapana chinokosha zvimiso
nheyo kutekenyedzwa chipimo; Chete chinonyanya kukosha kushanda pamugove
wakaganhurwa achafanira tichivimba mutemo uyu, uye kurondedzera.
The yapfuura akatorwa kufunga angangoonekwa kuitwa nemhaka tinosiyana wedu
achishandisa dzoro kuti mativi maviri zvizere generality zvakanaka. Apo pavanenge
isu vaibatsira Weber mutemo unokosha payakavakirwa iyo isu kuisa dhigirii yedu
manzwiro kubva pakutanga, kusangana zvakasimba pose pose, mune zvimwe zviitiko
kwete zvachose, kana isu anoreva zvokunze anotikurudzira, tinopindura kuti ivo
vachiri munyika yakafara bvunzo miganhu uye chete nevaya vari vanochengeta
nezvekufadza vari Avharenji nderechokwadi; uye kuti zvaizova chete zvakafanira
yavaibvumirana, pachinzvimbo anoreva mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uko
psychophysical fambisa kunokonzerwa, kuwana nguva dzose chaizvoizvo
vechokwadi. Uye kana mumwe munhu akadonhedza isu kuti tiwane munzira iyi
mune pfungwa, tinopindura kuti tinogona kushandisa pfungwa dzose vakasununguka
kufukidza zvarakasiya zvose kubva pamurairo Weber raMwari, kana tirege isu sunga
inokosha payakavakirwa, kunyanya ongorora neimwe nyaya, izvo Zuwchsen ari
anotikurudzira dzose chikamu anotikurudzira kubva kugara ukoshi vasiyane, uye
ipapo generality pamusoro Maprinzips edu anoramba zvakanaka.
Mienzaniso vanogona kushumira, zvikuru zvechokwadi kusimbisa.
Munzvimbo kutekenyedzwa chiedza pamusoro anomutora Mutemo Weber riri
yakaderera muganhu, izvo isu akanyora kuti kutekenyedzwa chiedza kwete chete
kubva zvokunze chiedza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kunobva, asi kunze kuti
kare pane kuramba manzwiro ziso dema, izvo zvinogona kunzi; sokunge kunotangira
yomukati chiedza anotikurudzira, iyo inowanikwa chaienderana duku saizi kwokunze
chiedza anotikurudzira. Zvisinei nzira iyi kumiririrwa uye kutaura mutemo Weber asi
tichawana zvaidiwa nechokwadi kana tikaisa

apo munhu ari kugara ukoshi kuti kuwedzera kwokunze chiedza mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira. By kusanganisa kukosha ichi tawana kutekenyedzwa musiyano

uye panguva dzakadaro mukuru tsika , ', kuti munhu oneka musiyano nokupera

Mumwe muenzaniso:
Ini Th. IS 205 waiti kuti aikanganiswa tembiricha kusiyana pamusoro -gwamba
kunodzikira inotonhora pashure kuedza vangu kuenda pane imwe nokukurumidza
pasina kuenzaniswa ratios, sezvo anoenderana murayiro Weber wacho, uye kuti pasi
tembiricha T muna Reaumur'schen madhigirii akarurama oneka tembiricha
musiyano D kuwana kana (14.77 - t ) 3 kane 0,002734, kana chii ndiro, yakakamurwa
365,7. Akaverenga izvi zvinodiwa netsika (s. 32 Sec.) In collocation pamwe
kuchengetwa tsika.
Zvino handisi kuda kuti nzira
D = (14.77 - t ) 3 . 0.002734
nokuti zvinopfuura chimwe, mukati vamwe tembiricha miganhu, uye zvichida
nokuda chaizvo munhu akazvimiririra ari mucherechedzi uye kuedza kuramba tiine
rakada musoro empirical. Zvaitova nani, asi inogona isu pano, kuratidza kuti tiri asina
kusungwa, chokwadi, nheyo chechetere yedu vakawanda pamutemo ukama upi
pakati anotikurudzira uye manyawi. Anokuda anomirira inonzi yakapedza
kutekenyedzwa pakureva tembiricha iri kuedza kwangu.
The ukoshi D pano rinomirira isu kukosha D uye T kukosha . Saka isu, nokuisa
pfupi 14,77 = T
D = (T - ) 3 0.002734.
Naizvozvo
0.002734 =
uye nekuti 0.002734 ndiko kugara, kazhinji

Kuti pano isu D ? yokusuma akaipa chiratidzo kunoenderana kuti yezvakaita

zvazvingava, zvichienderana nekukura yacho kutekenyedzwa inokura kana
zvinoderedza, D ? pamwe chete kana pakatarisana chiratidzo
sezvo D kutaurwa. In ichi kuremekedza ikozvino tiri nevanhu inotonhora
nezvekufadza, umo yokupedzisira rinei, asiwo kunaka D ? zvakanaka D kuva
nechokuita kuisa. Kusanganisa ikozvino zvapfuura mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
pamusoro = t ' kuti = T , isu tiwane runoenzanirana
kutekenyedzwa musiyano

Mumwe zvino anogona kuchengeta kuti apo t kana t '= T aida

kutora, - ' angafunga zvakanaka kana kunaka kukosha kusingaperi; izvo
kwakabatana izvo pamungawirirana ari kuchinja pakati nezvekufadza nokupisa
kutonhora T Vanzveri discontinuity pamusoro basa, ndiro dzayo nechiyero,
zvichaitikawo. Uyezve empirical kururama kwemashoko yemaitiro asingadi kusvika
tsika t = T. In miganhu asi apo ivo ichakurukurwa chinogamuchirika, zvakafanana
mabasa zvinogona nzira sezvinotevera kugadziriswa: pamwe 5 chete
kutekenyedzwa pamusoro kutonhora idukusa 0 , uye kusiyana nezvekufadza maviri
ane zvimwe kukura. Zvechokwadi, musiyano mukuru pakati nezvekufadza pana 0
10 . The yemaitiro ndiyo nhamba idzi mamwe maviri kana misiyano
yakadaro. Heino tafura unoratidza hama kukura kusiyana izvi, akaderedza kuti
vasiyane pakati 0 uye L R. somunhu chimwe.

Sensorineural
misiyano

pakati
tembiricha

-'
1

0 uye 1

2.24

0 - 2 chaiva

3,82

0 - 3.

5,85

0 - 4.

8,55

0 - 5.

12.26

0 - 6.

17,36

0 - 7.

24,99

0 - 8.

36,90

0-9

57,06
0 - 10
Zvadaro Z. B. ndiye musiyano pakati tembiricha manzwiro kubva 0 10 (= 57.06)
pakati 6 uye 7maI kwakaenzana pakati 0 uye 5 (kwaakanga 8.55), uye musiyano
pakati 5 uye 10 (= 57.06 kusvika 8,55) kusiyana pakati 0 uye 5 sezvo 48,51
kusvika 8,55, kana vanenge 5 nguva huru. Kutora kusiyana pakati akatevedzana
tsika - , mumwe anopiwa kutekenyedzwa kusiyana nokuda anotevedzana
tembiricha zvikamu nechimwe 1 sezvinotevera:

Sensorineural
misiyano

pakati
tembiricha

-'
1

0 uye 1

1.24

1-2

1,58

2-3

2,03

3-4

2,70

4-5

3,71

5-6

5.10

6-7

7,63

7-8

11,91

8-9

20,56
9 - 10
Saka tembiricha musiyano 9-10 R. anenge ka20 Runonzwika zvakasimba zvokuti
pakati 0 uye 1 R., akapa mutemo kunyange zvazvo asina kudaro kure achiteverwa
kuedza chaizvo 0 anoramba kushanda. Uye nokudaro, kuwedzera kutekenyedzwa
pakati chando kubva chando pfungwa kune tava kuderera zvinoshamisa.
Sezvineiwo, ichi pachena kare kubva patafura bvunzo pachayo. Nokuti kana abva
pana 4 , zvinoda musiyano 2 , 8 6 R., kunyatsoreva kuti vave saizvozvo chaizvo,
sezvo Z. B. pa 9 madhigirii, 15 R musiyano 0.48, saka izvi zvinoreva here anofanira
pana 4 , 6, 2 munobuda 8 (tembiricha of 4 , 6 kufunga pakati danho nhema)
kuwana kutekenyedzwa ane zvakaenzana guru kuchinja tembiricha sezvo apo pana 9
, 15 nokuda 0 , 48 mberi. Zvisinei, kukura anodiwa mberi haisi ionekwe somunhu
nechiyero kutekenyedzwa ane tembiricha shanduko, hapana saka hapana nyore
proportionality kunovapo, asi imwe chete, yakataurwa pamusoro payakavakirwa,
yaishandiswa ukama kwazviri.
Volkmann akaita zvinosimbiswa experimentally kuti aikanganiswa ganda kuti
madaro nechando simba chaizvo. Zvino Zvinofadza kuona kuti chando saka akatiwo
simba aikanganiswa pachavo.

Xxxii. The oscillatory mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira

zvavo.
Vachiedza ane zvepakutanga pakuvaka kutekenyedzwa
chiyero.
a) muchikurukura rokutanga.
Chinonyanya kukosha kutsinga dzinouya mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira,
chiedza uye kurira kubwaira, muri oscillatory zvakasikwa, uye sezvavakanga zororo

kumativi oscillations, kurudzira naro akapikisana oscillatory dzekusandura matiri,

uyo amplitude uye nguva pamwe kwokunze oscillations unesungano. Ndiwo
nekuonekwa kwakadai mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira rinokosha kukosha.
Chiedza uye kurira kubwaira vanoonekwa kugara, sokuvapo vibration
kakawanda N kana kuti itirana oscillation nguva uye amplitude ane iri dambudziko
vibrations, Saizvozvo chigadzirwa N 2 ane 2 kana
, dari iri kinetic simba
pamusoro vibration iyo yatinoswedera mumuviri uye chengeta kusimba chiedza,
inzwi, akayera ndiko kugara. Uyewo isu kusuma mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
izvi mushure ruzivo, kuti inotsigira Masvomhu yedu mupfungwa dzakaenzana, kuti
kuramba ari mumwe chete, chero bedzi avo kugara pakati N uyeane iri. Asi
mubvunzo ndewekuti zvinokosheswa N uye ari wokupedzisira vari, uko tinogona
kudzokera uye kuti vadzokere zvepfungwa vanomiririra inokosha kuvimba mumuviri
yesangano.
Nokukurumidza uye nokudaro mupenyu simba vibration haasi kugara panguva
iyoyo, asi inokura kubva razero panguva miganhu yacho oscillation kuti vaifanira
panguva ndima achishandisa zvakanyatsoenzana chinzvimbo. Saizvozvo Kuchinja
nokukurumidza munguva anotevedzana akaenzana nguva nhengo havana kuenzana
panguva oscillation; asi panguva ndima kuburikidza zvakanyatsoenzana chinzvimbo,
kuchinja nokukurumidza parizvino Zero uye vaifanira panguva muganhu oscillation.
Kudzokera kune zvokutanga, tinofanira aizofanira kufungidzira kuti nguva yose
mukati vibration ndezvake, chete haasi distinguishable kunyanya pachavo, nomupiro
chinokosha manzwiro zvose, uye kuti zvichiguma hwakasimba nenzira anokamuka
nguva anokamuka manzwiro kukura kupfuura kuwanda zvokutanga mipiro ndiko
kumiririra; zvikuru kazhinji, kuti uwandu mumwe manzwiro, ane unhu kwakabatana
imwe chimiro rwokufamba, ari kuwanikwa kuti musimboti kubudikidza summation
pamusoro quantitative, izvo kubatsira kuuya chimiro ichi zvinofamba nguva kuti,
pasinei chimiro yose rwokufamba manzwiro vane, sezvo bhuku uye uremu yose imba
sezvo Verengai chii zvose vanoita mabwe munhu kuti kutsunga, pasinei chimiro
akaita imba yose.
Kana maonero akadaro inogutsa uye anobatsira, sokuti munhu priori kuti kana
vaisimbirira kana disproved nechivimbo; asi unofanira kuedza izvozvo, ona
zvinobuda mairi, uye kusarudza pamusoro mbiri pfungwa, kutanga, kana isu
kubudikidza unobva proponierte summation pamusoro pedzidziso rakafanana neboka
anokamuka nguva anomuitira manzwiro zvose kuburikidza nguva ino pora
Achitambanudzira sangano rose pfuma, iyo ruzivo arayira zvakananga, chepiri kana
izvi zvichakuita kukunda chinhu tisina kukunda, kana isu kurega panguva mitemo
experiential uye mashoko izvo zvakananga kukanganisa manzwiro uye kufamba mu
anokamuka nguva rondedzera, kureva, kunyange tiri nokudaro nani
nezvatinovavarira ari chokwadi, tsvaka mamwe kubva chete kubatana, akawana itsva
tsime discharges; kwete nokuti aizova nyaya, kuderera pamusoro zvinokosha basa
wakaramba, pane kusimudzira chinhu chete sembura spaciousness uye asingabatsiri
backswing kubva shure pfungwa nhema.

Kunyange zvakadaro achiri guru defectiveness zvinotevera kuongorora angarega

ndinofunga kuti vaviri, panguva iyo admissibility uye kushanda kuderera uku
kwakabatana, vanosimbirira ikozvino. Zvakaratidza kuti zvechokwadi, uye vasina,
yaishandiswa ukama pakati zvokutanga mitemo vibration uye chepuraimari
manzwiro zvipo inogona chakavakwa, izvo anodzoka kubudikidza akapedzisa
migumisiro ruzivo yose vibration uye wose dzakatevedzana vibrations pachayo chete
zvose mutemo Weber nokuda simba kureba zvikurukuru, sezvo compensability simba
nokuda urefu, uye vakutarisire nokuda maonero nokurira, sezvo chinokosha kukosha
pasi pasi penguva anoona umo takaitwa anotungamirirwa ruzivo pamwe vari rechi9,
zvitsauko 30 vari, kureva nokuyerwa chimiro nerogi pamusoro kana
danda muna 2 (zvichienderana nechisarudzo maviri ezvinhu, pakati izvo chete
kusarudza asi) nokuti kutsamira pane Toneindruckes simba kana urefu, uye chimiro
2 . cherogi 1 / 2 kukosha ari pasi pasi penguva. Uyewo kwatova (chits. 30) rave
dzakaratidza achabatwa nokukurumidza sezvo tichiomerwa. Asi kana pakarepo
uchiwirirana rokuzvidavirira zvabuda kunoitika chete ruzivo panyaya iyi chete
zvenzwi, kwete ruvara, saka izvi hakusi kuramba kururama kwemashoko
ndizvidavirire nheyo, kuburikidza dzakakudzingai vamwe kukurukurwa chinotevera
zvikonzero izvo kuzvidudzira sezvo zvinoreva kuti chete sounds, kwete mavara
Akabatanidzwa nyore ezvinhu, sezvo pasi bhiri pano. vari, dzakasiyana reshiyo
pakati nezvekufadza mbiri kuna kubvunzwa zvabuda kunyange zvakadaro kududzira
kuti zvakanaka kubvumirwa.
Asi isu hatigoni kunzi nokungoona ichi chepuraimari chivako kuti experiential
zvaraita, asi tichabata mberi saizvozvi. Experience rinotiudza chinhu pamusoro
chikonzero Tikafunga simba, kukwirira uye nguva nenguva zvinhu zviri
kutambudzwa Toneindrcke, uye achitendera asi vamwe chokwadi pamusoro yavo
linked nzira; chepuraimari mamiriro edu zvinoratidza vairaramiswa nevakawanda
pamusoro dzinokosha mamiriro ezvinhu vibration uye kunoda mumwe chimiro
kubatana. Asi sezvo tinoona pano zvepakutanga sechivako peji kugutsa nezvimwe
zvinoita, tinowana panguva imwecheteyo muenzaniso kuti nokusingaperi regai
kuhwina chimwe chinhu nayo, uye unogona kutarisira, naivowo munyaya apo
hapasisina nyore oscillations kana vibrations zvachose kuwana kubatsira, saka
chimwe chisungo vose psychophysical kufamba hwaizosimbiswa kugadzirwa. Nokuti
kana tinogona kutanga kutaura chete anotikurudzira kuruvazhe psychophysics,
ndizvo asi chii takawana wedu nzira varipo kuva yokureva pakupedzisira kuna
psychophysical sangano pave anotikurudzira, uye kunyange zvokunze anotikurudzira
chete saka kure akawana munhuwo kushandisirwa, rinogona kutorwa ezvinhu
akakodzera iye zvichiguma kufamba.
Hazvina pamungawirirana tine yakafanana nyaya, sapamazuva wefizikisi. Chero
bedzi tisina vanogona kubva zvokutanga zvaakasika, isu kuchengetera mitemo
chaiwo chaiwo chitarisiko nzvimbo; anowedzera tinokwanisa kudzokera
zvepakutanga, zvikuru kubatanidza mitemo inokosha chaiwo kacho pasi mitemo
mukuru, izvo kuona kubudirira chero Mubatanidzwa pedzidziso.
zvino isu zvamaronga kuti kare akawana kubudirira asi panguva kwete

yakawandisa. Ndinofanira kubvuma kuti inogutsa pakurapa basa iri kure asi
vakabudirira chete shoma chaizvo miganhu, uye kuti kuedza kuva mamwemazwi
mhinduro kwayo abuts nematambudziko kuti aizotumidza nokuda kwavo mhinduro
zvakadzama kuferefeta, sezvo vari pano uye kuti iyo, sezvandaigona kuona izvozvo,
kuva nzira saka kure.
Tisati kuenda kwangu kupinda zvakadzama zvinotevera pachisara nheyo uye nzira
rakafanana zvavo kuiswa panze.
b) General nzira kuferefeta.
Experience default, kureba uye simba inzwi uye, zvaanoda kunopindirana pfungwa,
ratinoti rakasimba, mumwe Zvaiitwa amplitude uye mwero vibration kana oscillation
kumwedzi.Asi izvi, sezvo yave akayeuka rose oscillations. Zvino, kana chinhu
chinowanikwa, iye Maausdruck kutekenyedzwa kubudikidza summation ripi mupiro
munhu nguva vibration zvibereko, saka tinofanira kukumbira chii muupenyu ose
chete panguva vibration apo amplitude kana mwero vibration, kana vose
kuchinja; uye anofanira kuita kuti chipo chinokosha kuti kutekenyedzwa kuvimba
naro. Anofanira zvino tinoona chinhu ari munhu nguva, izvo zvakananga maererano
pamwe amplitude ane uye vibration nhamba N kana potency netsika izvi ndizvo
kutekenyedzwa kune mumwe mutemo iwoyo runotsamira, tiri zvokutanga
kutekenyedzwa rubatsiro zvimiso mberi nenzira imwe chete kuita, nokuti chete pasi
ichi kuburikidza akapedzisa zvepakutanga kutekenyedzwa mbiru mugumisiro ruzivo
yose kutekenyedzwa inogona kuwanikwa zvakare.
On zvatinogona kufunga iyi, nokukurumidza pakutanga kuitira V kana wechipirikuitira zvazvingava V , zvose anosiyaniswa mupfungwa Minamato haipindurwe ON,
izvo maererano kusvika achitungamirira pasi d) Masvomhu, rokutanga, imwe chimiro
oscillations kuti rimwe nerimwe imwe chokutambudzika oscillation nguva
kunotaurwa vose amplitude uye mwero vibration vari nyore ratios, yokupedzisira ari
nyore ratios kuna amplitude, muchivara vibration nhamba.
Underspeed rokutanga kuti kana kumhanya pa se, folgends nguva dzose kureva
nokuda mundima, ndinonzwisisa anozivikanwa ukama pfungwa pakati kukura
nzvimbo, iyo zvaiyambuka chero kufamba uye ichi kushandiswa nguva, kureva
pakukurumidza vari vanhuwo mupfungwa, inova kugara, kuva kana kutorwa
panguva imwecheteyo, guru kana duku, nguva dzose nepa chete dzimba, unochinja,
kana haisi nyaya, iyo yaimbova vari yunifomu. Yokupedzisira ane asiri yunifomu
inofamba panzvimbo.
Underspeed yechipiri hurongwa folgends pamwe mundima ratidzai,
ndinonzwisisa hukama pfungwa pakati kuchinja pakukurumidza rokutanga kuitira
mupfungwa mugwara simba uye iyo nokuchinja uku kunoitika, inova nechiyero
kuwedzera simba mupfungwa wefizikisi uye hurongwa, uye anoonekwa somunhu
kugara chero vatora nokumhanya tichitarisa inoenda simba guru kana duku panguva
imwecheteyo kunowedzera kubudikidza zvakaenzana, kana kudzikira, sezvo
unochinja chero haisi nyaya, iyo yaimbova iri noruvara nokukurumidza kana
ndikanonoka, ekupedzisira iri nonuniform nokukurumidza kana kunonoka kufamba

kunoitika.
Hapana unoreva zvakawanda kuva pamusoro ukama pakati nemashoko
anoshandiswa ino, ini runner zvinotevera ndima kubva Poisson kwakaita Trait of
Mc. TI p. XIII. (Table of matires) kana p. 268 (chorugwaro) kuti "bhuku, que soit
the kupinduka of vitesse d'Un pfungwa Matriel, en ukuru and of nhungamiro,
pendant un temps pour inflniment Petit, il, ya toujours une certaine nhungamiro
ndidire laquelle l'augmentation of vitesse Est the ndinoiitawo Grande , et
perpendiculairement laquelle ms composantes the vitesse NE finden Sie
augmentes, ni diminuces. Cette nhungamiro Est fisi qu'on entend ndima the
nhungamiro the simba qui vakada Sur Un pfungwa Matriel the mouvement; the
partant of cette Tsanangudzo, musi dmontre, que l'accroissement of the composante
the vitesse Suivant une nhungamiro quelconque, pendant weUN pakarepo, Est Du
uniquement the simba qui vakada Suivant cette nhungamiro, et Le Meme, que Si
ms Autres mauto n ' existaient pas. "
Kana shanduko velocity wokutanga kurongeka yakagamuchirwa uwandu
kuwedzera simba kana redu nokukurumidza kuitira pacharo wokutanga pasina nezve
nerondedzero iyi unopinza akazivisa simba nhungamiro, saka izvi dzeraundi
makavharidzira yemapuraneti inofamba kana dzeraundi vibration razero zvingava
kuisa, sezvo velocity V mune Mhedziso ukoshi anoramba achitsungirira
pano. Asi ndima ndeyokuita kuzivikanwa kwedu pamwe kukura kuwedzera simba
haasi razero pano, asi kugara nokuda zvinofamba muviri yakaitawo nesimba kurutivi
musimboti sangano panguva dzose nguva zvokuti (nemataundi ari manyowa ane
tangential) Centrifugal ari ndanyarara hangu nokuda Chokwadi angadai
zvikasadaro kubviswa dzipere sangano.
Zvino anooneka pashure anotevera bvunzo kuti, isu kufanana mamiriro vajairira ari
chinhu basa unotsamwira mumwe mundima kana mundima akarara hwaro, mutemo
Weber nokuda kutsamira rakakwirira sezvo kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa pamusoro
vibration kakawanda uye amplitude, uyewo periodic chinhu mataurire pamwero
akangofanana anowanikwa zvakare, kuti kubva pano hapana kusiyanisa. Asi apo
kutsamira pamusoro mundima imwe Maausdrucke kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa ari
fomu nerogi kuti = danda rimwe + danda Nanoita kuti basa anomanyira
kubva mundima imwe Maausdrucke ari muchimiro nerogi pana 2 = danda rimwe + 2
danda N . Ikozvino takatora sepokutangira muChitsauko 30 okutanga Maausdruck
sezvo zvikuru yaizoputsika nokuti ayo mukuru nyore uye muwanire kuvimba simba
mupenyu; uye anoda kuita izvozvo zvakare, uye maererano akabvuma zvimiso
zvinotevera wokutanga. Zvisinei, kana mamiriro yechipiri kuratidza cogent vari
pechiitiko, chii pamungawirirana kunyange apo asina proponierten nokuda nyore
miedzo, yakadai (Ch. 30), asi ave decidable neboka akapoteredza ruzivo ndiko 1) ,
inonzi yakapedza pano zvaizoita kuburikidza wokutanga aitungamirira mashoko, asi
zvinogona nyore zvaitambidzwa rumwe, uye ichi nokuzvidzora pakupedzisira
zvakaitika pano nokuda wokutanga uye chinonyanya kukosha pano kubatwa zviitiko.
1)

Kuti ndiri muna Cape. 16 Chisarudzo achabatwa akaita akanga abvisa, ndava
akagara Cape. 30 akaona.

Iva saka F ( ndima ) mashandiro mundima , iyo ukama pakati mupfungwa zvikuru
uye nokukurumidza V anoratidza ose nguva.
Dai ndima panguva t kuramba kugara, zvaizoita uyewo F ( ndima ), uye nokudaro
pfungwa kusimba kuramba kugara munguva ino, uye kutekenyedzwa pakuverengwa
panguva ino kuburikidza F ( ndima ). T kupiwa. Solo ndima uye saka F ( ndima )
kuchinja panguva imwe oscillation kubva nguva nguva uye anogona chete panguva
imwe kamwoyo nguva chinhuDT sezvo noruvara anofanira akanyora vaiona, uko
zvikuru duku nguva Verengai kana zvokutanga kutekenyedzwa mupiro
ndiye F ( ndima ) . DT. Kana isu aunganidze ikozvino kukura ichi kuburikidza
kunosiyana mipiro izvo akanga panguva yose oscillation pachinzvimbo,
kubudikidza mundima nokuti nguva yose mukati vibration ake demgemen kukura,
saka ave kushanda t , nokuti Pakusarudza kutekenyedzwa
mupiro F (v) . DT kushandisa, isu tiwane zvachose nguva kutekenyedzwa panguva
oscillation yose, dari iri kutekenyedzwa mugumisiro yose oscillation panguva yaro
nguva, uye saka kure oscillations izvi zvakafanana hunhu panguva t M achidzokorora
maonero, yose nguva yava panguva t , iyo M nguva yapfuura. Kuitira panguva
avhareji kusimba manzwiro T kuwana, isu zvino tine mari iyi chete t achikamuka
kana, saka kure T sezvo chinokonzera kutekenyedzwa Verengai vakagamuchira
vanofanira, sezvo zvichaita sokuti asimbise chinhu ichi.
Chimiro basa F ( ndima ) kunopiwa ndechokuti kutsamira simba sezvo uwandu
kutekenyedzwa ? ane mashoko

kana nekuti isu ari amplitude kana mwero vibration yose vibration pamwe
kuyeuka nezvikumbaridzo b kunzwisisa. Kana ikozvino zvepakutanga
kutekenyedzwa mupiro zvakafanana nokuda mundima sezvo kutekenyedzwa ari
pamwe kuva yose oscillation V zvekumirira kuvimba, tine vs. nokuda uye
kuti mundima tsamba pachikumbaridzo binopisa, nokuti b kuti kutsiva zvapfuura
Formula 2) , uye mashoko aya kunyange DT dzawanda kuna kamwoyo Verengai
kutekenyedzwa panguva chinhu DT, von kuwana zvokutanga kutekenyedzwa mupiro
ane mari ichava hereinafter

DT = , k nerogi DT
Ipo pano, kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa mupiro panguva
chinhu DT, ndima nokukurumidza munguva ino chaikosha, b pachikumbaridzo
kukosha chaizvo ichi, kureva kukoshamundima , panguva iyo mupiro kutekenyedzwa
kunoitika chikumbaridzo, k zvake kugara.
2)

In Chap. 16 tsamba yakanga b kuramba izvozvo.

mutoo uyu ndiye zvokuvamba payakavakirwa uye ukoshi b anonzi zvokutanga

pachikumbaridzo.
Pfungwa chepuraimari chikumbaridzozve b hakusi kusimbisa chokwadi kuti, kana
kumhanya V Parizvino pane kukosha b kunowedzera, uyewo pari ari kutekenyedzwa
ichibudira, izvo isu amuwane chokuita rose vibration, asi kungoti kuti unomuka chete
pave paumbwe izvi kutekenyedzwa , ndiko kuti kuiswa kure pakuvaka
Maausdruckes nokuda kusimba yose kutekenyedzwa sezvo zvakanaka, zvisinei,
mipiro kuburikidza mundima pazasi b vari kunowana, anofanira akaverenga
somunhu asina kunaka, sezvo achaonekwa zvakadzama nokukurumidza. Zvichava
Naizvozvo vanotova kuonekwa chete akarongeka ebetsero uwandu mairi, ndiko kuti
kusumwa kuti Mediation neukama pakati zvepakutanga uye rose zvakakodzera, uye
pakupedzisira zvachose, sezvo kuchaonekwa. Kana uchida kuita zvinopfuura
tiivistelm ichi kureva izvozvo, saka unofanira ari ukoshi mundima kuona kuti,
sezvazvakanyorwa kupfuura, riri yakanaka Kutsunga pfungwa, izvo zvingaita
zvisinei simuka vakawanda kuziva, pasina chaiwo kuti manzwiro kunorehwa kana
asina kupfuura, yakasvika mumwe kukura; sezvo achava nokuti zvirokwazvo
kuratidza kuti imwe mari zvikuru izvi zvakakodzera.
Zvichida unoona musimboti maererano izvo paine nokuda kutekenyedzwa yose
basa iri hwakatamisirwa inokosha nomupiro, kwete zvikuru pachena. Uyewo
hatifaniri kutora humboo iyi ruremekedzo vanoti; unogona kuisa nyaya iyi
nzira. Vaya Kupfuudzwa inopa chimwe nechimwe pane ndizvo anofanira kutanga
vaedzwa; sezvo zvino kunotungamirira kuidzosera zvinotevera ongororo pamusoro
experiential zvabuda, munhu anofanira kumira naye; sezvo nokusingaperi,
chinokosha nheyo yose vakasarudzwa pano Ganges uyu kuti avo zvekungofungira
kuti tinodikanwa obudisa experiential migumisiro, uye kuongorora nyore chaizvo
dzinongoitika Se zvekungofungira kupfuura vamwe vose panyaya iyi.
Chokutanga-kuitira zvazvingava kuchinja nemasaini mirayiridzo vibration uye
wechipiri-hurongwa zvazvingava, zvichienderana nokuti anotaura nokuwedzera kana
kuderera nokukurumidza rokutanga kuitira ari kupiwa mirayiridzo. Hereinafter, ona 4
zvikamu huru imwe rectilinear oscillation zviratidzo nokuda vomuzana kuitira
zvazvingava rakateveramundima uye wechipiri-kuitira zvazvingava V pachinzvimbo:

danho

ndima

ndima

0 - 90

90 - 180

180 - 270

270 - 360
+
Zvino isu hatina chikonzero, vibration mumadhipatimendi ose pakatarisana
chiratidzo mundima kana mundima kugadzirisa yakasiyana zvainoita
kutekenyedzwa, uye izvi runotigombedzera chiratidzo mundima kana mundima ,

tinoda kuzozivisa rimwe kana rimwe kukosha pedzidziso payakavakirwa, sezvo

hanya tisafunge saka, kana isu panguvamundima kuramba yakamira, mashoko okuti ,
k nerogi
kunzwisiswa kana kubvunza zvokuti chero
chiratidzo mundima anoramba zvakafanana ukoshi.
Isu Izvi kana chokuti isu bha- nguva dzose mundima anogona kushandura
chiratidzo, iyo zvino
anoramba chete zvakanaka kukosha,
kufanana mundima kuva zvakanaka kana kunaka, kana kuti tiri kufunga kuti zviri
sakosha tingave k kana 2 K nokuda Nyora rokutanga kugara, chimiro
sezvinhu kushandurwa chimiro

vave

aionekwa sezvo chaizvoizvo kushanda, umo nyaya kukosha riri pazasi

Logarithmuszeichen pane chaizvoizvo mativi Chero zvazvingava, anoramba
zvakanaka. Zvino kuti isu kare asi akasungirira nechiyero zvose kutekenyedzwa
kusvikira logarithm ari kinetic simba sezvo pakukurumidza, maonero iyi inopindirana
chete okutanga. Zvisinei, zvichaitika chete pasinei tinoda kuramba rokutanga kana
kuti rechipiri pfungwa; kana isu chero zvazvingava chengeta sezvo zvakanaka,
zvakafanana mundima kushandura chiratidzo chacho zvakadaro.
Zvaiva pachakwo kudzivisa chinhu kudzokera pakugadzirira zvokuvamba
payakavakirwa panzvimbo nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, inokosha payakavakirwa
kubudikidza pachinzvimbo nguva zvinhu DT kuitika, mumwe mundima zvaanoda
manzwiro mupiro kupararira nokukurumidza mundima vanoda kubatsirwa
Kuwedzera kuri nomupiro kwakadaro kufunga; asi vari pakudaro zvishandiswezve
chete shure chete kune vatotanga zvokuvamba payakavakirwa kuburikidza
kusanganisa

kuremekedza ? chete chete nzira

reproduces.
Hunhu nyaya unorambira nyore rectilinear vibrations V inodiwa panguva chikamu
oscillation vomukova b , nekuti kumhanya kaviri razero anosimudza neimwe Linear
vibration panguva reciprocating kosi zviitiko uye anofanira ngazviwedzerwe chete
kusvika zvimwe, kuti kukosha b kuzadzisa. Chero bedzi ikozvino B haana
dzamboparidzirwa, uye somugumisiro V < b zvakakoshera wose , k nerogi DT uye
saka kutekenyedzwa nomupiro zvepakutanga kunaka. Saka chimwe nechimwe

vibration kwakadaro rwunopera dzakanaka asi kunaka manzwiro mbiru kana kuti
kunyange umbwa zvachose zvakadaro kana nokuda duku imwe kana N zvokutanga
pachikumbaridzo b kunyange kufadza pamusoro mundima , von ndima kuburikidza
nezvenzvimbo zvakanyatsoenzana haina asvika. Sezvo hereinafter kazhinji pamusoro
vibration achatora reference, sezvamakaropafadzwa munhu, , Nvakadaro kuti
Wanda chepuraimari chikumbaridzozve b asi chete nokuda mundima zvasvika,
vanofanira kwakadaro vibration kuwana zita chinokosha, uye amplitude oscillation
nguva uye oscillation kakawanda izvozvi, sepokuwana chikumbaridzozve
anokoshesa hama kune , , dzinotaurwawo. Sezvakanga ,
kana pane kukosha kana kwazvo, anotanga, pashure tsanangudzo iyi yakanaka
kutekenyedzwa mupiro kubudikidza zvokuti zvokutanga chikumbaridzozve b iri
kupfuura, pasina bemerktermaen ichi kare wakakwanisa mamiriro ezvinhu chokuita
kuti vibration rinovaita kutekenyedzwa kuti oneka zvinotaurwa pashure zvabuda
kutevera kuongorora kukosha , kana kuti chete yepamusoro imwe assignable
noukama ukoshi sezvo kana munhu anofanira kuwana. The
tsika imwe, , N, izvo zvinofanira kuitwa kuitira kuti ayo maitiro manzwiro
pachikumbaridzo muzvirevo ziendamberi mupfungwa, apo tisingatendi akawira
zvinokosha, danho, vari pamberi ne ane
1 , 1 , N 1 aitaura uye ichi
pachikumbaridzo manzwiro pachikumbaridzo (hama inzwi pachikumbaridzo, chiedza
chikumbaridzozve, zvichienderana nzvimbo vakanzwisisa) vanonzi.
Zvino zvinomutsa mubvunzo unokosha kuti akaipa zvipo chokuita zvakanaka
anofanira kugadziriswa. Pano mutsauko kunokosha. Mushure Th. II p. 61 akasimbisa
pfungwa, zvakanaka kana vanoziva nezvekufadza kuti kuitika imwe nguva
kuburikidza kwazvo chikumbaridzo kunzwisisa, kwete nekure kunaka, akapfizuka,
izvo achiumbwa yakasiyana nguva, uye kana zvose zvakaenzana guru nguva
Verengai aizopa, kwete razero ezvinhu kutekenyedzwa kugadzirira. asi
kutekenyedzwa Verengai havafaniri saka kuva imwe nguva kuenda kuburikidza
algebraic summation zvakanaka uye manzwiro asina kunaka, achida pachinzvimbo
aifanira kudhonza panguva ino, asi zvakanaka Verengai iri kunyanya pasina kutora
kunaka kuti azive manzwiro zvakadini yati chaizvoizvo akanga. Izvi zviri pachena.
Zvichakadai, izvi hazvisi sezvo zvavaimboita ndakazvitema, discrete nezvekufadza
asi yokubatana kuti zvinenge mipiro kuti ukoshi nako kutekenyedzwa womumwe
quality, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ari kuita nguva pamusoro chikonzero
munzvimbo kuziva ichibuda; uye pano hazvisi pachena kuti tinofanira kutora
zvakanaka mipiro pasina akaipa vatariri; Pane kufungidzira kuti mukuru mumwe
nomumwe oscillation Verengai kunaka zvipo zvakaenzanirana Verengai zvakanaka
ndiko, kashoma chaiwo kutekenyedzwa pamusoro chikonzero munzvimbo kuziva
ichibuda; uye kuti zvose zvakanaka nezvisina kunaka mipiro kubatsira vari
yokubatana kusarudza chimiro uye kukura mamiriro ezvinhu vasiyana vibration
chaiyo manyawi, saka uwandu zvakanaka uye kunaka mari iyi ruremekedzo kwete
asi, asi aifanira kuwedzera algebraically chitsama chaiwo manzwiro simba kuti.
Zvinoratidzika kwandiri ikozvino zvakare zvakaoma kana kuti zvisingaiti,

pachinhu ichi chinhu ari priori ade kusarudza. Zvakazoitwa Kuongorora asi ndiwo
chisarudzo kure sezvo chete ichangoburwa pano yakasimbiswa somunhu zvichibvira
chinodiwa ruzivo tsamba migumisiro rediscovery kuburikidza
inivhoyisi. Zvakaratidza kuti kana taida kuyera zvakanaka uye kunaka mbiru asi
vachisiya parutivi ekupedzisira kukura pamwe kunoitika chete kutekenyedzwa sezvo
yaingowanikwa kuziva chete Verengai zvakanaka mipiro, kwete dzinoenderana
mutemo Weber wacho experiential chingava; Chii Zvisinei, ndozvazvakaita kana
tinotora algebraic Verengai zvakanaka uye kunaka mbiru zvahunoreva pamhaka iyi
angaenzaniswa kutekenyedzwa saizi. Panguva iyoyo isu tinowana chokuti isu
kunyange kurega zvakaipa mipiro kuti Zvinoumba kutekenyedzwa pamwe go,
rimwezve maatomu akafanana kutsanangura Qualitative kusiyana kutekenyedzwa.
saka ndinoti funga kusvikira ndaziviswa, kana asina kusiyira zvose zvepakutanga
kuvakwa manzwiro chiyero kana kutora imwe zvikuru yakasiyana vanotsvaka pane
pasi ini kutsungirira kumiririra kwavari, ivo algebraic summation zvakanaka uye
kunaka mipiro yakafanana Empfindungsma zvakakodzera 3) .
3)

Panguva nechokwadi ichi ndiri mushure aimbova nevakomana maonero,

zvinopfuura chete kuburikidza itsva amboshandurirwa ino uye anofanira
Kubva ikozvino kuti vachiri Th. II p. 63 akashandisa mashoko Verengai akaipa
mbiru anongoti rwakapoteredza zvichava nokuti havana zvikuru cogently
tsanangura.
Zvinotevera kudzidza iri shoma inotevera 4 zviitiko:
1) Simple Linear vibrations.
2) kudekara tenderera oscillations.
3) The Zvinoumba vaviri rectilinear vibrations yakaenzana amplitude ane uye
oscillation kumwedzi , izvo uchagumburwa chete negwara uye kusangana chero
rwakazara.
4) The Zvinoumba vaviri Linear vibrations akasiyana amplitude ane , mumwe
' uye oscillation nguva , ' kana oscillation nhamba N , N ', asi chete kinetic simba,
kuitira kuti kunyange zvazvo munhu chakasiyana A ' uye pamusoro 'sezvo
saizvozvo N nokuda n ' asi kuti

uye kuti = munhu' n ' ndizvo.

Nyaya kuti chero undosangana oscillations vakawanda wakaenzana oscillation

nguva asi chero amplitude imwe chokutambudzika uye kutungamirira, hazvina
zvakakodzera kurapa zvikurukuru sezvo yakadai Zvinoumba nyore oscillation ane
amplitude akaenzana Verengai kunyora amplitudes pasina kuchinja oscillation nguva
uye danho yakaenzana mune zvose.

c) Chart pazasi kushandiswa mazita.

 ) General mazita.

kusimba kutekenyedzwa mupiro panguva maatomu akafanana DT;

ndima kumhanya ari vibration vari vanhuwo mupfungwa (rokutanga kuitira)
panguva chinhu DT , umo ? hunotsamira;
ndima nokumhanya rechipiri hurongwa (pamusoro) akaratidza kureva;
b zvepakutanga chikumbaridzo mundima kana mundima iri (pamusoro)
akaratidza zvinoreva, zvichienderana zvepakutanga kutekenyedzwa
mupiro mundima kana ndimakuzoidzore-;
S kana S t manzwiro pakuverengwa iyo panguva imwe oscillation kubva

panguva kuburikidza anoverengeka oscillations panguva nguva

kana t kunokudziridzwa, pashure izvo zvinoreva kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa
panguva t kuburikidza kupatsanura S t pamwe t kunogona kuwanikwa;

iri Ludolf'sche nhamba kana urefu hafu dzeraundi peripheral yakatarwa

iyo nharaunda = 1;
k zvake kugara.

) Kuti munhu nyore Linear kana tenderera vibration:

A ari amplitude;
ari oscillation kumwedzi;
N ya itirana oscillation kakawanda zvokuti vose N nokuda
zvinogona kuiswa;

uye nokuda

G , kufadza kumhanya ndima kubudikidza chinzvimbo zvakanyatsoenzana iri

nyore Linear vibration, kana, izvozvo chete amplitude chete, kugara kumhanya
nenzira tenderera vibration;

, , dzinokosha nezvikumbaridzo pamusoro ari , , N iri (pamusoro)

akaratidza kureva; kureva tsika imwe , , N , iyo, kana zvaitika, sipidhi G goho
nezvinhu zvepakutanga pachikumbaridzo b neeSultan;
ane 1 1 , N 1 ari kutekenyedzwa nezvikumbaridzo pamusoro ari , , N ari
vanhuwo mupfungwa, kureva, zvinokosheswa a, , N, iyo, kana vanotora
nzvimbo, pakavakirwa zviri rose oscillations, knotted chaiwo manzwiro
anowanikwa ari pachikumbaridzo.

) kuti rectilinear kumiririra vibration.

Kana murwiyo maviri rectilinear vibrations kuti chete yapfuura mazita vaviri

kunyora vibrations Munokudzwa nokuva zvishoma Kurohwa kumusoro,

kushandiswa mumwe pasina izvozvo. Kuti A ndiye amplitude, G kufadza kumhanya
kwemifananidzo vibration, apo G ndiye kunonyanyisa kumhanya kunyora
vibration. It akashevedza , , uye ' ', tsika dziri
kunyora vibrations iyo, kana zvaitika, kufadza kumhanya G of zvichizoita vibra-tswa
zvokutanga chikumbaridzozve b akaenzana, ane 1 , 1 , n 1 uye ari ' 1 , ' 1 , n ' 1 ,
tsika dziri kunyora vibrations iyo, kana zvaitika, wose, zvichiguma vibration knotted,
manzwiro kunoitika pachikumbaridzo.
In nguva, apo nguva t rwunoverengerwa, ndiye C , nguva yakapfuura kubvira
mukutanga oscillation pasina sitiroko, uye C 'icho akapfuura mutsetse kubva
pakutanga vibration, apo pakutanga mumwe oscillation panguva iyo rakamiswa
pamusoro chete rutivi kunonyanyisa siyana, zvinofungirwa maererano iyo
uye

ari zvikamu vose kunyora vibrations panguva t = 0. akanga wokupedzisira

hafu danho musiyano pakati pakati oscillations maviri.

d) equations nokuti vibrations iri gefut pairi pazasi.
Nokuti mano Linear vibration imi (ona. Chap. 30)

Panyaya iyi, kwokutanga nguva yakaiswa panguva apo PARTICIPLE ndiwo

muganhu oscillation.
Nokuti tenderera oscillation akabvunza iwe

Nokuti Zvinoumba vaviri rectilinear vibrations ari amplitude a, mumwe uye

oscillation nguva , , izvo uchagumburwa chete negwara uye zvikamu
uye

kusangana, mumwe ane

The ukoshi V nokuda rectilinear vibration iwe wakaita nomuvhenganiswa rectilinear

vibrations kurikumbira mukana wokuti vanhu vanga V =
Linear vibration kubudikidza

, saka kwenguva nyore

Kana munhu tenderera vibration

e) Masvomhu uye migumisiro kuti kubuda kubva pakudzidza.

Zvichienderana yapfuura misimboti, zvisiri, uye Masvomhu, nezvimwewo, pasi
ezvinhu kuti chokutanga-kuitira velocity mundima iri kuchiiswa mu pedzidziso
payakavakirwa 4) , ruchiyerera kubva anotevera Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva
zvinotevera Masvomhu uye results:
1) Nekuti ane nyore Linear vibration ane
(1)
(2)
(3)
Nokuti mano tenderera vibration:
(4)
(5)
(6)
Nokuti Zvinoumba vaviri rectilinear vibrations kuti uchagumburwa chete
nhungamiro, umo kwete chete pane = imwe N ', asiwo
zvikurukuru ine = ari , N = N ', uye umo hafu Pasika musiyano, kana vanosangana,
D ndiko :
(7)
(8)
(9)
4)

The nemhaka achigamuchira pamusoro mundima inogona kuwanika

pamwechete risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi awo nyore Linear

vibration pakuguma chikamu (ona pazasi)
Nokuti Zvinoumba vaviri Linear vibrations izvo uchagumburwa chete negwara
umo ane = a'n ', asi ari pamusoro A' uye N pamusoro n ' yakasiyana, pasina Panyaya
imwe chokutambudzika musiyano panguva confluence:
(10)
(11)
(12)
In fananidzo Maausdrcke akawana nokuda 4 nyaya vadzidza Zvakakosha
kuyeuka kuti b ndiyo Mhedziso, kwete chete kuva , , N , asiwo kubva waveform
yakazvimirira kukosha, nepo sezvo ane 1 N 1 Kunyange zvazvo
pamusoro kuti kuvimba vakazvimirira, asi waveform. Naizvozvo kukura kukosha
kutekenyedzwa S T pane vamwe imwe uye Nvanoda kuenzanisa nokuda waveforms
siyana, unofanira kushandisa chete Masvomhu, umo kunze K,
t, inongova imwe , N, b anosvika; Zvisinei, zvokuimba
iyo uye ane 1 N 1vakagamuchira, chete inogona kushandiswa, kukura kukosha
kutekenyedzwa pakati zvakachinjwa tsika imwe uye N kuenzanisa pamwe chete
waveform.
2) Muzviitiko zvose amutsvaka, vakawana kuti (3), (6), (9) uye (12) ari
experientially zvaida kutaura manzwiro chiyero pamusoro izvo nhaurirano yechi30
chitsauko akatungamirira, zvakare, kana S T pamwe T yakakamurwa kana t = 1
rinovira, uye kufunga kuti , k muchitsauko varipo kaviri mutengo muna Cape. 30
rine. Ipo pano, murayiro Weber wacho noruremekedzo kuti munhu uye N uye
compensability pamusoro ane kuburikidza N dziri siyana dzinokurukurwa
zvinorehwa pachayo.
3) Shoko rokuti nokuda periodic chedziviriro inzwi pamwero
haasi
kuoneka inopiwa zvokuimba kubva (chits. 30) akataura chikonzero, asi rinowanikwa
yokutanga nenzira kunoratidzwa Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva Maausdruckes
pachavo.
4) Maererano hwakagadzwa zvinoreva uye (ona pamusoro)
runowanikwa zvokutanga chikumbaridzozve pane nyore Linear vibration
apo pane kukosha achipfeka, pashure zvichiitika kubva kwedu kukarukureta
inonyatsoita (2) kutekenyedzwa pachikumbaridzo zvasvika, kureva, S T nokukasika
kana pane kukosha 2 achipfeka, di, kana mwero vibration panguva

imwecheteyo kuwedzera mumwe pasi.

5) Mune dzeraundi oscillation kukosha nehanya pazvikumbaridzo
rikawira ane 1 , 1 , N 1 , izvo chawo nezvikumbaridzo 1 , 1 , 1 pamwe
chete.
6) Pashure fananidzo kutaura nokuda Linear uye dzeraundi oscillation (pasi
kufunga Handimupinduri pamusoro akaita) anofambirana kutekenyedzwa nemhaka
dzeraundi makavharidzira vibration waro noukuru maererano twasu-mutsetse
vibration pamusoro amplitude vakaenzana uye kwokuvandudza vibration nhamba
kana chete nhamba vibrations uye kaviri amplitude mutambo ; asi zvazvinoita muna
Maausdruck nokuda dzeraundi makavharidzira vibration hakusi zvaanoda ari
periodicity kukosha, uye zvadaro havana pedyo chete unhu nezvekufadza. Zvadaro,
nemiwo icharira vibrations nechomukati havagoni Musafunga chokuita dzeraundi
vibrations, dzakadai chokwadi muna yunifomu dzeraundi inofamba hachisi chinhu
munguva nokuyera.
7) Pakati nyaya mbiri, murwiyo vaviri Linear vibrations izvo kufungwa, uye
umo a'n ane = ', sokuti wokutanga, panguva imwe chete
apo munhu = munhu' uye N = N , chete nyaya chaiyo rechipiri kuva
apo munhu achishandisa imwe ', n pamusoro n' uye
somugumisiro pamusoro 'neimwe nzira kuisa zvakasiyana kutoti paruzhinji nyaya
yechipiri sokuti kuva mvumo musiyano uyu sezvo diki sezvo kutsvakwa, saizvozvo
kumisa zero, uye kana pachena nei danho musiyano angawana munhare panyaya
inokosha rokutanga, kana asingadzisuki kupinda nehanya rechipiri mukuru.
Kusiyana neizvi, munhu aitarire (saka) kuti zvaifanira kushandiswa Muchiitiko
chokutanga hazvirevi here kuti nokuda wechipiri equating munhu uye ane ',
N uye n' hwokurara;nekuti zviri zvokuimba kutanga nyaya hafu Pasika musiyano
uri D a, iyo haamo mune zvokuimba nokuda wechipiri, uye kana munhu anoona
zvokuimba rokutanga kana kuti Kosi D =1, apo vose kunyora oscillations imwe chete
chokutambudzika rienderane, saka ane mumwe

kupa Zvichakadaro nyaya yechipiri

Maererano zvokuimba wokutanga. Saka nyaya ichokwadi, mupfungwa mugumisiro

murwiyo yawo kukura nokuda nyore vibration inopindirana ane vibration
chigadzirwa 2 kuti ave, maererano avo rechipiri ane nyore oscillation ane oscillation
chigadzirwa chete kuti ave.
The kupokana ino asi munoratidzika kuva, ndiyo chete pachena.
Kureva, inofanira kufungwa nezvazvo kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaisa pasi nokuda
yechipiri rinoumba nyaya Masvomhu asi nedzidziso panguva yayo nemamwe
pamusoro kwavo vachitevera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi kuti Pasika

musiyano pakati vachipindira vibration hakusi kugara ndewokuti, sezvo

ndozvazvakaita apo = ' , Saka N = N ', saka kuti izvi zvakajeka kuti exzipieren ari
generality pakati zvinoumba nyaya yechipiri. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino ari
wokutanga pamberi chinhu chaizvo chinoshamisa nezvokuti kunyange zviduku
yomuzvarirwo pakati uye 'mupfungwa mugumisiro rinoumba vibration
kamwechete zvakadai zvikuru kukura pamusoro nyaya wakaenzana kana ' ndiko
kuderedza, sezvo ipapo (ona pamusoro) anopiwa, uye anotevera kubva fananidzo
zvokuimba wokutanga uye rechipiri zvinobva nyaya. Izvi zvinoita sokuti
zvinopikisana musimboti chamazuva zvachose, uye ndakafunga yakareba, panofanira
kuva ndizvidavirire kukanganisa munyika Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva Masvomhu
ndikamukunda, izvo anyatsofungisisa okugadziridza yayo zvechokwadi
handizvo. Asi kunyatsofungwa inoratidzawo kuti pachine hapana
Widervernnftiges. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kana oscillation nguva
zvinoti , ' asi vari kudaro zvishoma zvakasiyana, mukufamba vibrations zvizhinji
- nokuti izvo summation Panguva yapfuura kunoguma inopiwa chokwadi, zvakakodzera zvishoma nezvishoma uyewo madhigirii dzose kutsauka uye kupikiswa
zviri zvikamu zvinofanira Zvisinei achipfuurapo, ane kugara danho kusiyana, izvo
wakaenzana pakati uye kwakabatana, izvi zvingasava zvakadaro.
The chipingaidzo pachakwo zvinoreva kuti panyaya mumuviri zvikuru, iro chiyero
chayo musimba mupenyu vibrations kuti yakafanana gangaidzo nemigumisiro,
sezvatinoona pano panyaya nepfungwa zvikuru. Maererano anozivikanwa
chipingaidzo mitemo kuenda maviri oscillation nguva coinciding rectilinear vibrating
matanda zvakafanana kutotanga uye amplitude chine danda ane kuchinyanya muviri
kaviri sezvo guru sezvo vakaverenga intensities yenhengo dzayo, kureva 4 Ini ndiko
kana kusimba nechimwe chikamu Ini ndizvo , Asi kana zvakasiyana, matanda maviri
saka shoma vari oscillation nguva, pakuverengwa Falls 4 Ini 2 Ini , uye kazhinji
ndiye vakaverenga intensities zvokunyama vaviri ngaatarire vibrating matanda chete
amplitude asi zvakasiyana oscillation nguva, iyo intensities i, Ini ' uyai, = ini + ini ',
Pasika yavanofanira vasangane, haana.
mugumisiro iyi Grailich 5) zvachose akaratidza uye strangeness iri ino, watopiwa
pachena achiti:
"Kuwanda (vaviri ngaatarire vibrating namatanda amplitude vakaenzana uye
zvakasiyana oscillation nguva zvichiita danda akaenzana vakaverenga intensities ose
kunyora ... Hazvina mutongo uyu pamusoro chinoshamisa nokuti zvakaitika
chipingaidzo vaviri homogeneous mwaranzi zvakafanana kutotanga uye amplitude
kuwanda danda idzva kaviri vakaverenga intensities yenhengo dzayo, uye mose
sokunonoka kuti simukai kubva disparity pamusoro wavelengths, chete Unoparadza
hafu simba rakaiswa pamusoro hama kureba mafungu ndizvo nguva dzose ".
5)

Proceedings pamusoro muVienna. . Akad, 1854. S. 805 va- -. The amplitude

uye nguva kana Undulationslnge uyewo pakufambira chaiko kuchinyanya
kana kurarama rehondo danda vagara vandifungira Grailich kubudikidza
kupiwa okuti, uye ndicho kukanganisa ikoko kwakaratidzwa mukati
risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi apa zvaitika haagoni kunzi ,

8) Kana pane algebraic Verengai zvakanaka uye kunaka manzwiro mbiru inongova
zvakanaka mipiro vanofanira munhu aizoshumira kuyera nguva Verengai
nezvekufadza, kunyanya vamwe uwandu akaipa mipiro tsika S T kunge deducted ari
pamusoro zvokuimba uhwo zvakanaka kuwana nengaidzo kunyanya. Verengai akaipa
namagwatidziro Uyu zvino panguva nyore Linear vibration nokuda chaizvo nyaya
inokosha muoti, apo pane = , kubudikidza kt nerogi 1 / 2 , apo, chii,
kubva kt nerogi
vaizosiya deducted apo Maausdruck kt nerogi
. Asi
kupfuura maererano inokosha chikumbaridzozve, wochinja Verenga kunaka
wongororo; mungafara Naizvozvo kuwedzera imwe uye N nguva dzose deducted
dzimwe mazakwatira iro mutemo Weber vaisagona kuvapo, uye kwaizotika kunaka
pakuverengwa zvimwe pane vaya vakaomerwa zvakadaro magetsi pachishandiswa
pachisara sezvandaigona kuona zviitiko; rirege kunyanya kutsunga.
f) vachiwana mashoko Masvomhu.
Ndinopa risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi ichi wokutanga ezvinhu kuti
kumhanya rokutanga kuitira V nokuda ndiko kuisa mukati nokuyerwa inonyatsoita
kuwana zvokuvamba payakavakirwa, naizvozvo, izvi ndizvo:
,
Iri nyore Linear vibration tinotofanira (s. O)

iyo S inopiwa

By manyowa pamusoro logarithm zvibereko mune vakaverenga logarithms

chezvinhu izvi okuti kuchinja kupinda

kana isu funga integrals maviri, umo S , hama yaora pamwe K P, K Q ratidzai.
The chinokosha P iri

Kuti vo Q kuwana, isu zvokuchinja chinokosha nokuisa

, saka
Nokudaro isu tiwane

chii inogona kubviswa kuchiiswa

sezvo yose oscillation rakakamurwa 4 vakaenzana zvikamu.

Chivakashure musimboti
Euler vakaenzana

Zvisinei, sezvinotaurwa

. Saka isu tiwane, novimba yakaisvonaka periodicity

chinhu
uye

Naizvozvo:

ikozvino tiri vibrational amplitude kwakadaro mafungiro uye urefu , kana

nhamba , , kuti kufadza kumhanya zvokutanga chikumbaridzozve b anotora
nzvimbo, saka tine

uye ipapo inoitika kufadza apo Sine = 1, ukoshi ichi kufadza

ndechokuti
, uye naizvozvo kukosha ino b substitutable,
ratingasunungurwa kuwana:

A nguva T = M , izvo M oscillations ari nguva ane hanya, ndizvo M -fold

pamusoro S kupa; iyo ine

By pakupedzisira kukosha kuna, sezvamakaropafadzwa S T anonyangarika, ari

hwava chigadzirwa ane 1 N 1 vari, ichi inowirirana 2 ndihungu uye inogona

kubviswa kuchiiswa nokuti, zvokuti mumwe ane pakupedzisira

Kana munhu dzeraundi makavharidzira oscillation, tinofanira (ona pamusoro)

Nokuti ukoshi b , kukosha zvinogona mundima ari dzeraundi vibration chinotsiva

vane anokoshesa , , vakadaro kuti mundima chaizvo
kuenzana b . Mumamiriro vibration yakadaro

chii

Tsika , , kuwira pano pachikumbaridzo

anokoshesa ane 1 , 1 , N 1 zvakananga pamwe chete kuitira kuti inogona kubviswa
kuchiiswa muzvirevo zvokuimba nekuti.
Kana murwiyo vaviri Linear oscillations ari amplitudes ane , ane ' uye oscillation
nguva , ', izvo uchagumburwa chete negwara uye zvikamu
kusangana, hazvina kazhinji zvikuru wainyatsotaura (saka)

uye

ukoshi mundima . Ndinoziva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

vane
achigamuchira chinokosha ichi mundima hazvigoni revatema zvavo;asi zvinogona
kuitwa nokuti huru nyaya (ona pamusoro) akaratidza pazasi 2) uye 3).
Saka kuva wokutanga zvose ane = munhu 'uye = , ipapo anotendeusira
ukoshi V muna

Pashure ichaziva trigonometric mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Asi mashoko aya anogona sei kuchinja mune zvinotevera

kana D hafu Pasika musiyano

uye
. Kubva nguva yava
udzvinyiriri, isu nekunyadzisa naye kure shure kuti dzaona mutsva pokutangira
pfungwa nguva t '= t + CSaka T = t ' - C, zvawakabudiswa nazvo C
kukosha mundima sezvavanomutsa. Panguva iyoyo T 'pamwe t swap, nokuti zita
hazvina basa, tinowana
,
Verengai manzwiro panguva T iri hereinafter

Kana aya kubatwa kufanana nevamwe, saka une

Zvino ngatifungidzirei munhu wokurasikirwa oscillation netsika dzakadaro ane, ,

N ari kunyora vibration kuti zvokutanga pachikumbaridzo muna Wanda b zvasvika,
uye udane tsika idzi pamberi , , , tine

kwaizvozvi

Funga pakupedzisira zvakaitika kuti A kuna A ' uye pamusoro ' yakasiyana, asi
zvakadaro

uye mitbin ane = imwe ' n' ndizvo; maererano izvo kunonyanyisa

nokukurumidza G =

ndiro vose, ndizvo

Isu rokuchinja Verengai Sine zvakare kupinda rakavapo Sine uye cosine, tinowana

sezvamakaropafadzwa

Zvadaro tinochinja kutaura

chitsama logarithms, uye akaisa

mashoko logarithm ari chigadzirwa kupinda

.
saka akawana isu

Kusanganisa ikozvino uku t = 0 kuti t = M t T , kuburikidza M kutora kuitira kuti

zvose M T sezvo M T chiri integer, izvo wakadarikwa kukura M anogara dziine upi
rakada, seyokutanga kubatanidza zvakananga

The chinokosha rechipiri izwi iri kubva = C kuti = 2 mamita . t + C kutora,

sezvo inogona kuwanika, kana isu vari kukosha
kuti t chinomiririra
pakutanga muganhu 0, panguva yechipiri mamita t T . Asi sezvo M t chiri integer,
saka 2 mamita t . ane integer izere circumferences akaenzana, saka zvechokwadi,
kana runoonekwa sechinhu dzeraundi makavharidzira chinhu chakakombama,
hunhu kwemutariri mashandiro, pamusoro = C kuti = 2 mamita t . + C
akatorwa chinokosha kune kuti = 0 kusvika = 2mamita t . chibvumirano
yatorwa, uye tinogona C kumaka. Saka chakasara nokuda rechipiri rokuti

Isuwo tinogona ikozvino kuisa maererano hunhu redunhu mashandiro

saka chaikosha ichi zvinoenda

izvo tichitarira kare kupiwa ukoshi kuva

ipfupi. Kubatana wechitatu uri kune imwe kurapwa imwe kukosha, vari kufunga kuti
ukoshi
zvakare
. Kana ikozvino isu kuwedzera nokudaro
akawana integrals matatu uye kutsiva okuti nguva M t T kubudikidza T , tinowana

Kukurukura kuti 2 nerogi

= danda

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana = ' kwaizova kukosha T =

kuva
null uye neizvozvo wechitatu rokuti, chinokambaira pasi mukati Verengai kupera,
mumwe saka pane 2 nerogi chete danda
awane chii musiyano pakati ikozvino
kurapwa kubva kare kurapwa nyaya conditionally, iro (sezvo) radudzwa.
Ngatimbotii zvino kuwana chine vibration apo kuramba wakaenzana zvipenyu
mauto yenhengo dzayo kuitira kuti pachikumbaridzo muna Wanda
dzichimhanya b kwaizoratidzwa asvika, saka tinogona ichi kunonyanyisa
nokukurumidza
nokuda b chinotsiva. Iva , , uye ' ', ' iye amplitudes,
oscillation nguva uye frequencies pakati zvakamisa hurongwa vibration ichi. Kufadza
vari velocity V kunoitika apo Sine mumwechete ari okuti (ona pamusoro) vari
panguva imwe chete 1, uye naizvozvo ndechokuti B kuti kubviswa kuchiiswa

uye, sezvo

Takabatanidzwa ikozvino

kana, sezvo vari = ari N , =

Regai ikozvino yechipiri ezvinhu ari kuti pedzidziso payakavakirwa

nokuti wechipiri-kuitira zvazvingava ndima rinofanira kuchiiswa, saka

ari akazviisa inorambidza pachedu chomumwe nyore Linear vibration apo

,
Ngatiendei zvino izvi zvakafanana kurapwa, sezvo kwamboita achigamuchira
pakati mundima iri zvokuvamba payakavakirwa, tinowana

,
Ipo pano, b kukosha wechipiri-kuitira zvazvingava vs. panguva iyo kutekenyedzwa
mupiro kunoitika, chikumbaridzo, uye kana , , , iyo amplitude, vibration
kwenguva refu, uye vibration kakawanda kunan'anura vibration,
sezvamakaropafadzwa vs. kunosvika kukosha iri kufadza, tine, pasi kuderera
kwemitambo

ari pamusoro kuratidzamundima: b =

; kwaizvozvi

g) Kuti uwane zvavo zvinhu.

Insofar yepamutemo ukama pakati muviri uye mweya takatsunga kuburikidza
yapfuura Masvomhu uye zvabuda, vari musimboti kureva nezvekufadza pakarepo
nechaari, kureva psychophysical kufamba, uye sezvo dzokunze psychophysics
vangavatake kure asi ari menzvimbo. Asi zvakavakirwa zvakananga pamusoro
ruzivo, kuva dzokunze psychophysics, apo pedzidziso payakavakirwa, vanovimba
iyo, chete shanduro dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, iyo akaporazve kuruvazhe
psychophysics, ndiye Elementals, uye vanogona kutungamirira nerusimbiso chete
rokunze Search psychophysics, von nokuenzanisa navo dzokunze kufamba, zvinova
womukati kufara, nokuti isu pachedu hazvigoni zvakananga kuchengeta yomukati,
pashure pacho somumwe Transitional kana Vermittelungsglieder pakati wokunze uye
yomukati psychophysics pakupera muchikamu chino chikuru okutanga anopiwa.
Direct ekuedzwa Masvomhu uye migumisiro izvo rinonyanya chokuita revadzidzi
fambisa dzokunze kufamba asi zvinogona kutarisirwa uye vakatsvaga chete
maererano dzinongoitika, sezvo machisa vose kufamba kunoitika. Kuferefeta, pakuti
zvakananga corroborability aripo, saka, anogona kuitwa kubva miviri pfungwa
maonero.
On nokufungidzira kwokuti yomukati uye dzokunze kufamba zvienderane ndima,
kuongorora nyaya yakadaro yaizova chimwe chinhu pane kuongorora kana yapfuura
Masvomhu uye nokudaro nheyo kubva yavakanga hwokurara, vari chepamutemo
zvose. Nokuti vaizova ipapo, saka vanofanira ukama zvose pakati manzwiro uye

sangano, idzo dzinoyerera kubva yapfuura Masvomhu, akasimbisa atova hukama

pakati kutekenyedzwa kuchivanze kufamba, uye apo hazvina, kuti kwaizova nhema
pamusoro zvokuimba uye nhungamiro kubva yavakanga inoyerera,
zvakaratidza. Zvisinei, pasi nezvevakafa yakasimbiswa anomutora Masvomhu izvi
uye nenheyo, zvaizova kuferefeta, sei kure machisa wokunze uye yomukati
mafambiro kuitika. Zvino wekutanga ezvinhu kubva mberi vanogona kupinda chete
kusvika zvimwe kuva statuiert. Nokufarisa pfungwa kuburikidza mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira yatinonyaradzwa pakubata pano, kunoitika pakati vakawanda
maonero kuti oscillatory kufamba munhau kunze nyika chikonzero kubudikidza
kupararira kuti vezvenhau romukati nyika kufamba kuti isu kubudikidza kupfuura
yaizoputsika ezvinhu kunyange pasi chimiro vane kufunga vibrational
anodudzira. Heano oscillatory anodudzira mune zvinobudisa nhau iri kunze
kwenyika, vasati vasvitsa svikiro pakati tsinga - asi vasati vari experientially
havakwanisi kumutsa manzwiro - achiri svikiro nechitarisiko pfungwa nhengo
dawo. Zvino kunobva mitemo mukuru inofamba, yezvakaita vibrational anodudzira
kuti vanomutswa munyika svikiro ichazivikanwa pakuti vibrations kubvira mumwe
musi Plant Saka, kunyange zvazvo yezvakaita zvinotyisa pamwechete kubva, uye
unoenderana mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange chaizvo pamwe sei chokwadi uye
kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu resonance, asi kwete bedzi kubva, nekuti zviri nani, ine
hunhu svikiro, panguva yayo zvenguva zvazviri uye uko chiziviso anopiwa simba
pamusoro payo. Tinoziva hunhu uye hwakadzama ezvinhu nokufarisa yedu kutsinga
dzinouya tsinga hakuna nzira yakakwana kune imwe priori kutaura sei izvi
tunokwezvwawo inofadza kufamba kwose kwose vanofanira kuzvibata; asi sokuziva
tinoziva kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ndiwo zvakatonyanya kuoma kukunda ari nyore
zviitiko, resonance zviri kunze kwenyika; kunyange zvikuru wakakwana resonance
munyika kunze nyika asi chimiro uye amplitude pakati vibrations zvitange
zvikaramba zviri zvitange vibration nhamba haasi chete, asi nokuda dzakananga
ezvinhu resonant emuviri uye nokupfuuridzirwa nzira kukanganiswa nayo. Saka
nomusi wokutanga ezvinhu ingavakirwa kwete.
Kubva mhiri pane mazano iro yapfuura Masvomhu uye migumisiro hwokurara,
kwete chokwadi munhu priori, kuti hazvina rubatsiro kuburikidza ruzivo bedrften
kuti ikozvino asi nawo chete panguva dzokunze kufamba kuzvitutumadza ari papi
unogona kukunda yomukati.
Hapana vachiramba kuti izvi zvinoguma solidary kuoma kuunza pfungwa dzedu
uye vakatsunga reshiyo nechitarisiko uye dzomukati kufamba uyewo inokura,
chisingazozikamwi kukurirwa zvachose rokutanga kuedza. hapana zvikepe panguva
psychophysics zvose akaoma kupfuura wefizikisi, saka vangadai vakaramba nguva
dzose kumhanya naye. asi neniwo ndinotenda kuti imi nawo pamusoro chipo kuoma.
kutanga takurukura kuti chiitiko chinogona kuita dzokunze kufamba, pamusoro
migumisiro, chokuita revadzidzi kuchiva, dzidziso, iyo kusvikira zvino
rinorondedzerwa chete sezvo nyore chaizvo nyaya (muzvirevo Masvomhu) akaita
kurega zvishoma muna mhando chete anouya kuti kufambisa manzwi dzidziso uye
ruzivo haagoni zvakanaka vaiona chero. pane ichi, ndinotenda kuti zvinoitika
munzvimbo dzine ruzha, dzinogona kuwanika panguva imwe chete kuti chii chimwe.

mumuviri uye vasiri ezvinhu kutapurirana rokunze kufamba anoziva mukati, rimwe
zvinoenderana nechitarisiko uye dzomukati mafambiro pano kuitira kure sezvo riri
pasi, sezvo ari unoenderana nedzidziso kuzosimbisa dzidziso, ndinotenda kuti zviri
kuwanikwa pano, riri kuonekwa kuti kubudikidza rakarurama dzidziso uye tsamba
rokunze uye yomukati kufamba maererano dzavo ukama panguva iyoyo yakarurama
zvinokosha uye ikozvino anouongorora iyo Extensions kana ancillary zvokudya kana
pfungwa, kana iyo, maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinogoneka kana yaizoputsika
zvarakasiya pakati dzainyorerana nechitarisiko uye dzomukati fambisa kune zviitiko
apo anoratidza kuva shoma zvakananga zvaidiwa pakati migumisiro dzidziso uye
ruzivo, anokwanisa kufukidza.Mumwe anoshamisika pakupedzisira kana mamwe
dzidziso muzvinhu izvi zvose zvakawanda kunyatsogaya kana anopa kupfuura
unotaurwa. Saka zviri apo kunogona kuwedzera fungidziro ichi zvokuti hapana
zvachose dzimwe, asi zvikuru yaizoputsika zvinogona psychophysical dzidziso uye
kumubatsirawo maonero pamusoro ukama pakati kwokunze uye revadzidzi fambisa
nokuramba kuongorora kwose kwose, izvo ndiye chokwadi nerokuti ,
Asivo Ini zvino anoenderana dzidziso pamwe chii yatinowana Tongebiete,
yakakura zvakakwana sokuti kumutsa kubva aimbova pfungwa kuvimba kuti zvinhu
pfungwa yokuti, anoshevedza zvarakasiya, iro rinotaura munda ruvara dzidziso uye
ruzivo, kuti Kuongorora pfungwa yechipiri maonero pamusoro, kunyanya,
nokutsauka kunakidzwa kubva mutemo Weber raMwari (Th. IS 175) uye mutemo
Helmholtz wacho (Vol. II p. 176) tora pfungwa dzedu. Ini kuchawedzera munhu
muchitsauko chinotevera. Pfungwa asi ndinoda kukurukura pano chaipo.
The nesimba munhu dzeraundi oscillation pamusoro amplitude A uye nguva iri
kaviri huru kuti munhu Linear oscillation zvakafanana amplitude uye nguva uye
akaenzana kinetic simba ane Linear oscillation pamusoro amplitude
uye
6)
nguva . Uyewo, maererano inference mitemo mumwe zirkulrschwingender
danda kubva amplitude ane imwe geradlinigschwingenden pakati amplitude
rinomiririrwa wakachena. Maererano kwedu pamusoro zvokuimba (Formula 1 uye 4)
asi ndiye kutekenyedzwa nomugumisiro dzeraundi vibration pamusoro
amplitude A vakaenzana ari kutekenyedzwa zvinokonzerwa ane rectilinear kwete
amplitude
, asi amplitude 2 munhu ; uye zvinogona kunyange zvakafanana
kinetic simba pamusoro vibrations akasiyana kadikidiki manzwiro zvinokonzerwa,
zvichienderana akasiyana Maumbirwe oscillations kuitika, zvisinei, zvokuti kure
kumbovata chete mupenyu simba chiedza oscillations panguva imwe chete uye
dzakasiyana-siyana unozvipiwa akaenzana kutekenyedzwa maturo.
6)

Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kana kinetic simba iro kunokudziridzwa panguva

imwe oscillation nguva t, maererano fomura
tsunga, nepo nokuti mundima kuchiiswa akaratidza kuti S. 212 tsika. Saka akawana
nokuda Linear vibration

, dzakaita raundi

Ngatitange zvose kuti dikidiki dzidziso, izvo zvingava zvakakodzera kusimudza

dambudziko iri kuti, sezvo aigona kuva, kazhinji kutaura, tsime fungidzira kuti
zvekungofungira chine dzidziso pakuvaka kutekenyedzwa maturo Linear uye
dzeraundi vibrations akazendamira kunyanya, triftig pamwero dai mumwe nomumwe
chimiro rworudyi Abbngigkeitsverhltnis pamusoro mumwe uye n vakabuda, uye
chete chinodiwa zvaizova zvakanaka, izvo zvakakodzera kuti unobatanidza vose
migumisiro. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvinoda mumwe ezvinhu; kureva vanoisa
migumisiro zvakasiyana shaped vibrations vane ukama hwavo mamiriro yakapiwa
kuti kutekenyedzwa kuti nokukurumidza zvinoenderana nenzira imweyo, kufanana
chete chenguva nhungamiro kuramba muchadenga, sapamazuva rectilinear
vibrations, kana avo mirayiridzo changed dzichimhanya, sapamazuva tenderera
vibrations. Ichi hachisi chete nyore, asi ini ndinoona kunyange zvino Ungangove,
havazobviswi Sezvaanorevawo pakuverenga ari kinetic simba pamusoro vibrations
kuti KWAKACHINJA varemekedze, asi hazvisi pachena kwoga, uye kana kubatana
chokwadi vanofanira kuva mumwe anoratidza zvakakodzera uye zvakakwana,
zvingava kuti. Chete ndinobvuma kuti hazvina kubudirira ini, zvakadai zufinden izvo
panguva imwecheteyo musoro uye mashoko anoita zvinoenderana; sezvo shoma
Ndingagona kutsungirira kuburikidza achigamuchira
pamusoro mundima kuti mundima kuwana chinhu; uye ndinoona kazhinji kuti
kupokana dzidziso uye ruzivo hakusi kukonzerwa kuti kukundikana pfungwa, asi
kushayikwa dzainyorerana pakati chimiro chokunze uye yomukati kufamba pano.
Kutaura zvazviri, hapana musimboti mumuviri kana vasiri izvo nokusingaperi
akavimbisa nesu kuzvidzosera ane kuchinja Kupfuudzwa kwemashoko waveform
kubva kunze kusvikira mukati; uye kunyange noruvara harizoitwi kubvuma. Saka
tinoona waveform ari vachingotaurawo gitare uta hakusi kuchinja ashandurire kuva
tsamba imwe vibrating tambo;uye tambo aizowana kare huchiitwa, saka achida
zvakare kubereka Linear vibration zvakafanana mirayiridzo mokusangana rectilinear
oscillation chete chete nyaya apo kubvongodzwa vatungamirire tambo pamwechete
kwaipindirana vibration; zvikasadaro sangano dai kazhinji elliptical, kana dzeraundi,
kana kuva kubuda zvakachinjwa mirayiridzo. tsinga vedu, kunyanya optic etsinga, asi
kunyange pasina zvokunze anotikurudzira nenzira kushingaira uye nokudaro ari
kufambisa tambo akafanana. Saizvozvo vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa chiedza
anotikurudzira sangano rinogona chete abndernd kurukura hunotovapo.
Zvino, kana munhu circularly inobudisa danda pamwe amplitude
pamusoro munhu wakaenzana zvazviri noruremekedzo kuti vanofunga chiedza
kwakaratidza sechinhu linearly inobudisa kubudikidza amplitude , ipapo izvi
zvinorevei, tichitarisa wangu hapana kupfuura, ndiye anoratidza ndarayira noukuru
yakaenzana mumuviri zvairatidza maererano evocation kwevaya womukati kufamba,
apo kutekenyedzwa chiedza kunobva mhando; uye kunyange kana matanda
akasiyana waveforms ari kukanganiswa mitemo rinoenderana chiito, yokuenzana iyi
chete kushanda kuti mumuviri chido kuti tsinga kubereka ake rinovaita siyana
rwokufamba anogamuchira, pasina kuti zvakanzi kuitira kuti siyana izvi pashure iyo

excitatory jeti ravira.

kubvuma uku rakanyatsojeka inokwana yakatosiyana kusina aigona kuwanikwa
kumwe pakati migumisiro nheyo yedu uye nevaya kukanganiswa Masvomhu.
Shure kwaizvozvo, I kutendeukira kune mamwe nyaya zvavo kukosha.
Mushure chiyamuro makarima pavaikurukurirana Quantitative kutekenyedzwa
achivaka pamusoro Quantitative iyo, iri kwayo nzira linked zvinoenderana kunaka
kutekenyedzwa.Saka zvino kubatana uku mubvunzo wokuti kutevera nguva sangano
iroro kana siyana, uye maererano nemitemo vanotevera chii kushanda nguva, zvinoita
sokuti kuva dambudziko kuita, kuti isu ino kutekenyedzwa kuburikidza
munhevedzano nguva, ari regai kuwira chipo, vanofanira kuramba kutungamirirwa
naro rinofukidza chete swing torque paimwe nguva aripo.
dambudziko iri zvino zvinogona chete dambudziko pamuviri uye ari Munopfuura
nokuda kutadza kuita unhu manzwiro munhu nguva rwokufamba
kunoenderana. Nokuti neizvozvo vaisavapa ari kugara pakati kutekenyedzwa
mukufamba ane oscillation, izvo kushandura sangano torques ichi-, asi zvakasiyana
siyana nezvekufadza, akapa kuti vose kufamba asi ane zvakafanana inofamba nguva
chete nziyo akasiyana kunogona kutsanangura. Zvinonzi undisputed kuti pfungwa
kuvapo pachayo psychophysically yakavambwa imwe kutevedzana kwezviitiko
nguva, kana ipfupiso mweya iri kunzwa muviri nguva akatevedzana pamwe chete
uye akabatanidza nazvo nekunzwa nguva kunyanya-chaivo nguva nenguva. Mweya
unogona pana kugutsikana zvose nebasa ravo, nguva, sezvo muviri paakaitira
nzvimbo; kana psychophysical, chimiro uye kukura basa mweya ndiwo Linking
kushanda zviri kuitika anotevedzana nguva zvinhu zvakadai chimiro uye kukura
muviri ndiwo Linking kushanda chii anodanana juxtaponierte muchadenga
zvinhu; uye tichitarisa nguva chiwedzerwa chinhu kumutadzisa psychischerseits
analoginen iyi sei kugadzirisa nzvimbo physischerseits. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zviri
zvaitevedzana kwakabatana mupfungwa dzedu pane kubatana pfungwa, izvo hapana
nzira kuvimba munhu nguva, asi zvakakodzera kuti ave Linking kushanda chii
anodanana kutsivana, inofanira kukurukurwa. Asi anofanira ichi isunungurwe vose
kubatana kuziva rose upenyu, saka hapana chinonditadzisa zviri nani zvine musoro
chete kupa nokuda mumwe manzwiro unit anotambanudza duku nguva, uye zvinoita
mutsauko kuti hatigoni kutiita ichi mharidzo zvakajeka nekuti pfungwa pachayo
presupposes muunganidzwa anoverengeka nhambo, uye vakaramba anoora
kunzwisisa nomuvhenganiswa rayo nenzira.
Kana muchida, tinogona kutaura kuti nguva yose vibration achasiira pashureChaizvoizvo ari mweya, uye kusiya vose nguva mugumisiro wakadaro, akasika chine
mugumisiro, aunopiwa kutekenyedzwa. imwe chete vanoti mune mamwe mashoko
kungoziva sezvakangoita zvatinotaura kana tichiti mweya pamwe kubata kuitika
nguva panguva imwecheteyo muchidimbu kare; asi zvingava nyore kuti vamwe
modes pakati chokutya yezvakaita mweya, mumwe nomumwe, vachienzaniswa okuti
kushandisa zvatisina nharo.
Zvichakadai, mumwe aigona vachida kuisa kumashure extraneous ezvinhu kune

mumwe, asi izvi zviri nani batanidza wangu maonero Naizvozvo kubudikidza
remubatanidzwa ichi zvinomutsa nematambudziko iro ungasara kana aida kuramba
yapfuura chete, asi vamwe, zvichida chinetso chikuru aizotanga, kana iwe aida
kuritsiva zvakafanana.
mweya yedu yakabatana kwete anotevedzana asiwo achichengetedza apo vamwe
kare kuona. Zvose anoshanda yedu psychophysical gadziriro panguva imwe chete
nokuda kwezvikonzero vasingatsvi zvaakasika, uye ichi ndicho mubvunzo ukama
huru pakati kufamba vari akanaka ane pfungwa rakabatana kuziva wokurasikirwa,
sezvo zvenyama kutevedzana kwezviitiko kufamba izvi, uye vose nguva dzose nguva
yose oscillation PARTICIPLE zvaitevedzana kuitika mune tsinga kana uropi, kuitika
mukati kureba undulation achichengetedza kuzodzosera nascent muna
Undulationslnge inoramba uye zvinobatsira mune yokubatana kuti kupa
kutekenyedzwa, sezvo kuita kwavo chokwadi ichi hazvigoni kusiyaniswa.
Zvadaro njanji dambudziko iyo iripo kuti pfungwa kumisa paumbwe
kutekenyedzwa zvimwe hunhu kuti Zvinoumba anotevedzana nhambo, nokungoti
nokukwanisa ukazvikudza, kuti ivo, pane anotevedzana, kunobva kuti vakararama,
akapa Icho chii ruzhinji inoramba akasangana panguva imwe chete, anoenderana chii
zvakafanana inoramba zvaitevedzana akashorwa, chete kuti aripo panyama,
explicated pano munguva. Naizvozvo tinoda uyewo chete Masvomhu kuti tawana
kuburikidza chinguvana summation, vanofanira kuwana kupfurikidza spatial
summation.
Zvichakadai, pano pamusoro Chekutanga kuonekwa kuti, pashure dzaibatanidza
anotevedzana asi anoramba rakabatana kuziva chokwadi uye vakararama vanogona
chete solidary nhoroondo linkage iyi anotevedzana vanomiririra yose upenyu
mupfungwa, pasina chikonzero spezialen mananara pfungwa Kungopinda kutora
yokudimbudzira vavairarama kufunga.Wedzera ichi kuti zvizere yokutsiva iri
anotevedzana nguva rwokufamba raizongova zvinogoneka chete zvachose mawa
kwatiri, kana munhu aigona kufunga mumba sezvo ichi- kuzadzisa nyaya, sezvinoita
PARTICIPLE kwayo kufamba rinoungana nguva. Asi sayenzi chaiwo ane chikonzero
chakanaka usada atomistic maonero kuti hazvibviri kuti chaizvoizvo iyo kuwana
pakureba rimwe, uye kunyange undulations zhinji saka zvose inofamba rinoti kuitika
zvaitevedzana mukufamba ane vibration nomusi inoramba, apo kare vanogona kuva
pedyo nepedyo kuti munhu anogona kufunga kunotsiviwa chamazuva discontinuity
ive anofungidzirwa kukarukureta. Asi ndinoona kusagadzikana chaizvo kutsanangura
pfungwa dzinokosha pamusoro approximations uye kana asi kamwe avabvumire basa
rine chaiyo okuti sangano, zvichiteverwa kutekenyedzwa chokuita kuti denderedzwa
kufunga Chokwadi chikatsiviwa munhu achiri kudaro yakakura anokamuka nhamba
discontinuous pfungwa vanoda chii kuti maonero kungaguma. Zvandiri kureva
ndezvokuti, kana kuramba basa pamwe wakaoma kutaura sangano hanya anofanira,
uye ichi chichiitwa basa rinozviti kune mumwe PARTICIPLE panguva Zvechokwadi,
umwe pfungwa kugovera dzokuonera uye bhiri uye kwete discontinuous mune
nzvimbo yakatsiva kuti munhu ane saka kutora nguva pakuverengwa nerimwe
PARTICIPLE, sezvo chakaitwa isu, asi kazhinji kutora nguva ino, zvachose pfuma
kupfuura pane oscillating inoramba saizvozvo, iyo inobatsira vari yokubatana

yakafanana manyawi, von pamwe ane kuwanda nhamba inoramba, uko inoramba
zvakaenderana kuburikidza nzvimbo S kupararira, uye somugumisiro nhamba
aaisitaura ndivo zvekumirira, chinobuda, panzvimbo zvawo nguva
Nemutengo S T kumwedzi Nemutengo S ts akatanga, uye mune zvokuimba dzedu
panzvimbo chinhu T ari zvichishandurwa nenzira iyoyo chinhu ST anoshanda.
Maererano nemaonero aya, kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa zvinoenderana
yekudyidzana chete nhamba pave inoramba kubva, uye kunogona kuva mukuru
amplitude pamusoro oscillation nokuwedzera nhamba inoramba oscillate pamwe
amplitude duku, kutsiviwa; uyewo maererano pakubudiswa chinangwa mumuviri
kurira kuchinyanya yakasimba vachiridza chiridzwa inogona kutsiviwa vazhinji
kusimba vachiridza imwechete hunhu, uye kunyange inenge sezvo simba vakanyura
neumwe wairwara ruzha panguva zvisingaonekwi fambisa diki inoramba avo, nokuti
zvinhu zvizhinji izvi kufamba make.
Ndipo pane indisputably chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nzira kubudisei
zvisingaoneki kufamba duku tsinga vedu uye pfungwa asi zvikuru kubatsira
kwazvinoita mupfungwa. Kana kunongovawo Nerventeilchen kunge akavheyesa
nechomukati, zvaizoita pasina mubvunzo uku muna zvikuru amplitude
zvichiberekana kurira bhero musimba chete, yatiri kunzwa iye zvino, asi kuti
zvingashandawo chero Glockenteilchen pacharo, chinofanira kuisa matauriro
musimba chete, sezvo anopa zvose bhero.
Kunenge chishamiso kuti Vasingazvioni duku vibration yedu huta sezvo kanoni
kutinhira, vanohuhudza dutu uye zvichingodaro mumweya yedu zvakare
inzwi. Rinotsanangura muchidimbu kuva zvakadaro kure sezvo tsananguro ari pano
zvachose zvichiita ndechokuti mugumisiro swinging Nerventeilchen kuti manzwiro
kwete neumwe, yaiungana ari kure nesu itirana, chinhu simba nokuti zviri hapana
kure nesu, asi sentient nhengo yomumwe pacharo. Asi dzimwe nguva rinogona
kutsanangurwa kubva yokuti pane zvinhu zvizhinji kuti pave chete kutekenyedzwa
simba.
Zvino munhu anogona kukumbira kana kutekenyedzwa pamwe muduku saizi
expence mumuviri rinoreva, von ezasi kinetic simba, anogona ngazviwedzerwe
pamamiriro pamwero apo uwandu vibrating inoramba kana munhu Kunowedzera
amplitude. Panyaya iyi, kufanana chete Masvomhu kuva mutsindo, izvo
dzinokudziridzwa muchitsauko 21 noruremekedzo kuti kuparadzirwa uye mumisasa
yacho kutekenyedzwa anotikurudzira kuti zvakawanda kana zvishoma pfungwa
nokuparadzira mashoko kutekenyedzwa anotikurudzira iri nhamba huru dzehurukuro
yacho sentient nhengo pacharo chaiyo hapana kupfuura hombe vanoverengeka
manzwiro kuita psychophysically zvinoshingaira pfungwa kumiririrwa. Chete kuti
hazvisi chokwadi, chokwadi, uye hapana uchapupu zvevakomana kuti ukuru
kwakanyanya kutekenyedzwa zvabuda, icho pamwe nhamba haana discrete sentient
pfungwa, akatsunga nenhamba uye mhando kukura pfungwa idzi zvakafanana sezvo
ukuru kwazvo explicated kutekenyedzwa pakuverengwa iro akapa nokuda
vanoverengeka discrete sentient pfungwa apo nyaya Masvomhu iwayo chaizvoizvo
ukama; zvisinei paro kwazvo ndiko kumboadya kubva mhiri, kuti nyaya discrete uye

asiri discrete sentient pfungwa chete kunongoratidza anosiyana iyoyo manzwiro saizi
imwe kana explicated zvikuru kuti vataizokwanisa kuwedzera kumusoro kuzviita.
Kana kunyange inzwi, uri bhero, tisingazvinyeperi kubva ruzha kuti ape tudonhwe
bhero, zvinogona kuonekwa kupfupikiswa saka anofanira kuonekwa asi kuti
inoramba nomumwe ari kufamba vasingagoni kuwa, mavakanga pasi nemhaka
chokuita kwavo zvinhu. Saka zvichava kwedu psychophysical hurongwa. A
PARTICIPLE oga vermchte hakusi kuwana yunifomu inofamba mumwe; Saka
chinovapo munhu vibrational ezvinhu uye vasvike zvakawanda inoramba zvinofanira
kutsunga kuburikidza nekuita kuti uye neizvozvo indisputably zvinoenderana uyewo
solidary kusakarongeka pakati inoramba yakafanana manyawi, pamwe chete, sezvo
kure sezvazvakaita yedu psychophysical hurongwa. Asi ikozvino siyana zvinogoneka
yemugumo. Kana nzvimbo dzose hurongwa kuti kushandira pamwe yokubatana
pamwe kutekenyedzwa, vaifambisa kwakadai, chete kuti vanozviwana panguva imwe
chete munyika dzakasiyana zvikamu zvakafanana kufamba muenzaniso sezvo vari
kunze kwenyika iri kupararira chiedza, nokurira akapfeka yunifomu nevezvenhau uye
ini kufunga kuti zviri kufamba, iyo zvinoenderana kuti kutekenyedzwa nokurira
matiri, nokuti here, manzwiro uyu kudzokororwa zvinokurudzira chimiro kunyange
chimwe PARTICIPLE zvichienderana inomiririrei, pasina kuti zvakanzi zvokuti
inoramba bato iri aizoumba sezvo rimwe anogona kugamuchira. Kana kuti chikamu
chidzoke pamusoro kutekenyedzwa yokubatana kudyidzana pakati inoramba vane
kufamba-siyana, uye zviri pachena kuti tifunge kwachiri nemanzwiro akadaro apo
vaya chinodiwa nyore hakuchina kukwana.
Masvomhu zvose munguva yapfuura ngaamuitire chete Maausdrcke nokuda
quantitative divi kutekenyedzwa pasina anopupura pamusoro unhu chinhu, zvekuti
chete ndeiya yakaita tsika rinorevei zvakasiyana siyana rwokufamba saka kwete
chete nezvekufadza, asi chete chete quantitative netsika nezvekufadza izvi. Zvinonzi
undisputed kuti nedzidziso uye Sezvambotaurwa, kuti chimiro nezvekufadza
kunoenderana chimiro basa, apo kufamba nguva zvinesungano, izvo inobatsira kuti
kutekenyedzwa; asi Masvomhu iwayo quantitative mhedziso yose kutevedzana
inofamba nguva kuswedera, kuti icho kuizwi kutekenyedzwa, zita yokudimbudzira
nzira kutamira nguva richaparara mariri, uye zviri nani muchimiro mashandiro T , iyo
kuuya kupinda zvokutanga payakavakirwa V ari ionekwe sokuratidzwa muchimiro
kufamba, mauri kutekenyedzwa chimiro akatsunga.
Ndizvo kunaka kutekenyedzwa chine chokuita nyore rectilinear vibration, kwete
panguva imwe chete uwandu nemashoko okuti

kuti yatiri zvechokwadi kuuya pakunzi kupiwa, asi nemashoko okuti

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, dismantling rinowanikwa mune nguva nhatu,

mumwe munhu , mumwe uye zvaanoda periodic dzokororo mumwechete inofamba

nguva nguva Zvisinei, nezvakadaro, okupedzisira nguva aenda pasi yokutanga

kudhinda.
A chokwadi kuti zvinoita kutaura zvakananga kuti mune dzimwe nzira aigona kuti
kutekenyedzwa mupiro mukati zvinoreva zvokutanga payakavakirwa panzvimbo iri
kumhanya rechipiri kurongeka V sezvo kutanga kuitira vs. kuvaita nemataundi, ndiye
zvinotevera: Unonzi kuti munhuwo ndima magetsi kuburikidza masangano hapana
kana kure zvishoma unonyatsooneka manzwiro mananara unobudisa, sezvo
rinosandurwa magetsi uye kunyanya sezvo Inlet uye pamagetsi pamusoro kuerera,
izvo zvinogona sechinhu chinonyanya simba uye riri anochinja ano hama kuwedzera
uye kuderera, uye kuti kunyange izvi kure pamusoro ari rapidity ari kuwedzera kana
kudzikisa ari magetsi, pfupi kukura nyaya yechipiri-kuitira zvazvingava 7) . Zvisinei,
kunzwa kazhinji haana kunyarara munguva yose Closed mumwe cheni; asi zviri
ingangodaro kuti ichi anosimbirira zvine mwero dhigirii nezvekufadza zvakafanana
nheyo kunobva, sezvo akasimba ari inlets uye nehoro pakati kuerera. Nokuti vaiona
kuti periodic nokufamba mukati nhengo, iyo kunodiwa kutakura kunyange kupomba
ropa run, indisputably chamutsa magetsi inoyerera kuburikidza kugara nokufamba,
uye vakutarisire nokudaro sezvineiwo zvinofanira kushandurwa. Panoperera ngetani
kuti ziso kunogona kuonekwa kwete chete nokupenya panguva yose mukuvhara, asi
simba chiedza chitarisiko yose ya namahwindo mumwe. Asi tinofanira kurangarira
kuti pasina zvemagetsi kubwaira ane zvachose chinooneka kutekenyedzwa muziso,
ziso dema kuti anotendeuka dzimwe nguva kunyange dzakajeka chiso kuonekwa
kunyange kare. Just pamusoro zvino pasi pokudzora ane mhepo aibuda kugara, rurimi
tsanga inonziwo mutopota iyo inokwanisa mukati rwevanodzvinyirira vibration,
anogona kuiswa vibration zvachose, mumwe vibration ndiko kuva yakakodzera
therefor Sehapparate kuvaraidza kunyange pasi pokudzora kugara yemagetsi
anotikurudzira iyo anochinja zvazvingava zvinosanganisira pachakwo.
7)

Ona. Dubois Unters. BD. IS 258 va-.

Zvichakadai, zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti vakasarudza nokuda chokuti chete

kuzorwa kwete zvakadaro statuierbare mukana kuti kutekenyedzwa Post by
kumhedziso velocity wokutanga kurongeka nemataundi, asi kwete mashandiro hama
kumhanya wokutanga kurongeka. Zviri pamungawirirana kuuya nokuda romukati
manzwiro nomumwe psychophysical ezvinhu, kufanana yedu tsinga, inongova hama
fambisa zvikamu uye hama aimhanya saka chete kufunga. Zvikasadaro dai munhu
nokukurumidza kunonoka, nokukurumidza akatamira pasi nokukurumidza
vakakomba zuva, zvichienderana nokuchinja velocity, kana rokutanga kana kuti
rechipiri, izvo rwakavapo iyi, uyewo anochinja pfungwa dzake chinzvimbo
kuitika. Zvino, kana galvanic Kuyerera noruvara, saka neizvozvo kuteerera kosi
pamusoro kumhanyisa uye deceleration pakati inoramba, asiwo hama sangano rayo
imwe; Zvisinei ivo inlets uye nehoro shanduko chero iri kuerera, iro nguva dzose
dzinoitirwa nevamwe pfungwa maonero, kupinda hama aimhanya kusvikira
kumhanya inoramba vose equalized.Sezvineiwo anoramba vanobvuma kuti chiitiko
haasi pakati mundima uye ndima asarudza uye mubvunzo achiri Rinoengerera

ndezvaJosephus.
Kana zvokutanga payakavakirwa
kana
vanofanira
kuratidza kazhinji vakwane kufamba yedu huta gadziriro, saka izvi asingadi
kunyange kuidzwawo kuti kubvira ose mundima kana V munyika kutekenyedzwa
mupiro maererano mutoo uyu pakuti kuburikidza kuti zvichida preconditions kana
Mitbedingungen kunodiwa chingava sezvo ivo kuvapo kwedu huta gadziriro, asi
kumwewo aigona chinoshayikwa, apo kubva mhiri, Chokwadi, kuti hatina
nezvekufadza nemafambiro kunze tsinga, kana anogona kumisa hapana ruzivo
kunoratidza kuti vari kurasikirwa isu, uye mumwe manzwiro chete achishandisa
tsinga zvinogoneka zvachose. mikana iyi kukurukura nezvayo, haisi nzvimbo uye
Haungatongovi chaiyo kubudirira. chinhu chacho chete richava kuyeuka.
Tingadai wakafunga kuti zvakanaka kuti munhu chinooneka manyawi, auditory
manzwiro kuti saka kutaura akayangarara ari chinhu, kuti aripo asina mamwemazwi
kuziva kuti vaizova zvakafanana. Uye saka zvine musoro kuti kudavira kuti iri nyore
vibration sangano chete insofar anogona kumutsa manzwiro sezvo akarara
panzvimbo mamwemazwi hurongwa kufamba, sezvo ari kutakura yedu pachena
ruzivo uye aigona Mid kumutsa haunzwi ari maturo. Chete kuti vaisagona kuvapo
nenzira isina, kuti mavambo kwavo pacharo ukama, ane kudyidzana zvikamu
ndohwavo, vakatakura kufamba kwavo maererano.
Zvisinei, saka pfungwa dzedu panguva pretty, kunze zviwane, kushingaira, izvo
presupposes yakazvimirira zviwane psychophysical basa matiri. Uye sezvo akanga
vakagadzirawo saka unogona asi nokukurumidza zvakafanana nokuti munhu achiita
rinoita pfungwa (yaora chero mirayiridzo) anomiririrwa pamwe nguva dzose
maererano Fourier kuti theorems kubudikidza akatevedzana nenguva dzirikure
zvinhu. Iva wayo mutengo V , achiwedzera anotikurudzira
ukoshi ndima vakawedzera.
Zvino kana zvingashandawo kana kuona mamiriro ezvinhu enyika vakawanda
kuziva, chiyero chayo rakasimba, ayo simuka kupfuura kuwira kuona
pachikumbaridzo, izvi zvaizoita zvimwe zvinogona kuitika (kuitira kure sezvo isu
chamber sangano chete rimwe divi), kana isu V + ndima panzvimbo yapfuura
dzavasinei V kuchiiswa mu zvokutanga payakavakirwa, uye revatema. Hapana aigona
kuva munhu priori zvinoratidza kuti kuwana Maausdruckes nokuda kutekenyedzwa
iri mundima kwakabatana zvikurukuru, V secreted nokuda Vzvinogona kurapwa; asi
kubudirira kurapa ichi rinodzidzisa izvozvo. Tine edu risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti
rakabva papi inonyatsoita saka sokunge mundima mumatanda oga, vane musiV asina
kufungwa nezvazvo, uye tiri saka unobudirira, izvo dzinoenderana ruzivo.

Special Untersuchnngen mamwe manzwiro nzvimbo.

XXXIII. About chiedza uye kurira manzwiro pachinhu
mumwe.
Nhaurirano yechi30 chitsauko makatipa nemamwe chikonzero kudhonza

psychophysical ukama pakati zvenzwi uye mavara nyaya, uye akaisa chinhu pedyo
apo pazvinobvira chaiko ezvinhu rwomuviri kusachinja-chinja uye siyana kuti
mukunde maari, chikonzero vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga pavakaziva.
Ngativerengei tuma inotevera pachisara rinoitwa panyaya iyi, kufunga dzimwe
ezvinhu izvo hanya, kunyanya mavara, kumusoro, hwaakange kudzidza pamwe
kurondedzera chete, achava kuvimba pamwe.
a) On miganhu maonero akajeka uye zvinokonzera ari chipingidzo maonero
ichi.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti maonero mavara anoramba mukati vamwe papi refrangibility,
naizvozvo vibration kumhanya uye anoenderana Undulationslnge, uye zviri pano
kuva mubvunzo pamwe tsanangurai zvatinorambidzwa izvi kunyatsoreva kuongorora
zvimwe zvavakanga pakuti ndechokuti vibrations kumusoro uye pazasi mumwe
mwero rapidity yezvakaita panguva yedu manyuko dziripo chiedza uye achishandisa
ziso usaswedera kuti kunenge, kana chokwadi chokuti iye uye mumwe mwero
frangibility havagoni kuonekwa kuburikidza kunenge, kunyange zvazvo vanosvika
panguva iyoyo. kuongororwa uku kunogona kuitwa chete panyaya kusimba ratios
pamusoro Lieht uye kupisa mukati chakarondedzera uye mubvunzo kana nouchapupu
nokuzivikanwa kana asiri kuzivikanwa vaviri nevasori ndiye; uri chii mubvunzo
naizvozvo zvakafanira pano kupinda.
anozivikanwa sezvo kazhinji zvinofungirwa kuti ari mutakuri aumba kubva
homogeneous ruvara prismatic chakarondedzera show mitsetse, idzo nguva dzose
dzakakwirira neimwe mhando chiedza vakapiwa mavambo pakati matanda chete
refrangibility, zvinogona Saka kushanda runozivisa mwaranzi kupiwa
refrangibility. Inonyanya maitiro mitsetse izvi zvinonzi kupinda makuru Stokes
Zvisinei uye frherhin kubudikidza Helmholtz vari ultraviolet nemabhii Latin duku
maererano nokuwanda tsvuku kuti Violet uye ultraviolet.
Of izvi, 1) A, B, C muna tsvuku, D muna Orange, E rwegirini, F yebhuruu, G muna
indigo 2) , H kuna Violet. Ini varehwa Fraunhofer sezvo Violet panogumira
chakarondedzera.
1)

Herschel, pamusoro d. Chiedza. . 419. 2) Mashoko aya kuburikidza

Herschel. Mushure kuenzanisa mabwendefa maviri pazasi njanji G asi vachiri nhengo
nezvishava, uye muna Fraunhofer kuti chakarondedzera iri kuswedera G pakati
nepakati peguta pfungwa zviine indigo uye Violet. Nokuda zvishoma nezvishoma
kuchinja mavara uye kunosiyana kusimba chiedza pomumvuri frangible
chakarondedzera chikamu (Pogg. XCIV, 13) pano achava kuitika pasina unopinza
kutsunga.
Pictures of chakarondedzera kubudikidza Fraunhofer kubva dzvuku kuguma
mutsetse ndinogona kuwanikwa pakati vamwe Gilb. Ann. LVI. Plate IV. Biot kuti
Lehrb. Ba V. Plate XXI ..; Herschel pamusoro chiedza, Taf VI uaa 0. -. Muenzaniso
yokunyanyisa Violet uye ultraviolet chakarondedzera chikamu pamwe hwakasimba

mitsetse vari Stokes Pogg. Ann. 4. Ergnz.-B. Taf. I. Fig. 1 (ona S. 200), mufananidzo
yose chakarondedzera kubva tsvuku kuti ultraviolet wokupedzisira Esselbach muna
Pogg. XCVIII. Taf. V. Fig. 6 (ona S. 514 va-.).Kunyange zvazvo vari Stokes
YOKOHAMA akarongwa ultraviolet chikamu navaduku, anotaurwa Esselbach'schen
makuru tsamba, asi kusangana tsamba iyoyo zvakafanana mitsetse, sezvo zvinogona
kuonekwa kwete chete kubva fananidzo spectra, asiwo kunoratidza Esselbach muna
Berl , Kri-. 1855. peji 788 iri pedyo.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda anobatsira Uchapupu zvinotevera anotevera matafura
maviri ichava yavo wokutanga Esselbach 3) kuti zvatinosiita anooneka
chakarondedzera kuti ultraviolet pamwe zvakawanda gadziriro yayo pamusoro
hwakasimba rima mitsetse vari chakarondedzera tsamba wavelengths, pamwe chete
zvatinopiwa Fraunhofer vaJehovha, izvo chete kusvika Violet rine, uye wechipiri,
pamusoro Helmholtz 4) iro rakaumbwa zvatinopiwa Esselbach pamwe chete
concurrence vamwe pachavo mitemo pamusoro paigumira kuwanda, mubatanimavara pamwe pitches, kana mutsetse A kusvika Tone G maererano uye wavelength
inzwi C = 1 wakaisirwa Zvisinei, wavelengths ari nemavara millimeters, sapamazuva
tafura Esselbach vari kutaurwa.

Zviri Esselbach.
Wavelengths vari millimeters

mitsetse
ari
chakarondedzera

kuna Esselbach

kubudikidza
Fraunhofer

0.0007617 5)

6874

0.0006878

6564

5886

5888

5260

5260

4845

4843

4287

4291

3929

3791

3657

3498

3360

3290

3232

3091

3)

Pogg. XCVIII, 524th

4)

inoshuma Berl. Akad., 1855. 761 .

5)

Izvi urongwa A ari awedzera pano Helmholtz nokuti kwete Esselbach'schen

zvokudya.
Zviri maererano Helmholtz.
wavelength
rira

muzvarirwo

matauriro ruvara

Fis

64

Gis

32

10

16

Kishi

24

naro

/ 45

mavara

0.0008124 End of tsvuku

7617

tsvuku

7312

tsvuku

6721

tsvuku

/9

6347

rotorange

/ 15

6094

orenji

5713

shora

5217

girini

/9

5078

Green Blue

/6

4761

cyan

/5

4570

indigo zvitema

/4

4285

Violet

fis

32

4062

Violet

3808

About Violet

gis

16

3656

About Violet

munhu

/5

3385

About Violet

/9

3173

About Violet

/ 15

/3
/ 25

/5

/ 25

/ 45

/3
/ 25

3047

End of gwenya
chakarondedzera
Uyezve, vakawanda chokwadi pamusoro fluorescence Vanzveri kuzivikanwa,

maererano izvo vamwe zvinhu (zvakadai iine acid sulphate pamusoro Quinine kana
zvemapuranga saka paper) kudzikisa chiedza matanda ayo nepariri kana
unonyangadzwa navo refrangibility, kuve nyore maonero mwaranzi ivavo ari Violet
panogumira zvatinosiita kuoneka chakarondedzera ari refrangibility kuchakunda
kuburikidza anozivikanwa tinoshandurirwa mwaranzi kupinda miganhu zvake
maonero.
Zvisingazivikanwi pamusoro Newton uye chinooneka pasina chairwo matanho
okuzvidzivirira prismatic ruvara chakarondedzera unotora chete anenge 1
wechishanu.
J. Herschel 6) ndivo Undulationslnge yokunyanyisa dzvuku kuti 0,0000266 kuti
zvakanyanyisa Violet kuti 0,0000167 sna. Tsika mumhepo (hama 0,0004242 uye
0,0006756 Mill.), The Nhamba vibrations muna 1 chik. Mumazuva ekare kune 458
tiririyoni, pamwe yokupedzisira kuna 727 matiririyoni panguva. Zvisinei,
zvatinorambidzwa izvi wakatozviitirwa chokuwedzera Fraunhofer, uyo akarindira
kanenge imwe pasi pasi, sezvinoonekwa kubva fananidzo zvinotevera mashoko
zvakafanana mashoko wavelength uye vanoona yakanyorwa naye chakarondedzera
mumutsetse Ini sezvo kumuganhu Violet kuti zvishoma pamusoro
mutsetse A kunosvika zvinopfuura richiti.
6) Pamusoro

chiedza. . 575th

"Inenge pana A yakatsvuka, kana ndichirova Violet kuguma ruvara mufananidzo,

mumwe muganhu Zvisinei, anoratidza hapana divi zvirokwazvo, nyore richiri tsvuku,
pane pepuru. Ko zvose zvakananga kana zvinoratidzwa girazi chiedza chezuva
kunze, zvinoita sokuti kuda kuwira pasi rumwe rutivi mutsetse pakati G uye H, kune
rimwe divi vari B. pamwe chezuva arambe achirema zvikuru, ruvara chidzitiro
anenge akatowanda nehafu 7) kuti asi kuona chete ichi kusanganisirawo mukuru
anogona , chiedza chinofanira kudziviswa munguva pakati C uye G kupinda ziso
nokuda pfungwa kwakaitwa chiedza paigumira ruvara mufananidzo pamusoro ziso,
simba chaizvo uye misha yavo kubva zororo. muna A zvakanaka kuona mutsetse
yakajeka, asi pano haisi panogumira yakatsvuka, asi harisati zvinoonekwa pamusoro
payo. "
7) Kana

ndinonzwisisa kodzero iyi, saka izvi inomirira kuwedzera

kana ini Kuwedzera.
Kuti chiedza chezuva nezuva tsvuku uye Violet kuguma chinooneka
chakarondedzera pasina chinokosha hanya rinewo mwaranzi pamusoro vaduku uye
zvikuru refrangibility, akanga refu aizivikanwa kubudikidza nokudziya migumisiro
mhiri Red uye makemikari migumisiro nemwaranzi nhema mhiri Violet. Izvi,
asingaoneki muna vanhuwo Spektris, mwaranzi wokutanga mazuva ano kazhinji
infra-tsvuku, wokupedzisira ultraviolet kana Violet inonzi. 8) Uyewo maonero ari
ultraviolet mwaranzi, pamusaka fluorescent tishandurwe kuva akwanise mune
zvishoma tyoka.
8)

Helmholtz, iro zita iri Violet mwaranzi yakafanira (Pogg. XCIV, 13)

inotsanangura, kwete nemaonero apo pamusoro iye zvemari navo, uye

pamungawirirana aigona chete ngatitsunge conventionally paunogumira, nokuti
nuances munobuda pasina yakadaro imwe. Mushure kupiwa (saka) tafura anotarisira
imwe wavelength 0,0004062, iyo (saka) kuti pakati G uye H achiri kuti Violet, uye
0,0003808, riri pedyo chaizvo kuti mutsetse L anoenderana pamusoro
Violet. Kurizvino Fraunhofer pamugumo Violet pana I ndiwo mavambo About Violet
dai kwakaita ini kana K kuti kutarisirwa panguva wavelength icho saka kure haisati
kutsunga.
, More zvakananga, ikozvino runobva ongororo itsva dzinoratidza kuti:
1) The ultraviolet mwaranzi kusvikira kumuganhu refrangibility vari kuunza umo
nokusingaperi gwenya chakarondedzera iripo uye fluorescence kune chiitwa,
maererano enzanirana kuedza pamusoro Helmholtz 9) uye Esselbach 10) pasina
mudziyo uyu (kureva pasina kuderedza refrangibility) kuonekwa kuburikidza ziso
kana ukasangana matanho akadaro kuti ultraviolet mwaranzi sezvo chose
sezvinobvira nokuenda kuburikidza kushandiswa pakugadzira uye kuona kuti
chakarondedzera nhau, chii pamwe Goldstone (dombo nekristaro) nani pane girazi
nyaya iri 11) , uye kana pamwe munharaunda rerukei mugove chakarondedzera, mauri
ziso riri bofu, pamwe admixture irregularly akapararira chiedza ultraviolet
kubudikidza prism wakaputsika chiedza Kwabviswa nguva dzose, ane chinangwa iyo
kazhinji asvika 12) , apo ultraviolet chikamu achishandisa imwe Goldstone prism
chakagadzirirwa chakarondedzera voga nokuda chidzitiro pamwe mbiru uye vaiona
kuburikidza teresikopu kubva Goldstone lenses vane projecting rechipiri Goldstone
prism.
9 ) Pogg.XClV 12

208th

10)

Pogg. XCVIII, 513th

11)

Asi zviri Helmholtz akabudirira chinhu girazi prisms (Pogg. XCIV, 1 zvi-.).

12)

comp. Helmholtz muna Pogg. LXXXVI, 501. XCIV, 1 . 205th Mishumo d.

Berl. Akad., 1855. 757. Esselbach muna Pogg. XCVIII, 515th
Panyaya yokunyanyisa ultraviolet muganhu akaona Esselbach Pogg. XCVIII,
523); "Shure R aimbova chete pamusoro muzhizha simba chaizvo achiri mutsetse
kuonekwa kumaodzanyemba."
Saka, kana pasina mavara anonzwisiswa zvakawanda kuburikidza ziso pamusoro
mumwe mwero frangibility iri gwenya chakarondedzera, saka chikonzero ndechokuti
hapana ari dungwerungwe ichi; uye saka kwete kuvhara kuti aivapo muzana Se kuti
ziso nechemhiri unopinza maonero kubva zvaanorumbidza rezuva chakarondedzera
zvakananga.
Zvino Stokes ane 13) akaita akataura kuti magetsi kabhoni chiedza iri
chakarondedzera ine brechbarere zvikuru mwaranzi, sezvo zuva chakarondedzera,
saka kuti ichi 14) anenge pasi pasi ichiri nemaune kureba. Zvisinei, saka kure,
chakarondedzera ichi rinowanikwa chete kubvunzana pamusoro fluorescent zvinhu,

izvo paaka- kuti refrangibility kunge wakacherechedza, uye ndinowana kana

chiratidzo chokuti chikamu kuti wakawedzerwa chakarondedzera ichi kuti zuva
chakarondedzera, chero zvazvingava kunge anobatsira anogona kushandiswa kana
ruzivo izvo kureva zvakashandurwa, saka kuti kudaro kwaizova kuona nokuda
kuedza kana mukasazivisa pano panogumira maonero zvakananga.
13)

Pogg. LXXXIX, 628th

14)

Pashure Esselbach kwakaita Handimupinduri muna Bherekiya. d. Berl. Akad.

1855 760th
Chero bedzi munhu akakwanisa kuziva kuvapo kwakaita ultraviolet mwaranzi
chete kubva yavo nemakemikari uye fluorescence, vatsvakurudzi vakafunga kuti
ndiye aizove nokuti vaizova nyura nezvinobudisa nhau kuti ziso, uye miedzo
zambuko pamusoro migumisiro chiedza diffuse chena pashure ndima yayo
kuburikidza yakajeka vezvenhau ziso riri mutete paiva tincture akaomeswa
guaiacum 15) ngaauye tiswedere mhedziso "kuti izvo kupfuura refrangible (the guaiac
bluing) mwaranzi muna kwazvo kunyura, shoma kuti cornea uye vitreous zvinosetsa,
asi vakawanda gogorosi idzi nhau mbiri pamwe chete, "izvo kuedza akazonyora
dzimwe akuvadzwa kutsigira 16) , maererano izvo ultraviolet mwaranzi ane prismatic
chakarondedzera pashure ndima achishandisa izvo, vitreous uye cornea nzombe ziso
asisiri kuchinja makaita nehanya Photographic papepa, ukuwo Violet mwaranzi achiri
nevanhukadzi zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita. Zvichakadai,
kunze ndechokuti maonero ari ultraviolet mwaranzi zvino akataura zvakananga
pamusoro apa zvaanorumbidza pamusoro Helmholtz uye Esselbach, uyewo
Donders 17) kuwana pakatarisana nemigumisiro semabhiriji mumwe nzira, maererano
izvo ultraviolet mwaranzi vasiri chete nokusingaperi chinopfuudzwa kuburikidza
ocular nevezvenhau asi sezvo zviri nyore sezvo refrangible.
15)

Mller kwakaita Arch. 1845. 263rd

16)

Mller kwakaita Arch. 1846 379th

17)

Mller kwakaita Arch. 1853 459th

Pfungwa Pamuedzo Donders waiva uyu:

How nyore kuona, unofanira kuongorora kana ultraviolet mwaranzi ichipfuura
ziso nhau, chete chakarondedzera imwe kugadzira pamusoro amburera, iyo pamwe
iine acid sulphate pamusoro Quinine (inova fluorescent fuma) zvinenge zvakazara,
uye murinde hungava fluorescence zvava kuonekwa ultraviolet mwaranzi kuramba
kuoneka apo interponiert ari yakajeka vezvenhau ziso. Ko nyaya, vanogona
zvechokwadi kwete nyura nokuda vezvenhau izvi. Donders zvino vakazadza
rokutanga ndiro vose inosiyana chete girazi zvitunha vamwe yemombe maziso uye
akatora mumwe kana mumwe pakati nesarufa Chininschirm iyo zvaibvumirwa chete
kusvika mwaranzi ose chakarondedzera mhiri Violet (saka ndivo nani zvinoonekwa
pachavo), uye pakati chiedza mabviro , Vairatidzika achiri sezvo zvakanaka uye
kukwira chete muganhu sezvo pasina izvi Zwischeinbringung, chete nesimba zvikuru,

uye kwakaitika apo yacho zvishoma tyoka mwaranzi yacho chakarondedzera chete
nemiedzo. Pakanga ipapo rimwewo vezvenhau ziso, iyo cornea, izvo, kunenge,
akaturika mumwe nomumwe ari mudziyo vakazadzwa nenzombe-ziso vitreous
regirazi, uyewo yose pamberi hafu kweziso; sezvamakaropafadzwa cornea, aqueous
mwando, izvo uye vitreous muviri dzakanga dzakabatana, saizvozvo kushandiswa,
uye kuwana zvibereko substantially zvakasiyana, chete kuti pokushandisa izvo uye
ziso hafu chitarisiko kwakashanduka yakati pedyo izvo maturo ari muchimiro.
Mugumisiro kurikumbira Donders ndiye papfuura Kessler 18) yavewo
nekusimbiswa zvinotevera nenzira. Prismatic spectra kwakaratidzwa murima
nzvimbo yose matanho anodiwa kuti asava yokumwe chiedza, uye akaongorora kana
vanhu vakadaro, iyo crystalline izvo rakabvisirwa nokuda kuvhiyiwa, kuona
chakarondedzera yaro zvikuru refrangible divi kune imwe pamwero sezvo vaya dzose
Sehapparate. Zvakazoonekwa haana mutsauko chinokosha. Munhu aigona kuona
nokuti laterally haachatauri sekiristaro izvo, chifananidzo kaviri pamusoro
chakarondedzera, zvinoti achibatsirwa ane izvo zvose mifananidzo chete musango,
akaona Violet coextensive.
18)

Graefe kwakaita Arch, 1854. S. 466. Pano Liebig uye Kopp Mushumo wegore
kuti 1854. S. 188th
2) Kubva infra-tsvuku mwaranzi haisi ndiye wechokwadi, sezvo ultraviolet
kubva; vanogona kuva (mhiri tafura (ona pamusoro) akasarudzwa muganhu)
kusvikira zvino chero nzira meso, asi kazhinji chete kwavo kudziya zvinokonzerwa,
kuita oneka.
mwaranzi izvi vanogona vaiona nekusatenda kana kushaya maonero ari
kukonzerwa simba Absoro de gua inongova chikamu ziso nhau, kana kushaya
Perzeptionsfhigkeit yacho kunenge yazvinofanira kugoverana. Zviri pachena kuti
mvura, mapuroteni nezvimwe yakajeka mvura nomumvura kubva murima kupisa
mwaranzi hwakanyatsorwisa asingasviki nokupenya, kazhinji muduku, rezasi
tembiricha yokupisa panobva ndiye uye mukobvu zvakaturikidzaniswa, vane naro
kufamba danda , Zvisinei, havana kusiya kubva murima infra-tsvuku mwaranzi ari
zuva chakarondedzera, pashure zvose, chokwadi regai inconsiderable kuenderana
nokuda. Mushure zvakananga miedzo Franz 19) kune infra-tsvuku mwaranzi munhu
rwakakonzera aine mapanga girazi prism zuva chakarondedzera, akanga rayo
kumbogadzirwa kunonyanyisa ari mutsvuku, Ukobvu aiva interposition ane (yaiva
pakati girazi hukawanika) mvura paiva 63 Mill., The tembiricha tsvuku anotevera
rima infra-tsvuku mapazi (mapazi nerimwe 3 Mill. upamhi) chete kubva 11,81
kusvika 5,93, pamusoro 8,77 kusvika 1,66, zvinotevera pamusoro chetatu 6.11
kusvikira 0.83 20) nokuda richikwidibira, apo richikwidibira tsvuku kunyange kubva
15.11 kusvika 10.00 akaenda. (Asi zvishoma akanga zvinoderedza murima zvikamu
vane sesaline kana doro pane mvura.) Chii zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti substantially
aqueous uye proteinaceous ocular Vezvenhau vanofanira kupfuudza hapana
Rinokosha pakati infra-tsvuku mwaranzi avo Ukobvu duku zvikuru nokuti kunyanya
pashure Melloni okuti 21) mapuroteni remvura nemasiraidhi thermanitt

sevasinganyanyi kutama substantially, uye rinopinza girazi chakarondedzera, infratsvuku mwaranzi vakatobatana kuderedzwa rokutora chikamu girazi. Uye zvadaro,
zvisinei, kushayikwa nehanya pamusoro kunenge kuti infra-tsvuku mwaranzi
kwaizova kutora sezvo hwaro Kusaoneka vavo vanoti; Zvisinei, achiri zvakananga
kuedza pamusoro permeability ari ocular vezvenhau kuti chiedza Ultra dzvuku
vanofanira kuita ruzha mutongo panyaya iyi anogona.
19)

Pogg. Cl, 51st

20)

Nhamba dziri inosiyana kumbogadzirwa multiplier.

21)

Pogg. XXXV, 282.

Zvisinei zambuko yave 22) akaita zvakananga kuedza pashure iyo kuburikidza
cornea uye izvo munhu itsva nzombe-ziso, kushandiswa nomumwe kana pamwe;
kwete irradiated nokuda romugungwa multi-plier chinoonekwa ari murima kupisa,
izvo kubudikidza nemunhu rambi mafuta yakakwirira zvikuru, asi kure kwete
hwihwinyara nenharo dema jira simbi humburumbira Kwaibva Zvisinei, chiedza
vakasununguka kubva mwenje kuburikidza cornea chete 8 9 , kuburikidza izvo
chete 1 1 / 2 yakanga (kuburikidza zvose pamwe chete Hapana), uye apo mvura
rukoko 18 Mill. Ukobvu pakati waMika mahwendefa ari izvo chete muchinjikwa
zvikamu uye Kalkspatkristall pamusoro 3,7 Mill. Ukobvu nemumwe kukabatanidzwa
2 vakapa irradiation ari murima kupisa. Chete rima mhepo kupisa kuva
kunyorerana mhedziso pamusoro rezuva kupisa kuita kupfuura iyo rinoumbwa
mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana nokudziya uye luminous ray. Uye Zvakazoitwa
kuedza pamusoro Bridge 23) ne chiedza chezuva hapana hwakadzama kuongorora
anoita nyaya, uyewo regai kushandisa pamwe yakavhomorwa dzakaonda Ruchicht
kuburikidza iyo matanda vaifanira dawo sezvo zvakakwana hunogutsa.
22)

Mller kwakaita Arch. 1845. 271st

23)

Mller kwakaita Arch. 1846 382nd

3) Pashure Pakusarudza Helmholtz 24) ndiko rose, vanooneka pasina achibatsirwa

fluorescence, chikamu gwenya chakarondedzera kubva yokunyanyisa mutsvuku
zvakanyanya Violet, kana kushandisa matanho zvose izvo zvinogona aivabatsira
zvakananga maonero, pamusoro pasi pasi pamwe yechina (saka ); kureva, maererano
Helmholz ari wavelength kuti zvakanyanyisa zvinoonekwa tsvuku (ane siyana umo
chiedza zvose kunze yokunyanyisa tsvuku akanga dimmed nokushandisa zviviri
prisms maviri amburera) 0.0008124 Mill kuti zvakanyanyisa ultraviolet
0,0003047. vari pakati iyo patsanura vamwe Esselbach wavelengths ari murima
mitsetse iri (saka) sezvinoratidzwa.
24)

Berl. Bherekiya. 1855 760th

4) The achangobuda kuedza pamusoro J. Mller 25) akatungamirira chete

wokutanga mhedziso kuti wavelength kure infra-tsvuku mwaranzi ari gwenya
chakarondedzera 0,00183 Mill aiva., Gare gare mumwe kukarukureta zvakanga

mamiriyoni 0,0048 .. Uye chero bedzi wavelength zvokuora ultraviolet mwaranzi

0.0003047 Mill., The yaimbova yaizova anenge 2 1 /2 , achipa vapedzisira kutorwa
pamwe chete kuita 4 octaves kuti kuwedzera yose zuva chakarondedzera,
zvinoonekwa nezvisingaonekwi chikamu. Zvisinei, pamwe kushaya homogeneity ari
kushumira ari kuedza chakarondedzera, vamwe chokwadi kururama kwemashoko
nzira dzinoshandiswa compute Princips 26) anogona vose vane ndichiri nekusatenda.
25)

Pogg. CV, 337. 543rd

26)

Ona. pano zvakataurwa E. Eisenlohr muna Pogg. CIX, 340th

5) Mumwe aigona kubvunza kana maonero ari ultraviolet chakarondedzera

chikamu pasina chakagadzirwa kubatsirwa fluorescence kwete zvichida kungotaura
zvakavakirwa, kuti kunenge pacharo pedyo fluorescent pfuma yakadaro Ungagona
tsaukirai zvishoma tyoka mwaranzi kubva kunyanya kuratidza ultraviolet mwaranzi
ane yebhuruu ruvara?
Helmholtz 27) akapindura mubvunzo uyu wokutanga adzidza kunenge mushakabvu
18 Hours kare murume, uye akawana kuti kunenge Zvisinei, maererano yaro
yakakodzera simba fluorescence, chiedza anowira pairi chiedza ultraviolet ari
nemwaranzi musanganiswa kunyatsoti wakachena (greenish zvitema) chena pendi
kunochinja, iro (kunze tsvuku) rine, tisingatauri hwakanyatsorwisa guru rakakwanira
kuchinja ultraviolet chiedza, kashoma frangible mwaranzi yacho chakarondedzera,
asi kuti uyu simba fluorescence (kusimba kupfuura pepa, wakaisvonaka uye nyanga
dzenzou, kupfuura porcelain), hazvivakwani kuchengeta maonero ari ultraviolet
mwaranzi kubva fluorescent kuzvimiririra.
27)

Pogg. XCIV, 205th

"Nokururamisira zvine yebhuruu ruvara The pamusoro Violet mwaranzi

wevapenyu ziso uye anenge chena Ruvara vakaparadzirwa chiedza kubva kuvakafa
kunenge vaiva, anoti, zvakare akasiyana. Than kuti maonero hwaizochengetedzwa,
kuti kunenge Via Violet mwaranzi bedzi kushandurwa kwavo vanonzwa vari
zvishoma tyoka chiedza. "
Sechenov 28) awana nekusimbiswa yakachena kunenge Tsuro uye nzombe ziso
kurikumbira Helmholtz nemigumisiro. Uyezve, saizvozvo vakaongorora lpinkyv
vezvenhau mumwechete mhuka ziso riri fluorescence yavo ultraviolet chiedza. The
vitreous akaratidza chete kungoda fluorescence, zviri izvo Ukuwo haana fluoresced
zvakasimba chena rebhuruu, cornea ndiye simba zvikuru, asi Saizvozvowo, aqueous
unyoro. Kunyange meso vanhu vapenyu vanogona kuonekwa fluorescence ichi kana
iwe kuisa ziso ari kutaura nezveshoko ultraviolet mwaranzi nemunyori. Zvakarurama
midziyo. Cornea uye gogorosi ipapo kutanga shimmer vane chiedza chena zvitema,
dzinova cornea akasimba zvikuru kudarika vari vakatongoparadzwa mamiriro.
28)

Grafe Arch. 1859 V, 206.

Zvichakadai, fluorescence ino, yakajeka vezvenhau weziso regai kupa kuti

ultraviolet chikamu chakarondedzera chinooneka, asi kudzivirira maonero ichi nokuti

yakajeka vezvenhau chiedza undergoes ari fluorescence mavari, unoparadzira

kumativi ose, parara, sokunge vaizvivimba luminous; zvokuti kuburikidza nechiedza
ichi vakaparadzirwa mufananidzo ultraviolet chakarondedzera chikamu rizadziswe
rwakakonzera muziso.
Pashure apa, haisati sezvo akasarudza nekutarisisa zvakananga vari kuti pane
mitemo yose Perzeptionsfhigkeit ari kunenge kuti mavara kutsanya uye unononoka
oscillations kutora nzvimbo woga pashure chii (saka) inotaurwa, zvikuru refrangible
(ultraviolet) mwaranzi kuti gwenya chakarondedzera achine amboita kuonesesa
zvakananga, uye pashure kukurukurirana (ona pamusoro) haisati warambidzwa
mukana kuti shoma tyoka (infra-tsvuku) mwaranzi saka kungotaura hazvioneki
nokuti havakwanisi dawo yakakwana kwazvo kuburikidza meso vezvenhau kuti
vaonekwe kuva.
Asi anoramba akasiyana Perzeptionsfhigkeit ari kunenge zvokuti ruvara matanda
zvakafanana kinetic simba panguva dzakasiyana vibration kakawanda kana
wavelength pamusoro gogonera nenyama kana simba hakutombonzwiki, uye havana
kuziva mhiri zvimwe, kazhinji pane kamwe, nekuti migumisiro fluorescence pasi
mumwe ezvinhu chinotsanangurika sokuti chepiri nekuti kutsanangura dzakasiyana
kuparadzira kupisa uye nokupenya prismatic chakarondedzera haana sarudzo asi
musiyano zvinokosha pakati nheyo chiedza uye kupisa, kana chakasiyana
aikanganiswa pamusoro kunenge kuti mwaranzi dzakasiyana refrangibility kuti
statuieren; iyo yaimbova angangotadza kuva zvakawanda maererano kuchangobva
kuferefeta, nepo yokupedzisira maererano nemitemo kwose vibrational kutaurirana
ane panzvimbo mukana.
About pfungwa idzi munyaya zvishoma kukurukurwa.
Chii rokutanga hanya, ndizvo zvinotaura chokwadi chokuti ultraviolet mwaranzi,
kunyange kupinda muzvikoro zviri fluorescence nokuda maonero zvisingakoshi
bedrfend, asi vanoonekwa nyore kana vari shandurwai fluorescence kubva
refrangible mune zvishoma tyoka mwaranzi, asi haigoni kugamuchira, kuti kinetic
simba ichiwedzerwa nokuda fluorescence.
Zvinoitawo muchidimbu Helmholtz 29) tikacherechedza ultraviolet mwaranzi, ayo
"chinangwa Kupenya" hachisi yaderera kungava pedyo zvazvinoita duku pamusoro
ziso; izvi zvinoratidza nokuda fluorescence, "uye kunyange zvazvo kinetic simba
pamusoro vibrations nechiedza haangavi ngazviwedzerwe kuburikidza nedanho
fluorescence vamwe affiziere chiedza kwenguva refu pakati vibration kunotangira ari
kunenge ivo zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita yakakwana
kuonekwa."
29)

Pogg. XCIV ,. 13

Zvino Zvisinei, akanga achifunga, kufambisa maonero nokuda fluorescence inobva

chokwadi chokuti mwaranzi vaiva mukati zvatinosiita anooneka chakarondedzera
nyore kuburikidza meso nhau, sezvo ultraviolet, uye kuedza zambuko wacho (sezvo)
akazviratidza izvi kunyange kuratidza zvakananga Zvisinei ivo kupikisana kwazvo
kwatemwa kuti (saka) yakashuma zvaanorumbidza pamusoro Donders uye Kessler.

Kukurukura Pfungwa yechipiri, zviri kutanga kushanda kuti isu kuti

kudonongodzwa pashure akawanda ukama misiyano zvinokosha pakugoverwa
chiedza nokudziya vari chakarondedzera uye, sokuziva zvichibvira maererano
zvidzidzo yapfuura kubayirira pasi.
The kunonyanyisa kupenya zuva chakarondedzera, uko kunotangira ane prism
chero ane Hauoneki lpinkyv fuma anozikamwa tsvuku pakati
pemitsara D uye E 30) , uye kuparadzira kusimba kwezvido
Fraunhofer 31) chakarondedzera rwakakonzera pane imwe chete romusarasara girazi
prism takatsunga kubva homogeneous ray. Nhamba yakapiwa naye vakasundira asi
kwete chechokwadi kusimba reshiyo ruvara mwaranzi zviri chezuva, nokuti
saizvozvo refrangible zvikamu prismatic chakarondedzera vakatama voga
hwakanyatsorwisa zvakawanda uye nokudaro zvikuru vari rakasanganiswa, shoma
tyoka kupfuura zvinhu kudaro muna Fraunhofer chipingaidzo-vanowanika ' 's nesefa
chakarondedzera 32) achiita, apo daro ruvara nomumwe pamusoro Zvichakadaro
chena kanyika ndiko zvekumirira kuti akabatanidza wavelength. Rechokwadi
kusimba ratios mavara kuva chezuva; saka vane intensities ari prismatic
chakarondedzera kunogona kuderedzwa kune izvo zvaizoitika munguva yekamuri
chakarondedzera nokuti chete. rutapudzo Uyu ndiye A. Seebeck 33) akaita
achishandisa interpolation pamusoro hama zvikamu zviri murima mitsetse huviri
Spektris. Zvadaro, chiedza intensities ari prismatic chakarondedzera filters
kubudikidza Fraunhofer uye pashure pacho kubudikidza Seebeck dzaona yekamuri
chakarondedzera nokuda rima mitsetse dzaienzanirana nzvimbo yacho gwenya
chakarondedzera sezvinotevera: 34)

mhemberero
mitsetse

30)

Intensities.
Prismat.Sp. Gittersp.

wavelength
muna Mill.

0.032

0.02

0.0006878

0,094

0,06

6564

0,64

0.57

5888

Bamba.

1.00

1.00

0.48

0.56

5260

0,17

0.28

4843

0,031

0.08

4291

0,0056

0.02

3929

"The chakajeka nzvimbo - anoti Fraunhofer - Siegt munenge 1/ 3 kana 1/ 4 of

urefu DE pamusoro D kuna E chaipo nzvimbo nzvimbo hakuratidzwi .."

31)

Gilb. LVI, mazana matatu namakumi kutanga

32)

Denkschr. d. Mnch. Akad. VIII.

33)

Pogg. LXII, 374th

34)

Kuwanda munyonga pamusoro prismatic chakarondedzera kubudikidza

Fraunhofer dzinowanikwa zvifananidzo chete (ona peji 239) pamwe yakanyorwa. iyo
yaiwana yekamuri chakarondedzera kubudikidza Seebeck muna Pogg. LXII, Plate
III., Fig. 4.
Kuyeuka zvakanaka nhamba zvinorevei kuti intensities patafura iyi regai intensities
pamusoro manyawi, izvo anokonzerwa siyana chakarondedzera mavara, asi
chinangwa akayera intensities chena mwenje chiedza nako dzakasiyana pfungwa
huru chakarondedzera zvakafanana nemaonero simba akawanikwa ari
ziso; nokuenzanisa riri omei, asi zvakakodzera Versuchsmaregeln uye muviri, izvo,
sezvataurwa Fraunhofer, fananidzo zviri zvikuru nyore zvino zvinogoneka uye
zvechokwadi runowanikwa mwero kuchengeteka chete, riri pamwero pokuita
neimwe Zvaanoona (Gilb. LVI, 301) anogona kutonga, uye izvo nokuti mukuru
intensities urongwa achiri ngozi kupfuura duku. 35)
35)

Nokuti mitsetse D , E, F aine Verengai intensities = 1.29, pane mano

kukanganisa mubatanidzwa kubudikidza 4 paminiti kuedza musi mutsetse mumwe
yose 0,676, nokuti mitsetse B, C, G, H aine Verengai intensities 0,163 yose 0,228.
Melloni kuburikidza anodawo ari Abhandlang (Pogg. LXII, 24) kudiwa kuderedza
vakachengeta zvakananga chiedza intensities ari Newtonian chakarondedzera chete
pamusoro afoot siyana kuti vawane kodzero kukura vari luminosity akajeka
mwaranzi chezuva, inoumba zvinotevera kudyidzana.
"Kuti vawane izvi mamiriro, Va Prof. Masotti akaita vakaverenga mashoko kuti
inobatsira kuti paumbwe Gitterspektra sezvamakaropafadzwa zvokutanga mavara
kunaka anongovawo chipingaidzo rakapararira parutivi, uye saka zvitore Spaces kuti
kungovimba yavo maitikiro nguva kana Unduationslnge. nokuti ichi,
vakasununguka kubva zvawamaka kushayikwa, spectra Hr ane. Masotti akawana
chakajeka pfungwa chaiyo pakati yero, uye izvi kuitira kuti tsvuku uye Violet
muganhu ndivo muduku yakajeka pfungwa yacho chakarondedzera zvakare
equidistant kubva kumugumo, . vane zvose uye chete kuchinyanya Mr. Masotti ave
pakupedzisira akaratidza kuti nemumicheka miganhu izvi zviviri Zvinosanganisira
sai, ane urefu ari ratios 2 : . 1 "
Pano kusingajekeswi apo tinowana Masotti'sche basa, kana kuti mashoko kunobva
chete. Your mugumisiro dzikatsauka yakati kubva Seebeck'schen kubudikidza
Fraunhofer kuti Datis kubva paanowana ane kusimba zvakayenzana ruvara ane
wavelength ari ratios 1 : zvisinei 1.75 vari, Masotti nokuti reshiyo 1 : . Muri 2
Kana kugoverwa kupisa mukati prismatic chakarondedzera, sezvinoita nzvimbo
kumbogadzirwa kunonyanyisa dzinosiyana Kukundikaana maererano pafuma prisms

iyo munhu anobereka chakarondedzera, pamwe maererano pakukora pamusoro prism

kuburikidza izvo zvakaitika mwaranzi, pamwe maererano homogeneity kana
Nichthomogeneitt kuwanda, pakupedzisira, pamwe uri hunhu vakadai munzira
nemwaranzi vachiri interponierten segirazi chepfu. Kana uchishandisa mvura
yakazara, doro kana turpentine mhango prism vakawana nawo tsvuku muna girazi
prisms, zvichienderana nemhando regirazi uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu orange,
tsvuku kana mhiri rinooneka tsvuku (ari michini) aine dombo munyu prism nguva
dzose mhiri dzvuku. This variability vanotova zvinoenderana kuti infra-tsvuku rima
kupisa mwaranzi kubva yakajeka zvinhu anoumba prisms, vari zvine zvimwe zvinhu
uye kuti mukuru kukura kupfuura chinooneka, kuti ukama ichi kuti dzakasiyanasiyana yakajeka zvinhu uye ukobvu, kubudikidza izvo kuenda kuburikidza matanda,
kuchinja, uye kuti mune asiri homogeneous chakarondedzera (zvinoberekwa mukaha
pakati irgends zvikuru upamhi) rima kupisa mwaranzi izvo kutova kune michini
nharaunda, bindepinde pamwe chinooneka chikamu chakarondedzera, iyo panguva
iyoyo, zvichienderana siyana pafuma prism anofanira zvakawanda kana zvishoma
kunyura.
Pashure kuedza Melloni asi dombo munyu, mumwe venhumbi akaenzana zvishoma
rinopfuura murima uye chinooneka kupisa mwaranzi; Zvose zvayo rima uye rakajeka
zvikamu pashure, mumwe anofanira saka kushandisa dombo munyu prism nokuda
Entwerfung pamusoro chakarondedzera, izvo zvisiri zvokuti, kana zviri inongova
nyaya kuchipisa kuchinyanya munyika anooneka mativi uye kuti chiremera zvokudya
pamusoro kupisa kusimba yose chakarondedzera ari chakarondedzera kubva Violet
kuwana mutsvuku nokuti pashure mashoko kuti yakadyidzana pasi kuratidza-siyana
yakajeka zvinhu wakaenzana patency nokuda nemwaranzi zvose chakarondedzera
ichi chikamu. Uyezve, munhu, chaizvoizvo, kuwana homogeneity pakati
chakarondedzera pachinzvimbo, nokuti iyo kuvapo rima mitsetse anonzi
rinovaita. Asi sezvo unofanira kushandisa rakamanikana chaizvo chiedza danda
kwazviri, ivo romugungwa migumisiro dzakasiyana vakadaro saka kure haina simba
kuva nezviyero nyore 36) , saka kuti munhu achiri haana wakachena ndokurondedzera
vamwe mitsetse rima kusimba zvokudya kudziya chakarondedzera.
36)

comp. Franz muna Pogg. CI, 50. J. Mller muna Pogg. CV, 339th

Kana ukatarira kubva Helmholtz kwakaita anotungamirirwa pamusoro Brewster

kuongorora (Pogg. LXXXVI, 501) anoyeuka zvikanganiso zvikuru runotsamira
netsvina fuma, kukwana pakuonekwa pamusoro prism, uye dzakawanda Mafungiro
pakati hukawanika ari diffuse chiedza prism vari kukoshesa ruvara ratios ari
chakarondedzera kunogona kuunza, uye kufunga kuti chete apo, pamwe chete NIP
uye vanongoratidza prism vanowanika chakarondedzera sokusina dzimba
achangopfuura zveBhaibheri romugungwa zvemupiro prismatic chakarondedzera,
haagoni kuva kunze, zvinenge mudombo munyu prism izvo hazvisi nyore kuwana
kubva Polish akakwana akadaro, uye kwakachena somunhu girazi prism, zvingatiita
uyewo ino chikonzero chinozikamwa pakati kusachena chakarondedzera uye
zvichiguma kwachiri migumisiro vari kutsvaka Zvisinei, sokuti, sezvandaigona
kuona, kubva ichi bedzi nahehin kubuda yunifomu dikidiki tembiricha yomunhu

chinooneka chakarondedzera chikamu, asi hapana simba pamusoro chinzvimbo

kufadza.
Zvichakadaro anotevera mashoko anofanira zvaratidzwa. Kushandisa dombo
munyu prism kufadza yokupisa kusimba ari dzinenge akaita substantially mhiri
anooneka muganhu tsvuku vari michini.
Maererano akamborasiswa mashoko Melloni vake (Pogg. XXVIII, 377), "zviri kure
tsvuku mugumo, kuti kure pakati pake uye tsvuku aingova kwakaenzana chinhambwe
pakati tsvuku uye Violet nokureba chakarondedzera. " Maererano yakazotevera
mutsara hwayo (Pogg. XXXV, 307), daro yokupisa yepamusorosoro ndiwo tsvuku
magumo kanenge kwakaenzana kuti mitema-zvitema kubva tsvuku, zvinoda kusimba
chinoderedza nokukurumidza, uye ari kure pfungwa iyi, iyo mumwe-muzvitatu kureba
ruvara chakarondedzera ndiro, teererai zvose nokuchenjera kupisa
maturo. Maererano chiratidzo chechitatu pakupedzisira (Pogg. LXII, 22) anowana
Melloni ari kumbogadzirwa kunonyanyisa "zvikuru kunze mavara ari avhareji kure
akaenzana avo akasuma pasi rumwe rutivi, pakati tsvuku yellow, aripo." The
zvakawanika itsva J. Mller 37) mumwe akaratidza chienderane wechipiri mashoko
aya maererano nenhamba nzvimbo mugumisiro, door "daro pamusoro vaifanira
kubva panogumira tsvuku pamusoro sezvo guru sezvo kure ari kuchinja kubva
munyoro kune yebhuruu kubva tsvuku kutirambidza siyana kumbogadzirwa
kuwedzera gwenya chakarondedzera pamusoro tsvuku asi nzvimbo iyo anenge
sandara yakanga yakareba zvokuti vave nechekuita, apo rose kazhinji zvinoonekwa
chakarondedzera kuti Violet. iyewo akawana kuti korona girazi prism iyi
kumbogadzirwa chiwedzerwa kunoenderana padombo munyu prism, asi pedyo Red
nhema kunonyanyisa kwakanga. mutsetse B aiva Crown girazi chakarondedzera
kwayo anenge pakati nepakati peguta Violet kuguma chakarondedzera uye
yokunyanyisa rima kupisa mwaranzi
Mabestimmungen pamusoro kuchinyanya munyika dzakasiyana-siyana
(anobvumwa kwete homogeneous) chakarondedzera vane Franz 38) uye J.
Mller 39) vakapiwa kuti kushandisa mapanga girazi prism uye interposition ane
girazi Bhodhoro kuti pamwe uye pasina Kupfuudzwa kwemashoko danda kuti
yaimbova miedzo okufananidza kuburikidza mvura , wechipiri pasi okufananidza
kushanda Crownglas- uye dombo munyu prism. Uchishandisa dombo munyu prism
ekupedzisira akawana zvinotevera intensities nokupisa (mauto uye kudiwa kuita
pamusoro kumbogadzirwa multiplier), uye zvawamaka 1 '', 2 '' uye ndizvo kure
anooneka tsvuku kuguma infra-tsvuku.
37)

Pogg. CV, 352nd

38)

Pogg. CI, 46TH

39)

Pogg. CV, 337. 543rd

Pakati infra-tsvuku
--------------------- --------------------------------------Blue Yellow Red 1 '' '3' '' 4 '' '6'
3,7 7,9 10.0 13.2 15.9 13 2 1.7
With korona girazi prism akawana zvachose kusimba mune anooneka zvikamu
chakarondedzera, asi zvinoonekwa chete ratios nokuda mavara akasiyana vakaratidza
nhamba (nokuda zvikuru rucheno prism ichi), kureva (pamusoro zvinoderedza
yakafanana ukoshi nokuda tsvuku)
Pakati infra-tsvuku
------------------ -----------------------------------Blue Yellow Red 1 ''

2 '' 40)

4 ''

''
4 7 10 12 11 7 2
Zvisinei, sezvo tinoona, chaizvo vaisiyana mamiriro ari asingaoneki michini
munharaunda iyo dombo munyu prism. 41)
40)

Kana dombo munyu prism ari pano 3 ''. Zvichida 2 '' akadhindwa.

41)

The okufananidza curves nedombo munyu uye korona magirazi prism s.

Pogg. CV, Plate III., Fig. 1 ,.
Kunyange izvi, kuti prismatic chakarondedzera aita, gadziriro asi zvino kuti
aendeswe nehanya kuti kupisa mwaranzi mu refrangible mativi chakarondedzera
vanonyanya rakasanganiswa, uye saka kuti vave vavo wechokwadi kuchinyanya
reshiyo yavanofanira zvinosanganiswa sunbeam, chete zvinoderedza kuna nesefa
chakarondedzera zvakakodzera, sezvo ane kubudikidza Seebeck wakachena
kwakaitika. Pashure zvinoderedza padombo prismatic munyu chakarondedzera
kwakadaro J. Mller anowana kufadza ari kusimba kupisa, sokunyorwa chinoshanda
chiedza, avete yero, uye urongwa uhwu kuchatsiviwa zvikuru uremu mukuti
Draper 42) apfuura zvakafanana ne zvakananga miedzo akawanikwa ari dioptric
pasina concurrence media kufungisisa vakawanda zvakachinjikwa
chakarondedzera. Zvisinei, saka ndiyo kuparadzirwa kupisa mukati chakarondedzera
hamungambozvinzwisisi inopindirana nokuparadzira Nokupenya (sezvo Draper
achipfeka), sezvo kare vachiti anotevera kuti Nokupenya, asi kwete kupisa mhiri
tsvuku nokupera; (Ona pamusoro) uye nokubva kuenzanisa Seebeck kuti Kupenya
munyonga chete Mller kwakaita kupisa munyonga nokuda nesefa
chakarondedzera 43) projecting kupa chii kudzokera pazasi.
42)

philos. akafanana. 1857. XIII, 153rd

43) Pogg.

CV, Taf. III, Fig. 4th

Kana munhu ikozvino anobvunza nechikonzero ichi chakasiyana kugovera chiedza

nokudziya vari chakarondedzera, saka zviri pachena kuti, kana munhu akatarisa
chiedza nokudziya sezvo vanotova akasiyana vamiririri, hapana kunotadzisa kuti
ufunge kuti intensities chiedza uye kupisa yakaenzana refrangibility kwete nhasi
kuenda disproportionately chakarondedzera. Zvichakadai, nemaonero yokudua
kweMwana chiedza uye kupisa, kunyange asati anoshandisa vakaedzwa zvachose, asi
kusangana simba chete mubvunzo, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho kupa
misiyano ivavo kugovera chiedza nokudziya vari chakarondedzera hapana
nokusungwa pakaunda-nharo pamusoro paro, nokuti pamwe dzakasiyana
kwemashoko matanda dzakasiyana refrangibility kuburikidza meso nhau, pamwe
akasiyana aikanganiswa pamusoro kunenge zvinogona kuitwa kunoenderana.
Melloni, akaita zvikuru zvakawanda kuferefeta mumunda ichi mushure cheki
akataura pamusoro kweMwana chiedza uye kupisa kare 44) uye akanga Zvisinei,
zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa anotaurwa sezvo kusarudza uchapupu, wapfuura
kuburikidza zvakazoitika kuferefeta kunyange zvino, zvose zvinobatanidzwa
chaichengetwa naye nokuzivikanwa maonero kuramba enderana, uye sezvinoita
vasingaratidzi akataura kuti maonero aya. 45) hapana zvishoma sungiro Masson
naJamini 46) pashure kuedza avo maonero ichi.
44)

Pogg. XXXVII 486.

45)

Pogg. LVII, 300. LXII, 18, sezvo basa rake: "La thermochrose 1850. 327."

46) Compt.

wakabvarura. XXXI, rechi14

All kuchangobva chokwadi waitsanangura, musiyano yose murima, kuitwa

inooneka angambosvika, kupisa kwezuva kunobuda mwaranzi zvinoonekwa sokuti
chokwadi kuderedza kuti avo yakaderera refrangibility uye naizvozvo vibration
akurumidze, mukuru Undulationslnge pachake, saka yakaderera patency
kubudikidza, vazhinji nhau iri anoenderana; uye zvinoita sezvisina kuti matanda
dzakafanana refrangibility vanongogona kusiyaniswa sezvo chiedza uye kupisa
ray. Kwete chete kutevera rima kupisa mwaranzi mitemo mukuru kupararira,
kufungisisa, nyore uye birefringence, polarization, kukanganiswa, Absoro de gua
chiedza, asi Melloni 47) Uyewo kuwanikwa munguva ichangopfuura kuti "mavara ari
chakarondedzera zvokuti nokudiwa tembiricha yayo, kuti ivo panguva ndima
kuburikidza kwete pachena zvachose zvinhu zvakawanda kupisa sezvo chiedza
zvipfeko, saka kuti nhamba idzi nevasori mbiri nguva dzose vakagadzikana
ndewokuti. "
47)

Pogg. LXII, 28th

Panguva imwe chete kuongorora vatsva Franz kutungamirira 48) pamusoro

diathermancy mavara mvura. . "Pose chiedza Absoro de gua kunogona
kuonekwa, uyewo vasanyanye kusimba kupisa kuri kuona .... The shoma chiedza
kurasikirwa nemwaranzi pamusoro chakarondedzera pedyo mvura vanofanira akapedzisa rondedzero yake - pamwe shoma nokupisa kurasikirwa chete
rwokushanyira kuonekwa, zvikasadaro kweMwana kupisa uye chiedza hazvibviri.
Tingatoti yebhuruu zvingaitwa pamusoro sulphate hwemhangura vanoratidza shoma

nokupisa kurasikirwa nokuda nemwaranzi imwe chakarondedzera kuburikidza chete

yebhuruu rokufambira, mutema zvingaitwa pamusoro sulphate redare munyoro
anoshanyira mapazi. kana tichishandisa tsvuku negadziriso rinozobudawo kuti vose
nokukurumidza kuburikidza tsvuku negadziriso mavara mwaranzi matsvuku
mwaranzi muduku chiedza uye ushamwari mbatya, uye pamwe tsvuku negadziriso
kwasviba kupisa vaduku refrangibility pane tsvuku vari diathermaner pane mvura. "
48)

Pogg. CI, 46TH

Chii pakutanga pamberi nokuzivikanwa maonero zvinopesana sokuti zvachose, uye

Melloni kwokutanga (Pogg. XXXVII, 486) akaiswa sezvo musiyano, ichizviisa,
ndiye pamusoro akabata chokwadi kuti, zvichienderana nokuti munhu ane prism
nedombo munyu, romusarasara girazi, korona girazi, mvura rinoshanda, kana
kunotangira dombo munyu prism chakarondedzera neizvi kana kuti lpinkyv
svikiro kana thicknesses siyana zvakafanana svikiro runogona mwaranzi, nzvimbo
kupisa kunonyanyisa uye kupisa kuparadzira zvachose, saka, kusimba reshiyo ari
kumbogadzirwa mwaranzi chakarondedzera kuchinja sezvo kusimba reshiyo
kunakidzwa mwaranzi kuzochinja anoramba; pechikanganiso iyo izvi zvinhu
aizooneka mavara muchiedza zvitange. Asi nokuda pashure kuedza Melloni
kuti 49) ichi rinoshanda chete vasiri homogeneous spectra, umo zvinogona
kuwanikwa rima kupisa mwaranzi kana mwaranzi chitsvuku kusanganiswa tsvuku
pakuguma; achiri kugara kumusoro tembiricha akaona "pamwe zvichibvira
kungoregawo mabhuku ose kukanganisa .... kutonhorwa ari prismatic mavara vanoti
pakupera tsvuku iyo ezvinhu ari Hauoneki fuma kungava kuti munhu nokushandisa
mugumo, mungave prism chimiro kuna chezuva yake nekukatanura zvokutanga
matanda, kana jira chimiro, kuongorora Inofadza migumisiro muviri nemwaranzi
yechiedza ichi. "
49)

Pogg. LVII, 302. LXII, 28th

No Masson naJamini zvishoma zvuva 50) kubva zvidzidzo zvavo kugumisa kuti
vadarike dombo munyu, dombo sekiristaro, alum, girazi uye mvura yose kupisa
mwaranzi pakati tsvuku uye Violet noruvara, saka zvinhu kusiyana Diathermanitt
izvi zvinhu chete siyana Absoro de gua ari murima mwaranzi vane ivhu
ravo. Pakupedzisira zviri pamusoro apa migumisiro okufananidza kuidzwa J. Mller
ane Crownglas- uye dombo munyu prism 51) imwe pfungwa. Chii ratios izvi
kununura pane pakaunda-uchapupu pamusoro nokuzivikanwa maonero, asi
chinonyanya kukosha uchapupu dzinofanira kuverengwa nokuda chete.
50)

Compt. wakabvarura. XXXI, 14.

51)

Pogg. CV, 349. 351st

Saka zvikuru ini kundorondedzera, tisati boka zvinhu izvo zvinocherechedzesa

maonero sokuti zvakaoma enderana, kuti pane chiedza wandei luminosity kureva,
kana zvinogona yakagadzirwa chaiwo nzira nzira, inova padikidiki kuoneka kana
kwete kuti munhu kupisa maturo zvinoratidzwa. Kunyange moonlight ndiye chiedza
chine kupisa kunogona chete kuonekwa kuburikidza kupfuura michina. Zvikurukuru

unoshamisa Zvisinei, zvinotevera kuedza, iyo Melloni 52) frherhin akaita

zvakataurwa sezvo kardinari kuedza pamusoro kweMwana maonero panyaya
chikamu chezuva, sezvo hwepasi pano moto chiedza kuburikidza nehurongwa
zvinosanganisira paiva mvura pakati girazi hwendefa, izvo akavhiringidzwa
mhangura mitema.
52)

Pogg. XXXVII, 486th

"Chiedza The vakachena, anoti Melloni, izvo runosvika kune ino, rine yakawanda
yero, asi achine rebhuruu-nyoro ruvara, kwete achidziya zvainoita zvikuru nehanya
Thermoskope, kunyange kana voitakura lenses zvokuti pfungwa kuti sezvo
kupenyerera sezvo rima chiedza chezuva. "
Zviri achidemba kuti Melloni haana kudzoka pashure pokutendeuka kwake kuna
ani maonero kuti kukurukurwa ichi, kubva kwaari zvose chete muchidimbu kutaurwa
kuedza, ndizvo sokutaura shoma kwave akadzokorora zivo yangu kure nevamwe,
kunyange iye-kose zvinopesana sezvo makuru ari kuramba nokuzivikanwa maonero
ari aripo; chete munhu ane chokwadi chokuti haana kudziviswa Melloni,
kutendeusira paya kuna ani maonero, kugumisa kuti ichi kuedza Hauchabatsiri
akazviratidza vakazobatsira hunogutsa sepakutanga.
By Kukuvadza kuzorwa nokuzivikanwa maonero akadaro mashoko aigona
nokusingaperi chete kana vakanga vaine, mubvunzo kunyanya rinotungamirirwa
Mabestimmungen sezvo vakadaro asi havasi kuwanika kusvikira ikozvino. Nokuti
zvakakwana akaratidza chero zvazvingava kuti kupisa chezuva somoto yepasi kuti uri
nokure kupfuura chikamu rima kupisa, iyo nyore kunyura kuburikidza yakajeka nhau,
sezvo zvinooneka, kuitira kuti kana vose murima mwaranzi asi ane zvakawanda
anopenya chave kunyura, sezvo zvakaitika Melloni raMwari Cardinal kuedza, vamwe
chete anogona kutaura pasi kwazvo kumbogadzirwa kushanda zvachose; kunyange
pane nguva dzose zvisingatarisirwi kuti kunyange pashure wevasungwa kuburikidza
izvo kune simba luminosity havafaniri kuva kuchioneka. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuiswa
munhu dzinopikisana, kwete zvakakodzera akataura uye kushaya Mabestimmungen
kwete zvakakodzera disputable zvinhu zvishoma zvikuru kana kunyange mutsindo
uremu kwoupenyu Kuita nokuzivikanwa maonero, sezvo munyori wavo ane
kunyange paya, zvakadai haasisina yakaiswa.
Zvino haigoni pasi ndingangokuvara isiri kweMwana chiedza uye kupisa,
maererano pamusoro apa, gogonera kugovera chiedza nokudziya vari
chakarondedzera, saka raigona akafunga nevamwe kuti mumwe gogonera Absoro
de gua mwaranzi dzakasiyana refrangibility chikamu ziso nevezvenhau mumwe
kusimba reshiyo ziso akaziva senyanga sezvo thermometric akayera kunze ziso
zvikamu chakarondedzera waizomuka. Absoro de gua dzisakarurama kwakadaro
kunoitika zvino undisputed apo munhu rinofananidza zvinoonekwa nezvisingaonekwi
mwaranzi nokupisa, uye zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo. Asi maererano-ataurwa
pamusoro apa miedzo Melloni, Masson, naJamini, J. Mller akawana mukati
anooneka mugove chakarondedzera kubva Violet kusvika tsvuku hapana gogonera
Absoro de gua dzakasiyana ruvara matanda nenzira Hauoneki yakajeka
vezvenhau pachinzvimbo; kana kanenge akadaro insofar Aizoshandisa sezvinobvira

kuwana chete romugungwa zvemupiro chinoramba chakarondedzera nemwaranzi

siyana yakajeka vezvenhau vane dzisakarurama chaizvo Mhedziso Absoro de gua
tichikwanisa kupisa asi.
Uyewo hazvina watopiwa pamusoro apa kuti maererano chipo zvinhu Aizoshandisa
ari infra-tsvuku mwaranzi yezuva inopenya vari anyura zvizere kuburikidza ocular
nevezvenhau.
Zvadaro anoita chete kubvuma kuramba kuti, kana mavara ari chakarondedzera
hariwaniki chinopenya chete nzvimbo iri ziso pavanenge inodziya kunze, izvozvo
zvinoenderana asiri yunifomu nehanya kuti kunenge nokuda mavara, iyo nzira kuti
mwero pamusoro chakarondedzera noruvara vibrations pamwe chete kinetic simba
nako kunenge kwavari rakundwa, asi tiri zvishoma nyore uye zvakasimba akanzwa
apo nechepakati, uye kupfuura zvimwe havachaoni hakutombonzwiki zvinoonekwa.
Nokuzivikanwa maonero chiedza uye kupisa akapa kuna chinangwa zvikuru von
viva, iyo nemwaranzi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana chakarondedzera kunogona
kureva kuramba kuyerwa kupisa kwaro, uye Hauoneki pachena pamusoro ocular
nhau chisingazivi natsai nhamba zvinooneka ruvara mwaranzi, uyewo
zvokufungidzira kuti matanda pamwe chete maererano kuchinyanya kuti ivo
mumusoro kusvika, kunenge; apo hatichisiri kukwanisa kuyera wavo kupisa
zvakanaka asi ayo luminosity, kureva kusimba chiedza chena, izvo zvinoita
zvakaenzana simba mupfungwa ziso (ona pamusoro). Vose aizofanira kuramba
zvekumirira kune mumwe, kana kwete gogonera aikanganiswa pamusoro kunenge
kuti mavara akasiyana vakachinja ukama ichi.
Kana taiva zvino zvakaenzana chaiyoiyo munyonga nokupisa kupfuura luminosity
pamusoro chakarondedzera, vaizopiwa inobva kutsaudzira pakati curves mbiri
chaizvo kugumisa pamusoro utetsa ratios ari kunenge; saka kure somunhu aigona
ipapo chete kusunda zvarakasiya izvi inongova nokuda dzakasiyana nehanya
pamusoro kunenge kuti akasiyana ruvara namatanda. Asi kana izvi handizvo
Zvisinei, kuenzaniswa maonero Seebeck'sche munyonga pamusoro luminosity (Pogg.
LXII, Plate III., Fig. 4) uye Mller'sche munyonga nokupisa (Pogg. CV, Taf. III,
muonde. 4), izvo watopiwa ichikurukurwa, kupa vamwe vakawanda panotaurwa
panyaya iyi.
Zvadaro, uye sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kufadza luminance rinobatana pamwe
romugungwa kunonyanyisa basa yeyero izvo munhu anofanira kugumisa kuti
kunyange kufadza pakati nehanya iri kunenge pamwechete kunonyanyisa kusimba
chokupinda mwaranzi vake zvinonyatsobatana zvinoonekwa, kana tsvuku dzakaita
mwaranzi kuonekwa sezvo chakajeka zvikonzero zviviri, nokuti ndivo kupfuura
chaizvo uye anonzwisiswa nepfungwa nehanya nokuti. Kubva vanhuwo
Maximumordinate ari Seebeck'sche munyonga pakati luminosity ari Mller'sche
munyonga yokupisa anowira kamwe convex kuti abscissa ari wavelengths kumativi
ose anenge symmetrically kubva concave kuti x-akabatana, mativi zvikuru
kudzikama, unononoka tsvuku uye infra-tsvuku , zvikuru nokukurumidza nokuti
Violet, uye Wrmeordinate panguva tsvuku kuguma chinooneka chakarondedzera
akaenzana ane ordinate chinhu mhiri mutsetse F (kureva bhuruu) zvokuti

indigfarbene, Violet, ultraviolet mwaranzi mhiri mutsetse F vari, avo ordinates Ultra
tsvuku mwaranzi vanosangana, saka avo vachiri kuoneka mune simba mupenyu
dzavakasiyana asingaoneki; izvo akadudzira sezvo zvichireva kuti utetsa
chinoderedza kubva yaro kunonyanyisa kukosha nokuda yeyero mapeji zvikuru
nokukurumidza pashure tsvuku kurutivi Violet.
mugumisiro Izvi ndinoona kuti kutorwa, kuitira kusvikira muunganidzwa yapfuura
zvaanorumbidza inogona sechinoitika chiremera. Asi chokwadi, zvingava
zvakakodzera kuti kupedza akachengeteka uye yakarurama Kutsunga mugumisiro iyi
chete kuferefeta muna yaidzidzisa uye dzimwe pfungwa zvakadzama akananga uye
izvozvo zvinogona kuva sezvaakanga zvichida kunorehwa pano kana kuzorora chipi
unopinza zvokudya.
In ichi kuremekedzwa nenamo ane yakaderera muganhu, uye pane zvimwe zvakare
repamusoro Pamuganhu Perzeptionsfhigkeit, zvinogona mhaka handiko
sezvisingaiti kana chinhu tsamba kuitika dzine ruvara. Vachifunga kuti mitemo
resonance, nayo vibrations kunze ziso pakati elastic vezvenhau mushumo, pamusoro
kukurukurirana kubva chiedza vibrations zvinoshanda kuti kunenge, zvingava
kunyange kuzviratidza kuva zvakafanira, kuti kunenge nyore mavara resonates nako
ivo konsoniert zvikuru, akapa elastic muviri panguva resonant ceteris paribus obudisa
kurira kwazvo, uko ivo anokosha swinging vakazvimirira, uye kubva pfungwa iyi
maonero vane J. Herschel, Melloni uye A. Seebeck rwakabudiswa nyaya. Just
ndinoona zvakaitika tanetseka chaizvo kuti kunenge kuti haana kuita pane chiedza
zvimwe yechitema, asi muchiedza chena, sokuvapo dema ari kutarisana munda
namahwindo ziso, izvo chinomiririra vakaderera okunzwisisa chiedza, Hauoneki, uye
vanhuwo chiedza flickering vari kukuvadzwa kushatirwa ziso, sezvo ndinogona
kutaura pamusoro pachangu, ndizvo chena kana kupfuura zvakawanda chaizvo
yellowish kuva chii haagoni aikudzwa zvikuru panguva flickering Dots. Mushure
mamiriro asi vaizova kunenge pacharo, pasina zvokunze anotikurudzira, akasarudza
iwayo ruvara mberi, nokuti icho chitsvene vanogamuchira.
zvichida aigona Asi, handina kufunga resonance dzidziso chiratidzo pokugara,
vachiri kushanda zvimwe, uye ndinofunga zvinobatsira kuratidza sei iwe vakaedza
kudaro kure ivo kuti; saka anogona kutevera zvinokosha maonero Herschel, Melloni
uye Seebeck pano.
W. Herschel mubasa rake pamusoro chiedza, . 567 inoratidzwa sezvinotevera:
"Kunyange zvazvo mumwe splice nokudzorwa mutemo inofamba iri inoparadzirwa
pawo vakashinga achishandisa inoramba, saka imi kuutora dzidziso chiedza kuti
chete chinyakare ukapisa murwi avo kuti recur pashure dzose mitemo nenguva
dzirikure imwe nguva, uye inodzokororwa consecutively vaudzawo nhengo yedu
kutekenyedzwa nechiedza. kuti akataridza tudonhwe etsinga kunenge zvakakodzera
kunyatsoshanda vari sangano anenge kamwoyo ukapisa murwi pedyo Eteri inoramba
zvinofanira kudzokororwa kakawanda uye nguva dzose kuti zvazvinokonzera taura
reproducer uye pfungwa. sezvinoita hombe zvakavamba kuchinja nemunhu simba
zvikuru duku rinowanzoshandurwa wanamatira pane zvikamu zvakafanana, iyo ari
oscillation nguva chete zvakangofanana, zvinogona kuiswa mune vibration, kana

sezvo yakasimba elastic muviri kubudikidza vibrations ane mamwe muviri kure,
pamusaka kupararira zvayo kuburikidza mumhepo, uyewo inowira swinging
inofamba apo vose vari zvinoenderana, saka tinogona kufunga kuti vakasindimara
etsinga fibers ari kunenge vanoparadzaniswa ne vaingogara kudzokororwa Eteri
kwevashandi rwokufamba, uye avo chete ruchaita, tsika saizi avo, chimiro kana
elasticity vanokwanisa kuita nekuda kwekutevera vibrations ayo umo zvakanga
zvakohwewa inodzokororwa. Nenzira iyi zviri nyore kuona kuti chipingidzo mavara
kuoneka mubvunzo anofanira kuva; nekuti kana pasina tsinga fibers pamwe
vibrations dziri kana kusatonzwa kazhinji pane vamwe wakaiswa miganhu, machisi,
saka muri oscillations yakadaro, kunyange vanosvika kunenge, asi kubereka
pfungwa. Saka kunounzawo munhu kana ane irregularly akadzokorora zvazvinoita
hapana chiedza panze, uye nenzira iyi inogona vanopfuurira kwenguva kuoneka
nguva vakauyawo anobuda kunenge vibrations, kunyange chinoshandiswa
chikonzero warega, kukonzera kutekenyedzwa chiedza kuripo. "
Melloni akava nepfungwa dzake tsamba Arago muna Campt. wakabvarura, T. XIV,
p. 823, zvichiguma shanduro Pogg. Ann. LVI, 574 (ona zvakare LXII, 25.) Pasi
pomusoro unoti: "Zvaonekwa pamusoro Ruvara kunenge uye crystalline izvo"
anowana, pakati Mitbezugnahme kuverenga muna Academy of Sciences muna
Naples bhuku, apo iye akaratidza nemaonero. Anoti:
"Maererano yakatangawo dzataurwa bhuku zvinotaurwa geschhe kuona kunaka
zvikuru nokukurumidza vibrations izvo erfhren tsinga mamorekuru ari kunenge pasi
pokudzora imwe nhamba therundulationen. Vibrations idzi, munyaya toreva
akasiyana, kune gwenya chakarondedzera kunyora undulations handizvo kuvimba
yemabhuku sangano, asi kunokonzerwa mukuru kana muduku nyore kutevera,
zvacho kubva kunenge ichi kana kuti etheric vibration. zvaizova ichitaurwa
zvinonzwika, pamusoro resonance pamusoro kunenge ane mutsa, inovapo nokuda
chord kana harmonic ukama kuti aripo pakati makakatanwa kana elasticity zvayo
mapoka samolecular uye nguva chiitiko wave. "
"The undulations nhema kunze miganhu yacho chakarondedzera aigona pamusoro
kunenge fadza chero vibratory kufambisa, uye vakaramba saka asingaoneki nokuti
abginge chero Chord mhando pamwe samolecular elasticity pamusoro Kamudzira iyi
ziso, pakati yeyero uye orenji nhema, saka kuti Fraunhofer , kufadza chechiedza
kusimba tsamba undulations zvikuru homogenous pamwe ataurwa elasticity
pamusoro kunenge Zvisinei, vibrations, aizogovera, uye mamorekuru ganda kuudza
zvikuru raidudzwa vibratory inofamba. "
"Zvinonzi vakanzwisisa kuti maererano nepfungwa iyi, sezvo kune mumwe, izvo
dzave mano kutsanangura chiono uye Optical mananara zvavo, uwandu chiedza
kunoenderana kusimba ari nemwaranzi iyo, nokuti isu, kubva upamhi samolecular
vibrations matsime, nekuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, Somuenzaniso, aigona
zvitema danda kwezuva chakarondedzera nokuti ayo simba chord pamwechete
voltage ari retinal mamorekuru zvakanaka kuva chiedza ane gumi nguva shoma pane
yeyero danda ;. chete rinopenya kushanda vose matanda wakaramba pachena
kuenzana kuva apo vibrating maatomu yebhuruu undulation ane gumi nguva makuru

nzvimbo akaenda kuburikidza sezvinoita undulation iri tsvuku. "

"Ivai kwaizotika ratios pakati intensities ava vibrational dzakasiyana kuchiva pakati
Eteri, maererano matauriro edu, inopiwa kutonhorwa siyana, izvo achipfeka tsime
Coated vane lampblack thermoskopischer muviri pasi pokudzora mwaranzi."
Melloni anopedzisa ikozvino kubva chokwadi kuti apo tembiricha uye luminosity
kubva Violet kumuka yero nemumwe, tembiricha kubva yeyero kune tsvuku asi
vachiri kukura, nepo luminosity kuti tsvuku kunodzikira kubva yero, kudiwa kubva
kunenge zvishoma consonance pamwe orenji uye tsvuku, sezvo akanyudzwa pamwe
yeyero mwaranzi iyo inference chokwadi haichawaniki tichisunga kunze saizvozvo
kwakaderedza kupisa uye chiedza chakarondedzera kufadza vose kupisa uye kupenya
tsvuku iri (ona. kumusoro), asi yakati siyanei vanoumba kufadza inogona kugadzirwa
nenzira gogonera vasanyanye kupisa uye nokupenya chete ari siyanei chimiro.
Next anogadza Melloni zvinotaurwa kuti kunenge yakanakisisa konsoniere pamwe
yero, mune ukama yero dziberekane pamusoro kunenge, vaidana. Smmering'schen
yero gwapa iri zvakananga konstatierbar, uye ndezvaiye Melloni uye navamwe
kunenge, kana ivo matanga pasi mamwe matanho okuzvidzivirira, pashure uye
mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akanga anopedzisa kuti zviri nyore kuonekwa pamusoro
yeyero pachivara chete nokuda zvikuru pakukora etsinga rukoko.
"A mutumbi zvinoti - kubudikidza Melloni - red, manyoro kana zvitema,
zvichienderana voltage pamusoro inoramba aro konsoniert zvakawanda pamwechete
oscillation nguva tsvuku, girini kana zvitema undulations, uye hazvo kunotevera kuti
fuma ane inoramba iri pasi pokudzora kana swing kuti undulation chiedza nani
chinodiwa ruvara. "
A. Seebeck anotungamirira maonero ake nenzira epistolary shoko Poggendorff pasi
pomusoro unoti: "Notes pamusoro resonance uye kupenya mavara ari
chakarondedzera" iri Pogg.Ann. LXII, 571 panze, achitaura kuti kwokutanga bhuku
(imwe chete nechikwata S. 299), izvo iye akadzidza sei ane mhepo oscillating mune
elastic bwendefa anozviita panguva resonance.
"Kubva dzidziso Mittnens, anoti, zvave kuwanikwa kuti mundiro, sezvo
ndakafunga ikoko ane pachake vibration mari N ari kutsikwa chinozunguzirwa
nezvitima ari fomu ane Kosi ( Mt + ) nguva dzose pashure imwe nguva mune
imwe inofamba zvarinopfuura, iyo Kosi ( + Mt. ) iri uko oscillation
amplitude chikuru kuenderana ane ndiro shoma Mpamusoro n akasiyana. "
"Chiedza Very chinovapo kubva akawana inonyatsoita kuti munhu zvinotevera
mutongo 53) ;" Kana tikarega bhodhi mavara maviri zvakafanana simba tarirai,
ndizvo Mittnen yakaenzana rakasimba, mune nyaya yepamusoro rifanane
zvakafanana marimba penguva pamusoro mataurire ndiro ndiko kuti
kwakadzama pasi chete, z. B. kana avo uyu yepamusoro kubudikidza wechina repasi
kuti wechina, sezvo pachavo ruzha ndiro. Naizvozvo kuwana girafu pamusoro
resonance simba agure wavelengths sezvo abscissas uye intensities pakati Mittnens
sezvo ordinates, munyonga ichi hachisi symmetrical pamativi ose ayo kunonyanyisa,
asi inowira kurutivi pfupi nokukurumidza. (Waizogona symmetrical kana nomumwe

akatora nzvimbo wavelengths vane logarithms sezvo abscissae). "

Pashure nezvokunyoresa epakutanga (... Pogg LXII, Plate III, Figure 3)
yakanyorwa munyonga pamusoro intensities Seebeck anopfuurira:
"Ini zvino edza kushandisa nezvavanofunga ava vanonzi resonance kuti kunenge,
pasi anotyisa inosimbiswa kubvuma kuti kare iziviswe theorem no, iro rakawanikwa
nokuda longitudinal vibrations inzwi mafungu anogona kuchinjwa pasi mitemo
vamwe pamusoro transverse chiedza mafungu . "
"Ngatifungidzirei kuti kunenge chinosanganisira inoramba zvinouyisa pachavo,
kuti vasina abutment, pachake vibrations zvikuru sezvo sezvo kuti ndiro. The
kuzviitira chiedza kuti tinonzwisisa kuburikidza kuvhunduka kana zvemagetsi
zvinoyerera ari excitation weziso, zvaizoronga zvichida akanyorwa pachavo
vibrations yacho kunenge kwakadaro. Ngatitii kuti kukosha n zvakangofanana nokuti
inoramba dzose kunenge, kureva kuti chiedza kuti kuzviitira chiri homogeneous,
kana, chii zvakafanana zvimwechete, tinotora inoramba avo kufunga chete, izvo
nyaya n , uye isu tine zvino inoramba izvi kuchiedza mafungu chiito chipi urefu, saka
vibrations ari kunenge kwapera nguva iyo yose inonakidza chinozunguzirwa chitima
asi anofanira kuva isochronisch, nokudaro kuti akasimba, kashoma ari wavelength
pamusoro chiitiko chiedza kubva oga (kuzviitira) chiedza, uye kunenge yakasiyana.
Ngatikurukurei Naizvozvo mumwe mafungu akasiyana urefu, asi chete ukobvu
(zvakafanana tsika pakati) , saka kunofanira kuita pamusoro kunenge wayo resonance
uye zvichiguma omumwe chiedza dzisakarurama simba, uye migumisiro pamuviri
wedu mumwe resonance munyonga, zvingava kumiririrwa, akafanana izvo
ndakamunyurura nokuda ndiro, chete kukosha n uye banofanira kutsunga zvakaitika.
"
53)

anonzi Seebeck pamusoro inonyatsoita (Pogg. LXII, 299. LXVIII, 459)

makavigwa vibration amplitude pakati resonating mundiro, mumwe ari

amplitude pakati vibrations izvo fadza emadziro kuti anoshandawo, N yayo mwero
vibration ari resonating mundiro, M izvo excitatory vibrations, b ari zvaanoda ari
kuramba kufamba chenguva. The mutongo pamusoro payo anotevera
kuti chete ukoshi zvinotora pamusoro apo mumwe M kuchiiswa xn uye
izvo nhamba uyewo X iri. Uyezve, achawedzerwa nyore kukwanisa zvinowana
mashoko kubva chokwadi kuti kana n uye N 'amene frequencies pamusoro
pamahwendefa maviri akasiyana, nokuti ndiye chete kana ivo
dzaibatanidzwa ukama
N 2 + N ' 2 = 2 mamita 2 .

"Munyonga Izvi Aizogona kuburikidza zvakakodzera

kusarudza b uye N kuzviitawo sezvo mumwe, unova vakachengeta kupenya ruvara

chakarondedzera, saizvozvo ungadai kubvumidzwa kufunga kuti mafungu yose
pakasvika siyana simba chete (kinetic simba) ndivo pamusoro ane dzisakarurama
kugovera simba asi munhu aizofanira kuvhara kana curves vaviri ivavo hazvigoni
kuunzwa kufanana nevamwe ".
"The yokupedzisira zvino chaizvoizvo zvazvingava, wandakaisa Pandakagutsikana
nokuenzanisa kuyerwa Fraunhofer'scher imwe nguva kare."
Seebeck zvino kare 281 S. ataurwa zvinoderedza ari prismatic chakarondedzera
kuti chendarira chakarondedzera, dzakanyorwa hereinafter uyewo munyonga uye
mberi (Pogg LXII, Plate III, Fig 4 ...):
"Achienzanisa munyonga uyu yapfuura (. Fig 3), tinocherechedza kamwechete
kubva gogonera chaizvo mberi vose, kuti - pakati mukova akaona mamiriro ezvinhu the intensities wechokwadi ( ane 2 mamita 2 ) haisi yunifomu pamusoro yose papi
anogona vatiitire siyana pedyo kufadza ane zvakasiyana chaizvo ezvinhu pakati mbiri
pfungwa zvakafanana nokupenya, pane vaizova zvichigoneka resonance munyonga
imwechete chinozunguzirwa kunyatsoita. zvino, kana chinozunguzirwa simba
unequally nokuda dzakasiyana dzenyika chakarondedzera, saka Nokupenya girafu
anofanira kuva Zvaiitwa naye uye dzisakarurama resonance mano kunenge, kuitira
kuti kuti kutonga zvapedzisira, munhu aifanira kuziva (chinozunguzirwa kukwirira)
aimbova. kufadza Nokupenya anofanira kuvimba hunhu izvi variables mbiri. Kana
Somuenzaniso, chinozunguzirwa simba kubva tsvuku nguva dzose kuti Violet kubva
- sezvo sokuti uyewo kuva nyaya kuzvitutumadza nheyo chokuzivikanwa, kana iwe
uuye pano gogonera kupararira prismatic chifananidzo chichiita saka waaida, kwangu
ezvinhu, saka pachavo vibration mari n yacho kunenge nechekare kupinda Blue girini
kana zvitema vari kuwa 54) . Uyu yakasiyana chaizvo mugumisiro pane kuti iri chii
Melloni, pasina mubvunzo akasiyana chaizvo pokutangira zvekungofungira, anosvika
nokuisa mukuru akapindura kugona apo mukuru kupenya kunonzwisiswa.
54)

"Kana zvichida pachinhu ichi ndivo chikonzero nei mutema ruvara nemaziso
edu ndizvo zvinobatsira? Asi zvino zvimwe vaizova chiedza kuzviitira kuva manyoro
kana zvitema, ndiro, ndinotenda, haina nekusimbiswa."
"Zvandakaita kukarukureta ichi pasi yaitsigira divi chinodiwa kuti nhengo dzose
kunenge yacho N , nokuti haana kurangarira kuva kushandisa kwandiri, muenzaniso
kune mumwe parinorambwa kunyange nyaya iyi, akaita pamusoro muenzaniso
wakadaro nyore. Zvisinei, ini funga ichi hauna kunge. Dai asi wandei n kuva
vaifungidzira pamadiro, saka zvichaita zvinobvira kuunza chero akapiwa kupenya
chikero pamwe pamamiriro kuparadzira chinozunguzirwa mauto kupinda mutsetse.
nenzira iyi ndiko, dzikapfeka zvakajekeswa musimboti zvichibvira tiine pfungwa
resonance pakati kunenge, kana zvichida akawanda resonances akadaro, zvisinei
munhu kuwana kuparadzirwa kupisa mukati chakarondedzera kana pavanopinda kuti
kunenge chikamu. asi kana zvinokosheswa n , izvo zvinofanira wokurera kuunza
kupisa pamwero nokupenya chikero mumutsara, vari chaizvo hunhu ziso, zvinofanira
kuva zvakakodzera kupa vamwe kunzwisisa ari kuzviitira chiso kuonekwa. "

b) pfungwa chibvumirano uye musiyano pakati kutekenyedzwa nzvimbo

chiedza uye ruzha.
Sezvo pfungwa chibvumirano zviri kunyanya zvinotevera wokuburitsa.
1) nezvekufadza chiedza uye ruzha nezvekufadza tiri nyama nezvekufadza, zvose,
kunyange mupfungwa yakasiyana, huru zvinyorwa zvedu kukura yepamusorosoro
zvomudzimu, zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru okunatsiridza, Abwandelungen uye
disassembly kubudikidza nehanya dzakasiyana auffabare, kana kwete chaizvoizvo
vakarambana mapeji (Simba uye ruvara anokwanisa nechiedza, simba, kukwirira uye
matauriro kana zvenzwi).
2) Vose kuvimba vibrations ane elastic unosvikirwa somunhu zviwane kubva, asi
kunogonawo pasina zvokunze anotikurudzira kuti pezviri kwezvikonzero
muka. Zvimwe vari zvakare nechomukati vibrations hwaro, izvo zvinogona inovapo
pamusana rwokunze.
3) Mune zvose pakati pezvinhu kwokunze anotikurudzira uye kutsinga dzinouya
tsinga, kazhinji kaviri-kuzviitirwa, kuona nhengo a, apo chimiro uye Zvaiitwa
kwokunze anotikurudzira iri akatsunga kuita wayo tsinga.
4) Zvakaita mimhanzi uye mavara kunoenderana nguva oscillation kana vibration
kakawanda, simba zvakafanana pamusoro amplitude rinofadza vibration. Nezveshoko
amplitude uye simba nemataundi kunzwa zvinoshanda mutemo zvose Weber wacho.
5) Various zvenzwi sezvo mavara akasiyana uwane musangano imwe pfungwa
kubudisa kuti ari nyore matauriro, nyore ruvara anoendera-. In noruvara Ndiri kureva
pano kune anonzi. Tartini'schen kana mubatanidzwa zvenzwi.
6) Sezvo paine miganhu audibility mazwi, saizvozvowo dzisakwanisa ari maonero
akajeka, riri kumativi ose ichiri pasi hurukuro, zvakadini zvatinorambidzwa izvi
dzinobva kushayikwa Perzeptionsfhigkeit utano hwake nokuda kutsanya chaizvo
uye anononoka oscillations, kana kuti mushure zvinoreva yedu kwokunze pfungwa
vibrations kumusoro uye pazasi mumwe mwero rapidity asingakwanisi kusvika
etsinga. Kubva chii zvinoshanda ichi kuremekedza inzwi, pane zvinoshanda mavara
muzvirevo zvikamu chitsauko chino kugutsa matauriro atova Th. I, peji 258 uye Th.
II, Kap.30 kumbovapo.
7) The nzira, achiratidza ruvara maonero Violet pane imwe mugumo munhuwo
rezuva chakarondedzera kuna tsvuku dzimwe, anogona kuti vamwe (anobvumwa
chete chete vamwe) pfungwa pamwe periodic dzokororo ane analoginen
Toneindruckes kuenzaniswa penguva ive pasi.
Kunyange zvazvo Achiwanza ari kuchinja kubva kazhinji chinoonekwa Violet kuti
ultraviolet mwaranzi hamungambozvinzwisisi kusvika pfungwa tsvuku
(kwakakonzerwa kutarisirwa magenta inks), sezvo mumwe angafunga kubva
Ringanidzo pamusoro zvenzwi, asi Blue anodzoka 55) . The ultraviolet chikamu
chakarondedzera (mhiri Stokes 'Group l)ikaonekwa yakaderera kuchinyanya indigoyebhuruu, zvitema chena simba rakasimba, asi rinosanganisira Helmholtz kubva
kuedza ake (Pogg. XCIV, 210), "kuti Kuchinja ruvara akatevedzana, zvinotora

nzvimbo panguva pamusoro Violet chiedza , zvinogona kutsanangurwa kuitira kuti

simba kutekenyedzwa Violet ruvara, iro fadza izvi chiedza mwaranzi zvakananga,
omumwe wacho rwakakonzera vari kunenge nechiedza fluorescent greenish chena
(ona pamusoro) mbuva selle, uye vose ruvara nezvekufadza vakabatana ari whitish
indigblaue coloring kupa kuti pamusoro yepepuru mwaranzi varipo, kana vaiona
zvakananga. "
55)

Ona Pogg. XCIV 14 206. XCVIII, 514th

Helmholtz anopa (Pogg XCIV, I3.) Pakati pakumedura zvikuru anooneka zvikamu
gwenya chakarondedzera (kure yakajeka zvikamu chakarondedzera vaiona uye
makasunungurwa kubva dzakapfirirwa chiedza, achishandisa magirazi prism
vakagamuchira) inotevera rondedzero: "Mune rima, nzvimbo yaiva pakati pemitsara
G uye H mumwe kumbonyanya yunifomu Violet ruvara, iro asiwo nzvimbo Stokes
'boka l. yacho fainter yacho Violet, ndipo pariri awana Kumubata Pink. kuna
inowedzera chiedza zvikuru, ruvara mataurire zvitema wakafanana uye kure ravapo
vakawanda kubva rwehute ;. iye zvino anoenderera pane whitish wachena ruvara
pamusoro Violet mwaranzi mhiri boka ndakaisa ruvara siyana kwete yepepuru shure,
asi tiri kuzodzosera indigo-zvitema yakaderera chiedza rakasimba, chena zvitema,
umo anobudirira pane mukuru chiedza kuchinyanya . ndaona pamusoro Violet
chiedza akaratidza vamwe vanhu vakawanda, kwete kuti wanyengerwa peculiarity
ziso rangu, uye ini yakaratidza ose ruvara akasarudzwa nenzira. Pakati zvose izvi
tyoka ruvara zvenzwi saka kuuya chiedza vaneta Violet, inenge kubva munzvimbo
mutsetse A 56) yepepuru dzepedyo; asi izvi zviri dzakaparadzaniswa navanopinda
pakakoromoka ruvara siyana zvakanyanyisa tsvuku. Mumwe anogona kuita guru
kwazvo akasiyana dzepepuru ruvara zvenzwi, izvo zvinogona zvose of pakati
nemumicheka miviri yehombodo yokunyanyisa pamusoro chakarondedzera iri
midziyo yangu nokusanganisa Violet uye tsvuku. "
56)

Izvi zvinofanira kushandiswa pakudhinda (nokuti H?) Nokuti A ndohwavo

tsvuku.
Ander dzekwavanogara. (. Pogg XCIV, 208) anoti (noruremekedzo kuti,
achishandisa Goldstone midziyo akawana chakarondedzera): "Ziso airatidzika
nokuda zvakanyanyisa pamusoro Violet mwaranzi yezuva inopenya hapana zvishoma
pamusoro nehanya, sezvo ari nzvimbo M Kana Chininpapier. zvichiratidza
nemwaranzi, aigona kunzwa ziso. kuchinja ruvara ndaikwanisa munyika yose kukura
l kusvikira pakuguma hauoni kunze kuti fainter miviri akaratidza Violet zvikuru
indigo rwebhuruu zvakafanana. indigblauen mwaranzi All asi uchipiwa kupenya ari
Violet yakafanana. pamwe chete kusimba asi aiita ruvara pamusoro Violet mwaranzi
asi kuva kure-chena, sezvo vanhuwo indigblauen. "
(. Pogg XCVIII, 515) Esselbach rinoti (noruremekedzo kuti, rakagadzirwa
nedombo sekristaro mano) YOKOHAMA: "The vasiri pfungwa iri nhengo ultraviolet
kubva N kusvikira R chete" "Lavender Grey" "sezvo pakati pemitsara L uye N.
vakawanda mitsetse kuoneka unopinza kwazvo matte yokuchena yebhuruu pasi;
uchipiwa kupenya chikonzero sokuti vaima indigo-yebhuruu, uye nenguva zvikuru

chiedza utera dzimwe nguva, kunyanya panguva kumuganhu chinooneka munda, ari
akasarudza dzepepuru mutambo uyu mavara panguva nekuonekwa kazhinji
kuonekwa zvikuru vechokwadi Helmholtz tsananguro iyi. ruvara mutambo, pashure
pfupi mafungu avo anonzwisiswa muchidimbu zvakananga sezvo shoma zvikuru
Violet, pamwe achishandisa svikiro ane chena, greenish yebhuruu fluorescence. "
8) Hatiwanzodi kuona nyore chete nemaziso vose uye kuzvinzwa nyore pamwe
nzeve.
9) Saka kuti Cape. vanhu 30 kuti vasingateereri inzwi weumwe inorwara
anowanzoita anzwike matauriro scale, saka avo vasingateereri mumwe chikamu
anowanzoita zvinoonekwa ruvara siyana.
Mufananidzo uyu unoita kuti kare A. Seebeck (Pogg. LXVIII, 461). A
muunganidzwa pamafomu akasiyana-siyana ichishaikwa ruvara okunzwisisa inogona
kuwanikwa pakati vamwe Rte raMwari Ophthalmology S. 179 va-.
Pfungwa huru musiyano Zvisinei zvinotevera zvinofanira kunorehwa.
1) chiedza uye ruzha nezvekufadza kupfeka zvinokosha zvakasiyana hunhu.
2) The hunhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari nechitarisiko vibrations, izvo vashumire
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti kuda chiedza uye ruzha nezvekufadza, uye
mupfungwa zvomukati kuburikidza izvo zvavari kutapukira kune huta midziyo,
akasiyana zvikuru chiedza uye mapenyu uyewo kusiyana vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa
zvemukati pezvakaitwa yedu huta gadziriro, iyo kutekenyedzwa vakuru nemataundi,
zvinogona kunzi kunge.
3) Chiedza, apo chiedza nezvekufadza vanopeputswa matiri, kwakakonzerwa
zvikurukuru kutsanya chaizvo uye nokukurumidza inoparadzirwa oscillations
pamusoro amplitude chaizvo duku mune imponderabeln, mutete chaizvo
unosvikirwa, ari Eteri; ruzha, zvichiita ruzha nezvekufadza vanopeputswa matiri, ari
hwakanyatsorwisa zvikuru wononokera uye nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva
inoparadzirwa vibrations zvikuru amplitude ari ponderable denser svikiro,
mhepo. Vaya kunobva zvadzo misha yacho Eteri inoramba imwe, pasina
condensation uye rarefaction pamusoro Eteri, ichi. On rakada uye kubviswa inoramba
vane condensation uye rarefaction dzedenga Chiedza vibrations ndivo transverse,
door riri kupararira Zvainotaura, chiedza danda, perpendicular uye angava rectilinear,
dzeraundi, elliptical uye dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoumba zvitarisiko; Mhepo
vibrations vari longitudinal, kureva perairo kuwa mirayiridzo Mashoko inzwi,
nhungamiro inzwi danda pamwe chete, uye vari undisputed muna noruvara batana
mhepo sechinhu achirurama mutsetse.
4) Paunenge uchironga kutarisira ziso chinobviswa kuti chiedza mwaranzi
zvinobva pfungwa, zvakare kusangana zvakare muna imwe pfungwa iri kunenge
rakatorwa chiedza matanda uye chiedza nemaonero kuti juxtaponieren zvakafanana
pamusoro kunenge, sezvo vari kunze kwenyika, saka kuti mufananidzo kwokunze
zvinhu pamusoro kunenge. Apo rakamiswa nzeve pasina mudziyo kwakadaro yaitwa,
uye hapana ruzha mufananidzo nechitarisiko zvinhu zviri nzeve muka. Kusiyana
neizvi, vamwe nzira chaiyo vanobviswa, dudziro kwavo maererano nemaonero

omumwe inzwi pamwe, pamwe kujeka zviri pachena pahura. munokosha

vainyatsotarisirwa mimwe wakaisvonaka anokosha anogadza izvo kumagumo
auditory tsinga dziri itsva anatomical matongo mune ukama, dzichateverwa kudzoka
pazasi.
5) The siyana auditory tsinga fibers pakati pfungwa spatial juxtaposition hazvigoni
kuwanwa, sezvazvakaita nyaya parutivi optic akasiyana fibers kubudikidza
simultaneity dzakasiyana zvenzwi anoita zvakasiyana pfungwa, sezvo spatial
kufambisa, musiyano uri asingatungamirirwi kuti kurira matanda iumbe mufananidzo
inorira zvinhu zviri nzeve; nekuti kana chiedza matanda ineshongedzo yokuva
pfungwa, uparadzire pamusoro kunenge, sepanguva nokushaiwa pekugara, vanomira
yaro kupararira munharaunda, explicated spatially zvisinei.
6) The kutekenyedzwa chiedza anokwanisa Zvisinei kuita kunogona kuva nzvimbo,
pakudini pamwe kutekenyedzwa havambozivi, nokuti kutekenyedzwa hwedzidziso
hapana tsamba pedyo ukama huripo nemumwe kutekenyedzwa.
7) Kunyange pasina zvokunze chiedza anotikurudzira isu kazhinji kutekenyedzwa
yechiedza, dema kutarisana munda sezvo izvo pakukurukurirana kwokutanga,
chokwadi, nechiedza nezvekufadza enqueues, tisingadi havawanzodi vane
sensorineural pasina zvokunze inzwi anotikurudzira; pashure izvo psychophysical
basa nokuona, asi kwete kuteerera kwedu huta midziyo pasina kwokunze
anotikurudzira pamusoro pachikumbaridzo.
8) The rapanzvimbo mavara zvinoonekwa iri kutevera nhaurirano muchikamu
kumashure chino anenge 1 pasi pasi + 1 wechina, apo anzwike zvenzwi number
octaves.
9) The mupfungwa chiito hanya vanogona kuva pasi mamwe restric-ku- inogutsa
musanganiswa yaora nenzira iri yenhengo dzayo kuti tinogona kuva kuziva kwatiri
rave rimwe pamusoro rumwe; nepo tichitarisa ruvara wemisanganiswa nzeve
kwakadaro yesangano regai kukodzera.
Mutipage munhu akapokana kana akaramba kuti yakachena Tongemischen
akasiyanisa chaiyo pakati nomumwe ruzha kunoitika uye pano chinhu chinokosha
musiyano ari ruvara chete wemisanganiswa. Apo musicians kunzwa wenhema
kucherechedza ari konzati uye kunyange kunan'anura huchashandiswa, iyo akachipa,
saka izvi chete chokwadi kuti, ariko sizvo neyakanaka kuzivikanwa panguva hunhu
izvo ivhu yose musanganiswa kubvuma asina asi izvi zvikuru kwakavakirwa kunzwa
sei kunyange vanoziva admixture ane mumvuri mavara chena zvakanaka uye
inogona yakarovedzwa ziso rokupenda kunyange kusarudza worudzii admixture
zvakavakirwa, vasingakwanise kuti asi chete vachasimudza uye tichinyanyotarisa
kubviswa chena kupinda zvaiitika.
Zvino hakusi kuramba kuti distinctness pamusoro manotsi yakachena
Tongemischen ane co-tsunga wayo Kumbova muviri uye nehanya nenyika; kana
ndingadai vachida kunyange panguva yangu varombo chaizvo zvokuridza hearings
asi ini add pamuviri yakadaro, asi havabvumirani vaimbi vakaumba hearings
vakasarudza zvakafanana. Zvokuridza mukuru Captain muLeipzig akatsanangurira

kwandiri mibvunzo yangu vakatsunga Ester nzira kuti akanga Zvisinei, unogona
kunzwa kubva chords or the achichengetedza nekutambudzika zvenzwi rimwe kana
mumwe woga, uye kwete kana kunaka, asiwo kana chord wose wakachena. Panguva
iyoyo Mupfungwa, Helmholtz akaratidza munzvimbo dzakawanda, nevamwewo 57) :
"Zvino, sezvo ruzivo kunoratidza kuti chero apo akarongeka-zvokuimba kuongorora
kunoratidza ematongerwo chinozunguzirwa kufamba, mumwe nzeve akarovedzwa
kusiyanisa zvenzwi kuti dzinoenderana nyore chinozunguzirwa chiito mairi, saka
zvichingodaro "; nokumwewo 58) ari pamwe pachinhu mitinhimira, umo Achiratidza
nechimiro chokureva. "Munguva pfupi manyawi Zvisinei, munhu wacho huripo nyore
zvenzwi apo zvakakodzera kuoma kuteerera vanogaroratidzirwa kuparadzaniswa
mumwe pavanenge muchiungana pfungwa iri kutsinga dzinouya pfungwa inoita
ruzha imwe sonorous muviri panzeve dzedu, uye chinofanira zviri kunyanya
chakagadzirwa kutsigira pfungwa kuti vaparadzane munhu zvinhu zvinoumba
kutekenyedzwa mumwe mumwe, sokunyorwa z. B. chaiwo nzira pakuongorora
zvinoda kuva nechivimbo chokuti omumwe wacho physicality kuti aiona chinhu
kusvikira kwemapazi akasiyana mifananidzo maviri chete mune zvose meso
hunovakirwa. " migove izvi Helmholtz (ona pazasi) nokurondedzerwa kunoitwa
huchashandiswa anomisawo chairo ruzivo hurumende, kuti nechimiro chokureva
kunzwa ose mumhanzi kucherechedza, "izvo saka kure - anoti - chinhu chaiva chokuti
chete muviri zvechigarire uye nokuedza kukuru aigona kugadziriswa kutarisirwa. "
57)

Pogg. XCIX, 502nd

58)

Pogg. CVIII, 282nd

10) Zvisinei, nezvekufadza chiedza uye ruzha nezvekufadza mukati, kubva chete
ezvinhu mumuviri (the vibration amplitude) nemataundi, starch vane nevakawanda
mupfungwa divi Zvisinei, ndiye asina zvishoma chete chaiko ezvinhu (the vibration
kakawanda) nemataundi, ruvara uye nenamo mupfungwa mbiri zvisingatauriki uye
pakudaro vose nezvekufadza makapiwa chaiwo dzinokosha qualitatively yakasiyana
hunhu, tinofanira kubvuma nenguva. Kunze zvakananga manzwiro musiyano
zvinotevera ezvinhu pachinhu ichi, akasiyana mune zvose.
11) In zvenzwi kunowedzera mwero vibration, nokukwirira dzichimhanya uye
chete pachinhu mumwe, vanoratidza emandiriri maonero rechitatu, wechina,
wechishanu, pasi pasi etc. In ruvara kuratidzirana zvakatowedzera oscillation
maitikiro kwete kuramba kukura mari manzwiro chete, asi kuchinja rinovaita
pazvidhindo , Red, Yellow, Blue, ndiye inozviisa pasi mwero vibration pacharo,
kwete chete kune mamiriro ezvinhu uye izvo tinowana pasina analogue vari nevhuvapfumi, kupfuura pamusoro kurira kuti asi pano hunoenderana badzi tsitsi vibrations
yakakwirira kuitira 59) . Ukuwo, pfungwa inoita musiyano reshiyo mavara kune
mumwe, hapana Ringanidzo kusvikira zvemupiro wechitatu, wechina, wechishanu,
pasi pasi, etc muumambo maketeni.
59)

"The Musical Matauriro hunoenderana badzi pamberi nekuomarara chacho

manzwi kuti vanobatanidzwa kurira, kwete avo danho kusiyana" (Helmholtz mu
Pogg. CVIII, peji 289). Zvisinei, vamwe kurambidzwa zvichabviswa ine.

Moser, ari bhuku "On mubishi kuona nokuitika chiedza dzose muviri" iri
Pogg. Ann. LVI, 177, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvinokonzerwa chiedza pamusoro
kunenge pamwe daguerreotypischen chiedza zvinokonzerwa, kwete identiflziert
zvose, zviri achienzaniswa anoratidza pacharo (p 192nd) sezvinotevera: "kuita
mavara, saka kutaura, zvizere, kwete mumwe kuvhiringidzwa, kunzwa dzakasiyana
zvenzwi kwete kuita izvozvo. Zvisinei, kuvhiringidzika asina mukuru kwazvo uye
vakaderera chaizvo frequencies, asi nyore izvi zvinoitwa zvake nzeve apo nhema
pedyo zvenzwi, uye chimwe nechimwe chine zvikuru akanaka uye vakadzidza kuimba
nzeve kuti kukwanisa imwe mataurire zvatinosiita zita chaiyo, apo ziso riri kuoma iri
mhando haazivi kana kuziva ruvara. asi mumwe nyore kukwirira kana kudzika
nenzwi pamwe kusimba imwe ruvara, uye musiyano akasiyana mavara nenzwi inzwi
pamwe chete. ini kwakaitika vanhu vashoma vasina rwukasimbiswa browse
kuburikidza okupedzisira. "
12) Periodic dzokororo zvakafanana ruvara pfungwa zvakatowedzera vibra-ra
nhamba, izvo zvinoratidzwa yepepuru uye tsvuku panguva vose kumigumo
chakarondedzera anogona, kunze ndechokuti nzira kuororwa kunoitika pashure
penguva rechishanu, uye kuti nzira iyi riri kufambira mberi kusvikira pasi pasi
zvikamu pane ungaderedza zvakare kwakawedzera (izvo zvinogona kupiwa
chikonzero), chete nenzira yokufananidzira zvichienzaniswa periodic kudzoka, iro
rinotaura zviri pasi pasi penguva muna zvenzwi. Nokuti izvi zvose ruzha-kubhadhara
pakati vibration kunzwira pakati mudzi uye pasi pasi; saka hunoruramisa
chinhambwe chaicho pakati mudzi uye pasi pasi kunzwira, ukuwo mavara pakati
mwero maviri chikuva nemanzwiro pakati tsvuku uye Violet sokuti nhema uye
wakaramba achiri muduku pakati tsvuku uye mutsvuku, kana ari zvikamu zviri pasi
pasi porutivi mavara wakaramba.Hazvina ndisipo namavara nokuda penguva ari pasi
pasi progressive maatomu akafanana, zvinotora nzvimbo panguva zvenzwi.
13) Nokuti kuenzanisa vose mavara ose kutekenyedzwa kwakafanana
nevakawanda pokutangira, chena, yakakurumbira zvikuru zvinoumba ruvara, pamwe,
akapa kuti vose mavara zvinogona kuonekwa sezvo zvarakasiya kwakasiyana-siyana,
asi kutekenyedzwa sezvo ashandurire fananidzo zvose zvinoita chete nyore bass
kucherechedza anowana anobatsira.
14) The kusiyana pitches vatova pasina nezvemitambo hwomuviri tinosiyana
evasingatombonamati zvepfungwa nenzira nezve nevakawanda Unit, iro pasi pasi
Inter-Val, kufanana nomumwe; ruvara misiyano kutakura ukama akadaro nechiyero
kutekenyedzwa pachayo.
15) Musiyano pakati pitches dzinowanikwa chete inorwara ruripo frequencies
akaenzana yepamusorosoro uye dzapasi matauriro scale, kwete sezvinoita musiyano
pakati nemavara akasiyana zvikamu ruvara scale, dzakadai Helm
yokwaHoltz 60) yakavakirwa kuyerwa Esselbach raMwari Kuenzanisa inodzidzisa
chii Th. I, S. 175 radudzwa, uye izvo mumwe chitsauko anogona kuita kunyange
pashure tafura Kapoka. a) pacharo. Nemamwe mashoko, mutemo wacho Weber
rinoshanda achindoridzika, asi kwete nokuda mavara avo pazviri mwero vibration.

60)

inoshuma Berl. Akad., 1855 S. 760th

Kuti izvi zvidaro, zvinotevera kutsanangurirwa Helmholtz muna Pogg. XCIV, 17.
"Munguva rakafara nzvimbo kubva kumugumo dzvuku mutsetse C kuti mataurire Red
Kuchinja rinenge zvisingaoneki, sezvo zvishoma kurira Violet kubva mutsetse G
kusvika k panze. Uyewo orange uye zvitema anochinja kuridza kunonoka asi zvikuru
kuoneka. pamuganhu Zvisinei, yeyero mutema rimwe ruoko, uye zvitema uye girini
Ukuwo, vanhu kuchinja zviri zvokuti kutsanya kuti vanoita sokuti chinoshayikwa
zvachose kana anofunga yakachena chakarondedzera pasina mukuru magnification,
uye pano pane girini sokuti rinokonzera zvakananga kuti yakatsvukuruka orenji uye
denga rebhuruu. yazvakabhedhenuka vakashamiswa kunoshamisa upfumi huru tints
imwe. idzi chakarondedzera, kana anobvumirwa chiedza zvikamu izvi nyore kuenda
kuburikidza mumwe mbiru mbiri inovakwa neni chidzitiro uye pakakoromoka
yozononokera vachambokanganwa. "
16) Pasinei unoenderana wenyama kuyanzva tingadai hapana-musoro vachida
kutsuka ari chakarondedzera zvakadzama, kuenzanisa zvitema uye Violet dzakanga
manotsi, asi panzvimbo paizvozvo neizvi, kana dai tsvuku sezvo yakaderera manotsi
nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, ari Violet uye Blue kwakafanana manotsi
nokukurumidza oscillations anoenderana.
Grailich 61) anotenda Naizvozvo wakajeka pfungwa Dzvuku kukwanisa kuona kuti
inoramba kuramba nokuti wononokera vibrations refu kubva zororo sebenzi chii ane
simba kungoshatirwa anokonzera, nepo mune maonero andaiita, asi zvakawanda
zvinogona kumboramba.
61)

Sitzungsber. pamusoro muVienna. Akad. 1854. XIII, S. 258th

17) The aesthetic pfungwa ruvara assortments kunobva zvachose ande-they ratios
rakaita ruzha. Kana munhu runoparadzanisa zvenzwi ose ane pasi pasi munzvimbo
zviviri zveefa uye mumwe nomumwe ari nebhande vaviri pamwe chete parinouya,
saka imi muviri, asi kwete nepfungwa analogue mavara maviri rwakakwana, izvo
zvose zvinobatsirana White.Zvisinei, mavara nomumwe pachavo zvinofadza uye ape
zvinofadza nomuvhenganiswa, kunoitika panguva zvenzwi kusawirirana.
The multi-akaita kuedza vagadze kupindirana mavara yakafanira kuti Ringanidzo
pamwe Tonhar-nemabayo, izvo zvisiri, saka, sokuti maturo kubvira pakutanga ini.
18) By Zvinoumba mavara nyore, mumwe ruvara inogona kugadzirwa, izvo
zvaizoitawo anoita zvakabatanidzwa nyore pfungwa, umo kunyora pfungwa dziri
repealed. Kunyange zvazvo, kana isu dzinoringanidza vanonyora nyore zvenzwi,
zvinoguma muna Tartini nenzwi uye zvichiguma nyore pfungwa kuti kurira
akafanana nyore; asi kunyora pazvidhindo Zvinosanganisira panguva imwe chete
nokuramba.
19) Kana ruvara kunogona kare pave musanganiswa mavara ose, chena,
unoenderana pfungwa mbiri nyore rwakakwana mavara; kwete senzwi kuburikidza
unobva nyore zvenzwi maviri.
Mushure Helmholtz Edza 62) uye yokungotaura nokukurukura Grassmann vake 63) ,

nokuti zvose nyore homogeneous ruvara matanda nomumwe homogeneous

rwakakwana danda hwakakanyiwa ake zvinhu wakachena chena. Zvichitevera
kwokupa Helmholtz tafura riri wavelength neimwe zvakafanana rwakakwana
mavara, muna mamiriyoni pemabhanzi ane Parisian basa.
62)

Pogg.XCIV ,. 1

63)

Pogg. 1853.Nr. 5

Mavara.

Wavelength. Complementation-trfarben. Wavelength. Kukosha

W.

tsvuku

2425

Green Blue

1818

1, 334

orenji

2244

bhuruu

1809

1, 240

yendarama 2162
shora

bhuruu

1793

1, 206

yendarama 2120
shora

bhuruu

1781

1, 190

shora

2095

indigo zvitema

1716

1, 221

shora

2085

indigo zvitema

1706

1, 222

Green
Yellow

2082

Violet

inobva
1600th

1, 301

In Violet aifanira, nekuda kwayo faintness, kumudzivo matanda ari wavelength

1600 kubva zvose zviri muchidimbu. Nokuti Green, izvo hakuwaniki tafura, iyo
complementation-trfarben anofanira kutsvaka mune ultraviolet mwaranzi.
The reshiyo pamusoro wavelengths ose rwakakwana zvinoriumba kunosiyanasiyana pakati wechina uye tuzvikanganiso wechitatu; duku nderendarama tsvuku uye
zvitema. - Zvinoshamisa, kuparadzira rwakakwana Mavara vari
chakarondedzera. Nepo yendarama yeyero makabuda zvikuru kure yokunyanyisa
tsvuku, muri mavara avo rwakakwana greenish zvitema uye cyan pedyo pamwe
chete; apo wejira Violet uye indigo kugara chinhambwe guru iri chakarondedzera
kuwana anotsigira dzavo greenish yeyero uye akachena yero chete yakamanikana
zvikuru rinoparadza; uyu chokuita vakanzwisisa pasi 15) ratios.
Kazhinji mavara maviri rwakakwana kupa kwete chete chiedza kuchinyanya
chena. Kuziva reshiyo, akayera Helmholtz mushure White akaberekwa ari mukuru
zvichibvira hwakakwana, upamhi pakakoromoka kuburikidza iyo hwapinda rerukei
ruvara, upamhi ichi akaderedza ipapo saka kure, kuti wakaitwa pamberi nenamo
pematanda zvakagadzirirwa maviri akafanana kwasviba mavara mimvuri uye ipapo
wakayera hupamhi patsva. The widths maviri akapa anenge nhamba nokupenya

zvose zvinoumba chena. Zvabuda yakawira munzira, sezvo kwaifanira vaitarisira

inopiwa (Kap.30) nezvendima zvakachinjwa nokupenya nhamba pigments vane
siyana yakawanda chiedza, yakasiyana dzisakarurama mhedziso kusimba. Uchipiwa
chiedza kuchinyanya ari refrangible mavara kuitika hama kuti akanyanya
kufuta. Zvinotevera Nhamba dziri chete kukosha anofungidzirwa Avharenji.
In simba ane simba
chiedza. Light.
Violet : Green Yellow 1 : 10 1 : 5
indigo : Yellow 1 : 4 1 : 3
Cyan : Orange 1 : 1 1 : 1
Green Blue : Red 1 : 0.44 1 : 0.44.
Noruremekedzo kuti chinoumbwa yevasina rwakakwana mavara matsvuku uye
girini zviziviso yebhuruu chena Helmholtz, ziso kwazvo inonyatsoziva
kuwedzererwa vane uwandu shoma nyore ruvara chena. Kana munhu anoita
vakavhengana nevasina handizivi chaizvo kuziya, nguva dzose zviri anoramba ane
mottled uye siyana chitarisiko. "Zvadaro, wakasanganiswa ruvara chinhu pamwe
nzvimbo kunenge, wakakushwa mufananidzo wake achinja. Kunyange Purkinje
akaita akanongedza, kuti kurutivi zvikamu kunenge vane yakasiyana aikanganiswa
ruvara, sezvo nzvimbo rakananga pamberi yeyero gwapa. Kudai I - anoti Helmholtz Red Green Blue saka zvakabatana kuti anorenda munda yakavhenekerwa
akazviratidza tangofanana sezvinobvira kuziva uye zvakawanda zvaipfuura tsvuku,
saka zvakanga pakarepo akasarudza mitema apo ini ngadzirambe wenhema pedyo
yakajeka munda pfungwa papepa. chete zvakaitika apo ini Zoom vakaisa ziso zvokuti
pedyo kuti munda yakavhenganiswa ruvara yakakura chaizvo chikamu munda
akafukidzwa, nokudaro dzakakudzingai tsvuku dzakaita echitema zvimwe zvikamu
kunenge yakawanda yakanyorwa mufananidzo. ari kuedza ichi, kuti chromatic
vakapararira panguva refractive ziso pakati hombe munda vakadaro havana simba. "
20) The maitiro pfungwa yacho ruvara nokupera zvakawanda uye anosvika chena
apo novimba amplitude pamusoro vibration simba rayo rwuchiwanzwa, kana pasi
navo kwenguva refu pakuongorora, Ukuwo rakanga rachena akavhiringidzwa
kuramba pakuongorora, apo pfungwa pitches hapana corre-sponding zvinoratidzwa.
On the mugumisiro starch kwako zvakaitika mavara ndakaita vari kuedza kwangu
pamusoro afterimage 64) :
"Kana isu rega (mumba rima kuburikidza gomba recessed ari muchitoro) chezuva
kuwira pamadziro anopikisa ari mumba rima kuburikidza girazi wechitema, saka
zvinozivikanwa, zvakawanda Ruvara girazi. Kwete, kana iwe zvakananga
kuburikidza girazi wechitema akatarisa zuva. iyo girazi munhu anoshandawo, saka
zuva mufananidzo rinooneka asi chete zvishoma yechitema, anenge chena kana
yeyero uye kupfuura mugiredhi yakaderera iri nuanced kubudikidza ruvara girazi.
kudaro, kunyange zvikuru, asi chete zvishoma chiedza wechitema kuonekwa ipapo
uyewo kazhinji danho rokutanga afterimage, kunyange naivowo patangira anotakura
zvakajeka dzimwe nguva noruvara magirazi pachayo. "

64)

Pogg, L, 465th

Kumbomira ruzivo chakarondedzera mavara anobudiswa neZvapupu ane prism,

Helmholtz, mune bhuku rake pamusoro Brewster 65) vanoshamwaridzana uye, apo
vamwe qualifiers.Anozivisa izvozvo chokwadi kuti anodzimaidza wakachena mavara
zvose kuva chena kana sokuti kutaura chii pamwe Violet, yakaomesesa hunobudirira
Red nyore. Violet kare panguva zvinotonzi chaizvo kwevari nokupenya noruoko
rinokwanisa kucheneruka ndachena chena chena, zvitema ane zvishoma yepamusoro
kubudikidza Blue White chena pamusoro. Saizvozvowo Grau anosvika
zvakatowedzera nokupenya kubudikidza Green Yellow uye Yellow Yellow White
kubudikidza chaipofomadza chena. Red chava nani chete yero panguva yayo soro
kubwinya. kuchinja izvi zvinogona kuonekwa sezvo akachena, voga mavara ari zuva
chakarondedzera, dzakadai yaisanganisa nyaradza ekuverengesa mavara.Onawo
anoreva S. 269 zvinhu nezvokudzokera dzaro Pogg. XCIV ,. 13
65)

Pogg. Ann. LXXXVI, 501 va-.

Kuti mavara asazivikanwa achishandisa kuramba pakuongorora, naizvozvo ruvara

pfungwa dzaro anonyangarika vachiwedzera, anozivikanwa. Zvikurukuru
dzinonakidza uye anorayiridza Ndezvokutongwarira zvinotevera bvunzo muchimiro
iyo Moser (Pogg. LVI, 194) maererano Brewster 66) anotungamirira therefor.
66)

Kurondedzera The tanga Brewster asingazikamwi kwandiri.

"On vakawanda vakasarudza izvozvo anotaura inonakidza kuedza kuti isu

chikwereti Brewster, uye izvo zvinogona nyore zvakakwana risimbiswe. Funga
chakarondedzera kenduru murazvo kuburikidza prism akaramba, saka pakutanga
Zvibvisike tsvuku uye girini, uye dzimwe zvitema, tinoona vachiwedzera, pasina
anozunungusa ziso, ipapo haazombotaurwi kunyange yeyero majana kupinda chena,
kuti munhu anoona pane prismatic mavara chete noruvara chena, elongated
mufananidzo murazvo. sezvandakareva, uku kuedza wokumwe anobudirira pasina
dambudziko, uye sezvo ini ndachengeta uchitsanya, kana munhu unocherekedza
rokumusoro fungiro neruoko uye slamming chinonditadzisa. kana uine chena
chidzitiro pashure anenge 1 / 2 kunosvika miniti uye aibvumirwa pasi fungiro
nokuvhura ziso zvakare kamwe, saka kuonekwa kwekanguva ari chakarondedzera
ayo ruvara kuti ipapo kuenda muchiedza chena nzvimbo. "
Moser anoita kuedza iyi chokuti mune zvimwewo kuti yakashatiswa mumufambiro
daguerreotypischen anokonzerwa mavara akasiyana mwaranzi "yunifomu
mugumisiro mavara ose, tsvuku dzakaita uye munyoro pamwe, zvirokwazvo
paruchaitika sirivha iodide panyaya pavakatonga zvinoti nokutsigirwa ipapo vazviise
iodide ipapo dzora ari mekuri mhute uye blacken nawo mamwe kuramba
nezvemidzimu. "
Zvishoma nezvishoma rinooma mavara nokuramba nekuonekwa ndiko kushamise,
pane vakutarisire White kubudikidza kuramba nekuonekwa ari mavara.

Panyaya iyi, ndinoyeuka pano zvinotevera, muri yangu zvaanorumbidza 67) :

"Vheiri rima, izvo ane intuited pamusoro mutema kumashure chena mapepa
rinofukidza zvishoma nezvishoma zvidzidzo hakusi kwakachena kuchena, asi
zvinoita neruvara zvakasiyana. Zvikurukuru kuoneka ndiye chinonakidza kana
munhu anoita yokuedza zvakananga chezuva. Ini, pashure pokuona meso
kwechinguva akaramba akavhara kuitira kubvisa mushure-zvinokonzerwa yapfuura
nemaonero, zvakafanana pamusoro chena, avete dema bepa pamushana mumunda,
saka ini unogona ari nguva yokutanga, nemhaka imwe mhando kudzvokora, zvachose
pasina chivakashure mafungiro pamusoro Muzviitiko kuvapo kana kusavapo staining,
asi ndinoona kuti kuva chete papera nguva, chokwadi, akadaro Bald zvinoti kana
bepa anotendeuka zviri yero, ipapo zvitema-kuchena kana zvitema, pasina kuti
ndinoda kuva pane kakawanda kuedza munhu Transitional padanho kubudikidza
Green. munganzwisisa, pakupedzisira tsvuku-Violet kana matsvuku, tsvuku dzakaita
danho ndiyo ;. yebhuruu kazhinji anotora nguva refu usati zvinoenda
zvinotevera. Mushure tsvuku kana red-Violet, handichina munganzwisisa; kunyange
ndichidzidza kuedza nesimba guru ziso. Uyewo zvakafanana masikati Ndine
zvawamaka kutevedzana colorations kazhinji azviziva, kunyange kunyange
nokutsunga kupfuura rumwe; okupedzisira colorations maviri Ndakaziva pano nyore
kupfuura yokutanga tsvuku dzakaita zvakanaka. The red-Violet kana tsvuku ingi
muchikamu chokupedzisira kazhinji kuona, kunyanya vanhuwo chiedza masikati,
mottled pamwe mutema, uye napamusoro ukanyatsozvitarisa akawana kuti izvi
ndizvo vata- nzvimbo bepa, izvo zvinobva dzacho duku anorovera. "
67)

Pogg. L, 306th

Szokalski 68) akaita runoenzanirana nekuonekwa achiti: "Tinoda kuva mativi

chigamba chena pepa dema pasi, kuvhenekera yose achishandisa chiedza chena uye
kutendeuka kwedu anopenya vakanyatsoteerera pamusoro sikweya, nokutora
chinzvimbo zvokuti chiedza haasi zvakananga asangana meso edu. apo tine nenzira
iyi bepa mashoma masekondi chokuita anopenya vaiona, pane yero ruvara, uye kana
tikaramba kuedza zvakawanda, zvikuru zvishoma pane greenish, gamuchirai ipapo
zvitema ane ruvara uye pakupedzisira regai vaonekwe. "
68)

Pamusoro nezvekufadza mavara. P. 11

Izvi zvisinei akapora kubva zvangu ndinoona kuti pasi chibvumirano chavo
tinotofanira ruvara vachinje pamwe yangu kushamise, sezvo ndiro kunyorerana
pakati Szokalski uye ini hazvingawanikwi panzira kwakafanana afterimage pamusoro
White kunodzikira, chii Ndiri pano kwete mumwe zvakadzama eingehe. Asi iye
anotungamirira ane zvenguva padanho mitema chandaiita vasingagoni cherechedzai,
uye chitarisiko anaye haana dzibudirire kusvikira pakupedzisira, tsvuku, danho.
21) The chitarisiko runogona ziso pfungwa rwakakwana mavara, uye zvinenge
zvakadai munharaunda pamwe; inova chinhu tsamba nzvimbo muumambo maketeni.
22) mavara kuti vasangane runoenzanirana pfungwa vose retinas vanokwanisa
kupa pfungwa chete vakavhengana ruvara pasi zviito zvakakodzera (rwakakwana

mavara akadaro. B. ugare pasi chena), sokunge pamwechete-tora iri akafanana

pfungwa, asi zvinoita wakaparadzaniswa mune nzeve kuitika (pashure neNjiva
zvakaitika 69) havagoni kupa zvakafanana wemishonga matauriro, kunoitika apo
kunotangira pamusoro chete nzeve.
69)

Pogg. CVII, 653rd

"Kubva vaviri, akakwana wechishanu kuri, Tuning nemaforogo rimwe rakaitirwa

pamberi yorudyi, mumwe haasi chikamu pamberi kuruboshwe. The zvichizoita ari
pasi pasi kuti zvose zviri zviviri vibration gadziriro Tartini'sche kurira kwazvo
zvakajeka apo vose nemaforogo akatarisana chete nzeve. "
It waramba kuti rwakakwana mavara dzinogona kubatanidzwa pane
runoenzanirana retinal nzvimbo pazvidhindo pamusoro White, uye chokwadi
zvikunde zvishoma rave nokukurumidza pfungwa mumwe, ipapo mumwe kunyora
mavara, ndedzipi zviratidzo vanonzi. Kukwikwidzana. Zvichakadai, zvinobatana kuti
zita White raMwari nezvakaitika Njiva 70), Foucauld uye Regnault 71) uye pachake
mitambo yangu pasi yakakodzera matanho mubvunzo uye zvakaenzana nevamwe
pane rwakakwana mavara yesangano kubatanidza kuti tsamba nzvimbo
yakaisvonaka vakavhengana ruvara apo siya makwikwi zvinogonawo kana akaita
vakanyaradza. 72)
70)

Berl. Monatsber. 1841. peji 251 kana Pogg. LXXI, 111th

71)

L'Instit. XVII, 1849. p. . 4

72)

. Ona Vlckers muna Mller raMwari Arch 1838. p.64; Prevost muna
Pogg. LXII, 1844. S. 566; A. Seebeck muna Pogg. LXVIII, 1846. S. 455; Bridge
Pogg. XC, 1853. S. 606; Njiva muna Pogg. CI, S. 147th
23) Hatigoni kuti pamadiro kusika miviri-kunzwa ave diplopia zvakafanana.
24) Kana inzwi rimwe nzeve chinopinda oga kana kusimba kupfuura dzimwe, saka
tinokwanisa kusiyanisa zvakanaka, inova nzeve oga kana yokungazodzoka Reason
kukanganiswa;Zvisinei, hatigoni kusiyanisa umo maziso zvose chinhu chinooneka.
An Assortment yokudiwa pano chokwadi uye ukama ndine mu bhuku rangu "On
vamwe zvemupiro binocular chiono" iri Abhandl. Der Sachs. Soc. Masvomhu uye
phys. Cl. Vol. V, peji 548 va-., Kupi.
c) zvekungofungira, dzinoita zvakakodzera kutsanangura kumashure
pfungwa chibvumirano uye musiyano.
Icho chinhu yakapiwa kuti woisa pfungwa Congruent uye siyana chiedza uye
kurira manzwiro pamwe panyama Congruent kumigumo uye akasiyana mune ukama,
uye psychophysics havagoni kunzvenga basa iri. Asi kwokunze ezvinhu mumuviri
nekuonekwa yedu pakarepo inosvikirika uye saka aigona zvakare kunzi chete
pakupedzisira; munhu akakwana psycho-mumuviri dzidziso asi pakupedzisira
kudzokera revadzidzi zvenyika, uye nheyo kuderera uku ndiko kuva chaizvo, kuti isu
kubudikidza kubva kurutivi rumwe kusvikira zvokunze kurwara, iyo kuvimba

womukati, kubva kuno rumwe rutivi ari kutekenyedzwa ratios kuti kuvimba
revadzidzi zvirwere, pedyo ichi pachake; uye chii asingazivikanwe uye
hazvizivikanwi kubva rumwe rutivi, vachitsvaka kupedza kubva mhiri.
Chero bedzi chinamatidzwa ichi vachiri kunosiya Makwanza kana kukahadzika
kuramba chii isu saka akazaruka, chete pfungwa, uye isu takamira panyaya iyi pano
chero zvakawanda kana zvishoma pane maonero pfungwa; Zvisinei zvinogona
kubatsira kutsvaka zvikuru yaizoputsika asati richisvika chokwadi, panzira chokwadi
mundima iyi inogona chete kuenda kuburikidza Kuongorora kunge kwose kwose, uye
ane jeko mutsetse pakati kupfuura yaizoputsika pfungwa uye chokwadi kwose kwose
kwete kudhonza. nzira iyi kuwana chokwadi vanoramba, kureva pasina kuti ariwana
pano,
Uyewo kuri psychophysical kufarira oga chii hindrngt vamwe zvekungofungira
pamusoro yezvakaita psychophysical mabasa, izvo pasi manzwiro edu, asi panguva
imwe chete nazvo chaiko uye vasiri; uye kunyange vaongorori chaiyo kunge, sezvo
zvinogona kuonekwa kubva pasi achitaura, vakawana chikonzero kutsivira
nekuonekwa mumunda ichi kuburikidza nezvenhanho hypotheses zvakakodzera.
Zvino kubva pfungwa iyi maonero Ini kupa uyewo inotevera, vamwe, vamwe
ambotaurwa vaiona zvakakodzera nevamwe, pamwe kubva avo kuongorora zviri
pfuma ukama I funga hypotheses zvakakodzera nechinangwa tichiongorora
pamusoro. nhamba yavo, pane mashanu hamufaniri vatye, nokuti mana okupedzisira
digits inongova uwane zvokudya wokutanga, dzinokosha pfungwa, izvo dzinoitwa
pamwe neboka nexus chokwadi, saka kuti havasi vose pamwe chete, sezvo
yakavakirwa anorenda pamusoro Nexus ichi , Hakuna munhu chokwadi kuitira kuti
dzaigona kumanikidza pamutemo; asi haina kugadzirira kurerutswa pashure chete
kuona.
Chokutanga, inokosha, ndeyokuti mabasa yedu huta gadziriro, izvo zvinokonzerwa
nechiedza uye kurira kubwaira, uye iro chiedza uye kurira manzwiro vakuru ukama,
kwete zvishoma kupfuura anotikurudzira pachachowo muchimiro vibrational
anodudzira kufunga.
Kuzviruramisa pfungwa iri kutanga kuonesa kuti pfungwa pamusoro pezvakaita
kufamba uko kuti manzwiro edu kana kutsigira zvose mamwe kuferefeta
zvakakodzera, kuti zvive kunongoreva yakavhomorwa kumusoro chokwadi uye
tinoda tsananguro kuti zvakanakisisa kufufutirwa. Zvino, chiedza uye kurira
kubwaira tiri oscillating, uye sezvo kunyange yokungotaura kana ruzivo chikonzero
chiripo tisafunge zvenguva achishandisa yedzimudzangara, izvo pamwe vanogona
chinozoiswa zvishoma nezvishoma imwe oscillating kufamba, saka atova papeji ino,
oscillating hunhu, chiedza chedu uye sensorineural kunzwa pasi, kufamba
zvichida. Kunyange kana munhu achida kunzwisisa akamutsva chiedza uye kuridza
kubwaira kuchinja sezvo makemikari, zvavangava kufanana kana sei
vangangodzingwa zvakabatana kanenge, achava kuderedza navo kuchinja
samolecular ratios pakupedzisira, iyo, kana nokuda vibrations vari kwakamutsa uye
kuvaraidzwa, kashoma rakasiyana kunyange akafunga pasi muchimiro vibrational
anodudzira; uko pakutanga anogona kuramba undecided nokuda mibvunzo

yakawanda, zvakadini vanofanira kureva kumakwai ponderable kana imponderable

zvikamu etsinga. Zvavaibvumirana vose kufamba zvinogona nokusingaperi kuitwa
chete imwe chechinyorwa, izvo zvisinei dai wgbren inoramba aigona azviite
nekaupenyu zvikukutu Zentra pamusoro imponderable kuti simba hukama pakati
ponderable uye imponderable inoramba.
Chii anozviratidza kubva kurutivi rumwe pane kunge kuonekwa kubva mhiri sezvo
zvaida, chero bedzi kuti zvaizova zvisina zvinobvira kushivirira ezvinhu vesangano
raida, ivo ratios pamusoro nezvekufadza kupinda kushanda ukama, asi mamiriro
ezvinhu ane oscillating kufamba, sezvo chitsauko 32nd akaratidza. Sezvineiwo,
pfungwa nesimba kubva mberi kutanga kuva zvakakwana General kubvumira
kunyange siyana qualifiers maererano nezvinodiwa chii zviri kumirira zvikurukuru,
mudane chokwadi, kunyanya,
Vaongorori vakawanda kwazvo, saka kusvikira izvo, kukonzerwa mapato akataura
yezvakaita chiedza uye kurira anotikurudzira kuti tsinga vedu, izvo mumuviri uye
vasiri nyaya dzimwe nguva inogona asina kudziviswa, nguva dzose aizivikanwa
chete pfungwa, uye kuti chikamu kare akakurukura hwakadzama gadziriro yayo.
Zvinokosha zvikuru kuziva kuti kunyange Newton, hazvinei zvose chinangwa
Pfungwa chiedza dzaimiririrwa anobuda mugadziriro, akanga achiita pachake
kufunga vibrations mune utano hwake somunhu aitsigirwa kutekenyedzwa yechiedza,
izvo anoda chete okuti mubvunzo (quaestio) nokuda kwedu okuti pfungwa; ne (.
Optica, lib III) inoti:
"Quaestio 12. Annon radii luminis, incidendo muna fundum oculi, excitant
vibrationes quasdam muna tunica kunenge, quae quidem vibrationes, propagatae
Inde por Solidas nervorum opti corum fibra muna cerebrum usque, sensam ibi
Vivendi excitent? Nam, quandoquidem corpora densa conservant calorem suum
diutius, bv Ut qaodque corpus densissimum Est, ita calorem suum diutissime
conservat; utique vibrationes partium suarum Natura sunt durabili adeoque,
propagari possunt muna longinqua usque spatia por Solidas materiae uniformis; ac
densae fibra, AD transmittendos vari cerebrum videlicet motus sensuum omnium
organis impressos .... ,
Quaestio 13. Annon radii diversorum Generum vibrationes excitant diversa
magnitudine; quae scilicet vibrationes, por hnen cujusque magnitudine, sensus
diversorum excitent colorum; simili fere ratione, ac vibrationes Aeris, por hnen
itidem ipsarum diversa magnitudine, sensus Sonorum excitant diversorum? Et
nominatim, annon radii Maxime refrangibiles, vibrationes excitant brevissimas,
muGiriyedhi sensum movendum coloris violacei saturi; radii minime refrangibiles,
vibrationes longissimas, muGiriyedhi sensum coloris rabri saturi; bv radii Generum
omnium intermediorum, vibrationes comparate intermedias, muGiriyedhi sensum
colorum diversomm intermediorum eicitandum?
Quaestio 14. Annon fleri potest, ud harmonia bv discordia colorum oriatur E
proportionibus vibrationum propagatarum por nervorum opti corum fibra muna
cerebrum; similiter harmonia bv discordia Sonorum oritur E proportionibus
vibrationum Aeris? Sunt Nokuti alii colores, si Se juxta invicem positi simul

inspiciuntur, oculis grati, ud auri bv indici, alii Zvino kubvisa grati. "
Grailich, muna s. Abhandl. kuburikidza d. dzidziso yakavhenganiswa mavara
XIII. anoti:
p. 247. "Mumwe nomumwe munhu kufamba (the Eteri) pakupedzisira asangana
tsinga Kufananidzira kuti dzatingaratidza ndivanaMesiya transverse vibrations
pamwe chete nekodzero sezvo Eteri anotaura pachavo; zvingava zvakaoma kuona,
kutaura zvazviri, nei ari kutarisana midziyo, iye akatamisira kufamba imwe mhando
inofanira kuva, sezvo vari kufamba kusvikira zvino zvinopesana svikiro nezvimwewo
" Uye p. 259: "Chisarudzo rakazova Calcul irege yakavhomorwa, uye ndaifanira
kudzokera kuna chiito yokuona asi zvinoita sokuti achangopedza munhu achipfeka
kuti inofamba raEta kugovana etsinga okunze uye kuzununguswa izvi oscillatory
chitsungo zvakafanana. , uyewo anotevera nekurovererwa, etc. "
Kugadzirira umhare pfungwa naW Herschel, Melloni uye A. Seebeck yave
nezvokudzokera kare kumusoro.
Munogona Kubva inception zvirokwazvo mubvunzo kuti ane pfungwa iyi
mamiriro kumiririra mamiriro ezvinhu nokusurukirwa panyama, akagutiswa
zvachose, kana anofunga basa iri voruzhinji, kunobva kwaari hunhu yacho. Nokuti
munoita sokuti vanoda mwoyo kubva pakutanga, kuti kukwanisa inomirira
zvemupiro chibvumirano pakati kutekenyedzwa nzvimbo chiedza uye ruzha,
kusiyana-siyana, izvo takakurukura. Chii isu anomira vibrations zvachose nokuraira
kwake, izvo zvaigona kuita akasiyana manzwiro vakuru zvaanoda pane kusiyana
yezvakaita vibrating svikiro, kusiyana oscillation amplitude, oscillation nguva uye
waveform; asi rinogonawo kuitwa nemataundi misiyano inokosha yakadai kwayo
sezvo kuvapo pakati yokuona uye auditory kutekenyedzwa? Apo neEteri uye chiedza
vibrations ndezvaJehovha zvachose kuti siyana venhau, uye kunyange zviri
kumboadya kuti avo bedzi imponderable, dzinoshuma ichi kune ponderable vari
etsinga, saka dai vachiri ichisvota, kusiyana kwenyaya dzakadaro occulta
Qualitas kutsunga kuti akasiyana kutekenyedzwa aigona Uchaibata, kutoti
akusungirire maitiro maitiro zvakasiyana mariri. Kana amplitude uye nguva chiedza
oscillations chiri zvikuru chiduku zvikuru pane kuti dzekudenga vibrations, uye
kwete yawakanga richiita nzvimbo zvino vachiwirirana pamwe kufara nako huta
vibrations, fruchtet ichi chinhu kutsanangura musiyano inokosha kunaka vose
nezvekufadza. Nokuti Akaroromesawo amplitude uye nguva pamwe manotsi, mavara
nguva dzose chete anochinja simba uye kukwirira nokurira maonero, nokupenya uye
kunaka kutekenyedzwa ruvara, asi rinoramba mutsindo maonero, ruvara
manzwisisire, uye rinoratidza haana kuchangotanga katsika kuchinja pakati
zviviri. Pakupedzisira, panyaya kuumba, saka chiedza oscillations kunogona
externally dzakatwasuka, dzeraundi, elliptical, mugaremo chiedza
vibrations. Zvakafanana ruzha vibrations kunogona externally dzakatwasuka,
dzeraundi, elliptical, mugaremo kutinhira vibrations, uye hatina kodzero tisafunge
ane kuchinja kupararira waveform zvokunze mukati, saka zvichiratidzika kuva kubva
mhiri uyewo hapana chikonzero vamwe waveforms pane dzimwe tsinga
yokurambidza kana kuti kumisa nhungamiro, Qualitative kusiyana manzwiro chimiro

kusiyana vibrations.
Uye ichi makwara zvose iite vakaatsinzina, achishandisa pfungwa dzedu, chinhu
munzvimbo, pazviri yakaiswa kuzadzisa.
Ndinobvuma kuti kuoma panhau iyi kwandiri kwenguva kusvika insoluble aifunga,
saka ini asi kutenda kwavo Zvingangokubatsirai, nokuti ndaitenda muna mukana
wemauto shanduro psychophysics, asi kuti ndinoda kuva munhu nzira kubvuma
akabudirira. Uyewo, kwakadaro varege kuva nyore kuwana kubudikidza
nezvavanofunga ane vakawanda hunhu.Sezvo ini asi kune chaiyo ezvinhu manzwiro
zvose uye mamiriro ezvinhu pasi yavakanga simuka, anotaura nyaya ndinoona kuti
iwe kutungamirirwa nawo kuva mumwe kuitwa kuti pfungwa imwe saka inokosha
musiyano pakati ratios zvinowanzobata zvisiri pachena kwavari oscillatory kufamba
kuti matambudziko avo, kunyange kana asina kutarira zvachose, asi kuderedzwa
kusvika sokuti wayo vachasimudza izere vanogona kunzi pfungwa zvinogoneka kuti
kwete chete haana kururamisira pane zvayo vakawanda nokuongorora yaaizova, asi
vasingagoni kunyange varipo. Kwakadaro mharidzo modes vave qualifiers pakati
yapfuura pfungwa pazasi.
Pfungwa yechipiri, iyo ini Naizvozvo, zvakare kwete wokutanga, anorasira, ndiko
kuti, anenge ose ruvara mwaranzi pamusoro chakarondedzera zvinogona panoonekwa
nomumwe Optikusfaser apo, anoshandawo manzwi akasiyana yakakwirira
nechomukati kubudikidza fibers siyana pamusoro auditory etsinga kuitira kuti ,
mumwe nomumwe ave tambo pamwe chete inzwi, kana panzvimbo zvakadaro duku
kumucheto pakati zvenzwi kuti haagoni kupatsanurwa kubva hearings anoshanda.
Nokuti kutanga kuona kunyange chinhu zvingaita sezvisingaiti, sezvo pfungwa iyi,
sezvo pasina chikonzero kugadzirisa siyana auditory zvakasiyana voltage sezvo
Tambo siyana kuti zvivepo chinhu sokuti chii vibrations chero nenamo akaramba
kupinda Akustikusfasern zvose. Latest zvidzidzo anatomical pamusoro auditory
zvishandiso zvino dzakaratidza kuti inokosha auditory inokosha elastic maumbirwo
(anonzi. Corti fibers vari cochlea, chairwo bristles paruvanze) zvakaiswa vachionana,
izvo sokuti wakanyatsokodzera ayo encombrements siyana uye tora elasticity ratios
vibrations dzakasiyana nokukurumidza uye dzinoshuma kuti nyanga tsinga harinzwi
chii unogona kuverenga mamwe manotsi zvinotevera activation. Ko zvino yakadaro
dudziro izvi Gehilde kure asi mumwe chete zvinogoneka sezvo nechokwadi, achiri
zvikuru, anatomischerseits unoruramisa mukana uyu kuti aone pashure vamwe
folgends mberi kukurukurwa zvikonzero neumwe faniro sokuti chete kuti kuenda
ikoko.
A bhuku iri kuripo pakati penyaya zvaikodzera M. Schultze (pamusoro
Endigungsweise ari auditory etsinga ari labyrinth muna Mller raMwari Arch.,
1858. p. 343), kunosanganisira p. 380 sezvinotevera:
"The Corti fibers pamwechete akawedzera neni chishongedzo hurongwa
zvakafanana zvisikwa zvinogona anoonekwa somunhu kutsigira mudziyo nokuda
rakarukwa uye seari cellular marongerwo uye afferent tsinga fibers, asi kwete
somunhu kutsigira mudziyo ndinoda kuziva nezvenzvimbo Corti fibers ;. Kunenge
anofanira anonzi chete, zvikuru. Zviripachena zvinotsigira chairwo hwakakungwa

nezvenzvimbo fibers izvi, kuda kwavo kuti Kamudzira basilar mumwe mugumo, avo
kuomarara uye elasticity, kwavanoshuva, pashure zvose, chii unogona kuona,
panotanga vibrations zvakafanana, izvo angasimudzira omumwe ruzha apo achiziva
zvinhu zviri pedyo kubatana sezvinobvira kuiswa navo. emandiriri ezvinhu zvimwe
masero etsinga pamakona bifurcated kuparadzanise pematanda, kana sandwiched
pakati zononoka lamina uye curved nokusanzwira vanofanira kudaro kubvuma
tuzvikonzero zvakatonyanya, izvo kutanga Chokwadi asi, saka chero bedzi
anatomical ezvinhu vasiri mberi bata, ndezvaJehovha zvachose kusvikira umambo
pfungwa. Kupi kana kuedza Zoom neeSultan, kana kuti nedzidziso sezvo pano,
zviitiko pamusoro pathological ezvinhu nokukurumidza kutarisirwa kupa tsananguro,
kufanana kwakadaro kana kudedera chivako iri mubvunzo kubva mamiriro
yakaisvonaka curiosities panze, kuva panzvimbo. "
Hazvibviri kupa pasina rondedzero uye kubatsirwa mifananidzo kana schematic
Nhamba ane zulngliche pfungwa yacho yakaoma mudziyo une yakatarwa pamwe
cochlear etsinga harinzwi pachinhu Corti midziyo iri zononoka lamina, uye kwose
kwose zvakaoma, chaicho kuti dzokumabvazuva. An nezvakataurwa inofananidza
Zviri migumisiro ichangobva anatomical kuferefeta, kunze azvino basa Deiters,
akapiwa Funke kuti Lehrb. physiology. 3rd ed., 1860. Vol. II, peji 90 zvi-. The
kuongorora kupfuura kwakakwana asi ane (pashure atova yapfuura bhuku iri Siebold
uye Klliker kwakaita magazini) Deiters mu bhuku duku, "Studies pamusoro lamina
spiralis membranacea, Bonn pa1860" akanunura.
Very zvinorayiridza uye kuve nyore kunzwisisa zvinyorwa izvi ndaiva kumhanya
Rte nokuda Deiter'schen ainyora muenzaniso huru chimedu zononoka lamina
pamwe Corti nhengo vemiti nebepa. Man kushamiswa uwandu particularities kuti
pano maonero kamwe, uye anowana pachake kuti havagoni zviparadzwe ikoko.
Kureva mirayiridzo Deiters'schen Fonts zvichida pfungwa parachuti, anoonekwa
kuva anokosha, saka ndiyo zononoka lamina rinozivikanwa kubva mhou yomukati,
kuti modiolus ari sikuruu, uye membranous yokunze, pamadziro sikuruu accreting,
nhengo. Ichi membranous chikamu chiri zvikuru kaviri, izvozvo zvinosanganisira
pakati hwendefa vaviri, mumwe guyo kana bhesimendi Kamudzira, membrana
basilar, inova zvakananga kuenderera periosteum ari Scala vestibuli, uye
repamusoro, kavha Kamudzira kana Corti Kamudzira, mumwe kuzorwa labyrinth
mvura yaita mhango iyo yava anoonekwa somunhu chikero wechitatu, Scala nhau,
pakati Scala tympani uye Scala vestibuli. In ichi Scala nhau ndicho yakaoma
midziyo, zvawakabudiswa nazvo kumigumo cochlear etsinga fibers zvakabatana, uye
chii chinonyanya kukosha akadana. Organ pamusoro Corti ndiye.
Kuti kuona nhengo Corti schematically, mumwe anofanira kufungidzira nedenga
kana denga kuti Kamudzira basilar akaisa mhando, yakaumbwa vaviri dhumhana
kubva M. basilar kuti obliquely pamusoro mumwe vachikwira Arch zvikamu kana
gumbo pamusoro M. basilar , pfungwa ine zvinongoitikawo asi kwete zvose zvikure
pamwe chete, sezvinoitwa hinji, mumwe ginglymus mhando (Deiters S. 39)
pachishandiswa unobatanidza anokosha zvikamu, izvo zvinoumba chokuvhenekesa
kwedenga, tiri chinjwa vakabatana. makumbo aya anonzi Corti fibers, dzinova

upturned zvikuru mushure modiolus ari cochlea panguva M. basilar ikoko

zvakasimba stapled sezvo womukati kana vachikwira faibha kana internet 1st
musara, zvikuru pashure Schneckenwand kuomerera M. basilar vacho, sezvo
zvokunze kana nokuburuka faibha, internet 2nd musara anokudzwa. Jira yose
yaunganidzwa Anheftungen uye kutsigirwa zvinoreva panzvimbo. machira vakadaro
vakamiswa parutivi achitevedza yose vasingaverengeki zononoka lamina. Zvinoita
sokuti (Deiters S. 30), vari vakakomba mune Scala nhau emura, uye ichi hachisi
(kufanana Claudius akataura) akazara zvakakwana Zellenparenchym asi vakadaro
variko chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo kubva Scala nevezvenhau, zvokuti Corti nhengo
chinogara akasununguka.
Mushure Deiters (27. 29), womukati nokusanzwira ndiye substantially
homogeneous, yakasimba, rakanyorwa-ndoda gobvu sezvo rwakafara chivako,
vanachandagwinyira, zvishoma kuchinja, zvakawanda pfava, zvikuru elastic
kupfuura chokunze nokusanzwira. Simba pafuma yomukati nokusanzwira
kunowedzera kubva nzira dzavo kuti top zvishoma nezvishoma."In zvarakanga
curved chinzvimbo vachava mune imwe makakatanwa, achifudza mberi navo
yakatwasuka." Zvisinei, The rokunze nokusanzwira, ndeyokushingaira Deiters ane
rotund, tubular mamiriro pamusoro iyo goko uye inowirirana kugutsikana kunogona
kusiyaniswa parutivi; simba rokunze nokusanzwira kwakafanana kwese, iyo elasticity
riri shoma, mukana wokushandiswa mukuru kuruvazhe nokusanzwira, kuguma
kwayo, izvo agere iye pamusoro Kamudzira basilar (Deiters 37), "pachangu bhero
serin'i kana fanera-zvakaumbwa kuwedzera, pamwe lumen ayo agere munzira
pamusoro nechigadziko Kamudzira, kuti ekupedzisira pakarepo mberi mune
yaimbova. " "The bhero chinhu chakaipa panguva kusachengeteka kukuru pakona
yorusvingo kusvikira Kamudzira basilar" uye "angaenzaniswa mukombe ruva."
Zviri ini kubva rondedzero iyi haisi pachena zvachose kana pamuromo fanera
yakazaruka chisimbiso pamusoro inovhiringidza yokuchinja mvura kana kuburikidza
Kamudzira basilar iri.
The Kuparadzirwa tsinga mune nhengo pamusoro Corti wayo Pertinenzien ndiye
yakaoma chaizvo, uye kukura uye yokupedzisira harinzwi chete Zvakawanda
anoramba kujeka.Pano haagoni kukurukurwa zvizere.
Emandiriri bristles pamwe zviri pamigumo vestibular etsinga pachinhu kuti
akasabvumirana muna Funke raMwari Lehrb. II, S. 91 f. A siyana urefu uye protrude
vakasununguka kupinda inovhiringidza yokuchinja mvura. By yakapoteredza
anatomical zveBhaibheri pamusoro Handina kuzivikanwa.
An pachake pfungwa, kuitira kure sezvo kuva zvichibvira, haazombotadzi
ichasiyiwa pakutanga kusvikira anatomists vane hwakadzama unyanzvi ezvinhu,
nyaya yacho inogona kunzi; asi kuferefeta wose anoita asati mberi kusvikira,
anobvumira vakadaro.
Chete pfungwa haisi chete apfuura, kunyange pamberi avo anatomical
zvakawanikwa yakaitwa, akaiswa kakawanda, asi zvikuru munguva ichangobva
Helmholtz akaita akadzokororazve pfungwa iyi; uye kwete urombo Ndiri simba iri
kwazvo uye akangwara mutsvakurudzi pamwe imwechete kutaura.

. (. Cf. uyewo peji 225) Muzana amtl mishumo 34th rokusangana zvakasikwa
German uye vanachiremba muna Karlsruhe, 1859. S. 157 ndiyo mharidzo
zvakafanana "About chikonzero zvokunyama kuwirirana uye kupesanisa"
akadhindwa, andinovenga kukwereta zvinotevera ndima:
"Kazhinji, kufamba mhepo, uko anogadzirwa pachishandiswa zviridzwa, nyanzvi
achimiririrwa chitsama mhepo kufamba izvo siyana nyore zvenzwi pamusoro N, 2n,
3n etc. vibrations kunyorerana. Zvisinei, sezvamunoita izvozvi dzedenga sangano
inongobata akarongeka ingano, uye asi tinowanawo munzeve pamwe zvakakwana
nokunyatsocherechedza akawana kuti zvose zvakafanana nomumwe nhengo kuti
dzakatevedzana mitinhimira anonzwisiswa, dzinova n oscillations sezvo mudzi,
vamwe sezvo dzakakwirira harmonics ayo. zviri Pakadaro apo maumbirwe
oscillatory kufamba inogona zvakarurama kutsunga, z. B. tambo akauraya,
nechokwadi kuti nzeve anonzwa avo harmonics zvose vane dzazvinogara nhengo
varipo vari akarongeka okuti, chisipo arege kuteerera. "
"Izvi zvikuru unoshamisa uye chairwo mano nzeve, iro uyewo rinovimba kuti
siyana zvenzwi ane nevaya zvinogona kupatsanurwa, aizowana tsananguro dzavo,
kana taifunga kuti emandiriri elastic mundiro uye bvudzi, izvo Munguva
ichangopfuura kumigumo kwakawanikwa pakati auditory etsinga ansitzend, mumwe
rinoenderana chairo inzwi, zvokuti mumwe auditory tsinga anonzwa chete kana
tsamba inzwi nyore anopiwa vavo elastic zvinoshandiswa vibrates. "
Kumwewo (.. Pogg Ann CVIII, 1859. S. 290) yaanozvitaura sezvinotevera:
"Ini kare kutaura imwe nzvimbo pfungwa yokuti mumwe tsinga faibha ari auditory
etsinga zvichiitirwa chokupika yakananga namo, uye zvakatanga apo kurira zvasvika
nzeve, apo nenamo ari vemumapato elastic mamiriro (Corti ' ushe nhengo kana
kusimuka munyika ndiro) anoenderana. Ipapo kutekenyedzwa pamusoro timbres
akasiyana kuderedza iyoyo, vamwe vari zvakatanga pamwe faibha, iyo anowana
mudzi zvakafanana nechimiro chokureva. "
Patsime Helmholtz aiti chikuru chikonzero pfungwa yedu dzakasiyana maitiro ari
kuteerera yokuona uye auditory nefemero. Kana mavara inobatsira hwakakanyiwa
neMweya chete Optikusfaser, tinokwanisa kuburikidza chero simba hanya, mumwe
pamberi rimwe kusimudza kupinda zvaiitika. Kusiyana neizvi, kana achipinda
zvenzwi neMweya iwoyu nzeve, tinokwanisa kusvika pamwero kubudikidza
mirayiridzo pfungwa zvino umwe, zvino zviparadzanise akasiyana matauriro, uye
kunyanya hanya zvinoumba rinoumba matauriro.Vanofanira zvose panguva imwe
chete tikabvunzurudzwa zvenzwi anonzwisiswa zvakafanana yakadyidzana imwe
Akustikusfaser, saka musiyano iri migumisiro pfungwa vasingagoni
kutsanangura; imi muchibata pamwe ndiko nyaya kana ruzha akasiyana panoonekwa
fibers siyana kuti tinogona kudhonza pfungwa dzedu upi zvakanaka chikamu
chinooneka munda.
A nyore chaizvo uye inosvitswa kuedza anotora maonero ichi kubatsira:
Munofunga pamberi neimwe nzeve muhomwe yokurinda, mumwe kurova uyere
mumwe yokurinda vachanzwa matambudziko zvose wachi dzemhando yepamusoro,

uye zvichienderana munhu atambanudza pfungwa imwe kana mumwe nzeve

munganzwisisa ave kuti mamwe zvakasiyana. Vanofanira kutarisirwa uchagona, chii
vanogona kubhadhara, uko nokurohwa vose wachi dzemhando yepamusoro
panoonekwa zviviri zvakasiyana huta, kunyange kuita kunyange zvinonzwisiswa
panoonekwa chete etsinga apo, mumwe vaizova matambudziko uye nguva vose
wachi dzemhando yepamusoro rinoreva demgemer kufara pfungwa inogonawo
sechinhu chinokosha kana muchichengeta vaviri wachi dzemhando yepamusoro
pamberi iroro nzeve. Asi uyu anozivikanwa kuedza pamusoro Eh Weber 73) kure
Zvazvakadaro; ivo anorova vose wachi dzemhando yepamusoro dzine kuti ruzha, apo
iwe zvino chete nevakawanda nguva Zvisinei kusimbisa uye simba kuti anoona izvo
Ukuwo haasi kuonesesa, kana muchichengeta vaviri wachi dzemhando yepamusoro
pamberi akasiyana nzeve,, tinoona zviri zvikuru hazviiti kurova uye wachi zvose
wachi zvaizoita yoga pazasi. Sezvineiwo, unogona chete kubudirira vakaenzana
chero vanoshandisa rimwe inzwi, nokuti. Muenzaniso, ruzha, uko zvinoberekwa
vachidzipukuta bvudzi pakati nezvigunwe zviviri hama kundorwa mberi uye vaviri
nzeve panzvimbo kurira wachi dzemhando yepamusoro maviri.
73)

S. ake Abhandl. kuburikidza nokubata uye chakajairika kunzwisisa muna

Wagner kuti Dictionary pamusoro. S. 489th
Kana ruzha vakasiyana chaizvo, saka hapana kunotadzisa kusiyanisa pakati pavo
uye vakaparadzana ne pfungwa, kunyange kana achipinda chete nzeve, uye zuva
nezuva isu kuregeredza kuburikidza kwedu kuremekedza Muenzaniso. Mashoko
emutauri, uye pfungwa dzedu zvachose mutongi, dzimwe wirirana ruzha. Izvi
zvinogona pamwe papfungwa yokuti pfungwa dzedu emandiriri wachi dzemhando
yepamusoro, machemero zhinji, dzakadai chigayo rinorira vane, kunogona pokugara
ari unoenderana kuchinja. Zvisinei, mukuwedzera, mukana kuparadzana kunotsamira
zvikuru pamusoro zvakasiyana-siyana kuti mumwe vangafungidzira vanogona chete
kuwana nzvimbo maererano, sezvo siyana Akustikusfasern vangakanganiswawo
mune dzisakarurama ezvinhu ayo kuitira kuti pfungwa zvichaita kuhwina kurwiswa
inokosha izvozvo. A nyonganyonga zvaitika, pashure zvose, sezvo ndakazviwana asi
chete vakavhiringidzika kwazvo, uye zvakaoma kuziva kana mumwe munhu akanga
achitaura neni, uye panguva imwecheteyo madota vakanga scraped kubva muchoto.
Uchishandisa yapfuura rinonyanya zvinoenderana zvinotevera pamwechete; kana
mavara akawanda optically nyore kuita kubudikidza chete Optikusfaser, vanoenda
pasi mune imwe pfungwa, izvo zvinoreva hunhu akadaro ane zvaizoita kunotangira
ane nemaziso nyore ruvara, uye kunyange kufanana sokuti ane optically nyore ruvara
kubva paavhareji mwero vibration anobvumirana; izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa
kubva chokwadi chokuti mune imwe nokusanzwira kuti superponierenden vibrations
zvakasiyana siyana vibration nguva pashure Grailich'schem musimboti kuvhiringidza
mumwe. Anofanira zvino sezvo ruzha zvose kupinda kuburikidza chete
Akustikusfaser, paisazova achitsanangura nei vaifanira kuparadzwa ari Toneindrucke
kwete kuti ichocho chinoitwa kukanganiswa, iro rine chimiro nyore inzwi, uye
zvinonyatsobatana pedyo kuti avhareji nyore matauriro. Asi chokwadi, kana tivabaye
zvinyorwa zvakasiyana pamwe, hapana panzvimbo mutsa; muboka matauriro asina

chimiro nyore uye haagoni kuvhiringidzwa munhu pakati inzwi pakati vairwara.
Zvisinei, kunyange chidzoke itsva zvenzwi Machiridza kuburikidza kukanganiswa
zvinobvira, dzakadai chidzoke pamusoro wemishonga zvenzwi kunoratidza; asi
kunogona kuratidza kuti wemishonga matauriro nechekare akasikwa kubudikidza
kupindira pakati vibrations dzedenga mumwe kupfuura nzeve, ane chinangwa kuvapo
sezvo zvenzwi kwaita, iye chikwereti mavambo. 74) Iye zvino Chinopinda mbiri
Matauriro kunotangira yaro dzevamhan'ari mudenga Tartini'sche kuridza panguva
imwe chete hanya, zvinonzi panoonekwa yaro chaiyo Akustikusfaser, uye anogona
saka kusiyaniswa kubva kunyora manotsi, izvo hakwaikwanisika kana anoona
kwavari kuburikidza chete Akustikusfaser panguva imwe chete.
74)

comp. Helmholtz, Pogg. XCIX, p.539.

Kana ukaedza munhu Tartini'schen matauriro vaviri Tuning nemaforogo asati vaviri
Obren nzvimbo mumwe nzeve kubereka, saka zviri pashure (pamusoro) akataura
Experience neNjiva kunzwa nokuti vibration neimwe forogo ipapo zvinoonekwa
yoga anonyatsoona kupinda imwe nzeve, uye saka chinangwa Tartini'sche ruzha isina
kugadzirwa, mweya asi pashure chiitiko ichi pacharo haana simba kuti akadaro
kuzviitira kubva yenhengo dzayo.
Izvi zvinogona coherently kutsanangura sei kuti munhu anogona kusiyanisa inzwi
munzvimbo zvenzwi pane mumwe uye Ndozvandinoitawo mativi matatu, ukobvu,
urefu, muzvinhu chiedza chete vaviri, ukobvu uye ruvara mberi. By anklingenden ne
Akustikusfaser Haupttone anogona anoshandawo kuburikidza zvimwe musanganiswa
yepamusoro nechimiro chokureva, uye nokudaro chinhu admixture kuumbwa kuna
Haupttone riri akanzwa inzwi; asi ichi hachisi zvazviri chiso, akapa nechisimba
therethrough Optikusfaser mavara akanyora kakawanda kune migumisiro nyore,
nechisimba dzimwe optic fibers asi kuonekwa spatially discrete.
Zvichida ndiyewo emandiriri uye akaudza nevakawanda chaizvo chiitiko ezvinhu
zvakaoma kunzwa kunzwa kazhinji zvokuridza inonzwika nani zvikuru pane ruzha,
pamwe pfungwa dzedu ukama.
Kana nzira inozivikanwa chokwadi I Aitemwa kupfuura zvinotevera ndima kubva
ouchenjeri Otiatrik Ehrhard (1859) kuti:
p. 41. "My pathological zvaanorumbidza chinoratidza kuti zvokuridza pfungwa
chinangwa kunzwa zvichienderana nenzira zvose nzira; Ndawana chete iziviswe
pakati siyana inosiyana kusanzwa, uye kunyange 2 nguva vari matsi;
chinowanzoonekwa akawana anoshamisa, kuti zvakaoma kunzwa, inzwai Kastenuhr
wangu kwete, masendimita dzangu Repetiruhr mashoma, kushanya nokugutsikana
ane konzati, uye nekusangana eitsvo nuances ane nezvimwe ndakaona Cologne
matsi-chimumumu, uyo akaimba mukereke, kunyange inzwi rake rakanga
takaberekwa toneless. ndakasangana mumwewo akaveza vakakwira nenyere uye
napakuchena kwomwoyo yavo vakaedza. akasiyana-siyana pathological ezvinhu
nzeve, zvose acoustic uye tsinga, kunyange kusvikira nechepakati muviri, sezvo chete
izvozvo kuratidza nematsi, anogona kamwe huripo mimhanzi mupfungwa usauraya. "

Mubvumo anogona kureva kunzi sezvo wemisanganiswa akawanda zvenzwi

akasiyana pakakwirira, iro, chete pakuverengwa vari zvakasimba simba
pachavo. Yatumbuka, nenzwi akapwanya apperception kupinda yenhengo dzayo; uye
kana vasingakupi kana chete zvishoma kupfuudza chikumbaridzo, saka kurira hakusi
kana chete zvishoma kunzwa, apo nechinangwa kurira zvakafanana anesimba
zvakasimba anzwa nokuti haasi yaora ari apperception, asi harisati kusimbiswa chete
nokusanzwira.
Next anosangana chete yapfuura zvikonzero pamwe kutevera. Kukosha pasi pasi
penguva nokuda nguva nenguva kuguma chakarondedzera inzwi okunzwisisa
kunogona nyanzvi mhosva anongozviunganidzira nyore vibration, uye vanofanira
saka, kana vibrations akasiyana dzakakwirira zvenzwi imwe chete Akustikusfaser
aigona kuisa pamwechete, richaparara nokuda chords or the, izvo zvinopesana ruzivo.
Pakupedzisira ndinoona wakatsanangurwa zvinesimba Ringanidzo kuuya
kushongedzera kunyange pfungwa dzedu. ziso redu riri dioptric midziyo kuti
inovakwa maererano nenheyo idzodzowo sezvo kwedu chakagadzirwa dioptric
midziyo, uye zvikurukuru akanyatsofanana, chete akakwana kupfuura kwedu kamera
obscura. Saka hazvigoneki kukodzera kana tinoona nzeve dzedu mumwe wedu
acoustic mano, chengeta dari zviridzwa zvakavakwa maererano, uye zvirokwazvo
zvinoita sokuti vakawanda ane pianos akafanana, uko kwakadaro yakawanda tambo
pamwe akabatanidza kiyi aripo, kuti pitches zvose zviri kana usati anomiririrwa
Mhedziso asi nokuda hunoshanda kudiwa yakakwana zvakarurama, uye chero chipi
zvacho tambo raputswa nokuda rinokosha sando, kunze kuti apo anatomical zano
asinganyengedzi, mune nhengo dzedu nokunzwa nyundo pane, riri nomuimbirwo
kuimba, uye anotamisa kuburikidza dzayo vanorega mataurirwo tambo. Kana ziso
iwe zvose zviri richishandiswa kuti mwaranzi chiedza vachibva chinoonekwa
pfungwa, kwete kusanganisa nevaya vangave vachibva dzimwe pfungwa, asi
akatorwa yoga. With iwe zvose, izvi haana zvizere, asi ngakuve kusvika
anofungidzirwa chaizvo. Saka tinofunga zvino kuti runoenzanirana uri rinoshandiswa
nzeve, machemero anouya kubva tongebenden muviri aparadzane avo amboita kuti
zvinobva rimwe; uye zvakare, izvi kwete zvakazara, asi kuva pamwe akakodzera
rakada zvinogona kuitwa.
Nazvo isu famba pamusoro paanopikiswa maviri pamusoro zvamakange nechekare
vauya kare pano uye ikoko excitation, vanopikisa, pfungwa uye vaishora. 75)
75)

Ona. pakati vamwe Funke Physiol. 1. Ed. I, peji 690. 3rd ed. II, 141.

It akanongedza, kutanga, kuti uwandu zvenzwi pacharo chete mukati ane pasi pasi,
regai mukati matauriro yose scale, inova nzeve dzedu yakazaruka, ane, uye kuti isu
chaizvoizvo zvose zvikuru akasiyana zvenzwi izvi vanokwanisa Zvisinei, inzwai,
uwandu etsinga fibers ari auditory kungava chete anokamuka asi; chechipiri, kuti
partition pakati anlangenden kuburikidza inovhiringidza yokuchinja mvura
nomuvhenganiswa ruzha iri kumboadya nenzira yakadaro kuti mumwe nomumwe
nokusanzwira inzwi ravo kunze kuverenga, nechinhu mumuviri musimboti.
Zvose zvinhu asi zvinogona yaishora nezvichaitika.

Wokutanga hazvirambi vaizochengeta pasi apo isu chaizvoizvo ndivanaMesiya ose

faibha kunongova omumwe rimwe zvachose dzimwe matauriro, uye panguva
imwecheteyo hapana mharidzo mumuviri Unoodza tenda sei ose faibha kunongova
chinhu zvachose kuroora vibration muoti vari kunowana, kana anongozviunganidzira
kwavo usanganidzo inofanira oga rakashandurwa muvamwe. Asi isu chete vanofanira
kugamuchira, sezvo chakaitwa pakutanga kuti mumwe faibha ane kumahombekombe
pamusoro zvenzwi, chiri chiduku zvakakwana kuti haina kusvika pachikumbaridzo
musiyano kana kuchakunda. Ipapo zvinoita kwete chete kuchengetedza chamazuva
ose matauriro nezvekufadza rose gamut pakati zvenzwi ane anokamuka nhamba
fibers, asi rinogonawo kuva mumuviri nzira kufunga kuisa ose faibha mumamiriro
ezvinhu ayo mukati yevhu musanganiswa chete vibrations kuwana duku mumucheto,
uye kuona vakanyorwa Zvakawanikwa nemamiriro ari nhengo rokunzwikwa
Anoratidzawo kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro dzakwana zvechokwadi. Nepo
zvinodawo kuti ichi, kunyange zvazvo asina magumo, asi achiri incredible nhamba
tsinga fibers; asi sezvo ichi ezvinhu chaizvoizvo asangana, saka izvi anotaura nani
pane kuzorwa ezvinhu. Klliker akawana, sezvo ndichakuunganidzai kubva katsamba
muna Funke kuti Physiol, 1st shanduro (p. 683), ari cochlea Nzeve ", 18 ''
dzakatevedzana refu vanopfuura 3000, pamwe akarongeka kugarozviita adjacently
vakatasva tsinga harinzwi." Klliker akatamba Corti fibers nokuti tsinga harinzwi asi
ichi hazvichinji nemaonero, sezvo imwe tsinga fibers enderana It zvaizenge
zvisingaiti kutora teleological zulngliche pfungwa nei vakawanda kudaro, saka
peculiarly warrior they tsinga fibers anofanira kushandiswa kana mumwe faibha
vazvinzwisisa zvose zvinoita chete. uye chete mweya anofanira kusiyanisa vakadaro.
The kuramba kuti zano muviri zvisinganzwisiswi kuti kuparadzanisa munhu
zvinoumba ane wokurasikirwa kuzodzosera zvakare, uye kupa zvinhu zvakasiyanasiyana huta kunaka chaiyo aipesana ne zvinhu zvakadai sokushandisa dzidziso.
Kuzivikanwa uye zvinonyatsoteerera ndiyo kuedza kuti kurega zvimwe magirazi
hombodo vachishevedzera Into imwe matauriro, asi kwete zvimwe ruzha. Saka girazi
kwakadaro anosarudza pakati zvenzwi, anoramba achizunguzika zvisingachinji chete
neumwe matauriro ane zvakakwana simba kuti ipazwe. Saka yokungazodzoka ari
windowpanes vachidedera achifuridzirwa nemitinhimira; saka kuunza vibrating
tambo pamberi vamwe chete zvakafanana yakanyatsorongwa kuti
anoshandawo. Hazvina basa kwese, kana zvimwe ruzha anoshandawo kunze
mubvunzo.
Zvichakadai, sokungotsigira sarudzo iyi, zviri pachena kuti hazvina zvachose chete
imwe inzwi. Kamwe kana magirazi kana hwindo, asi tambo inogona zvachose
yakanyatsorongwa chaizvo kune ruzha chinounza kuti anoshandawo. Uyezve,
kubvuma aya angadai asina kuzoregwa mitemo inzwi ziviso.
Munguva kwazvo yekutanga A. Seebeck kuti "overshoots achifuridzirwa shanduka
mauto" 76) , nyaya iri kazhinji kurapwa kuti ndiro-kufanana muviri N, iyo (sezvo isu
of Corti fibers dzinenge musara wokutanga, uye bristles kumigumo auditory etsinga
nedzidziso) kuzvipira oscillation kwenguva n anokwanisa kana, mune pfupi,
inzwi n iri akavhotera, ari kuramba svikiro 77) , kuburikidza ichi svikiro oscillations

ane photochromic muviri mamita 78) ari kumwedzi M vari yawapihwa , Zvadaro
rinoshanda pamasvomhu matic ruoko zvinotevera. 79)
76)

Pogg. Ann. LXII, 289th

77)

Seebeck akagadzirisa nyaya mhepo; Zvisinei kunodzivisa hapana pfungwa

kutapurirana mvura.
78)

Muzana rokutanga ari M aishandiswa nyandu ari resonating

muviri. Sezvineiwo dzinobvumirana mazwi edu inoenderana nevaya
chepakutanga.
79)

The mitongo zvinotevera wechipiri uye wechina anogona akapedzisa kubva

S. 265 akakurukura fomura.

1) General Zvakataurwa anogadza tarisa nguva oscillation womuviri, iyo vibrations

aunoita panotangira yake nguva N uye nguva M pamusoro photochromic
muviri M pamwe; asi anoenda pashure yakati mukupera munguva moga,
nokukurumidza, kunokonzera nemishonga iri svikiro umo vibration kunoitika.
2) The Mittnen pashure nguva M ndiye akasimba, kashoma nguva M ari
yakakodzera nguva N ndiye aikudzwa pakati mittnenden muviri; uye kana zvose
nguva yakasiyana, saka kuwana kuoneka Mittnen nzvimbo chete panguva
hukawanika izvo vashoma zvayo nzvimbo vane uremu.
3) muviri N pachinzvimbo kunakidzwa nyore oscillation sangano pedyo
nezvakawanda nokuda Mittnen, saka ndiye wechokwadi nokuda nomumwe
zvinoumba ari vibration, "kureva muviri inoita chete kufamba nevaya chaizvo, izvo
vasiri kuva akasiyana zvikuru kubva yayo munguva. "
Zvadaro, unogona kuona mukana wokusarudza zvenzwi kubva ivhu musanganiswa
kwechiso zviitiko yakakodzera akabata sezvo nyanzvi aruramiswa sezvakanga
experimental.
4) A nokusingaperi kurwisa kwazvo muviri N pamwe vibrations zvayo kuburikidza
dzakapoteredza svikiro iri pasi, chikuru musiyano N uye M kuva, umo iye achiri
zvinoonekwa kumwedzi M resonates, pashure iyo nzvimbo yakapoteredza
Hrnervenenden-midziyo nemvura pachinzvimbo aigona kunze nokukurumidza
attenuation pamusoro Nachklingens uyewo kubudirira chete mhepo, kuwedzera
yezvinoreva zvenzwi iro Endplttchen anogona kuuya chinhu.
Zvichakadai, pane mamwe matambudziko maviri pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo
pakunzi inosvitswa, asi kunyange zvakadaro ndakasimudzawo kare sezvo zvishoma
zvakakwana, uye kuongorora kwavo hwakadzama uye naizvozvo, tinotarisira
kupedza, nyaya iri kutungamirira.
Chokutanga ndechokuti fibers pakati Corti ari cochlea uye bristles vari ndiro chete
pamusaka musiyano pakati kukura kwavo, nenhumbi kana kuda nenzira inogona
zvirire yakakwirira yakasiyana kucherechedza. Zvino handisi zvakakwana kujairana

gediehenen zvakare guru kuwedzera anatomical zvidzidzo panyaya iyi nokure 80) ,
kuti kutaura pamusoro mamwe mashoko mitemo iripo pamusoro. Cf. pamusoro
bristles. Panyaya iyi, ichangobva kutaurwa rucherechedzo. The Corti fibers asi sokuti
chaizvo zvakafanana yose kureba sikuruwa mumwe, uye kubva akasiyana kudiwa
ndinowana chinhu akati. Kunyanya akacherechedza Klliker 81) pamusoro
takasununguka Von Helmholtz pfungwa zvakajeka: "Chokwadi chokuti saizi
kusiyana nhengo nhengo Corti zvishoma, zvikamu sokuti kuva yakareba pamusoro
rising." Helmholtz akatsanangura payo "pakureba kuyerwa nokuda kumboderera
kupfuura pakukora." Sezvo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti transverse vibration
nokumhanya ane parallelepipedic pakapuranga pamwe chete hwakawanda tsika
pasinei upamhi, asi zvekumirira
, kana d pakukora, L kureba shamhu 82) Dai,
maererano iyo Kuchinja pakureba asi vane chikuru simba yebhora apo pakukora
kuchinja.
80)

Mamiriro meso angu akakumanikidza vanondiona akamisa pamusoro

Kompendiseste kushandiswa mabhuku.
81)

akaratidza ari peji 279 nemishumo musangano Karlsruhe S. 216th

82)

Ona, Repertor wangu. experimental Physics. Th. Ini, p.274.

Chimwe zvinogona kuwanikwa chokwadi chokuti (zivo yangu kanenge), hapana

nyaya zvinozivikanwa, vangadai vaenda apo kunzwa kuti munhu ruzha kana Nhamba
zvenzwi kubva pakati Tone Scale akarasika kunyanya sezvo munhu ungati asi kuti
pathological zviitiko kuparadzwa uku kana kuti nechepakati chikamu internet nyandu
ari auditory kana kurerekera chishongedzo mano zvaizoitika dzimwe
nguva. Zvichakadai, kufungisisa, kune rumwe rutivi, kuti chiratidzo cherudo auditory
tsinga vose kumativi zvirokwazvo kuitika, mumiririri honye tsinga uye labyrinth
tsinga atore nzvimbo, chepiri kuti pakati chikamu rapanzvimbo huta kiyi kukuvadza
zvisiri nyore mumwe kupfuura kusvikira-richisvika kukuvara zvakanyanya zvikamu
vanofanira kuva pautsi. Asi kuti audibility kuti zvenzwi anogona asina kutapudzwa
zvisinganzwisisiki vadzi- zvose kubva pasi mukati rokumusoro panogumira
audibility, ndiyo (Chap. 30) rave aripo. Chero Kana zvaizova kubatsira kuongorora
kupfuura rinofanira kunge zvakaitika kure, kana kwete zvichida vakarasikirwa
kunzwa mune imwe nzeve kana mumwe zvikurukuru nokuda nomumwe ruzha kana
zvikamu matauriro pakafunuka.
Wechitatu pfungwa unobereka mamwe zvavo hukama izvo kuvapo pakati chiedza
kwokunze uye kurira vibrations kuburikidza akamutsva womukati vibrations
kubudikidza pezviri zvikonzero.
kunzwa kwedu kwakavakirwa kwomuzvarirwo mashoko pamusoro longitudinal
mhepo vibrations iyo yakarohwa eardrums edu anowanzoita kuburikidza asi chete
zvinogona disassembled mushure Normal uyewo inobudirira kubva vibrations
zvakaipa kuendeswa kukonzera kufamba ossicles, iyo vibrations ari fenestra

ovalis zvaitambidzwa; Zvisinei, kunobva kuona transverse chiedza vibrations. Avo

zvinogona substantially pamuviri sezvo rectilinear, izvi zvingava kururamiswa, asiwo
chero dzeraundi makavharidzira, elliptical uye romuranda achitanga uye
zvechokwadi iwayo.
Pfungwa, izvo chinodiwa kwatiri zvino kuti ichi chakaipa chimiro nechitarisiko
mazano maererano, achiteerera uye nechomukati kunobva rutsigiro rwake
psychophysical maererano nyore kururamiswa, achiona kuti vibrations zvishoma
vamwe kuchinja siyana. Ichi pfungwa, nokuti pachako mushure kurwisana (sezvo)
kwete kuti kutarisirwa kuti kwokunze vibrations chinopfuudzwa mune kuchinja
chimiro mukati menyika yedu huta midziyo. Uyewo, pfungwa yedu haisi kuti
romukati chimiro chokunze pamusaka zvakananga kupfuudzwa rokunze, asi nokuda
nokugadzirisa revadzidzi ezvinhu kuti kazhinji unoenderana chimiro sezvo rokunze
vane, anoenderana, zvokuti, nokuti. Muenzaniso, ari auditory etsinga, kuti vibrations
uyewo tadza kungoti linearly apo nekurukurirano vibrations chaizvo zutreten
kuburikidza mapfupa musoro neimwe negwara uye kuumbwa pane dzose kuburikidza
tympanic Kamudzira, uye kuti kunyange ziso kushandurira non-Linear oscillations
vechiedza danda kuchinja mune dzakatwasuka, dzeraundi muna dzeraundi, izvo zviri
nani sei ( chap. 32) unoratidzwa, aiisa kupokana pakati ruzivo uye dzidziso, asi kuti
nechomukati kufanana maumbirwo vanogona chete simuka zvachose pashure
pokugadzwa chinooneka midziyo uyewo externally.
Chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti pfungwa iyi anowa yekudyidzana pamwe
zvikonzero yapfuura pfungwa. Kukosha pasi pasi chinguva, iro rave akawanikwa
pedzidziso kuongorora manzwiro ratios pakuguma yechi30 chitsauko uye
muChitsauko 32, runoonekwa kunokosha nyore Linear vibration. anoda dzidziso
rinoreva Kuongororwa nhoroondo nezvahunonyatsoreva ichi pasi pasi penguva
nokuda zvenzwi kupa kwakadaro, saka anofanira nedzidziso kuti vibrations vari
tsinga, uko kutekenyedzwa mazwi yakavakirwa, yakananga uye kuti havana
vakaungana, iyo Chokutanga choupfu, yechipiri yapfuura pfungwa anoenderana. asi
iwe unofanira kutsanangura nei pasi pasi penguva asina zvinoreva zvakafanana
nokuti mavara sezvo ruzha, panguva iyoyowo tisafunge kuti chete vibrations vari
tsinga, izvo inozviisa pasi mavara, kwete nyore rectilinear.
Kutsigira kuvapo kiyi seti inogona kunowanwa pana kumigumo auditory etsinga
ipapo zvakare, izvo zvinoita kukura ane nokusingaperi kufanana nyore waveform
pano nyore kumboadya Zvisinei, yakafanana midziyo panguva kumigumo optic
etsinga chinoshayikwa, uye maonero; kuti zvinoreva pfungwa neduku vamwe
vakawanda kuita pakati Maumbirwe kwokunze nekurukurirano uye oscillations
nechomukati kufara kuva dzinongoitika.
Sezvineiwo, zvaisazova zvakakodzera, imwe nyanzvi yakananga
chimiro vakwanisa vibrations vari auditory etsinga, asi zvakakwana kutaura kuti
zvinosiyana zvishomanene akarurama; nekuti pose pose zvarakasiya vashomashoma
regai appreciably affizieren kutekenyedzwa.
Pfungwa chechina, Ini yakatarwa, zvinopesana zvatinosiita zvekungofungira
pamwero iri pakatarisana mupfungwa pane yechipiri. Mushure wechipiri anoverenga

rimwe Akustikusfaser ane zvinoumba chinangwa ivhu mixings chaiyo mwero wavo
vibration panze, maererano edu iyezvino anotora Ukuwo, mumwe Optikusfaser
nokupesvedzera kunyange nyore ruvara anotikurudzira ane Zvinoumba vibrations,
uye apo hapana chine kuzviitira ruzha dzakafanana Chinangwa, ikoko kwete nyore
mupfungwa yakafanana kuzviitira uye chinangwa mavara, asi inokosha chinangwa
ruvara rinovayeuchidza chete husina kuzviitira ruvara kunovhengana, von
Zvinoumba oscillations akasiyana nguva, uye unhu manzwiro iyo yakaturikwa payo
inobva nomuvhenganiswa nzira musanganiswa ichi.
The bindendste Chikonzero maonero ichi ndinoona kuti vavete kutsaudzira iyo
mavara mushure pfungwa Th. I, peji 175 uye mashoko dzidziso. II, Chap. 33b kubva
mitemo Weber zvinopindura. Apo kwokunze vibration nhamba N, n ', n
".... runoenzanirana yomukati frequencies vari nyore homogeneous mavara sezvinoita
nyore mubumbiro N , n', n" tiri, sezvo tine chero chikonzero panguva nyore zvenzwi,
zvingadarowo nokutsauka rayo harina akatsanangura mutemo Weber kuti. Zvisinei,
kana namavara chero nyore mumuviri vibration unoenderana munhu womukati
nezvakawanda vibration, zvinganzi kufuratirwa kuti distinctness maviri mavara chete
kunogona kuitwa novimba kwete dzakawanda zvemupiro kwokunze vibration
frequencies pashure mutemo Weber, asi kunzwisisa chimiro anofanira kuva ezvinhu
nako vanopinda kunyora matanda iri vanomutswa ruvara musanganiswa.
Panguva iyoyowo kunogona pasi muzvikamu a) anoruramiswa kunge kubvuma
kuti frequencies ari kunenge imwe muganhu havagoni zvakaitika, kurerutsa
chokwadi kuti miganhu rinooneka chakarondedzera dzesub Scheid-re- mavara kuva
huri pasi, kuti pakati kuti ruzivo zvakadaro zvechokwadi. Nokuti maererano, sezvo
excitatory danda anosvika kubva nechepakati zvikamu chakarondedzera mwero kana
anoenda kunyange pamusoro pamuganhu, pamusoro izvo hadzikwani, ivo
frequencies ari kunenge, ivo frequencies ari nechepakati mwaranzi vari
hwakanyatsorwisa kuramba zvakapararira, uye naizvozvo vo kashoma mberi
muganhu musiyano kubva nhema pakati danda zvinobvira nyore.
Kana nokusingaperi anokumbira ipi ukama yomukati ruvara nezvakavhenganiswa,
inoiswa voraussetzlich kwatiri nyore homogeneous ruvara danda, rinoumbwa
zvinoriumba, sezvo tine, kana isu statuieren pfungwa Vakakakatirana kuzochera
nguva mbiri kufunga. Kubva rimwe divi, zvinonzi anotarisirwa kuti mwero vibration
rinofadza ruvara shure chipande nesimba mukuru kufara wemisanganiswa nevamwe
nhamba simba maererano sezvo nhamba dzavo siyana kure. Kubva mhiri, asi
zvinonzi kutarisirwa, kana excitability pamusoro kunenge anonyatsonyudzwa shoma
chete mukati vamwe papi frequencies kuti vanoverengeka vibrations anogadzirwa
hwakanyatsorwisa kune simba zvikuru anowedzera zviri kubva muganhu uyu, zvokuti
pakupedzisira vaviri ezvinhu chokuita kupinda nezvazvo.
Miganhu dzomunyika frequencies vari pashure anofanira kuva akamanikana
kupfuura kuti rokunze, kwavakazvidza vanowaniswa simba, nokuti ane zvokunze
vibration maitikiro riri saka yakakwirira kana yakaderera kuti kunenge unogona
asisiri dzinoenderana, achiri kumutsa simba vibrations uye nokudaro anogona
vaonekwe kuti kuwa pakati muganhu kukakavara, kuitira kuti wejira tsvuku uye

Violet nechomukati inofanira sechinoitika kuumbwa kuburikidza vibrations izvo

havachakwanisi yakakwana kuti kumhanya uye kunonoka rokunze.
Kunze izvi nguva kuzviitira ndiro Nokupenya nako rinowanika chikamu dzose
chakarondedzera, kunyange kubva chinangwa kunyatsoita chiedza danda impinges
pamusoro kunenge, kuvimba iyo pashure pakukurukurirana muzvikamu a) pasi
mamiriro chokuzivikanwa maonero chiedza uye kupisa anogona kunzi nokuda
chinooneka chikamu chakarondedzera parutivi romugungwa migumisiro sezvo
serinokosha inopiwa chikamu ichi hapana gogonera Absoro de gua chiripo (ona
chap. 33) kuburikidza meso nhau.
Zvichida munhu angafunga kuti kutsaudzira kunakidzwa kubva mutemo Weber
pamwe pashure nzvimbo chakarondedzera variables nokupenya pamwe vaurayiwa
chete. Asi zvino vaizova kunyange zvenzwi distinctness zvakakwirira kutamba ratios
ari starch, riri handizvo.
By yapfuura ipapo Inotsanangurawo nei ruvara zvachose asi kurira, ivo
wemisanganiswa mazwi, sezvo mano matauriro sokuti zvineringanidzo, uye chinhu
pamusoro nenamo pakati zvenzwi haamo chete ruvara, Asi panzvimbo paizvozvo
tinyatsonzwisisa chete kana rokubuda kwavo kubva White anogona kuita sezvo
zvikamu zviduku White akakodzerwa norubatsiro, chero kuti kunyange nyore
chinangwa ruvara unoenderana kuzviitira ruvara musanganiswa, zvineringanidzo
zvaizoitika inomuka kana zvose ruzha zvichibvira mukati pamamiriro penguva dai
inoshandisa dzidziso pamwe chete. Pano asi vakavhengana ruvara chinoramba
musiyano kuti yakavhenganiswa kurira rinoumbwa zvenzwi kuti vanowira
dzakawanda Akustikusfasern, kubva avo izvo achawira iwoyo nokusanzwira, izvo
zvinobatsira kutsanangura kuti haina kuridza ruvara.
Zviri zvino nyore chinotsanangurika somunhu Zvinoumba mbiri mavara
tisingazvinyeperi nyore zvinogona runoenzanirana pfungwa pane nyore ruvara, sezvo
kunyange nyore chinangwa kuzviitira ematongerwo anomirira.
Zvichakadaro nezvishamiso kuti pfungwa zvachose zvichiita, uye maererano
ezvinhu pasi iyo Mavara akaumba muziso, kungangova.
Zvino isu kuziva yokungoitawo ezvinhu chiedza vibrations kushandurira pasi umo
huta vibrations, kwete zvakakwana ipapo pfungwa imwe priori Inopikisa kana
vanogona kutsigira napo. The zvingangoitika chete asi zvinogona akaratidza pachena
chokwadi, uye mukana wokuti kutsigirwa maro kwakadaro. Panyaya iyi, ndinoita
zvinotevera nenharo.
1) Kunyange nzvimbo chinangwa dzidziso chiedza, nyore homogeneous ruvara
vibration mune svikiro kuburikidza kuzivisa mumwe kukurudzira ruvara
ematongerwo vibration. Uyu kureva nyaya fluorescence. Zvinozivikanwa kuti
nokusingaperi kudzikiswa fluorescent zvinhu, iyo vibration nhamba refrangible
mavara; asi maererano kuferefeta pamusoro Stokes uyu zvinoitika kazhinji kwete
zvokuti homogeneous ruvara inoshandurwa kuva akasiyana homogeneous pakati
chimbadzo pamusoro vibration; asi kuti zvinokonzerwa homogeneous ruvara
mwaranzi vakaparadzirwa chiedza inogona kuwanikwa zvavo zvakawanda kana

zvishoma akadzikama.
Kana kushandisa mitemo fluorescence chaiyo chikumbiro kuna mhosva yedu, uye
kuti chokwadi chokuti kunenge pacharo pashure pokufa imwe fluorescence inoratidza
sei Helmholtz akaita kuzvibatanidza (ona. Chap. 33), mumwe kukosha tigadzirise
pano , anogona kuramba zvachose undecided pano pakutanga; ndiro fluorescence
yekudyidzana chete insofar pfungwa apo chokwadi kwavo kunoratidza kuti pfungwa
dzedu kwete mitemo mukuru inofamba dzinopikisana, asi chaizvoizvo yokuvamba
Anodana 83) Uyewo sevamwe zvinhu uye mitemo fluorescence, chikonzero pachayo
kuchigere fathomed zvose akasiyana. Kwete Fananidzo pamwe fluorescence, asi
dzimwe dzinongoitika mashoko anoita kuti ndibvunze magetsi pfungwa.
83)

Achitaura imaginability ari yokungoitawo ezvinhu anogona kuva pano

kukurukura Stokes hama fluorescence muna Pogg. Ann. 4th Ergnzbd. S. 823
va-. Enzanisa.

2) Kuti abatsire anouya panhau iyi, kuti chaizvoizvo kunyange nokuzvidira

yakatanga chero Optikusfaser pasina kunze mavara anotikurudzira, zvose ruvara
mwaranzi kusvika pamwero, akapa kuti simba omumwe chiedza unomiririra Black
ndiye Hauoneki. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore; kufungidzira kuti chero, kunyange
nyore ruvara anotikurudzira zvose, zvimwe vamire imwe kubatana, mabasa izvo
optic etsinga fibers vanokwanisa muna ude kuona, chete maererano overweights avo
vibration netsika iyo iri kuitika pachavo; uye riri kure zvikuru kubva kumuganhu
vibration mano kunenge.
3) chikonzero Izvi zvakasimbisa ndechokuti mune kusaririra zviitiko, pasisina
mavara kuti, zvisinei kusiyanisa, asi chiedza maonero ruvara achiri anoramba. Izvi
zvinoita kuti hapana mumwe kududzirwa pane kuti Pakadaro rokunze ruvara danda
mavara ose mabasa mukati chete ezvinhu ude kuona, uye anozivikanwa zviitiko
chakaremara ruvara chiono uyewo sokuti nyore kuwana tsananguro dzavo kuti wose
ukama iri vhiringwa pakati zvakamisa hurongwa ruvara musanganiswa ,
"The achromatopsia anodaro Rte, rinosanganisira mamiriro umo murwere haana
zvakajeka pfungwa ruvara, iro iye achiri anogona kusiyanisa yebhuruu kana tsvuku
kana tsvuku, apo zvinhu zvose ndachena (kushoma). -Example Mutsamba Hudart
kuna Joseph Priestley (youzivi transacfions 1777. p. 260). hama Four aigona
kutsaura chete chena uye ndachena. mumwe, sezvo yakadyidzana nemuenzaniso
Rosier s. mune Zvaonekwa ake of the physigue bv l'Histoire naturelle vol. VIII. p. 87.
anne 1779 . "
Dzakasiyana aikanganiswa kuti mavara zvisinganzwisisiki pakati vakasiyana
inoratidza kunyange rinoratidza anowanzoita mupfungwa, pakati dzakasiyanasiyana kunenge, sezvo pamusoro apa zvakaitika Helmholtz vanodzidzisa.
4) The chaiyo yokuti zvose nyore uye ematongerwo mavara zvinonyanya pedyo
chena, zvikuru mumwe kusimba chete zvakasimbisa (ona pamusoro), anogona
maererano pfungwa dzedu, dudziro kuti maererano preponderance pamusoro

excitatory tsamba huru ruvara pamusoro iye Beifarben kuderedza zvakawanda

zvakatowedzera amplitude, uye kunyange hama simba zvakamisa hurongwa
kunakidzwa ruvara yakawanda uye kupfuura nzira kuitika White. zvino sei zvaigona
kuitwa mitemo yokungoitawo, vangave nyaya mubvunzo;zvinoratidzika kwandiri
kuti pasina pfungwa yacho Chokwadi zviri pano zvachose chisingatsananguriki
kuramba.
Zvisinei, kukwirira kwenzwi Kuchinja pamwe amplitude pakati oscillations. Kurira
transversely vibrating Tuning forogo kunoitika anozikamwa apo Verhallen apo
vibrations zvidiki, chinhu mumhepo 84) , uye vakawanda zviri pedyo W. Weber ane
pfuma yose transversely vibrating muviri kuti kuridza akaderera zvishoma muzvinhu
pane maduku Zvisinei, amplitude zvichishandiswa kure kwete wakaitwa voltage
kuchinja pano, zvakasiyana ichokwadi vose longitudinalschwingenden muviri,
kunyanya mhepo pembiru. Tambo Transversalschwingende zvechokwadi kuridza
zvishoma yepamusoro hombe kana duku karwendo, asi chete nokuti ayo voltage
mukuru rukuru karwendo 85) . Asi hapana nyaya ndiyo matauriro nokuda pfuma yayo
ruzha zvakafanana. Ini ngandirege kunyange kutaura muimbi kuti zvimwe
akakodzera kuwana dzakapfuma kubudikidza kwaya ane zvishandiso kana kwaya
inzwi, sezvo iye akariisa, kubudikidza mataurire vatorwa ruzha vaiva
asingakurumidzi kuoneka ipapo.
84)

W. Weber, Pogg. XIV, 402nd

85)

Ona. W. Weber, Pogg. XXVIII, 6.

Mushure wechishanu, ukama yapfuura, pfungwa, ndinofungidzira kuti

kutekenyedzwa chiedza haana kufanana ruzha kutekenyedzwa kunoenderana ezvinhu
inofamba, iyo inodzokororwa panguva iyoyo kutekenyedzwa saizvozvo panguva
dzose nokuti manzwiro kupa tudonhwe sentient nhengo, zvokuti chete Pasika
sangano yakasiyana panguva imwe chete yokuti inoramba siyana, uye chinogona
kuzvitaurira, kunyanya pakati kufamba mumwe nomumwe PARTICIPLE, asi kuti
panotanga kunyange inokosha maonero chiedza, kwegadziriro inoramba ndomumwe
(imwe morekuru rimwe muzvizhinji kwemaatomu weighable uye unweighable
nyaya) umo munhu inoramba angava achifambisa akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinogona
kuiswa kuna vibrations akasiyana kumwedzi, amplitude uye zvichida chimiro
zvavo. Munguva pfupi, nepo inofamba mamiriro kunzwa kunobva, tora mumwe
kukonzera kuti chinangwa Morekuru sezvo wose, uye kudzokorora ose mamorekuru
zvakafanana sangano, achawira mukuona tudonhwe chete Morekuru muna mumwe
nomumwe akasiyana kufamba.
Mumwe nevamwe yokubatana pamwe kuti maonero chiedza inoramba
anoenderana, kuitira kure sezvo chinogona kubatanidzwa bhaisikopo isingashamisiri
kumwedzi, pamwe vibration wayo nhamba imwe nyore chinangwa ruvara chairwo,
asi hatina kumbobvira nyore kuona, uye yezvakaita kutekenyedzwa chiedza kwete
kuona , sezvo nyore maonero yechiedza kwese presupposes ari solidary

kusakarongeka dzakasiyana kukakavara uye kufara nhengo.

Sezvaitarisirwa zvakawanda mamorekuru pamusoro weighable uye imponderable
zvikuru kufanana, kuramba undecided nokuti ikozvino; nekuti hatina ruzivo
rwakakwana nayo asi, kunyange ndinofunga kuti kutekenyedzwa chiedza hunogara
vanotova pamusoro oscillations ari imponderable, izvo saka akasiyana siyana aether
inoramba, nokuti havasi vose vari pasi zvakafanana ezvinhu kuti ponderable
inoramba. Zvisinei, kunyange pakati akarongeka yefizikisi zvikuru raitonga
pamusoro mugove kuti komberedza zviri ponderable inoramba kuzadziswa
chinangwa chiedza mananara vari mitumbi kuti ndingadai akatadza Nokureva irgends
yairwirwa prerequisites.
pfungwa Uyu kunyatsoenderana tsanangudzo yapfuura mumwe, maererano izvo
ose nyore-ichitora panze mavara vibration nechomukati anoenderana vazhinji
vibrational inoti vane zvakasiyana nguva uye amplitudes. Asi kunyange
PARTICIPLE chete akasiyana vibrational inoti inogona achichengetedza sechinoitika
pamuviri maererano nenheyo kukanganiswa, uye vorbesprochenen chokwadi
vakanga vachiri zvikuru dudziro kuti zvose kuti funga kuita kufamba vari kutora
somunhu vibrational ematongerwo kuchiva, kunova sezvakanga vadzokorore ose
nomumwe, kuti funga kuita inoramba, sezvo vachinzwa Contributors nyore
oscillatory kufamba voraussetzlich nyaya. Asi mamwe ndeechokwadi ezvinhu sokuti
vanoda magetsi pfungwa chisingazivi runosanganisirawo kusashandisa munhu
inoramba chaizvo saka anogona kuwira ematongerwo sezvo nyore vibrational
anodudzira.
Asati mukubata zvikonzero pfungwa, zvichava pedyo zvishoma kukudziridza.
, More zvakananga, tichafanira kufunga pamusoro ichi pfungwa imwe stimulable
chiedza manzwiro Morekuru sezvo kwegadziriro anoverengeka inoramba (maatomu),
rimwe nerimwe, kana ichitapira anopenga kubva yaro yepakutanga
zvakanyatsoenzana chinzvimbo uye akasiyiwa inozviitira chinoramba, maererano
hama dzayo kure uye uremu pamusoro dzimwe chairwo vibration nhamba ane
ndezvevanhu, akadai Tuning zvenyama, tsvimbo kana tambo, izvo zvine chokuita
nokuva hwakawanda pamusoro nevakawanda soundboard rive hurongwa, chete kuti
kutsunga pachangu vibration nhamba nerimwe izvi chokuita nehurongwa muviri
nhamba yayo zvikamu imwe unopirwa anoenderana morekuru kuti inoramba asi
ukama hwavo nevamwe tudonhwe chete morekuru 86) . Kunyange pasina zvokunze
chiedza anotikurudzira zvose kukakavara inoramba kunonzwisiswa mune imwe
vibrational inofamba, izvo Hauoneki kutekenyedzwa reBlack zvinoenderana. Kana
amplitudes iroro mune Mhedziso mashoko ari zvakasikwa ezvinhu noukuru kwavo
uye pamwero kuchinja pamusoro vibration kurei, zvinoguma ndiye kutekenyedzwa
chiedza chena; Zvisinei, mashoko kutekenyedzwa ruvara kana vibration
zvigadzirwa kuti, munhu ' N ', ane "n" ... izvo nhengo munhu inoramba
vanofungidzira ukama zvakasiyana, sezvo rinoenderana Hauoneki meso Black.
86)

Sezvo tiri kuona zvinenge mugadziriro nokuda mapuraneti nokupesvedzera

hurongwa yokusafa simba vaifambisa akasiyana nguva, zvingava zvakafanira
kuti mechanically zvisingabviri munyika yakadaro imwe pfungwa kanenge

chinhu.

iye zvino ava kuitwa kazhinji pasi pokudzora ane ruvara anotikurudzira. Apa
vibrational mamiriro gadziriro yose kuchinja mitemo kuti isu mumwe priori haana
kusarudza kuziva - nokuti nyore mitemo resonance nokuda elastic muviri
vasingachakwanisi wakakwanisa pano; - The Mabviro ruvara nokuda ruvara
anotikurudzira akakumanikidza kungoziva zvavo, imwe nzira ari ratios pakati
vibration zvigadzirwa inozivikanwa kubvuma pasina kwavari kusarudza pamusoro
kunatsiridza izvo anenge ane kana N, zvinonzi yokungazodzoka
kwakavakirwa; zvimwe zvose.
Zvadaro, zvikonzero pfungwa iyi.
1) Chiedza rinoratidza kuburikidza kwemakemikari rayo chiito kuti anogona
zvechokwadi abndernd kupindira munyaya dzomunyika yose mamorekuru, uye
pano chakavakwa pamusoro kubudirira kwayo sechinhu kutsinga dzinouya
anotikurudzira maonero kunoda kudaro. Zvatinoziva kuchinjwa inzwi vibrations kuna
auditory etsinga, nyasha hapana runoenzanirana maonero noruremekedzo inzwi.
2) Mumwe chiedza anotikurudzira kunosiyana-siyana maererano dzayo chiito,
kunyange nzira iye kunonzwisiswa, kwete quantitatively chete asiwo qualitatively
kubva, zvikuru saka zvikuru zviri, umo zhinji kuzviitira mananara kubuda.
Nokuti zvose izvi zvakavapo, saka zvishoma vakatsanangura muudzame uye kuti
ikozvino zvitsanangurwe, asi anogona kuva maererano pfungwa dzedu kutevera
mukuru zvinoumba chinoziviswa kumusoro.
Chiedza anotikurudzira haana chete kuwedzera zvazviri, kuti vabatsire yokubatana
pamwe kuti maonero chiedza inoramba kuti oscillate vakakomba ano
zvakanyatsoenzana, kana huripo vibrations, asiwo kuchinja zvakanyatsoenzana
pacharo, zvokuti inoramba sezvo panguva nezvemidzimu anotikurudzira vamwe
zvakanyatsoenzana nzvimbo zvikasadaro uku, kuunza panguva imwecheteyo zvinhu
zvavo vibration zvigadzirwa a'n kuti '... kuchinja. kuchinja uku vachatitaka
zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pamasimba anotikurudzira (cf
.. ichi kare gen.Tatsachen), uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvokuti Zvisinei kuti inoramba
havasi anonyangarika pashure discontinuation kuti vakurukurirane, pakarepo
mushure adzokera yakare zvakanyatsoenzana nzvimbo kuramba, asi kupfuudza navo,
uye mudzokere negwara risiri iro oscillations inogona kudzokororwa kakawanda. Izvi
anononoka oscillations pamusoro zvakanyatsoenzana nzvimbo zvacho, iyo
zvinoenderana ari periodicity panguva afterimages adzikira, asi kwete kukurumidza
oscillations ari inoramba kumativi ose-nguva chinzvimbo zvakanyatsoenzana (iyo
ruvara nezvekufadza pachavo vanovimba) kuvhiringidzwa, uye zvinogona kukonzera
pfupi kusiyanisa avo sezvo oscillations hurongwa wokutanga, wechipiri muhurongwa
aya anotaurwa.
Mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti anononoka oscillations substantially ari
ponderable inoramba sei, asi vanotevera kuchinja imponderable iyo vane nemataundi

oscillations. Asi ini mugoisiira undecided.

zvino ndinofanira kupa rwenze pamusoro wangu aimbova maonero zvakarurama
kuti oscillatory kuumba chinokosha chimiro ndiye yapfuura kubva afterimages dzayo,
sezvamakaropafadzwa danho rokutanga zvishoma nemhaka kunyanya
pakukurumidza parinopfuura kwekuneta huru kazhinji haana vaziva kare yakafanira
kuva pasina nzira kuitira kuti nzira ini pakatarisana maonero, kuti vaona vari
chinonakidza pamusoro afterimages ane hondo Nachdauer uye blunting, ari
ramiswa, nokuti izvi zvikurukuru pfupi rokuti, noukama chaidzo uye kwete
pfungwa. A Periodic chimiro kunetsana ichi asi kuti ini kare kutenda kuti kuziva
chete pasi aakatipa ezvinhu, kwete nharo maererano zvinotevera, inowanzotorwa
chimiro.
Chekutanga zvinogonawo pasi dzakananga bvunzo ezvinhu 87) akacherechedza
zvizere, uye apo hadziwaniki zvachose, asi ndaona kubva anotevera ratios. Mumwe
chiedza pfungwa rinonzwika kubviswa pakati anotikurudzira chete zvakanaka
kutotanga 89) kuti, sezvinoratidzwa rinopfungaira vhiri ne chena uye dema kana
mavara sectors uye afterimages ikapenya pazvidhindo; unoteverwa zvakaipa,
rwakakwana kuti mavara pazvidhindo, danho uye ichi anodzoka mukati zviitiko
zvavo afterimages zvishoma nezvishoma Zvisinei kudzokera hwepakutanga, pasina
kuenda mberi, pasi mamwe mamiriro experimental sezvambotaurwa oscillations,
vanoverengeka pakati chikuru uye rwakakwana ruvara kana chitarisiko uye
kunyangarika ari afterimage vanotevera. Asi dzokera kune hwepakutanga
zvichakafanira sechinhu oscillation ari negwara sezvo yapfuura kuchinja, uye
izvozvo zvingava pamusoro Ringanidzo zvose kuti ngatitii musana chinoramba
oscillation chaigona panguva yepakutanga nenzvimbo zvakanyatsoenzana, uye
anoratidza kudaro neavo experimental ezvinhu, apo anogona kufungidzira nyore kuti
panopfuura zvakafanana mune nevakomana mupfungwa Muzviitiko zvizhinji
hapandiringani kuti kunyange kupa mananara kuti kusapfuudza chikumbaridzo
maonero; akadai anogona kuitika kunyange aine vibrating ari zvakasimba kurwisa
svikiro tambo nyaya kuti vane zvakafanana chete hunopfuura Vasingazvioni kune
chepakutanga nzvimbo vadzoka; asi kudzoka uyu ive oscillation.
87)

Pano About s. Plateau muna Pogg. Ann. Xxxii, 550; Bridge

Pogg. Ann. LXXXIV; Aubert muna Moleschott raMwari Unters. IV, 230th
88)

Positive uye kunaka pfungwa kunzwisiswa zambuko wacho.

3) Pfungwa huru izvo zvinoita kuti mudane ano pfungwa kwandiri, kuti zvose
akasimbisa kusiyana revadzidzi ezvinhu nechiedza uye kurira manzwiro asina sokuti
zvakakwana kutsanangura inokosha siyana unhu zvose nezvekufadza uye chokwadi
kuti kubudikidza akasiyana optic fibers mokumusunga vibrations chitarisiko spatial
juxtaposition vanopa Zvisinei, icho haana kupinda kuburikidza siyana
Akustikusfasern kwakadaro. Our pfungwa razvino ndinoona zvakakodzera
kutsanangura zvose chokuita. Nokuti chii rokutanga hanya, inofanira kuva kunaka

kutekenyedzwa dzinokosha kukosha kana kunyange kufamba nomumwe

PARTICIPLE pacharo, kana chaizvoizvo chete coherent mamiriro inofamba
emamiriro inoramba chinonzi ive chinhu, izvo zvinoita zvinoenderana
physischerseits 89) , Uye chii wechipiri anosvika, zvinganzi vakafunga kuti chimwe
chinhu yakakura manzwiro zvinodawo kuti mamiriro inofamba ane dzakawanda
explicated Hurongwa anotsigira rinokosha.
89)

Nokuti zvinangwa rangu mabhomba dzidziso S. 181 va-. Opinions

akaratidza, ndingati, kufamba kuti riri kuizwi kutekenyedzwa yechiedza,
kuvimba mauto akawanda ane yepamusoro murayiro kubva, sezvo kuti icho
kuizwi sensorineural.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XXXIV. About rakakura nezvekufadza zvikurukuru. 1)

By Eh Weber kuti kuferefeta 2) , yava zvikuru yaizoputsika kuti daro pakati vaviri
akabata kana akaita nechiedza makwapa pamusoro ganda kana kunenge
sezvavakanga vachinzwisisa kupfuura zvichidzika kupfuura nhamba inonzi.
Sensacin madenderedzwa ari yakakura kana miduku, izvo pakati pfungwa
asingafariri vari, uko pasi kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa chikamu dzose ganda kana
kunenge zvinonzwisiswa, iro akapa vane mapazi chete chepuraimari etsinga faibha,
kana boka sectors vakadaro vamene; apo pane zvakakwana vasiri chikonzero dziripo
kudavira kuti mapazi ose zvakafanana etsinga fibers ndivo chete yakakodzera
yokubatana kuitisa zvakajairika pfungwa kuuropi.
1)

Kana totaura S. 174-177. Revision S. 423 va-.

2)

pfungwa vanenderera vanhuwo kunzwa vari Wagner raMwari mhanga. S.

528; uye bhuku iri nezvokuonekwa Saxon. Soc. 1853. p.85; Excerpt muna
Fechner raMwari Centralbl. 1858 S. 585th

maonero aya kwave anobvumwa nharo sezvo kuna kunenge, saka kunyanya
munguva ichangopfuura nokuda Panum 3) , zvikurukuru nokuti "vanhu lateral retinal
mitambo zvinhu kuona hapana asingasviki musimboti, izvo asi pamusoro chete
pamusoro nzvimbo, mumwe yakakura nhamba vane sentient pfungwa. " Hazvina
nharo ichi pakaunda-nharo zvinokosha, asi kwete kusarudza nokuti zvinoratidza
zvakawanda. Nokuti kana ini saka kure ziso kuchengeta munwe kaviri, sezvo vamwe,
ini hafu mufananidzo sezvo guru rinowanika asi sezvo mukuru, uye kunyange kuva
ndinogona kusimudza seizvi nokusaparadza nokushandisa pfungwa. Kwaizova Saka

vakagumisa Panum akataura kuti kukura mufananidzo pamusoro kunenge haana

simba pamusoro kukura bhuku.
3)

Graefe kwakaita Arch. F. Ophthalmol. V, 1 zvi-.

Very anorayiridza panyaya iyi ndiyo bvunzo inotevera. Man holding kambasi
yakanakisisa Calipers (kwete angled uchimutarira pamwe achipindira), ane
chakayerwa chinhambwe pakati yokutenda, zvakajairika daro, kuti meso ake,
mumwe chaizvo chete munenge muna hafu sezvo guru kana kure kaviri sezvo kukuru
zvekuti vose pamaberere pamusoro nechekumashure nokuwa pedyo nepedyo, uye
tsvaka muromo chinhambwe rechipiri, muzvare kure, kuti pakarepo mushure ziso
kukura kwagara nechokure. Pasinei zvino potsa kure kuenzana pamwe chakaipa daro
nezvemamiriro avo akasiyana chinhambwe kubva ziso riri kaviri sezvo guru kana
hafu sezvo tanidzwa mupfungwa vakaita kuipa daro, izvozvo anoisa mberi chete,
kunze kwenguva diki variables uye kugara, kukanganisa wakaenzana ; kureva,
anoramba chandakakanganisa nenzira ini potsa kure kana iye ari kure kupfuura
kwagara daro, nguva dzose zvishoma diki, kana zviri pedyo, zvishoma guru
zvatinoudzwa kubatsirwa akasiyana daro musiyano pakati kukura nechokure
mifananidzo chete zvawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, akaita mumwe munhu ari potsa kure,
zvose apo kupfuura kana kwaiva kure, kuchiri zvishoma hombe, wechitatu pedyo
zvakare zvishoma duku, zvikuru kure zvishoma yakakurisa. Zvinofanira
kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange kana munhu rinofananidza madaro maviri kubva
chete kure kubva ziso, kugara chikanganiso duku unoitwa, zvakanaka neni, zvose
zviri pamutemo sezvo rinobatanidza nzvimbo inowanzotorwa daro kuti potsa kure,
akaipa dzimwe munhu, wechitatu zvakanaka zvemitemo, akaipa kuruboshwe
chinzvimbo inowanzotorwa daro 4) .
4)

Mashoko aya asati apedza muedzo dzakatevedzana Ini kugoverana

ramangwana nevamwe mepu. The Mazano (zvitema takakanganiswa simbi
mazano) vaiva yakafanana, pamwe tsvimbo chinjwa, uye vakanga
vakachengeta nameso maviri suo chena. Kana uchishandisa ziso rimwe chete
akauya chetatu pamusoro vanhu, ndiye inofungidzirwa nhamba madaro maviri
chaiwo ezvinhu mifananidzo muudzame muziso, iyo haisi nyaya neni asi
vakagarapo kure pfupi mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo vachiri.
How nyore kuona kuti chokwadi anogona kuva pedyo sezvo zvakananga
uchimutarira pano chakavakirwa kwete wakaenzana mifananidzo kana ziso sangano,
asi zvinofanira mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu aripo izvo kugadzirisa kuti zvinotora
nzvimbo iyi panhau kusaruramisira ari sezvaunotara iwe, uye kuedza Art vose
zvakanaka wakanyatsokodzera kuzviratidza unopinza. Indisputably pane dzidzo
kuburikidza ruzivo, aunopiwa mutongo vatori nguva yaswedera. Asi kana vakadzidza
kuburikidza ruzivo mutongo pamusoro chinhambwe kubva ziso involuntarily uye
hazvo mitbestimmend kunokanganisa pakukura kufungidzira, wadii uyewo
vakadzidza kuburikidza ruzivo tinyatsonzwisisa nzvimbo mufananidzo pamusoro
kunenge?

Uyewo, ndingadai kunyange angatsunga yangu ruzivo, zvakarurama achiratidza

zvinotaurwa kuti mufananidzo parutivi zvikamu kunenge kuchiri mukuru achioneka,
sezvo chinokanganisa. I zvakaoma kuita chero ngozi mutongo panyaya iyi nokuda
vagueness ari lateral mufananidzo; asi nguva dzose ndinoona mwero rakajeka chinhu
ari Kurega anopenya pamusoro kunanga funga chinhu zusammenzuschwinden uye
rudo zvakananga Kuda kutamba richibudirira. Zvisinei, ndinoda kuisa kukosha uyu
kusimbisa hapana chinokosha, sezvo kunyengera uku kuzviitira vaizova
zvichikwanisika, uye vamwe vachiri sokuti regai zvakafanana kuwana.
Pamungawirirana anogona kufunga Weber haasi komberedza uchapupu iyo vane
vasiri maonero ndiwo zvakananga kutaura chokwadi; asi ndinoona kunyanya
coherent nhoroondo zvinoshanda ganda uye meso, vachitsigirwa nevanhu dzinorema
chokwadi asi sechiedza kupfuura hwaro dzidziso zvakawanda nezvekufadza,
yandichatuma ndichidaro saka pazasi, izvo hakutadzisi, mu Tisingatauri zvokudya
kuenda chete noMusiki wavo kana kunyange kubvunza mubvunzo wakadaro.
Zviri kumusoro zvino vachiri nharo kana kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo vari
juxtaponiert akachena kana vanokanganisa pamusoro mumwe (kupindira), zvakadini
chinoda Minimo kusika kutekenyedzwa ane kuti munhu papi kana daro pakati mbiri
pfungwa, basa racho kwemaziso vari uchimutarira pamusoro hukuru, uye kure
dambe. Mibvunzo ava pano nevamwe vazhinji, daro nechiyero muna mubvunzo
panyaya iri yandinovapa vanobvuma hapana Kuvhenekerwa idzva, kuramba
undecided 5) , ndivo Ukuwo tikanyatsoongorora shomanana pfungwa dziri tarisa
pakureva nezvenzvimbo iyo dzidziso yedu rakakura nezvekufadza kuzvitutumadza
kutora Weber maonero, ane ufambidzane kukosha sokuti, kana izvo zvinobva hwedu
hwokudzidzisa itsva zvinhu, kana kuedza itsva mashoko.
5)

Rimwe comp. The mabhuku Th. Ini, S. 295th

On zvimwe vaigona kukurukurwa pano, saka handizi zita, nokuti zvidzidzo

pamusoro kuri chii Volkmann vakabatikana, chingagona kuva akaderedzwa
kupararira mune ramangwana zvakatowanda chiedza nezvazvo.
Nokuti Kupfupika, ndinonzwisisa nokuda huta tightness pazasi nhamba kutsinga
dzinouya nezvedzidzo maererano pamwero dzavakasiyana, kana chete nouwandu
vakakamurwa kuwedzera uku. Zvinonzi undisputed pakupedzisira kuti kunouya nani
pane akadzika, kuparadzirwa, akarondedzera zvemupiro nechepakati kumigumo
kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo sezvo ukama dzavo uye kunenge pachayo; asi avo
vane zvisingazivikanwi, uye akataurwa anogona chete kuomerera ekupedzisira.
Kunze tinozvarwa kunoreva yedu pfungwa nhengo iyo kuwedzerwa mazuva
okubhadhara murayiro kunogona sokuti mukuru kwatiri Weber kuti nheyo, ndipo
kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo dzirimo, ive yakadzidza kuburikidza ruzivo mutongo
zvazvinoita kunyange ezvinhu mazhinji kukura Zvinofungidzirwa; uye zvakakosha
kwete kusanganisa zviviri, kuti vakavhiringidzika kana kuti munhu unilaterally
vaisimbirira.
Zvikuru zvinobvira zviri nokutonga vari kukura kufungidzira vari abstracted

zvichitambudzwa vatori zvinokonzera kwaizvozvi kuzochera chete zviri novimba

chokuziva nzvimbo kufunga.
Kana ini maziso angu, ndine mutema munda, izvo zvinoita kuti makandipa
chidukuduku pamwero. Pandaiva svinudzai maziso angu uye kutarisa mupfumi
nzvimbo, munda sokuti zvikuru ini; kana ndiri pagungwa pasina kure nyika kana kure
zvikepe kuona, kana riri nzvimbo mugwenga, umo kuva neni rairatidza mutongo
pamusoro chinhambwe pakati mujengachenga, ini denderedzwa pajengachenga
sokuti pedyo chaizvo hapana zvinhu zviri kure, kunyatsotevera.
Muzviitiko zvose izvi ndiye chokuziva chivako, riri pasi uchimutarira Huru,
zvakafanana; asi maziso kuwa mutongo wedu kuwana zvikonzero mukana,
kusanganisira zvokudya zvose reshiyo, kure. saka ndinoti funga kukura dzesango,
sezvahunooneka kwatiri pamwe namahwindo meso, nokuti izvo isu kubatsirwa chete
chokuziva chivako kukura bhuku, izvo unoenderana pakuwedzera uye huta
nemishonga yose kunenge wedu, zvikuru dzavasinei anomirira.
It ane chinhu chinoshamisa kuti rakakura kukura munda inowedzera nokuvhura
maziso edu nezuva pachena pamusoro chete kuenderana sezvo nekupenya wayo.
Wundt mu bhuku rake gropings muna Henle uye Pfeufer Zeitschrift. 1858
inotungamirira S. 262 zvinotevera chiedzwa:
"Zviri mbiri dzakafanana nezvedzidzo vane abraded mazano, mumwe wavo
anobata mune imwe denderedzwa zvinovhura akasarudza ganda nzvimbo kuedza kuti
pasi munhu; ichi, izvo akatendeukira chake kubva experimenters, uri denderedzwa
rechipiri iri muruoko uye anogona navo ichi mushure maziso papi kubviswa
kumuromo kwematanda wokutanga denderedzwa, sezvahunooneka kwaari pashure
kunzwa pfungwa, tsunga. pano, sezvo nechokwadi zvichienzanirana mukuenzaniswa
nechokwadi kunzwa Zvinofungidzirwa ari vanishingly diki, ndizvo fananidzo
pachena, kubva pfungwa Maonero vamwe chinhambwe pakati pazvidhindo pamwe
kure kwavo chaiko kubva zvakananga nechiyero fineness ganda munharaunda
kufungidzira "nezvimwewo
The iziviswe pano, chero kuti nechokwadi Tastmaes akanga husina kupfuura kuti
kuenderana, Ini vanotsungirira kwete kubatana, uye saka anoita kwete chokwadi
akavaka Maprinzipe; Asi, fineness riri nechekure uchimutarira pamusoro runako
pedyo kubudikidza mutongo nokuda Tastma pasi zvikuru akanaka ezvinhu nokuti.
An zvakaenzana nyore senzira yakarurama kuti akataura ichi chiri kuedza
maererano nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa, wandakaisa akatsanangura muChitsauko
8. Ikozvino ndaita zvakawanda kuedza panguva dzakasiyana uye zvakasiyana
zvinangwa pakutongwa uye zvakawanda pamusoro Tastma nenzira iyi, uye muna
vose miganhu, zvichienderana basa, miedzo, mwero yechiitwa uye umo Tastmae
kunyange mushure ganda zvikamu ezvinhu akasiyana chaizvo akawanikwa, asi haana
uye hapana zvakadaro, pashure iro rakarurama vanofungidzira pedyo Tastma sezvo
vanishingly duku vaigona kushandisa pamusoro nokutonga, kana yatova nguva dzose
shoma akaramba nokuti Tastma pane mutongo. Ini agutse pachangu pano, kufadza
tsika, izvo zvandakagamuchirawo vaviri kukura mune akafanana kuedza zvinogoneka

ruzivo masangano kuita.

Mune Tastversuchsreihe kubudikidza nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa, izvo zvizere
muchitsauko chinotevera sezvo dzakatevedzana VI. Abth. akarondedzera ndiko
(apo unogona kuverenga mashoko), aiva wose kure = 10 nechemberi vadyi pamusoro
kuruboshwe indekisi munwe D 6) rakaiswa. miedzo 400 (100 vanoshanda nenzira
yakasiyana nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo) akapa nyore wakachena variables kunoreva
chokukanganisa Zvinofungidzirwa (pashure kutsiura nokuda anokamuka M uye
nokuda kukura zvikamu) chete 1 / 85 aiva kure chakaipa, kugara kukanganisa (mu
zvinoreva tsika dzayo Mhedziso yose 4 nguva-nzvimbo nzvimbo kutsunga)
akaenzana 1 / 42 ari wose nechokure. Kukanganisa kwakachena shanduka uyu
yakavimbika kupfuura dzose nokuda rakarurama daro iwe, nokuti kugara
kukanganisa hunoenderana badzi dzisakarurama mumamiriro ezvinhu kupinda
akaenzanisa hukuru nokuda kwenguva, nzvimbo uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ari
fananidzo, sapakutanga inokurukurwa zvakakwana. Sezvineiwo, kunyange kugara
kumbokanganisawo Tastversuchen kuva kunyange zvikuru isingasviki kare, nokuti
mune imwe dhipatimendi zvakafanana munhevedzano kuedza, von akatevedzana
VI. Abth. , izvo haana kubvumira chete nemazvo kure iwe, saka, akapa
dzinokwanisa kurei variables kukanganisa, akanga ari pakati uyewo 400 kuedza
chakafanana kwagara daro iroro munwe gumbo rimwe (kugadziriswa) yakaisvonaka
shanduka zvinoreva kukanganisa = 1 / 55 pakati chakaipa nechokure, chikanganiso
kugara chete = 1 / 90 pakati kwagara nechokure yapihwa. The Division , umo
yakaisvonaka chikanganiso shanduka chikuru ndechipi, kugara kukanganisa raiva
duku, uye dhipatimendi , uko neizvi kwakaitika kusiyana, tarisa kuti, pamwe
Division , madenderedzwa maviri, izvo madaro (kwomuzvarirwo kure uye potsa
kure) vakashingirira vakanga rakaiswa pedyo mubatsiri pana Division ? asi
nomunwe pakati inowanzotorwa munopoteredza vainyeperwa denderedzwa,
zvakanga clamped kune mumwe, shure uye akanga vaitewo, sezvinorondedzerwa
muchitsauko chinotevera, izvo dzino nemiedzo kuitira akafanana inotevera pamusoro
ziso ndiko, kana meso kutama panguva Augenmaversuchen kure zvichienzaniswa
nemamwe. Yokupedzisira pokushandisa denderedzwa, pashure zvishoma tsika
yakawanda yunifomu kupfuura zvinoitwa mubatsiri; saka duku zvikuru shanduka
sezvaunotara iwe kukanganisa.
6) D

= 1/ 2 ndima. Dezimallinie, = 0,72 Duod. Mutsetse.

The kwakaita kutonga, iro ini saka kure wakagamuchira duku uchimutarira
kukanganisa 7) vari yaakaita madaro vanomiririrwa kutwasuka, zvitema dzinopfavisa,
dzavasinei conically tapering simbi pfungwa (kubva 19.7 D urefu) mbiri zvikuru
kuenzana Calipers 8) dzinoitirwa kuzorwa hwindo pakatarisana rakamiswa chena
musuo sezvo mamiriro pedyo nepedyo, kwakatemwa. It akandipa panguva iyoyo
chakaipa kure = 10 D , 200 Zvaanoona (100 kurudyi, 100 rworuboshwe chinzvimbo
inowanzotorwa daro) a (kugadziriswa) variables wakachena zvinoreva kukanganisa

= 1 / 126 ari chakaipa daro uye kugara kukanganisa = 1 / 114 ari kwagara nechokure,
izvo panguva akaturikidzana maviri aiva kunaka. Ichava mukana kumwewo
kudzokera dzino nokuti chete chete chikamu, basa zvinangwa zvimwe
dzakatevedzana (ona. O.) Ko.
7)

Vari chaizvo chiduku zvikuru pane kuti Th. Ini, S. 214 va-. With zvishoma
maekisesaizi uye akatiwanira pamwe nezviyero kukwana.
8)

Saka 4 nepadivi Nhongonya, mumwe 2 rikayerera. Three nepadivi

Nhongonya, anoutsinye pakati maviri lateral musi iwoyo tsvimbo ndivo
undisputed uye ipapo akamisa vatonyanya zvakanaka kuti kutsunga zvose
okufananidza marefu, uye intoa danda kambasi asi ndakaita hapana pakuedza
nenzira iyi. Nokuti comparability pamwe apa chikumbiro Tastversuchen nzira
yakanga dika.

The experimental nzira, iyo yakavakirwa Wundt ayo ezvinhu, kunoitika pasi Th. I,
p.131 akatarira nzira neShanduro, asingagoni kuwana kunyange icho Wundt
chinangwa Naizvozvo, rinorati- zvimwe kufarira kuti akafanana matanho ndivo
zvinofungidzirwa madaro ganda uye maziso ruoko.
Zvechokwadi, fananidzo zvakawanda zivikanwi kupfuura apo nzira kushandiswa
neShanduro mupfungwa nzvimbo woga, uye zvichida peri, akadzidzisa chete
nekutarisisa kuti zvatakaita kare apo beziehentlichen Gebrauche zvose
pfungwa. Uyewo, handisi kuti paigona munhu asingadi nokudaro anoita mhando
kuenzanisa dzemoyo udzvinyiriri, uye kunyange akaita ipapo anova
pamusoro; Zvisinei mumwe anoona zvinopfuura zvimwe vakasarudza mumwe
zvichienzaniswa ane Tastgre Augenmagre uye involuntarily hama kuti makuru
kana chiduku; zvokuti bedzi kunyumwira chinoramba, kana panogumira kusiyana
chikamu fungidziro uchaderedzwa kuburikidza co-kutsunga, iyo, kunyange ini aida
kudzivisa vari folgends akakurukura kuedza zvichibvira, asi ndichiri havagoni
kutaura sezvo chinoshayikwa. Mumwe Kana chinhu chaicho kungangova kutonga
panze kuedza kwakadaro uye akarambwa dzose kubva netsaona inongova mumiedzo
yakawanda vanhu siyana uye mumamiriro zvakachinjwa kwazvo ezvinhu; Anoda ini
asi kwete chinhu chinokosha pamberi, aigona kubvunza chii dambudziko
kwakapararira miedzo. Zvisinei, ndichaita kumbotipa migumisiro ane pachavo
munhevedzano nemiedzo, kusanganisira nzira kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu,
kunyange ini ainyatsoziva pakupedzisira kuwanikwa kubva kunyanya kupfuma
Belang inference. Zvichida unogona achiri kuitwa pamwe vamwe miedzo zvaibatsira
paainyora voratidza kuti vamwe izvi paakaziva pfungwa.
The kure, izvo zvichashandiswa ne yakasimba enzaniso Kuti Hot A nechokure,
rakafanana saka akawana B sezvo kure.
A A sezvo kure = 10 D vakanga ichinonoka pamusoro, pamapepa chena
wakavhomorwa chinjikira dema mutsetse kuburikidza dashes mbiri duku, ukatarira
zvavo zvakanaka uye zvino ane stalked uye zvisarudzo rakatorwa madzinde

denderedzwa pasina concurrence weziso vakaenzana nekuratidzwa B sezvo kure kuti

vaida kuruboshwe pakati munwe, zvekuti vose rwemberi muromo muna Gelenkfuge
pakati pamberi uye pakati muzvidimbu mumwe akaiswa mberi. Pakati nemiedzo 100
Ndakaona muchikamu ane rokutanga bvunzo ngaatevedzane 10 D pamusoro
kuenderana 8,582 D pamusoro Tastmaes nerokuti, chii ndinonyora zvishoma:
Augenm. A 10 = Tastm. B 8,882.
chikamu A yechipiri akatevedzana akandipa sezvinoita avhareji 100 nemiedzo
yakaenzana 5 D mutongo 5,842 Tastma; Saka Augenm. A 5 =
Tastm. B 5,842. Paaiva muzvirevo nechokure hombe zvaikurira Augenmagre
zvaikurira pano, sezvaungaona, iye Tastgre.
In chikamu chechitatu, kure = 10 akanga kunoshandurwa D delineated pamusoro
nomunwe muzvidimbu uye ichi pamusoro refu chinjikira mutsetse iyo ziso nerokuti
rinowanika Bichinonoka -Distanzen zvaitevedzana pamwe dashes; ipapo mumwe
nomumwe 16 yakadaro marefu Akayera pamwe chete. Ndinowana ichi zvakananga
Zvinofungidzirwa umo A sezvo daro weveta inoorora divi, kunyanya isingagari,
zvikuru precarious pane kuti neizvi negwara, uye kwete nokusimudza refu
nokuedza. Naizvozvo, tsanangudzo 10 yakaenzana vanofungidzirwa marefu nguva
dzose zvakaitika nokukurumidza kuburikidza ganda sezvo zvakawanda anobata
pamwe compasses pasina vasere vane kare chaiko madaro. Pakati nemiedzo 100
rakanga Tastma A 10 yakaenzana akawana mutongo B 13,473.
In kupesana rechina A Tastm. 5 = Augenm. B 3.202 akawanikwa.
Mumwe angafunga kuti zviite fananidzo, kana ukaramba gehends matura ose
Augenmagre mupfungwa paunenge uchitsvaka Tastquivalent izvozvo. asi ichi
hachisi zvachose nyaya. Atora Augenmagre muziso, ndine kuvhara maziso enyu,
zvikasadaro handina kuwana ari yakakamukana kana vakapararira azive
Tastquivalent payo; uye sezvo ini maziso angu ari neizvi inoenda kugarwa, apo ini
kushandisa compasses pamusoro ganda.
The apa 4 Versuchsabtheilungen hazvina basa rose kutsivana, asi zuva nezuva ari
continuo chete 10 muzana mumwe wedhipatimendi, saka wose 40; pashure pemazuva
rave ari kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvikamu Ini, II, III, IV, chii
pamwe kwaifananidzira, uye IV, III, II, ini, chii
pamwe kwaifananidzira. Rokuongorora dhigirii pokuita pane akatevedzana
pacharo, pano ndivo avhareji B neShanduro kusvikira pamusoro A -Distanzen
mumwe anotevedzana zvikamu zviduku 10 zvaakacherechedza.

Kutonga A Tastma A

10

10

ini

II

III

IV

8,56

6,28

12,15

3.28

9,03

6.15

15,31

3,55

8,77

6,48

13,69

2.41

8,73

5,35

13,35

3.50

8,61

6,08

12,52

2.38

8.17

5,61

14,12

3,82

8.19

5,66

13,53

3.00

8,56

5,66

13,26

3.13

9.12

6,02

13,14

3,35

8,08

5.13

13,66

3,60

Total mari 8,582

5.842
13,473 3.202
Zvinonzi zvinoonekwa kuti mune II uye IV, kutevedzana pamusoro Zvaanoona
vaiva mutsindo simba kubudikidza panguva maduku II, sezvamakaropafadzwa IV
rinoratidza makuru netsika kupfuura .
Mushure yapfuura 4 madhipatimendi zvino 4 madhipatimendi matsva mhiri
runoenzanirana nenzira, saka chete basa, kuti madaro, izvo kare sezvo B vaakawana
zvachose zvinhu zvino (by rounding anosvika 1 / 2 sezvo chikwata) A vakaisa pasi
nzira vaiva. Saka, dzakakurumidza kunyorwa pamwechete yapfuura zvabuda,
zvinotevera ezvinhu ari 4 mumapoka V, VI, VII, VIII.
Mutongo. Tastma. Ratio.
IA 10 = B 8.582 1 : 0,8582
II A 5 = B 6,842 1,1684
III B 13,473 = A 10 0.7422
IV B 3.202 = A 5 1.5615
V A 13.5 = B 11,088 0,8213
VI A 3.5 = B 4.172 1,1918
VII B 10,181 = A 8.5 0.8349
VIII B 3.915 = A 5.5 1.4040
Munhu yezvikamu zviduku zveropa V kuna VIII akapa:

mutongo A

Tastma B

= 13,5

= 3.5

= 8.5

= 5.5

VI

VII

VIII

12.16

4,43

8,48

3.33

10,57

4.19

10,00

4.25

11.17

4,64

9.24

3.75

10,52

3,84

10,35

3,95

11,39

3,96

9,82

3,95

10,54

3,81

11.42

4.25

11.26

4.20

11,99

3,74

11,03

4.19

9,79

4.35

11,35

4,38

10,07

3,36

10,89

4,08

10,68

4.22

4.172

10,181

3.915

pakatil 11,088

Mugumisiro V, VI, VII, VIII inoshanda pano sezvo , zvakasiyana

sezvo . Sezvaunogona kuona, simba pamusoro pechiitiko pano zvose 4 mumapoka
zviri zvinoonekwa.
Kuongororwa kwakaitwa ratios vari patafura zvabuda, tinoona kuti
madhipatimendi iyo pedyo nomumwe nomumwe A yaive tsika Augenma- kana
Tastgre sezvo II uye VI, IV uye VIII anopa, uyewo pedo concordant ratios, izvo
zvingava zvakakodzera , kuvimba nenzira iyi oedza kuwedzera zvishoma. Kusiyana
neizvi, nhamba iri chikamu chiri yekudyidzana kwakasiyana zvichienderana
(yekudyidzana) zvakaenzana nechiyero A kana B kupinda naro. Ini uye VII kunyange
vanobvumawo izvi achiri yakanaka kwazvo, kwete III uye V, nokururamisa B 13.478
yakaenzana Tastma A 10; Kutonga A 13.5 pamwe Tastma B 11,088 ndiye; sezvo
shoma dzinobvumirana II uye VIII. Asi kunyange kana munhu anokumbira muna
Tastgebiete pachavo yokuenzana miedzo pakati dzakasiyana ganda zvikamu,
unoenderana kupesana vari kukura neShanduro zvichienderana vatungamirire
kugarwa, maererano iro nguva dzose zvakakodzera, izvo zvinoreva pakati mumwe
pedyo A - uye B ngaatore tsika. Izvi zvinoitwa zvinotevera tafura.
Mutongo. Tastma.
III. V. 13.487 = 10.544
I. VII. 10,091 = 8,541
II. VIII. 4,458 = 5,671
IV. VI. 3,351 = 4,586
The Tastgren simuka nezuva wononokera zvikuru kupfuura zvavo noenderana
Augenmagren; avo zvikunde diki, izvi pamusoro refu vari neShanduro.
Kana tikaenzanisa daro pakati mbiri kambasi pfungwa ukoshi pamusoro ganda
mupfungwa Weber kuti pamuviri somunhu Zvaiitwa nhamba zvenguva kutsinga
dzinouya nezvedzidzo pasina asi nematunhu aya kunyange kumirira, uye saka pasina

ivo sokuti munyaya kutekenyedzwa pacharo, sezvo ari chikonzero yakatsvakwa ne

Weber pachake kazhinji mariri 9) kuti isu kubudikidza pezvakamboitika apo ivo
wakaedzwa yakazotevera mukusaziva pasi solubilizing ruzivo vawana chete, uye avo
pashure vanosundira chiyeuchidzo tacit pakati pfungwa pari asingafariri, nokuda daro
asingafariri chitsama zvenguva unbid, asi chiitiko pakuvamba kwatiri sevanhu,
kuongorora kuvapo kwavo.
9)

inoshuma Saxon. Soc. 1852 111th

"Regai ndokuisa zvaizoita nokuda kwounyanzvi maviri pedyo kutsinga dzinouya

madenderedzwa maviri pazvidhindo, izvi kwaizoitwa pamwe chete mupfungwa ;.
Nokuti hatinawo pakakoromoka kwechokwadi pakati pavo kuti kunzwisisa akadaro
Empflndungskreis pakati penyika hanya kutekenyedzwa madenderedzwa vanofanira
kanenge nhema, isu pamusoro ipapo pfungwa zvisipo, tajaira, isu
vanowanzodzidziswa ikoko uye kunzwa, nokuti ndinoona chaizvo chokuti tiri
pamusoro kutekenyedzwa madenderedzwa iyo akabata pakati zvikamu zviviri ganda
uye isu kazhinji paakaziva pazvidhindo pairi, kusava kutekenyedzwa wakagamuchira
kana pane nezvekufadza vakasiyana hunhu, anondimutsa matiri pfungwa zvenguva
nzvimbo. "
Zvadaro, Non-asingafariri kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo havana manzwiro
madenderedzwa vaizova noruremekedzo kuti kutekenyedzwa goho rinoenderana,
kutoti kwokutanga kushatirwa kutipa kuvapo chete mutengi anouya kwatiri panguva
ano daro Zvinofungidzirwa kushongedzera.
Saka naizvozvo maonero ichi sokuti nheyo pamusoro kudiwa uye chokwadi,
unogona kuriverenga tidzivise guru kuoma. , Change uwandu madenderedzwa ane
nehanya ari zvisarudzo akatorwa pakati Compass pfungwa ganda kure kuti
yakapfuura ruzivo anogona kuramba chete, asi zvakadini izvo zvinoita kuti tive nzira
kwazvo.
Mushure Chloroformierung kana kutora narcotic zvinhu (morphine, atropine,
daturine) Compass pfungwa kunofanira kuitwa zvakawanda zvinoshamisa kupfuura
zvatinosiita kuti kunyange kunzwisisa sezvo kure sezvo Lichtenfels uye Cheerful
vakaratidza kuburikidza zvakawanda uye vakawanda zvakachinjwa
nemiedzo 10) . Volkmann akaita akaudzwa ini kuti maererano kwokutanga
migumisiro nemiedzo yayo ganda chando vane kubudirira chete, uye Rte aine
munhu akanga akafa mitezo kukwana rimwe divi chiso, akacherechedza kuti
Compass pfungwa zvikuru mberi kubva peji ino aifanira kuva kuitira kuti ndipe kure
manzwiro sezvo ari utano divi. Yakakura ruzivo pano pane ane ichangopfuura
vanoshamwaridzana Wundt vanotaurwa S. 315 bhuku.
10)

Sitzungsber. d. Vienna. Akad. VI, 1857. S. 338th

Mukuwedzera, maekisesaizi ane simba chaizvo abndernd ane sei pakuedza

Czermak, Volkmann uye ini 11) zvawo unoratidzwa, pashure Volkmann uye dzavo

kuedza nenzira kuti kunyange reshiyo pakati nehanya nenzira dzakasiyana ganda
zvikamu zvakafanana muviri unoramba kuzochinja.
11)

Kunze nezvavanofunga chokuita Volkmann raakanga. Muzana

Sitzungsber Der Sachs. Soc. 1858. S. akaita 38 rizivikanwe pachangu
pamusoro zvakaitika kushandisa nzira neShanduro kuti vachiriita.
Kana zvaunoita chiso chako pfungwa kuuya etherealization, muna mbanje
yakawanda kudhaka, mune dzimwe Gehirnlei-akafanana mananara pamberi, pane
pfungwa kubatwa, dzinokosha kosi chero kuchinja chimiro uye nzvimbo refracting
vezvenhau kana pekugara kuchinja dzaigona kuongororwa kana vasiri saka
zvakafanana mananara mupfungwa havambozivi kuti inomirira divi, nokuti iyo
vanotova haasi yaizoputsika chaizvo, tsananguro haana kufanira.
Panum, mu bhuku rake "The pachena kukura zvinhu kuona" muna Graefe raMwari
Arch. F. Ophthalm. 1859 V, 1, kusanganisira dzinotevera anotaura (p
16.); "Pandaiva inhaled zvakare ndoga mukamuri rangu nokuda ane saregerereka
chisimba neuralgia Eteri anenge 10 apfuura, ndakaita nezvakataurwa zvakasara ave
usingakanganwiki kwandiri, uye izvo Ndinowanzofunga vakafunga pasina uye
kubvunzurudza navo. Ini ngadzirambe kureva pamubhedha avete, akarembera
pamadziro guru chidzitiro, uye pashure ndaiva anonzi hope maoko nemakumbo
zvakafanana tingling manzwiro ari maoko namakumbo, uye vakawana akapotsa
utsinye mune simba inobvira Pubs minwe yangu, mufananidzo sokuti kunge
ichiderera uye zvaiita pamusoro . Kuwedzera zurcken vari kure zvikuru sezvo
yakanga zvikuru duku, yakanyangarika navose pamberi ndaiva mutema uye
zvakabvaruka nzeve ngaritinhire zvandakabudira zvino ndanzwa ne Eteri inhalation
vanoteyira rakamira kwekanguva, unoshaya simba sokunge yakazaruka maziso ;.
ipapo kana kutekenyedzwa akadzoka, mufananidzo racho akaona kamwe zvakare,
pakutanga duku kwazvo uye kure kure, ipapo kuuya pedyo uye kuva akakura
kusvikira pashure manzwiro uye nokuzvidira sangano vakanga vadzoka zvachose,
akanga asvika nomumhu ..... A ushamwari navo vandakadzidza taigara arimo bhuku,
akamuvimbisa kuti iye chete aivawo muna achiri mukomana muchechi, zvakaitika
kuburikidza, pamwe zvose kunzwa hope Fighting, uye pamwechete unblinking maziso
muparidzi vakatarira, ichi vari ichiderera ndokutarira panze itarisiro
kure. Mumwewo vaizviti ari typhus Fani iyi Red kuva ndokurondedzera
takangwaririra kure musana zvinhu kunge wakanzwira; uye pakupedzisira
Ndinowana kuti Fani iyi wezvirwere ari chaizvo kuzivikanwa uye kwete Kazhinji
vanhu vachitambura kubva pfungwa zvinetso, anopiwa nechivimbo kwazvo. In
mbanje yakawanda kudhaka vanofanira kuva kuramba zvakare. "
Kuti papi izvi hazvisi kweimwewo nezvenhanho Weber anofanira omurume maro,
Ndini katsika avaisa pasi Mitbezugnahme pamusoro ratios ari rakakura chinooneka
maonero ari zvinotevera pfungwa.
Kunyange pasina zvokunze kubwaira pamwe namahwindo maziso kunotipa edu
kunenge kwakakura manzwiro pamusoro dema chinooneka munda, riri kukonzerwa
chokuti zvose kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo chete nokuda simba womukati

excitation nguva dzose pacharo pamusoro chikumbaridzo, chete kuti, sezvo chero
mumwe simba kwokunze anotikurudzira akakonzera manzwiro chete imwe
nhungamiro nzeve chinodiwa kuunza manzwiro iyi zvaiitika. Saka pano isu
kufungidzira daro pakati chero mbiri pfungwa yacho kunenge kwete maererano
nhamba zwischenbefindlicher kwete kumirira, kuvapo kwavo pashure kuzivikanwa
bedzi yapfuura zvakaitika, anoti; Maererano nhamba nechomukati rinotsamwa uye
nemhaka iyo kutekenyedzwa unongotaura grantors pfungwa, uye ungadai, kana
dzimwe pfungwa idzi zvaizoita mitezo, ndikaona kure zvishoma, asi zvisinei, kuti
rapfuura ruzivo achagara zvakafanana.
In kwangu pfungwa, zvino achiita maererano daro kunzwa ganda, chete kuti ganda
etsinga fibers vanowanzoteerera kwete nguva dzose kutarira mukati chete kukwana
kwakadaro rwomukati nyonganyonga pamusoro chikumbaridzo, sezvo chiso etsinga
fibers, asi nemamiriro ezvinhu akawanda vachamutswa kumusoro uye kuwira pasi
payo.
Kutaura zvazviri, chokwadi nguva dzose ari chikamu cutaneous tsinga, izvo
vanobatwa pakati mbiri nekambasi pfungwa, zvisinei, kuti havana vanobatwawo,
kufara nenzira isu pamusoro kuvapo uye uwandu pari zvikuru kukura uye nepfungwa
daro pasina kufunga anogona kuva yapfuura ruzivo kuzvimiririra. Saka, kana isu
pfungwa dzedu ichi kana kuti chikamu ganda, isu ikoko kwete chete kunzwa zvikuru
kupisa kana kutonhora, asiwo kunze manzwiro mamwe rakananga mutengi
anotizivisa nezvokuvapo uye kukura kwakaita chikamu, chete kuti kunzwa
rokuwedzera hakusi wakananga sapamazuva ziso nokupfuuridza; tinogona kutaura
sezvakaita chinooneka munda hapana saka vamwe uye yakasimba nezve
touchpad. Asi zvichida mumwe bvumidza nyore kuti asi pane zvose mapfumo ichi
kunzwa chinhu, uye kuti hakubvi zvikuru kwaainge ruzivo sezvo mamiriro excitation
ari tactile tsinga, kana musiyano anoyeuka mamiriro chiveve ganda kana
kumanikidzwa rikashandiswa dehwe tsinga hunde yacho zvavo mamiriro nezvipo anozivikanwa chokwadi sokuti kwatiri unoruoko ane tsinga iri compressed sezvo isiri
muviri wose, - uye saka tinogona kuisa pfungwa dzavo pane, hazvizovi zvinobvira
obudisa chete manzwiro ake ariko uye kukura chii chimwe tinokwanisa kupa
Somugumisiro.
Of zvikuru kukosha ndinoona pachinhu ichi uyewo kunzwa usina muviri, hungu
nenzvimbo-shoma zvokutaura, kuvapo, iyo kwazvo inowanzonzi yataurwa somunhu
kubudirira therisierens kana ganda aone, chii isu kunonyanya kubva kuvapo muviri
wedu mutengi ndizvo, nokuda chiito ari Eteri anogona nyore mwoyo pazasi
pachikumbaridzo, kunyange pasina mubvunzo kurasikirwa tsandanyama manzwiro,
chii chinoita kuti tinzwe kukomba muviri wedu, izvi zvinoita sokunge nokuti vose
nezvekufadza zvachose kazhinji pamwe.Tinofanira vari vanhuwo mamiriro vasina
njere chokuvapo muviri wedu kuburikidza ganda uye tsandanyama vanonzwa
saizvozvo aigona Chokwadi nokuda therisieren kwete akarasika; asi kuti kurege
kurashika nokuramba nevamwe sezvakanga kubudirira kwokudzvinyirira pamusoro
tsinga ganda variability manzwiro ichi napaduku iri vanowanikwa etsinga.
Saka anonyora Granier of Cassagnac 12) nokuda kwomudzimu therisierens:

"Zvaiita sokuti zvose zvokunze kunyangarika; Ini handichagarizve akanzwa Flacon

muruoko rwangu, kashoma akacherechedza kuti ndaiva nguvo pamuviri wake, uye
pasi pamusoro Ndakamira sokunge vakafirwa .. chokwadi yangu yepakutanga
wokunze uye zvinhu nyika hakusisipo, paunogara, mumwe asisiri anonzwa cheya,
uye kana munhu haasisiri pamubhedha pakati pavo; ... zvinonzi vakatenda kuti
zvokuyeredza mudenga. " - Imwe mucherechedzi 13) rinoti: "Ndainzwa kubva kunze
kwenyika panguva dzose, kunyange pemuviri changu mweya yakanga yakaita
zvachose voga uye akaparadzaniswa muviri .." - Dr. Bergson 14) rinoti: "The
kunoshamisa kunoitwa giravhiti kwenhengo vakanyangarika uye vakatenda
Chokwadi, mudenga kuti zvokuyeredza .... pfungwa nokubata, kunzwa vakabatwa
nehope ari cutaneous tsinga rikauya, uye izvi kunowedzera tingling chishamiso
zvishoma nezvishoma maererano dhigirii kufurirwa simba haasisina vainzwa
paganda ruoko, Pubs, anopedza, ichipfuta. " - The chete Zvinonzi kubatsira vamwe
narcotics. Saka Madden anonyora (Fror Not xxvi, peji 14..) Zviri chinodhaka
kudhaka: "Nepo achifamba Ini kashoma akacherechedza kuti tsoka dzangu akabata
pasi raiva sokuti ndakanga zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope, rinosundwa simba
risingaoneki, mugwagwa pamwe, uye kana ropa rangu mumatanda vamwe
Watermark Urume yaakaita muviri wangu vakareruka kupfuura mhepo. "
12) Hamb.

kureva u. crit. Lk. 1847. Nr. 13 ,.

13)

Pfeufer, magazini Picks. 1847. Vol. VI, p.79.

14)

Mag. nokuti bhuku pamusoro triggering. 1847. March.

- Imwe nokucherechedza anoti kushanda mbanje yakawanda 15) : "The evoked

nezvekufadza vaiva kunoshamisa dzakazorora zvakadaro, saka kutaura airiness," ....
uye akawedzera kuti: "Limitationsempfindung (pfungwa chipingidzo mukati papi
nyama ropa) pakarepo akawa. madziro makemikari muviri dzinokaroparuka uye
ndokuwira nomukurasikirwa, uye pasina kuziva chii chimiro ndaiva, nekuti
ndakarasikirwa chiso, saka chero pfungwa chimiro, ini ndoga sokuti ndiri
pagungano incalculable nzvimbo papi ichi chakabatsira 16) ", etc.
15)

Mag. nokuti bhuku pamusoro triggering. 1854. Nr. 72nd

16)

Hapana mubvunzo ndiyo kutekenyedzwa yokukokawo nokusingagumi

pasina chimiro uye muganhu isingasviki kuwedzera, nokuti kutora somunhu
kurasikirwa kunzwa spatial chokwadi.
Saizvozvowo sezvo Kufema soporific zvinhu zvakasikwa kusvika kurara sokuti
kushanda. "The wenyama manzwiro - anoti Purkinje 17) - kunyanya ganda
anorasikirwa (akotsira) zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu nehanya nokuti pakati Warmeuye inosiyana chando; kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu haisisiri akanzwa, muviri inoita
pamusoro Pedhi zvikuru. waparadzwa kuyera sezvo kakawanda zvinoitika kuti kana
kunzwa einschiet zvakare pakarepo nehope muzvinhu mwoyo ganda, zvinoita sokuti
takanga rawa kubva mumamiriro kuturika nomunhurume pamusoro zvakaoma

pamusoro, chiitiko. zvimwe zvikuru pakutanga hope vakaita. "

17)

varindi, hope uye Zviroto Wagner raMwari mhanga. S. 420th

Zvinofadza kuti kuenzanisa migumisiro narcotics, dzakasiyana chaizvo hunhu

strychnine ndiyo. Nepo Lichtenfels pamusoro morphine, atropine, daturine Zvisinei
saka akadzidza unonyatsooneka zvinoderedza pamusoro zvakawanda nehanya, aiva
rutapudzo kuti mudhamu Gebrauche pamusoro strychnine, kunyange zvirokwazvo
wainyatsotaura uye zvinoonekwa, asi zvichienzanirana avo zvinhu chete
zvishoma. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvakanga vakawana kuti chete kumanikidzwa, izvo
kudaro chete titadze kutekenyedzwa kunotangira strychnine ingestion rakajeka
chaizvo uye dzimwe zvinokonzera kuti kunaka kutekenyedzwa dzinoshandurwa uye
nguva zuva Kufungisisa zviri ndezvokuti guru. - "Kana munhu runonditsikirira ari
kurutivi caliper nepfundo kutanga paganda ruoko uye ipapo parurimi ari wose
mamiriro, saka aimbova kutekenyedzwa sokuti mikukutu, ekupedzisira unopinza
chaizvo uye shoma, asi sezvo yakajeka ndiko strychnine manzwiro pamusoro ganda
ruoko, sokuti arambe achirema yezviri mumiririri anowedzera. " (Vienna.
Sitzungsber. 1851. VI, peji 345. 352.)
zvino munhu anogona kufunga kuti simba rutivi rwomuviri, pamusoro narcotic
zvinhu, kuti etherealization uye Chloroformierung anokumbira kudzvinyirira
kutekenyedzwa kwenhamba kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo pazasi pachikumbaridzo,
uye pakudaro kuunza budiriro zvakafanana kana vanoverengeka kutsinga dzinouya
nezvedzidzo izvi zvachose vasisina kana abstrbe nyore ; anenge maonero izvi
zvinoita zvakafanira kana isu kufunga kuti rufu inongova mwero mukurusa rutivi
rwomuviri uye zvakadzamisisa kuwa pazasi pachikumbaridzo.
Izvi zvingadai kutsanangurwa panguva imwe chete kuti tinoziva zviduku misha ane
kambasi anongedze zvikamu zvakadai rokumusoro maoko, apo vaviri kambasi
pfungwa, panguva imwecheteyo kupfeka nguva, dana kuti mungava kure, kuti
nokusingaperi kuonekwa sezvo kure. Nokuisa kubuda denderedzwa-nomudzimu kure
kupiwa, isu vaunganidze zvaitevedzana zwischenbe-inonyatsoziva zvose kutsinga
dzinouya nezvedzidzo maererano Zvisinei kupinda atsamwa pamusoro
chikumbaridzo, chinhambwe chete, kana rakundwa pakati mbiri wakaderera
nekambasi pfungwa, yakawanda yacho unstimulated kutsinga dzinouya yeChina pasi
pachikumbaridzo anoramba.
Saka zvakanaka asi anokwanisa tsananguro iyi chokwadi kukurukurwa zvokuti
kure, pachine chokwadi kuti rinoita kuzvipikisa zvakananga, uye ndinobvuma kuti
akandiita refu pane kurasikirwa; Ini kubva kwayo chinoziviswa aiziva mumwe chete,
saka kure zvokufungidzirwa, rutsigiro pfungwa iyo, kunyange zvazvo, sezvo imi
pakupedzisira kuona, kunoitika chete yapfuura chaipo dzinongoitika kubatana, asi
pane munhu angarega dai kuti akanga achiri mhiri zvaizoita nehanya sezvinobva
inoda tsananguro iyi.
Volkmann akaita Handimupinduri, uye ndinoona zviri rinosimbisa kuti chigamba
pamusoro ganda chikamu unopinza wakapiwa urefu ive kukurumidza kutongwa

sezvo kune nzira neShanduro haazorambi chete kwete kuwedzera, asi kunyange
zvishoma duku kupfuura akati urefu runoenzanirana kure pakati mbiri kambasi
pfungwa musi iwoyo mugove ganda, pasinei asi nokuda anotikurudzira
kwokudzvinyirira zvizere pamupendero zvikuru kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo
anofanira kusimudzwa pamusoro chikumbaridzo, sezvo dziri chinhu denderedzwa
kure pamusoro payo. Kunyange chando anotikurudzira haasi kuwedzera
bemerktermaen asi akaderedza rakakura kutekenyedzwa.
Kuperekedza mashoko aya pamwe nedzimwe nhamba, ndakaisa saka chete duku
bvunzo akatevedzana saka musi. An 8 ndima. Lin. akayera, rakacherwa kubva simba
bhizimisi kadhi unopinza, iyo antecedent pamusoro indekisi munwe (pamusoro voo
parutivi kureba muzvidimbu pashure, pamwe rwemberi mugumo muna Gelenkfuge)
zvakabatanidzwa, akazviratidza muna 5 miedzo (pasina concurrence weziso)
kwakafanana zvinotevera denderedzwa madaro:
7.5; 7.3; 6.9; 7.0; 7.2 mitsetse,
Zvinoreva 7.18.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ndawana pane dzimwe nguva pane nomunwe.
Uyewo pane okumusoro maoko ndinoda kuitwa Kunogumira yakareba kubva 25
kusvika 30-mutsetse panguva dzakasiyana kuedza uye nguva dzose duku
denderedzwa kure chete nerokuti yakawanikwa; chete tisambotsauswa ukama
kwazvo kuedza mazuva akasiyana, wakafanana neni nokuda kuenzanisa zvizere isina
chinhu kure nokuda kunzwa anotarira kwakaoma kupfuura pamusoro nomunwe. On
wose, ndingadai vachida, pamwe nokuda zvakananga kuenzanisa, pamwe maererano
nzira neShanduro nani pachena kukura pamusoro chinhu denderedzwa kure kune
zvizere pamucheto pakureba pamusoro maoko kupfuura dzawanikwa minwe, chero
zvazvingava haidereri. Kuti vawane ngozi uye inoshanda mugumisiro panyaya iyi,
asi chete akazvimiririra miedzo pamusoro muzvizhinji vanhu vangadai inodiwa.
The nemaonero kuti ndakaisa nokuti tsananguro, zvino ichi:
taifunga nesu kuti Tastnervenfasern izvo svitsanisa vakasiyana nezvekufadza
muuropi kana pane imwe nzvimbo iri pamberi uropi sezvo confluent, sezvo
nevakawanda kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa Anoumba matavi chete nokusanzwira,
uyewo avo mabasa uye nemataundi manzwiro ungadai coalesce, uye vagari
kuongorora zvakawanda fibers yakadaro pamusoro pachikumbaridzo chete
kuchinyanya guru, hapana kuwedzera nepfungwa kubatwa kutakura, sokunyorwa
ichokwadi mapazi chete kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa. Zviri pamungawirirana
saka tinofanira kufunga kuti mabasa akangwara sentient fibers havana forterstrecken
pakati pavo (kuburikidza anobatanidza avo uropi) zvakafanana chamazuva sezvo
mavari uye awo, asi pakati pavo pane chinoshayikwa kana kuwira pasi
pachikumbaridzo, uye nokudaro mumwe mumuhara pamusoro kutekenyedzwa
kukururamisirai; nekuti zvisakadaro pasina chikonzero nei dzakasiyana fibers
havafaniri kupa zvakaenzana nyore manzwiro mugumisiro, sezvo mapazi chete
kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa; Ndizvo akamisa ndiyo chete yakadaro.
Asi munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti kana kumanikidzirwa ane mupendero kana

tembiricha anotikurudzira mabasa ari chomunda ganda, kuwedzere psychophysical

basa iri shoma kwete chete kune kubatwa tsinga vavo nechepakati harinzwi asiwo
mapfundo zvavo zvishoma kunosvika muuropi uye chikamu chimwe chete
anosimudza pamusoro chikumbaridzo, zvokuti kare discrete etsinga fibers zvino
aoma coalesce mabasa pamusoro pachikumbaridzo uye nokudaro tiri mapazi chete
kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa nerokuti.
Kunyange zvikasadaro zvinozivikanwa kuti kutekenyedzwa anotikurudzira,
sezvaanogona vanogona kutangisa dzepanguva kufamba pamwero, iyo presupposes
kuti tsinga basa zvinogona akaramba tatamuka ane kutsinga dzinouya tsinga
vokutanga injini tsinga kuburikidza kubatana huripo nechepakati nhengo pakati
vaviri, uye kunyange zvazvo maererano nesimba anotikurudzira uye zvimwe zvinhu
kuitira kuti kamwe chinokosha kubwaira injini tsinga kunoitika pasina dzimwe
nguva. The Runoenzanirana chii iwe chete kugamuchira anoona zvakakodzera kuti
chokwadi pamusoro dzepanguva uye kutsanangura kutsinga dzinouya tsinga uye
injini tsinga noruremekedzo, iwe zvino chete aida kutsanangura chokwadi tiri
kunetseka pano, uyewo noruremekedzo kuti tsinga fibers imwe chete pamwe chete
tactile tsinga kugamuchira chii vangava shoma kuomerwa kupfuura anatomical
kubatana kwakaita fibers idzi pamungawirirana pedyo kupfuura zvaimbenge pakati
tsinga maviri.
Chokwadi, releasable parutivi anotikurudzira basa iri pasi kuchinja mune pfungwa
pose pose chete pane imwe yokubatana mune utano hwake uye avo rinobatanidza,
uye ave kuda kubata ichi uye kumashure mashoko kwaisava kuparadzana. Pasina
achida zvino chipikiranai muno rakafara shanduro asi zviri kumboadya kuti basa
kunowedzera kunatsiridza kuti vakurukurirane vari mukuru kukura vari tsinga sezvo
rinobatanidza dzavo uye anowira, ikawanda mumamiriro ezvinhu, kunyange
yaimbova tichiregeredza neyokupedzisira, kana kuti zvikomborero zvawo
kudukupiswa. Uye saka nechiitwa aigona kutakura panguva Tastversuchen kuti
zvakawanda Tastnervenfasern kuonana nechepakati terminations avo pamusoro
chikumbaridzo, nepo panguva imwe chete kuchiderera yakawanda yeimwe pazasi
pachikumbaridzo; sezvo simba pachiitwa zvokuimba kufamba nounyanzvi panguva
imwe chete pane, tsandanyama simba, uye kukwanisa kuita kuti batch chete yoga,
zvirokwazvo haana pasina Miteinflu tsinga. asi munzira imwe kana mumwe,
vasisanetswi yechiitwa ndiko kuti vakurise chinhambwe chiyero chete kuti mumwe
vaifanira; nekuti kana zvose kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo vanomutswa pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo, kana zvose vakarambana muuropi, saka vaifanira anofanira
kubudirira. Kutaura zvazviri, ane vaifanira kudaro panguva uye ini vakaripira
kubudikidza Volkmann pachiimbwa kurovedza miedzo, zvakanga ambotaurwa,
akataura nguva uye nokutsunga.
Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuvira maonero edu pachinhu, uye zvikuru
zvakanaka ngaupfuure rumwe rutivi mune imwe Zvisinei, ivo vaigona kubatsira
nevamwe, vavawisire mubvunzo Ukuwo, kana ivo saka kunyange kwete imwe
kupokana , kusvikira pamusi iwoyo haagoni asi kuva omurume yakajairwa.
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kufamba kambasi pfungwa pamusoro maoko

kunonzwisiswa ave Fortrckung kana iye ndiyewo zvishomanana Zvisinei, mumwe

zvikuru zvikuru kure racho wakaderera nama nekambasi pfungwa haina akanzwa
pamusoro maoko ave spacer. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kufurira izvozvo, kuti
kufarirwa pechitsiko kunongedzera mumwe kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa
waanenge anomutsa pamusoro chikumbaridzo, daro pakati yokutenda achizorora
kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo zhinji pazasi pachikumbaridzo kuramba. Asi kana
zvakadaro, saka vanofanira mukana kutamira ZANO asati achizorora nechokure
kuderera kuremekedza pakudaro wakadenha rakakura manzwiro Kukura pamusoro
nhengo apo zvose kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo pamusoro pachikumbaridzo tiri,
uye chero zvazvingava zvishoma pamusoro zvikamu zvikuru zvakawanda nehanya
kupfuura muduku kuva. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo chaizvo zvachose nyaya; chete
kukasapfuura mugumisiro kuedza, saka kutaura, chinangwa nokusaparadza
vakawanda, asi vanhu vasiri vashoma, kusanganisira ini, ona, pachena ukuru run
kuburikidza pakati nekambasi pfungwa daro minwe kunyange Zviri duku pane imwe
daro pakati yokuzorora zvabatanidzwa kambasi pfungwa, nokuti hazvisi nyore
kuwana tsananguro. Tisati kupinda kukurukurwa ichi chinoshamisa mugumisiro, Ini
kumhanyira Actual.
Kuti kuedza, ndakaisa pamusoro pachangu kana mumwe munhu 18) kambasi
pfungwa iri Gelenkfuge pakati pamberi richiripo uye pakati vadyi pamusoro indekisi
munwe (voo pose) uye vamwe vanenge 9 10 ndima. Lines mberi 19) , teererai kunzwa
nechokure, ipapo kusimudza musoro, riri Gelenkfuge, ndiende nemamwe muromo,
nguva dzose pasina concurrence kwameso, kuti Gelenkfuge pasi.
18)

Kana akawanda kuedza, ndakawana kuti chinoita mutsauko, kana kuhaya

achiedza kuva pachake kana vamwe ane Itai se.
19)

Mumwe kunogonawo mamwe minwe uye yakareba urefu nomunwe nokuti

miedzo anoshandawo Z. B. rwemberi muromo paputsika pakati wechipiri
posterior muzvidimbu mumwe yakavakirwa pamusoro negedhi. Ndinoonawo
pano Lngenuntersehied zvichienderana apa Tentatively zvakanyanya.

nzira iyi kutamira yepamusorosoro zvino, zita rake achangoroorwa b, sokuti saka
kutaura isinganzwisisiki mapfupi pane kure pakati mira nenhongonya izvo ?
r inopisa.
Ini akadzokorora kuedza pakarepo mumwe munhu, Chokwadi, sezvinongoita
Zvakazoitwa miedzo yose vamwe pasina chaiyo zvinotarisirwa zvataurwa
mugumisiro. Akatsanangura zvikuru sezvingatarisirwa mushure repetitions
mashomanana kuti iwe b pamusoro hafu chero R sokuti, izvo kunzwa yangu dies
yakanaka kwazvo; Pakuumbwa akaratidza Hankel uye Volkmann yakazvimiririra
kuva zvakafanana; zvichava kwavari b pamusoro hafu chero pamberi R .
Report uyewo mimwe zvakatowanda vanhu vanogona kuva mubvunzo kuti
zvechokwadi b iduku zvikuru pane R kuonekwe. Chete mugumisiro haisi
nokudenga. Ndine yose vanhu 28, kusanganisira ini, akaongorora, izvo 17 hapana

chinokosha musiyano pakati b uye R kuwana; 10 akawanikwa b mapfupi pane R uye

kuti vazhinji kwazvo Zviri mapfupi; 1 akanga kunoshandurwa b pakutanga
vakasarudzwa kunopfuura R , asi kana kudzokorora kuedza, kunzwa zvose equalized
zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvakafanana achindiudza Volkmann, uyo (pamwe
nokukurumidza rinopindwa) Zviri imene b mapfupi pane R akawana kuti vamwe
vanhu mana naye iye vakaripira kuedza mutsauko aigona kuwanikwa zvisinei, kuti,
adventitious, Prof. Dubois sezvaiitwa aizviwana. Izvi, akatorwa pamwe chete,
vaizopandukira vanhu 34 12 b vakawana mapfupi pane R, 21 mutsauko chinokosha,
1 (kutanga) byakareba kupfuura r.
Ini pachangu unogona kuona ini hapana mubvunzo rokuchinja kubudirira kuedza,
zvichienderana andakararama Compass pfungwa mukuru kana mudiki rinodhindira
kana nokukurumidza kana wononokera kosi. Asi sokuti vamwe nhamba kuti
musiyano. 20) Mugumisiro wacho kumutsidzirwa neni panguva dzakasiyana nguva
dzose muupenyu chete negwara, uye mumwe nomumwe nguva zvakajeka pakutanga
kuedza; asi zvaiita kwandiri kanoverengeka, sezvinonzi vamwe kudzokorora pachena
musiyano pakati b uye R kana Wedzerai; uye zvimwe anotora mamwe simba
yokudzokorora panzvimbo chaizvo, nokuti ini ronga mashoko pamusoro wakaitwa
musiyano chete pashure kudzokororwa uye (kumusoro akaona) nyaya kunyange
pakutanga akagamuchira zvinake akawana navamwe vanhu.
20)

Volkmann anonyora kwandiri: "Ndinonzwa denderedzwa kure chaizvoizvo

yakakura kupfuura akapendwa ganda nzvimbo coextensive Musiyano haasi
kure Duplum Pasinei kumhanya ari wavanozvisunga ane simba, Handigoni
vanoti vane chokwadi, asi zvinoita sokuti .. ini. ndinoona kuti, sezvo kana
anokurumidza Kukwesha ari nokuwedzera musiyano, kana nemamwe mazwi,
kuti mibvunzo iri okufananidza miganhu asingachaiti munyika wononokera
kupenda rakanaka vakaenzana. " Dubois aiva zvavanodzidziswa
pakukurumidza zvakafanana pfungwa Volkmann.
Handina akaedzawo, kana mano nekambasi pfungwa kubva Gelenkfuge
kuburikidza fingerstick zvichikwira njanji kutsanangura yakareba nzira pane
zvakafanana mune neizvi nhungamiro nzira akatungamirira pasi. Ruzhinji rwevanhu
vashaiwa musiyano chinokosha, asi izvozvo akawanikwa, akapa (mu kungoreva
akazvimirira kuedza) pasina anosara kuti funga nzira pejoinhi kumusoro refu pasi
kuti pejoinhi, kusanganisira vakawanda kuti hapana musiyano chinokosha
pakati b uye R akawanikwa. Pakati vanhu 28 kuti ini pasi yapfuura miedzo, asi iro
zvikuru kuedza ichi chechipiri havana Akaripirawo uyewo 10 musiyano avo
vakawana, zvokuti asiwo ichi hachisi kungotaura zvinongoitika sokuti zvichazoitika.
Pakupedzisira, ndakanga vaedza zvinotevera mhando: Ndaiva denderedzwa,
pfungwa izvo avo zvokomara nokuda wakisi kana rakavhara Wakisi marozari 21) ,
hombe mapapiro, yakanga yakafanana nomumwe munhu mumwe mugumo uri
indekisi wangu kana pakati munwe, uye mumwe ari honokono akamisa, uye ikozvino
saka shure longitudinal nhungamiro nomunwe uye ruoko auye, kuti mumwe mugumo
inodedera pamusoro munwe, mumwe ari maoko nenguva nokukurumidza. Sezvo

etsinga arambe achirema nomunwe ganda hukuru kupfuura ruoko ganda, saka
unofanira kuwana kuti zvaiyambuka padandemutande nzvimbo kana kumhanya
kufamba minwe anofanira kusarudzwa yakakura kupfuura akazviratidza pamusoro
maoko. Asi ndine kakawanda akadzokorora kuedza, ini regai kuita nevamwe
kwandiri kupfuura kunyange vakaripira vamwe vanhu, haagoni kuwana chinhu
ndakatsunga.Dzimwe nguva zvaiita kuti ini mumwe, pane dzimwe nguva vamwe
muromo mhanyisa kutama, kana kuenda kubudikidza nzvimbo yakakura, uye
nevamwe vanhu Ndine mamwe kutsauka, dzimwe nguva kutsutsa dzinopesana
mashoko. The pachena kubudirira sokuti kunyanya novimba zvokufungidzira. 22)
21)

Kune yapfuura kuedza, vakashandisa unabgestumpft; panguva ino asi

pasina kuwana kupfuura chipimo kwete muperekedzi mazano pachaenzaniswa.
22)

kuedza uku kunoitika nemibvunzo pazvinhu izvo Czermak duku bhuku

"pfungwa kuti dzidziso nguva zvichireva" mumusangano inodaro d.
Vienna. Akad. Rakabudiswa 1857. April pasina kuva zvishoma kukwanisa
kudzidzisa kuti mipiro.

Kana ukaedza rondedzero nokukundikana yapfuura kuedza, zvingava, kutanga vose

vanoramba sezvinobvira kuti ibatanidzo zvaiyambuka pedyo nekambasi pfungwa
Dots vari muyeuko pfungwa yakasiyana mugumisiro pachena chiwedzerwa ndiko,
sezvo Pfupiso zvakafanana pakati pavamwe kambasi pfungwa Zvisarudzo pfungwa,
uye zvechokwadi munhu priori hazvirevi kuti chibvumirano pakati zviitiko zviviri
kuitika nemigumisiro. Sezvo zvaizova zvakaoma kuwiriranisa siyana saka
kukundikana kuedza idzi vanhu siyana kuitira, uye hariwaniki kuti musiyano
yakadaro inoita pachayo vainzwa muziso.
Saka Ndinobvuma kuti handina yakavimbika tsananguro aya ezvinhu. Zvichakadai,
zvichida tsanangudzo kutevera kumusoro aigona zvino anobvumwa richiri kushanda
zvikuru kushamwaridzana.
Ngatitii une pamamiriro ganda kure aaa dzakatevedzana kutsinga dzinouya
yeChina
B C D, e H add? g
Munhu wose ndorwevaya nyayawo Tastnervenfaser iyo inogona kuwanikwa chete
nebasa ravo pamusoro pachikumbaridzo. Kana ikozvino vanomhanya vose pashure
nhamba nekambasi pfungwa pasina coalesce dzavo mabasa, ko kwave unoratidzwa
nevanhu vazhinji, ya chete anogona kuonekwa sezvo guru, sezvo akatorwa pakati
yokuzororera pfungwa, nokuti kuwanda discrete sentient fibers vari kana zvawanda
kana kutapudzwa. Asi ngatitii, nokufarisa nekambasi pfungwa confluent ari kare
voga pfungwa imwe nguva yakawanda, nokuti. Muenzaniso, vatatu, chaienderana
kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa zvichienderana musimboti kukurukurwa pamusoro
apa, saka zvaitevedzana ABC, bcd, Cde. , . In mberi muromo mumwe kune b uye C ,
mubvunzo unomuka kana kure yose ya ichi inogona kuonekwa kunyange
kwakaenzana kana pfungwa imwe , b , munenge muri kumhanya sezvo kure kana

sezvo kuvapo pakati mira nekambasi pfungwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti ini saka kure kwete
vamwe ane priori akasarudza decidable kana ruzivo. Kana aaa anogona sevaduku
nenzira iyi, saka achida kubudirira kuedza iyo iyo b idukusa R , ona, nokudaro
kungatsanangurwa. Asi munhu anofanira kutarisira kuti fuma kwokudzvinyirira
nemiedzo iyoyo akaratidza ane simba, ndichiri hazvigoni kutaurwa
Ichokwadi. Hazvina pamungawirirana zviri zvechokwadi kubva pakutanga, kwete
pfungwa zvose munhu , b , C ... pamusoro chikumbaridzo, asi mugove waro
rwakasimudzwa chete nekambasi pfungwa pamusoro pazvo, saka unogona zvinoita
muedzo hwakasimba panyaya iyi pamwe yakawedzera Confluxes ripa neimwe
nzira;asi inoomerera vachiri mubvunzo zvakawanda pamusoro tsananguro. The simba
wechirume mirayiridzo sangano zvingabudirira, apo yave zvakaratidzwa kuti
zvakafanira kuti chero nenzira-ezvinhu, uye zvishoma uremu anofanira pariri.
Zvinokosha ndizvo zvinotevera kwokutanga kakawanda akabata, saka kure
haachatauri, mubvunzo:
Ko kukura zvikuru manzwiro kuti rakafanana mukuwanda undrawn vanoshingaira
kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo kubva, sezvo ukuru kwakanyanya kutekenyedzwa ari
kukura anotikurudzira?
Nemamwe mashoko, pachinhu ichi, pasi murayiro Weber uye dzakavakirwa payo
yedu yapfuura zvokuimba kuti rakakura kutekenyedzwa kushanda kana tiri kuisa
kuwanda vanoshingaira nezvedzidzo ose nehanya nokuda kukura anotikurudzira
naro?
Arimo chitsauko 9 kuedza zvakaratidza kuti mutemo Weber kuti inosimbisa ziso
kuyerwa kuti kuedza; Zvave kunoratidzwawo kuti kusimbisa iyi chisarudzo
mubvunzo wedu chikuru zvinoreva chinhu, nokuti miedzo vakatakudzwa kubva pasi
pokudzora ziso kufamba; hongu chechokwadi zvarinoreva ndiko isati kujekeswa
zvino. Just ipapo zvave nharo kuti mutemo Weber apo Tastmae isina yasimbiswa
kuti bvunzo; muchitsauko chinotevera Ndichataura nezvomutsa pakuedza uye kuedza
izvi sevanofarira chiremera, nokuti kufamba pano haasi kupinda kutamba.
Kutaura zvazviri, kutora, kwakavakirwa mutemo Weber kuti nekuyera
payakavakirwa panyaya dzakawanda pfungwa kwete. mitsetse Large aizooneka
kwatiri kuti mutoo uyu ari theorem ratios pamusoro madiki mupfupi; asi kaviri refu
rwonzi rwokuyera inoremekedzwa mumwe wakanaka ziso kukura pane kaviri refu,
uye ichi ndicho kunyange achiri Nachbilde pamwe namahwindo maziso, nyaya apo
kutongwa kuchiva hakuna inzwi.
Zvichakadaro anodzidzisa kunyatsotsanangura nehanya, kuti kana zvechokwadi
uwandu kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo vanofanira kumirira mune zvakawanda
nezvekufadza, simba anotikurudzira kuti kunwisa, duku uye hombe anotikurudzira
kwete diki kana hombe chikamu pakuwedzera kunenge, asi chete zviduku the retina
wose anogona kumiririrwa, asi tinogona mu kuedza kwedu regai kubereka, zvokuti
zvakawanika dzataitumirwa nezvawo, tiri panguva dzose kukodzera kusarudza
mubvunzo kwazvo, sezvo ivo chete zviduku uye hombe zvikamu kunenge uye
ganda . enda Kureva, dzinonyatsoshanda zvakananga, zviri rinozviti saka:

The raora yezviri kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo kunenge kuri pasi ezvinhu kuti
nokuwanda nokuda rakakura kwazvo manzwiro ane zvinoreva zvakafanana
serinomiririra simba anotikurudzira kuti zvikuru, mumwe kuwedzera kutekenyedzwa,
ane pachena munda womumwe kukura. Kana raora ichi, pasinei nhamba dai kutsinga
dzinouya nezvedzidzo kubata kune akapiwa reshiyo mugove yakanga yawedzera,
sapamazuva nyaya chikumbiro ayo pachena munda ichikura pashure mitemo Weber
kuna zvakaenzana, uye vaviri retinas noukuru Nuye Na dzimwe chete tsinga tightness
vane pachena minda maonero kuti danda wakadaro ane nerogi Na kana uwandu
madenderedzwa ane nehanya, vakawanda nokuwedzera anotanga kuva zvinoonekwa
= 1 yakaiswa vazvibate. Asi isu tiswedere chete zvikamu kamwe kupiwa kunenge
kuti nhasi kufunga, sezvakaita pamwe kuedza kwedu kwose, chero bedzi kuti vose
yakareba uye madaro chete kamwe kupiwa, kwete kuchengera abzundernden,
kunenge vakatsaurwa, saka zviri panyaya rakakura kutekenyedzwa zvakafanana
noruremekedzo kuti nyanyisa, kana isu kutora chikamu kusimba tide kune vamwe
kufunga. Sezvo munhu wose anoita zvakaenzana rutivi. The N fung chikamu kunenge
kuri ipapo N anofanira kumirira fung chikamu yose munda maonero, uye
ane n- nguva huru ive N nguva huru chikamu munda, maererano nyore chaizvo zano
Verengai zvikamu ndiyo yose yakaenzana ,
Kutaura zvazviri, ngatiti, duku chikamu kunenge kwaizoita kuziva
hwakanyatsorwisa kupfuura yose kunenge, kufanana simba chiedza anotikurudzira
kunonzwisiswa hwakanyatsorwisa zvakawanda nokuyerwa payakavakirwa, somunhu
simba, saka kwaizotika summation izvi pachena expansions zvikamu uyai mukuru
pachena kuwedzera, sezvo yose kunenge, izvo rinozvipokanidza. asi simba chiedza
anotikurudzira nokuyerwa inonyatsoita ari hwakanyatsorwisa vachinzwisisa zvino
kana zvakawanda somunhu simba, nokuti, uye chete insofar sezvo nyaya kana simba
haasi chikamu simba, asi kuita padivi kana vanomutevera. Asi insofar somunhu
simba chiedza anotikurudzira chikamu simba, kuita Same nzvimbo uye nguva huru,
chiedza anotikurudzira Ndiko mukuru hapana zvainoita kutekenyedzwa rikauya apo
vamwe simba nhengo, uye iri maererano kukura izvozvo wose chiedza mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira siyana. Full zvinoenderana nemaonero rakakura kukura
kunenge, sezvo kuno ndichibvunza kukura anotikurudzira.
A zvakafanana dai kushandiswa Ausdehnungsma ganda.
Handisi kutaura kuti applicability Mutemo Weber uye paro Masvomhu
kunotsigirwa kune zvakawanda nezvekufadza kuburikidza nezvavanofunga izvi, asi
chete kuti pashure nzira achiri chikumbiro ichi chiripo. A mutsindo ruzivo kuratidza
ndakanga ndisingazivi kuwana; zvino pane zvinorehwa chikumbiro ichi kuti havasi
zvachose dzisingambosvikiki kuva kufarira uye kuongorora imwe maonero, uye saka
Ndichiri anoda kuenda nevamwe.
Panyaya iyi, zvimwe zvinhu ari vakaenzana, nhamba vanoshingaira nezvedzidzo
pakati nehanya pamusoro kunenge kukura kunenge kuri zvekumirira, I kutsiva
uwandu kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo wokutanga kukura kunenge, sezvo ini siyana
kuti yokuvamba unevenness tsinga arambe achirema pamusoro kunenge iri chete
munhu, uye musiyano mukuru wemari tightness pakati vanhu vokutanga vachiri regai

kufunga zvichaitika pashure. Under pachena chinooneka munda anogara akanzwisisa

chinooneka munda, sapamazuva namahwindo ziso, kunze ruzivo zvinofurira
kuoneka.
Pashure chikumbiro redu chipimo inonyatsoita zvokuti kunyange pachena yeminda
chamutsa munhu kuoneka pamwero, mumwe kuwedzera kunenge zvinoda (nhamba
yevanhu discrete vanoshingaira kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo), riri sechinhu
pachikumbaridzo kukosha, uye uchitarisira kuti chikumbaridzo ichi sezvo chikwata,
kazhinji vane imwe kuti akasarudzwa, pakuwedzera kunenge ichaongororwa,
uye K yakaitika kuyerwa inonyatsoita = 1, danda riri rimwe kupa nechiyero pachena
ukuru chinooneka munda.
Aitenda kuti pachena munda romugove N -fold, saka anofanira
danda rimwe muna N danda rimwe = danda rimwe N zvichipfuura, kureva kunenge,
iyo iri N vanofanira kupa nedanga chinooneka munda unofanira kuwana mazuva
okubhadhara, iyo haisi N kukura -fold asi n- fung simba kuti kukura anoita, raiva pasi
kunenge kuburikidza nyore kuwedzera.
Kana kukura kunenge akura chaizvo, saka doubling saizi yayo uyewo kuchinja
pachena munda chero kuti munhu rakakwanira, chero kuti ipapo danda 2 kuti
danda rimwenokukasika.
Nokudaro zviri pachena kuti maziso makuru kwazvo, kana zvakanga zvakakodzera
kuti vaunze makomborero makuru pamwe sezvo shoma nesimba achishandisa
teleological hakusi zvinobetsera. Uyewo, hazvina dzakada zvakasikwa, kufunga
nameso dzakawanda zvisikwa vakawanda shoma hombe mashoma, kunyange zvazvo
chokwadi zvimwe zvinobatsira kufunga. All meso chiduku asi kwaizova sezvinoita
shoma zvinobetsera nemhaka pazasi rokuwedzera pachikumbaridzo hapana
kunoonekwa.
Kana mukakumbira Zvino, izvo retinal kukura A kunonyanyisa maererano simba
rakakura hwaizochengetedzwa kubudirira, kureva kufadza pachena munda maererano
nehochekoche retinal kukura, saka uchava kunonyanyisa kukosha rokuti

kutarisa; chii angawana avo kunonyanyisa ukoshi kuburikidza differentiating

chinozivikanwa mutemo, izvo isu kanoverengeka akashorwa,
A = E = 2,71828 ...
apo kute- mujinga nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms. Zvinotaurwa hwakanyatsorwisa
zvinobetsera pakuwedzera kunenge yaizova izvo 2,718. . Nguva yavo
pachikumbaridzo ndiyo.
Iye zvino ngationgororei chii kufurira kukura kunenge ane ane pamusoro pachena
kukura kwayo pakugumburwa zvifananidzo. Iva chikamu kunenge,
anofukidza mufananidzo. Pashure (sezvo) akasimbisa nheyo iri kukura pazasi iyo
mufananidzo sokuti

kuva poukuru, yose kunenge kuoneka pasi iyo, asi ava

kuonekwa pazasi kukura dandarimwe . Saka pachena kukura mufananidzo achava

- danda a. In saka kure sezvo ari ndiyo divisor aya, kukura kunenge kuri
nezvakwakaipira kune pachena kukura kwayo pakugumburwa
zvifananidzo. Mufananidzo kupiwa kukura butiro ipapo zvinoti munhu
kuenderana saka diki kunenge wose ane , uye maererano reshiyo ichi, nhamba
zvikamu chikamu, izvo anoumba pachena kukura mufananidzo pachena pakuwedzera
kunenge kunoenderana. Asi pachena pakuwedzera kunenge inokura mumitauro
miviri ratios pamusoro nerogi imwe , uye neizvozvo uyewo mhedziso kukura mari
chikamu, riri mufananidzo. Izvi hunoruramisa mhiri mukana kuwedzera kunenge
nokuda pachena kukura mufananidzo.
Mushure ezvinhu zvino, kunakisa kana chinetso vakawanda, uye kunyange pano
pane pfungwa mukuru mubatsirwe, rinobatana yapfuura mumwe. Kufadza, kureva
apo chifananidzo pamamiriro saizi pamusoro kunenge kuonekwa sezvo guru
sezvinobvira, kuchaitika zvakare pane imwe kunenge ane chiwedzerwa A = e, ari
unotaurwa ambotaurwa pfungwa.
Kusvikira ikozvino tine chete kuwedzera kunenge akapfeka yunifomu
imwecheteyo etsinga tightness akafunga isu mutable. Ngatimbotii zvino tsinga
tightness siyana retinas zvakasiyana pamusoro chete papi, saka ndiyo pachena munda
kuchinja mune imwe maererano nokuda sezvinoita kuchinja uyewo, saka kure
kunyange anouya kuwedzera kunenge chete maererano nokuwanda madenderedzwa
ane nehanya ari mashoko ake, zvokuti kaviri sezvo batana kunenge ane zvakaenzana
guru pachena munda pane kaviri sezvo kwakadzama dzisakarurama tightness.
Kazhinji, kana D achiri nokuzvikudza kuva yunifomu tsinga arambe achirema
pamusoro kunenge, mumwe kumwero wayo chaiye, kuwedzera chikwata iro
rikawira mufananidzo wacho, pachena kukura munda achapiwa danda D ane ,
pachena kukura mufananidzo danda D ane , izvo zvinogona kuwanika kuburikidza
compression pamusoro kunenge zvikuru pamusoro pachena kukura mufananidzo,
sezvo nokuwedzera chete, nekuti D haisi sezvinongoita munhu anopinda divisor
kutaura nokuda pachena kukura mufananidzo. Kutaura zvazviri, tinoona pfungwa iyi
akasangana diki kukura kunenge hombe huta tightness. Zvichakadaro, Chokwadi,
etsinga arambe achirema, kana ivo kubata mumwe kureva nhamba inondikurira
pamusoro munharaunda yakakura retinal okunze, vari kuramba uchisiya pamwero
wayo, iyo zvino munhu wose anogona kutora kunyange zvishoma chiedza matanda
chete, izvo zvinofanira kuderedza yacho kutekenyedzwa.
Zvakamboitika magnification anogona D hwakanyatsorwisa kupa chete zvishoma
saka kuwedzera pachena kukura mufananidzo, ndipo riri inodzoserwa mhiri imwe
pfungwa.Enzanisa M -facht kuna D vari yemaitiro, nokuti pachena kuwedzera
chifananidzo, saka mashoko kukura
nerogi M chii kuti
ane kunyangarika zvikuru saka makuru D ane rava.

danda D

Saka kure dzechiuto tsinga arambe achirema akanga vaifungidzira. Kwakadaro asi
asingaiti chaizvoizvo kuitika, uye pfungwa dzedu rinosanganisira chinoshamisa
kwazvo, nekuti vasinganzwisisiki concordant pamwe zvivako zvakasikwa,
vachifunga munhu kuti nani chaiyo zvinogona kuitwa munyika kuti chikamu
kunenge, vari kuwa chifananidzo chaizvo anoitwa tsinga zvakasimba
zvichienzanirana vamwe, kuburikidza chikamu uwandu madenderedzwa ane
nehanya, pakavha mufananidzo, nokudaro hombe pasina kuti kuitika divisor uwandu
kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo ane nokudaro kwazvo.
Kutaura zvazviri, kana D , paavhareji etsinga tightness, ane mwero yose
kunenge, D tsinga tightness uye mwero nhengo, kuti nguvo chifananidzo ndiko,
sezvo ari rose pachena munda nerogi D a, uye pachena rokuwedzera
mufananidzo
nerogi D ane ; izvo zvinoreva kuti pachena kuwedzera
chifananidzo pane imwe D zvakananga ratios pamusoro Dinowedzerawo.
Zvadaro, huchashandiswa tine chete chidukuduku batana chaizvo tsinga zvakajeka
kuona nenzvimbo kubva ndoda batana tsinga mumamiriro ezvinhu yasara kunenge
kuti vabudirire chaizvo zvinobatsira, chikuru maererano kuita muchiratidzo
anooneka. Chete kuti mudziyo uyu vachiri kuita mudziyo yechipiri zvakakodzera kuti
akamisa nameso kuenda pakudaro vabudirire chaienderana guru munda maonero
akajeka. Naizvozvo, nhengo yedu havambozivi inosimbiswa; uye utano hwake
densest nzvimbo dziri pano zvikurukuru kune freibeweglichsten zvikamu, rurimi uye
nemimwe zvakabatanidzwa.
Paakabvunzwa pamusoro zvemupiro huta tightness kuti kukura kunenge
nezvimwewo zvirwere mumakirasi siyana dzemhuka rwaizoparidzwa zvakawanda
kuzivikanwa sezvo nguva yacho, vaizova kubudikidza kubvunzana pakati
teleological nheyo, pasina iro chinhu swatanudza, zvichida kupfuura chaicho simbiso
dzidziso iyi kana chaihwo akamboramba naro simuka nekuti ndiri kure nayo
chokwadi, vanopedza saizvozvo yakachengeteka. Zviri munhau iyi, chii
Bergmann 23) inoti panyaya hukama yakatangwa Weber kuedza panguva vaonanemupfungwa views:
"Saka, tinosvika pakugumisa kuti kukura mufananidzo muziso anoita zvakanaka
chete kusvika yakarurama funga zvinogoneka sezvo nokudaro kuparadzira
mufananidzo pamusoro nhamba yakakura kwakabatana nokuda tsinga harinzwi -. Asi
nokuti tiri nevakomana mubvunzo, zvakadini kugovera etsinga harinzwi unogona
kurongwa mumaziso mhuka yakasiyana akaoma kuripo pakati kunenge kuri kudaro
kure asingakwanisi kugadzirisa mubvunzo uyu ,? asi zvingangodaro kuti aimbova
mhinduro chiedza pane mamwe peculiarities kuona zvakasiyana mhuka achafanira
kuparadzira. "
23)

Anatom.-Physiol. Unters. S. 470th

Kukura anofukidza nomufananidzo zvichibvira kuonekwa zvakajeka chinhu

pamusoro kunenge chisikwa, kunoenderana zvose pamusoro akasiyana zvinoratidzwa

chisikwa, Ukuwo daro ari mharadzano pfungwa mitsetse pamberi kubva kunenge,
chetatu nharaunda weziso uye saka kunenge kubva. Ngatitii zvino zvatakanzi
zvisikwa, tsunga, zvakajeka inooneka kubva zvikuru kure kupfuura murume, sezvo
aizofanira kugadzirwa pameso avo? Zviri zvavaibvumirana kuti diki kukura
mufananidzo, riri kukonzerwa huru daro zvinhu, dzaizokomborerwa ndanyarara
hangu nedzimwe ezvinhu. Chii chichava ukama izvi maererano dzidziso
dzedu? Nhamba etsinga arambe achirema ari deutlichst kuona zvikamu kuti zororo,
sezvo nharaunda, saka kukura ziso, vachafanira kukura kukura kunenge asi kwete
maererano pamwe vanogona kukura nokuti zvinobetsera pakuwedzera kunenge
zvisinei kukura ziso akatsunga. Kutaura zvazviri, kupa shiri, izvo zvatakaona kure
kwazvo pakutsunga kwavo yokutizira, meso makuru kwazvo paavhareji, asi achiri
kuti kukura ziso kunenge zviduku kupfuura mhuka, sezvo ini kuverenga dzakazoita
mutsara rainyatsoigona munhu. Pamusoro ezvinhu huta tightness Ndinoziva chinhu.
".... Mller nokuda comp Physiol ari Gesichtss p.132" Muna ndinowana Zvisinei
mashoko anotevera: "Apo emakondo magora, uye kunenge inofanira akapeta sezvo
pakati hove genus Zeus uye mullet iri meridians ane sebhora uye magora kuti
kunenge pashure pokumuka kuva katatu kupfuura zvavo ndezvomuzvarirwo
yakagadzirwa kuwedzera ".
Shiri idzi saka kunenge waizoramba vane zvikuru kukura; izvo zvaizoita
huchikanganiswa inonyatsoita yedu, kana kukura ichi vaizodzorerwa rinowanikwa
nokushandisa kwavo zvikuru internet tigutsikane pakuita zvakajeka kuona zvimwe
ichisvota chaizvo batana ne tsinga harinzwi.
Zvisinei, unogona kuona kuti pano vamwe nguva pazvidzidzo dzinonakidza
anatomischerseits zvipo izvo fadza chete chinangwa yapfuura mashoko aigona kuva.
Zvinonzi undisputed runobva shanduro dzidziso iyi inotevera kufunga: Large
(vielzweigige) kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo achapa kunakisa kuti vaunze kunzwa
kubudikidza pazvidhindo kuwedzera pamusoro ane kutekenyedzwa kwazvo, asi
zvakaipira kuti akasiyana nhasi juxtaponierte pazvidhindo pamusoro elapse kuti
pachena kukura mifananidzo vari kuderedzwa yakafanira kuti kwakaderedza nhamba
vavo vari kupiwa nzvimbo uye kukura kufungidzira haanyatsozivikanwe, kana
pashure, panyaya dzose Volkmann akakurukura musimboti (Th I, p. 230) une urefu
kutarisa akaenzana iye anofarira kuwa kudivi padyo kana kumagumisiro zvikamu
zviviri kutsinga dzinouya nezvedzidzo avo kumigumo.

XXXV. Vamwe Tastversuchsreihen nokuda nzira ichitaurwa

kukanganisa
pamwe kutsanangura nzira iyi.
Zvinotevera 6 dzaitevedzana nemiedzo ndiri IV zvikurukuru Wakatsunga kuratidza
kuti mutemo Weber hachisi chose sezvo yasimbiswa nokuda Tastma sezvo ari
kutongwa, asi kuti paavhareji nokukanganisa kana kukanganisa pachiyero, kubva
kwaakashandisa wakavhomorwa ratios duku yakakura kupfuura dzose madaro kuti
ganda, pazviri inotengwa, uye kuti unoramba anenge kugara panguva madaro
marefu; dzakanzi V, zvikuru guru vane 6400 zvakawanika, inoratidza kuti 5 minwe

(forelimb, voo divi, longitudinal kure) regai zvakasiyana mwero aikanganiswa

kusiyana kwazvo, forefinger asi akasarudza mukuru utetsa ane, zvinoita kuti, kuti
kwose kushandisa Chokwadi, asi aifanira chakataurwa vamwe vanhu, uye siyana
netsika kushandiswa maoko kushanda uye nezuva mabasa oupenyu ringagona kuiswa
zvakasiyana. The Series VI ndiye kunonyanyisa mwero kusiyana nehanya,
ndakawana saka kure chete nhengo havambozivi, chii (chits. 34) zvakataurwa.
Kunze kwaizvozvo, anotevera pemitsara, kunyanya V uye VI, anosarudza nzira
ichitaurwa kukanganisa kuburikidza siyana kumativi chinhu chinokosha
kutsanangura mienzaniso.Pano, mumwe shure Kutarira anopiwa chii. In Th. I, chik 8,
anonzi akati zvikurukuru S. 120 kuti, pamusoro nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa, izvo
zvinofanira pakazowedzerwa zvakawanika zviri Th. II, Chap. 28 pamusoro
Kuongorora kugara kwokukanganisa C inogona kupinza yenhengo dzayo, iyo
Zvisinei folgends kunoreva inobatanidzwa. The zvakawanika dzinoitwa pasi matanho
unotaurwa muChitsauko 8, vakawanda, uye kunzwisisa mazita pano uye
ikoko. Panguva ikoko vakapiwa mukuru cherudo nzira asi zvichava zvakakodzera
kuwedzera mamwe muchikurukura folgends asi.
Panozobuda matanho anotevera kuedza vaiva izvi:
In rwangu kuedza stalked gumbo madenderedzwa vane mukati Nhnadelspitzen
(kureba makumbo 5 Duod. Padiki ndima.) Vaiva nguva dzose zvikashandiswa, uye
ichi pamwe chete chikumbiro pamusoro madzinde. Apo kwete (sezvaakaita Set IV
uye aoma VI) ari kunyanya yakati kuti pokushandisa denderedzwa yakanga
kuburikidza mubatsiri, kuzvicheka-chikumbiro kwakaitika zvakafanana. The Series
VI anofanira kuona dzakasiyana kubudirira vaviri modes chourongwa kusanganisira
chinangwa. The zvaanorumbidza pamberi mutezo mumwe minwe (akatevedzana II,
V, VI), uye nguva dzose isa ini kambasi pfungwa iri Gelenkfuge pakati pamberi uye
pakati munwe muzvidimbu uye mumwe mberi nechemberi gumbo. Izvi zvakanga,
sezvo peri, kuedza pasina concurrence ari kutarisana pfungwa kuburikidza
nokukurumidza anorovedza pachake kutora kurudyi nzvimbo kunyange kunze.
Nguva dzose (denderedzwa pamwe chete chakaipa daro, musi iwoyo ganda
nzvimbo, panguva imwe chete uye nzvimbo nzvimbo) vaibva kwandiri ose 10
zvaanorumbidza pasi zvikuru zvakafanana ezvinhu basa nekukurumidza
kutevedzana; kunze Series I muna zvakawanika pahuma, ganda akanyanya
inonyatsoziva kushivirira saka kazhinji akadzokorora pashure perimwe pokushandisa
nekambasi pfungwa kunzvimbo imwe chete, uye vari dzinotevedzana II pamusoro
nomunwe apo mitzugezogene duku daro 5 D nokuda nepedyo Compass pfungwa
yacho chidzoke ane anotikurudzira pakusava akwanise pane mumwe.
Kana zvimwe zvinoitika marefu vakaedzwa Napamusara chete, vakanga nguva
dzose vakaronga consecutively, vakashandura mazuva akasiyana ne vachikwira
nokuburuka kutevedzana kwawo, uyewo mune zvenyama spatial chinzvimbo
pechitsiko chikumbiro zvikuru kuchinja nguva dzose kuti zvikamu zviduku M = 10
akaona kana pashure pemazuva kwakanga.
Apo inowanzotorwa denderedzwa yakanga vakaramba ari kushanda pamwe
kuruboshwe, chisipo denderedzwa noruoko rwake rworudyi, zviri L ichasarudzwa

inversely pamwe R; - inowanzotorwa denderedzwa chokutanga, sizvo denderedzwa

rakaiswa zuzweit, ichi ini, Ukuwo vakasarudzwa II 1) ; zvokuti inouya 4 nguvanzvimbo nzvimbo
Ini L ,

II L , I R ,

II R

zvakasiyana, asi izvo dzinotevedzana Ini chete Ini L uye ini R vakapinda
kushandiswa. Kana zvose madenderedzwa dzave zvakazviisa zvakafanana ruoko
kuedza nayo Ukuwo, anotora nzvimbo, sezvo Akave nokuvandudza R uye L ,
shanduro pamwe okumusoro dzapasi ruoko apo, Tb. II, Chap. 28
Schol. wainyatsotaura zvinangwa aifungisisa kuti kubudikidza 0 uye Undiye
anokudzwa.
1)

comp. pano pamusoro dzakananga Th. II, p.149.

Inowanzotorwa kure anogara pamwe D rinoreva, uye chikwata umo nhamba ose
wakaratidzwa kuedza kwangu, 1 hafu Parisian Dezimallinie = 0,72
kuParis. Duodezimallinien, pamwe c . Mokuverengwa kukanganisa zvakaitika
pamwero pamwe transversals ane 0.1 D vari. Values duku pane saizi iyi havana
zvakananga kuwana, kunyange zvazvo mumiririri zhinji zvaanorumbidza dzakadaro
kuti vachiri kuva hama kuchengeteka.
Fractionation ari kuverenga iri basa neni dzakatevedzana anogara kuitwa musi 10
zvakawanika, izvo, kunze akatevedzana Ini uye II vaibata, uyewo nguva dzose
dzepedyo kutevedzana kubudikidza avhareji potsa kure ose 10 Zvaanoona kunyanya
yakatemerwa, vakachena kukanganisa sezvo kusiyana nomumwe vainyeperwa
marefu akaverenga kubva Zvichakadaro yavo, uye izvozvo chimiro vari zvikamu
vakawana wakachena kukanganisa inopfupikisa kuti zvachose vakanga
zvibatanidzwe. By ikozvino that m nhamba zvaanorumbidza mumwe nomumwe
chakapatsanurwa, uwandu zvikamu zvinoreva kubva nomumwe
ukoshi ichadzedzereka zvinotevera bvunzo pamatafura ndiye .mu.m , nhamba
munhu zvaanorumbidza, izvo zvakabatsira; nokuti kuwanda mbiru ari pamabwendefa
Zvisinei microns kane nhamba tsika akawedzera mubvunzo. Zvichakadaro
Kukanganisa ari ipapo kurikumbira kugovera pamwe nhamba vanotora
zvikanganiso.
The Previous hanya chaizvoizvo chete dzavo pakuongorora yakatevedzana ( I, II,
V, VI ). The Volkmann ( III, IV ) ndemamwe nezvedzidzo vane nzira Ini chaizvo
handigoni kutaura, pasina kusiyanisa ezvenyama uye spatial nzvimbo, izvo haana
zvikuru ikoko, uye basa nevamwe Pfupiso zvakawanika, vakashandisa vamwe
dzakabatana pano chii chaicho kusunungurwa mitsara kuzorora.
Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kududzirwa mukufambisira mabwendefa Chero
zvazvingava, ndichaita tsanangura uwandu yokutanga bvunzo tafura yokutanga.
Under D = 15 rinowanikwa pano ini L , nhamba 32.7, apo patafura M = 10, = 5
ndiko, kuti ndiye, ari wose nechokure D = 15 hafu Parisian Dezimallinien, panguvanzvimbo nzvimbo I L chaiva nokuda m.mu. = 50 zvakawanika, kureva ne50
kukanganisa chete yakachena kukanganisa pakuverengwa = 32.7 hafu parisian

Dezimallinien vakawana izvo kubudikidza kukarukureta kubva 5 zvikamu zviduku

M hwokurara = 10, chii anonzi 1 zvikanganiso zviri 0.654 hafu parisian
Dezimallinien. Just saka zvose dzimwe nhamba chete tafura pasi pemisoro
vari Ini L, I R kuti zvichishandurwa. Uwandu 66,5 nokuti ini L uye ini R pana D = 15
ari ipapo, zvakakosha kuti kaviri Zvaanoona sezvo vazhinji, Chokwadi, pamwe 100,
raizoitwa 50 kuti vagovere kuti kupa kuti 1 pakuongorora uye
kunyange 31 / 30 kana nokuda anokamuka M akarurama uye
nokudaro 1 achagamuchira. The Kugara Kukanganisa C anogara kupiwa avhareji
1 rucherechedzo. Kuwanda zvaanorumbidza kubva icho anowana naye, kureva
pakukura m, haana sezvinoitwa dzine zvadzinoitawo pane ayo size, asi chete
nezvokudzivirirwa pakutsunga yayo.
Where Zvaanoona dzinoitwa panguva 4-nguva nguva-nzvimbo nzvimbo kuti
kazhinji vari C akasarudzwa kugara kukanganisa kutaurwa
C1
pana
kana

munenge 2 munenge 3 C 4
I L II L
I R II R
ini U II U I O II O

Chete anogona, sezvakanga Th. II, Chap. 28 zvakadzama zvinotsanangurwa, mune

zvaanoda riini chinoumba S., mumwe novimba hwakawanda chinoumba
chinzvimbo Q, uye pasina zvose chinoumba s, izvo zvichida, Th. II, Kap.28 akapa
mavambo, ongorora, nokuisa
C 1 = S. + Q + waJehovha
munenge 2 = - p + Q +
waJehovha
munenge 3 = S. - Q + waJehovha
munenge 4 = - S. - Q + S
uye kubva pane izvi S., Q, S kunoyerwa Kuwedzera uye kubvisa pamusoro equations
izvi kubva mumwe, izvo, zvichienderana nomumwe atore ichi kana kuti maviri
equations, miviri Kutsunga S., Q s vari kuti chidhiraivho pacharo. Tsika mbiri
nokudaro akawana Munokudzwa kuburikidza pazasi-appended indices 1 ne2 nevasori
vawo vari kupiwa pasina indekisi.Sezvo yakanaka kana yakaipa machisi pamusoro
kaviri ukoshi chinoumba panguva mamwe maviri inopikira (ona. Th. II, Chap. 28),
izvo kucherechedza zvinotevera akatevedzana (II, V, VI) kupa zvakakwana mukana
pacharo, vanowanzova chete miviri tsika nokuda rokuti s, sezvo kazhinji pakukura,
rinoti, kubva mamwe zvinoriumba S. , Q chete nzira yamunenge.
Apo, sapamazuva Series I , anongova zvaanorumbidza
pamusoro ini L uye ini R varipo, inongova chete equations
C 1 = S. + Q + kwaJehovha
munenge 3 = S. - Q + S
murayiro, uye iwe unogona dzose kukanganisa ipapo chete pane novimba

hwakawanda chinzvimbo chinoumba Q uye mumwe wavo

akazvimirira S. + no patsanura pasina S. +waJehovha kuti kukwanisa vazvitsaure.
In Th. I, peji 125. 127 yandakareva akawanda padzimwe iyo panguva chaiyo
kukanganisa Verengai kana kunoguma svikiro-kukanganisa
chinogona
kubatanidzwa, ndoupiko unonyanya kukosha nemhaka anokamuka M iri (Th. II,
chits. 27) pashure kana tine
kuti ngazvipamhidzirwe. Ini ndiri kwavari,
vasati vaziva kukosha kururamiswa hereinafter kushandisa kakawanda, ndichaita
kuwedzera risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi ayo pasi wokutanga Kuwedzera
chitsauko chino. Kunzwisisa risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi ichi achipfeka
ane zvishoma zvikuru dzapedyo kuziva pamwe akarongeka dzidziso
zvikanganiso. Pasina kururamiswa kuda zvinobva wakachena kukanganisa zvinoreva
zvikanganiso pamwe , pashure kururamiswa yakafanira kune anokamuka M chete ,
1 rinoreva kuti
,
Kunze kururamiswa ichi ini Th handina, p. 127 kunyange vaviri, kuti uripo zvadai,
vagadzirise uye kumusoro, kururamiswa nokuda ukuru zvikamu uye nokuda
uchimutarira pamusoro kupatsanura, izvo zviri kunyora nezvavo zvikuru, uye
wechipiri izvo pano regai kupinda nezvazvo, sezvo pasina yera zvenguva zvikamu
kwakaitika pamusoro pamwero;wekutanga asi kwete seasingabatsiri vari kuedza pane
akatevedzana VI nezvacho ndechokuti; sezvo pomutumwa kukanganisa (pana
Division V ) kwete yakakura kupfuura 0.1 D ndiko, kureva, sezvo ruduku penguva
pakafunuka. Pano, ndinopa kururamiswa ichi retrospectively zvakakwana pfupi uye
kuti chinangwa hunoshanda, uye kuwedzera yokungotaura kumusoro pasi 2.
yokuvirisa mukati.
Iva havana akaruramisa nokuda ukuru zvikamu, saka kururama, kukanganisa
Verengai uye zvaiitika nokukanganisa zvinoreva ; zviduku akasiyana zvikamu
zviri weboka pakukura ini , kana kugadziriswa kana yechokwadi kukanganisa
pakuverengwa S zvakaipa kubudikidza zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu
vanga

sezvo akaruramisa kunoreva kukanganisa 1 kubva zvakaipa

Saka, kana Z. B. Ini = , tine

S = 0,947
chii asiri kunyora nezvavo kururamisa. Kana ini chete = 1 / 4 , zvingava
= 1 / 16 Saka S = 0,9967 .
Zvadaro, mumwe anogona kunyange uyere sei yezvakaita zvakawanika uye mabasa
anoita sokuti zvakakodzera kuti tiite nenzira iyi, nyore chaizvo
kururamiswa. Ndinongova dzinotiVI kurigamuchira.
In maduku zvikuru kugara Fehlem izvo kuitika pamwe pazasi, unogona
vanodzokorora kubvunza kana kuvapo kwavo anozorora kwete pamusoro kudzikama
contingencies.Kuongorora izvi, munhu anofanira kutsvaka yaizoputsika kukanganisa
kugara kukanganisa, uye ona kana kupfuura zvakati kukura nokuda ukuru kugara
kukanganisa pacharo, iro nyore chaizvo kushandisa kokorodzano inotevera zvinoreva
kune zvinokosheswa C runoenzanirana ukoshi chingaitwa ,
Iva M = m.mu. uwandu zvaanorumbidza umo C uye saka akabatanidza rinobva,
apo M , senguva dzose, nhamba zvikanganiso hacho, inhamba zvikamu kuti ari
pave, sezvo yaizoputsika kukanganisa W pakati C
,
Saka mugove akatevedzana rokutanga Zvaanoona (pana D = 15, I L) kuti
kukanganisa Verengai = 32,5 dzose kwokukanganisa +
0.89. Sezvo uye C zvinobviswa 50 zvakawanika, saka ndiye M = 50, uye pane 10
basa iri risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi zvikamu zviduku, ipapo M =
10; kwaizvozvi

The Kugara Kukanganisa C kunyora saka kana isu senguva dzose kuwedzera, ivo
yaizoputsika kukanganisa saka
C = + 0.8900 0,0804
zvinoreva mukana akaenzana kuti kunokosha +0,89 kuti zvakawanda uye kuti
kuburikidza asingasviki 0,0804 muna ndinoiitawo kana kubvisa tsika C dzikatsauka,
izvo vangadai kurikumbira isingaperi uwandu zvakafanana pazviri. Anofanira zvino
kuva yekudyidzana yakakura kupfuura kukanganisa ichi yaizoputsika, kana kuti
kutaura pachavo pfupi tinyanye kukanganisa, anofanira nyura kuburikidza chete rose
zvaro kana kuti pedyo, saka iye anoti, avo ndatsunga kuva kukanganisa kugara, kwete
sezvisingaiti sezvo Ona inongova novimba kudzikama contingencies, uye
komberedza dzose kukanganisa hapana chokwadi; . Asi vanofanira
semuenzaniso C kuva kaviri sezvo huru W, saka 82 kwaizova bheji pamusoro 18, uye
akanga 3 nguva zvikuru Yaizova bheji 96 pamusoro 4, kuti hakunei
mukana; zvakatowanda kana ukama zvakatowanda W berwge. In mienzaniso yedu,

apo munenge = 0,8900 zvinoonekwa 11 nguva huru = W ndiye 0,0804, mukana kuti
raiponesa mukana, zvikuru kunyora nezvavo.
The yapfuura Kazhinji nokuda kuona W nokuda zvinotevera ndizvo: yaizoputsika
kukanganisa kugara kwokukanganisa C ndiko kukanganisa yaizoputsika pakati
avhareji potsa kure (= romuzvarirwo kure + C ) dzinobvumirana, sezvo yaizoputsika
kukanganisa munhu kukura haachinji kana ichi yakamisirwa kukura (mureza kure)
akawedzera kana subtracted nokufunga. The yaizoputsika Kukanganisa avhareji potsa
kure asi iwe unogona kubva zvarakasiya, vane mumwe rekuguma madaro chete,
kureva yakachena nokukanganisa tsunga;izvo kana nenzira inozivikanwa kubva
Verengai dzinoungana uye hwokurara mativi Zvichakadaro
kukanganisa Q maererano fomura
.
asiwo zvinoonekwa kunyatsoenzana musoro achishandisa nyore kukanganisa
zvachose uye hwokurara nyore paavhareji kukanganisa 1 maererano fomura

zvinogona kuitwa, saka kure , Q uye 1 wose kuburikidza (hunonzi yakavakirwa

uye experimental rukasimbiswa neni) reshiyo

Akabatanidzwa. 1 asi inotengwa kubudikidza pamwe uwandu

ndakacherechedza M yakakamukana pamusana anokamuka mamita . padzimwe, iyo
inosvitsa pamusoro payakavakirwa
Kurukurirano, sezvo pamusoro apa zvakananga mukana mitemo maererano
nhamba munenge kuti W zvinowanikwa, aizotora yakarebesa; uyewo kwakavakirwa
kutsunga iri inonyatsozivikanwa zvinotaurwa.
Kana munhu ane yaizoputsika
kukanganisa W pamusoro munenge 1 , munenge 2 , C 3 , munenge 4 kunyanya
vakatsunga uye runoenzanirana tsika W = W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 akawanikwa, tinowana
naro nyore vo yaizoputsika kukanganisa zvakamisa hurongwa peji , Q,
s, izvo W inopisa. Ndizvo zvazviri, kana zvinoriumba izvi maererano equations (ona
pamusoro) kubva zvose 4 tsika C takatsunga kubatana, zvakaenzana ichiri kushanda
vose vatatu
,
Kana uine chimwe zvakamisa hurongwa dzose kwokukanganisa tsika mbiri

bedzi c, they. B. C 1 , munenge 2 , kana munenge 1 , munenge 3 akatsunga, chikamu

ichi ndiko kukosha yaizoputsika kwokukanganisa chete
kana

etc.

Uyewo, mumwe chezvinonhuwira dzose kukanganisa uchange maererano ichocho

sezvo kugara kukanganisa zvose zvinogona kuona sezvo nyaya inongova kudzikama
contingencies apo saizi kwavo hakusi kukanganisa yaizoputsika W yekudyidzana
kukasapfuura.
Kana tsika dzose kwokukanganisa C nokuda kunyanya akatsunga zvikamu
zviduku ane hombe munhevedzano zvakawanika, izvo ndiri dzinotevedzana VI kupa
mienzaniso, saka anogona zvarakasiya izvo chakapatsanurwa tsika dzose
kwokukanganisa kubva paavhareji C chipo, uye izvo anganzi , funga uye
kushandisa yakatosiyana izvi, maererano zvatinosiita utongi, zvinoreva uwandu
dzinoungana ( ) kana achishandisa nyore Verengai ane yaizoputsika
kukanganisa c Change, aichimbova achishandisa nzira

yokupedzisira kuburikidza fomura

apo uwandu zvikamu uye somugumisiro nezvaunokoshesa

pamusoro munenge ndiyo. Zvichakadai, nokudaro akaverenga kukanganisa
yaizoputsika asina zvikuru zvakafanana kukosha kuti pashure (saka)
kubva inopiwa wesentlichst pamwe ndiko novimba, pamwe yakareba bvunzo
dzakatevedzana kumbobvira nyore chinoshayikwa, Misiyano dzose
kwokukanganisa. Nepo yaimbova kunongova kushanda kune zvaanoda makuru
nemaduku kutadza anongoitika zvinofurira kuchengeteka vakatsunga kuramba
kukanganisa, iriwo kusarudza kuti dhigirii inobata tinyanye kukanganisa, uye
anogona saka zvirokwazvo vose specializations (kubva uye ) gona umo
kusiyana-siyana zviri pasi, pedyo enzanirana, asi mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu
uyewo chaizvo kunosiyana zvawanikwa, sezvo mienzaniso iri
dzinotevedzana VI zvinoratidza. Kusarudza munhu kusiyana-siyana kwakaitika, zviri
saka kubatsira kuenzanisa vose modes pakutsunga.
Apo hapana ari kunyanya kuzivikanwa zviri W hereinafter nguva dzose
kubva pashure kupiwa (saka) fomura akaverenga.
Zvinonzi undisputed kuti kuparadzana zvachose wakachena
yokukanganisa pakati Misiyano dzose kukanganisa chaizvoizvo nechinhu
fractionation uye fractionally Mabatirwo munhevedzano ndakacherechedza
zvichibvira, uye iye achitambura nematambudziko Conceptual. Asi kana muchiramba
vakabhadhara kune okufananidza zvaanorumbidza mumapoka chete kunyange

nhamba, mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, uye nguva dzose muchidimbu zviri

kukarukureta imwechete m, kwaizoita chinoramba kusiyanisa Misiyano kugara
kukanganisa kurashika wakachena nguva dzose kubatsira, uye izvi fractionwise
mabatirwo unfractionated kurapwa, apo misiyano dzose kukanganisa
kwokukanganisa kunovhengana indistinguishable kuramba dika.
Hakuzovi pasina kubatsirwa, kunyange zvazvo ndakanga ndichiri zvimwe
kukundikana yakachena kwokukanganisa Verengai pano uye kunoguma svikirokukanganisa tsanangurai nezvechisarudzo. Zvinonzi kurikumbira
hama kana pamwe

Makawanza 2) . Ngatitii, senguva dzose, M = 10, ipapo = 0,16115; pashure

pashure anoutsinye ndingangokuvara neimwe yakachena kukanganisa pakuverengwa
sezvo mumwe wakachena rinoreva kukanganisa kubva chakapatsanurwa M = 10
panguva anenge 1 / 6 noukuru yavo vakatsunga kururama. Kwete kuti ichi
zvechokwadi zvaizoitika mune chimwe nechimwe chikamu chiduku; Asi kana imi
mapoka mazhinji M = ane 10 pamberi pake, kukanganisa kwakafanana kazhinji zviri
kutaurwa. Kuna yaizoputsika kukanganisa zvachose nokukanganisa
Verengai chakapatsanurwa inopfupikisa pamusoro chete M kusarudza
uine zvinomutsa chakapatsanurwa inopfupikisa nomumwe kune square, inodzidzwa
Verengai dzinoungana izvi mudzi, uye izvi , von
10 kuti kane 0,16115.
2) wenyeredzi.

; Saka, mune nyaya M =

Cent. F. 1834. p.293.

Zvingadai achiri kuwedzera zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvatinopiwa pamusoro

mikana ratios wokutsauka, asi izvi zvaizotora yakarebesa.
I. Fechner. Oct. 1857 - July 1858)
End: Nine muchinjikwa akareba. Unit 1 D . Uwandu Zvaanoona 900, akagoverwa
kune mazuva 100 9 zvaakacherechedza.
Madaro vari: kupiwa pakutsunga kaviri, sezvo D , sezvo anoenderana inongoti ari
chigamba kuti ganda denderedzwa zvakananga, sezvo D ', sezvo anoenderana chaiko
urefu nascent uyu ganda tatamuka ganda kure. Kureva, sezvo pahuma iri zvishoma
curved, saka vose haasi -enderana. Kuti mumwe runoenzanirana tsika D uye D
' kuona kapepa yakaiswa pamusoro pahuma, uye denderedzwa iri span D wakatarwa
pfungwa imwe chete, daro akabva akayera mushure kanyika achangobva dzateyiwa
panze. Nokuda nhamba dzakadaro zvokudya, pomutumwa akabatwa. Tsika dzaiva:
D = 15 20 25

30

35 40

45

50

60

D '= 15 20 25.3 30.5 36 41,5 46,9 52,9 65,7

Nepo rokupedzisira daro D = 60 kana D '= 65,7 vakawana tsika zvinotevera

matafura vanogona wakasanganiswa kuva vasingafungi kubudikidza guru
yomuzvarirwo yaro ichigona nevamwe kwazvo kuti Compass pfungwa nekuda ichi
chinokosha kwazvo pamuviri curvature pahuma zvakaipa chaizvo impinge paganda,
saka kuti zvakawanika zvichava pano pamwe nevamwe uyewo
chisingaenzaniswi. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuwana kubva kure uyu mumabhuraketi
tafura uye vasina atambura kukwezva pakati yaipedzerwa, zvokuti chete tsika
panguva kure kusvikira D hanya = 50 yaisanganisira. Raiva zuva kuwanda 9 kure
(saka) wavakandipa ndezvaJosephus raizobvoora kamwe chete.
( mamita = 10, = 5) 3) .
D

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

(60)

IL

32,3 43.4 46,6 62,0 42.7 47,1 49,2 50,3 (77.6)

IR

31.9 40,2 50,9 40,8 44,6 41,5 48,3 48,1 (73.2)

muunganidzwa 64,2 83,6 97,5 102,8 87,3 88,6 97,5 98,4 (150.8)
c.
D

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

(60)

I L +0,90 +1,20 +0,92 +0,85 +1,12 +1,14 +0,61 +0,43 (+0.49)

I R +0,11 +0,36 +0,24 +0,42 +0,27 - 0,10 +0,10 +0,20 (+0.17)
3)

Zvinotevera ndiro kugadziriswa tafura: muzvinhu S. 217 add yakadyidzana ..

Mumwe anoona kubva D = 15 D = 25, kuwedzera wokutsauka

Verengai pamwe D , izvo kunyange ini L akatorwa ndoga kuna D = 30 chaizvo
kunyatsoreva zvekumirira kuti Dvorschreitet, asi mhiri kuti hapana kukura
chinokosha zvikuru, asi chete hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka angadai pamwe
dzagadziriswa apo mamwe kuenderera zvaakacherechedza.Kana tingaziva
pomutumwa kukanganisa pane avhareji nokuda zvakawanika ari 6 kure D = 25 D
= 50, mukati iro chinokosha Konstanz (nokuti ini L uye ini R , wakatorwa pamwe)
ndiko, mumwe anoona

= 0,921 D; 1 = 0.952 D
ichi ukoshi 1 riri = D pana D = 15 uye pana D = 50
4) Ona.

4) .

Munhau S. 218th

The Kugara Kukanganisa iri zvakanaka, kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete pazvinhu
marefu ose maviri akaturikidzana; asi, sezvatinoona, ari nzvimbo I R (shanduro
chakaipa mudenderedzwa kodzero) maduku chero pane panguva
nzvimbo Ini L (sezvo Akave nokuvandudza kuruboshwe), ndiro muenzaniso vasiri
kunyora nezvavo simba sezvo Akave nokuvandudza, denderedzwa; Zvisinei, haasi

munhu mitemo Zvaiitwa kuramba kukanganisa kukura nechokure

kuchioneka. Nokuti zvinoumba Q uye peji + yaJehovha ari kugara kwokukanganisa
akawana ari Paavhareji nokuda madaro zvose pasina D = 60
Q = +0,372; peji + S = +0.527 5) .
Kunyange apfuura (1856 uye 1857) Ndine nemiedzo yakafanana pahuma yaakaita
yakafanana nemigumisiro, andinovenga kuyambuka, nokuti vakanga vakaita pamwe
ungestielten nezvedzidzo uye zvishoma nokungwarira kudzivirira kuzvinetsa ganda
pahuma.
5)

Ona. Munhau S. 218th

II. Fechner (January kusvika March
1859).

Left indekisi munwe. Antecedent, voo divi, zviviri longitudinal marefu D =

5 D uye D = 10 D . Pamwe Zvaanoona 400 mazuva 20 pakuongorora.
M = 10, = 5th

5D

10 D

5D

10 D

IU

7.28

6.14

0.000

- 0.240

II U

8,52

9,02

- 0,230 - 0,296

IO

7.18

8,50

+ 0.054 - 0,272

II O

8.18

8.30

- 0.292 - 0,444

muunganidzwa 31,16 31,96 -

Pano, kukanganisa Verengai ndiye kusvika kuchinja panguva kaviri

nechokure, 1 Zvichakadaro vose zvakawanika 0,163 D .
Dzemaitirwe nhengo ari kugara kwokukanganisa anopa zvinotevera mugumisiro:
D

10

pp

+ 0.146

+ 0.057

+ 0.002

- 0,045

- 0.117

- 0,313

S1

- 0,146

- 0,342

S2

- 0,088

- 0.284

W
0,00963 0,00994
Pano tinoona chezvinonhuwira S hunoshamisa kukura uye D = 10 D sezvo pedyo
inotokonya ari miviri tsika, sezvaigona kutarisirwa munyika vashomanana
zvakawanika, nepo muna D = 5d hapana chinokosha chibvumirano

pakati S 1 uye S 2 ari mhedziso tsika, ndiye Zvisinei, achiri wandei kukura uye
anoenderana chiratidzo S 1 uye S 2 , sezvo diki kukura dzaona maererano nomurau
yaizoputsika kukanganisa 0,00994 kunoratidza kuti kukanganisa
asiwo That chaizvoizvo ikoko. Chete kukanganisa Q panguva D = 5 angambova
kwaizvozvi kutsanangurwa contingencies.
III. Volkmann (April 1857).
Middle munwe. Antecedent, voo divi, zvina longitudinal akareba. Unit 1
millimeter. Pasinei ezvenyama uye spatial nzvimbo. 264 zvaakacherechedza.
mamita = 33 , =. 2
D

12,70

12,13

6,68

9.13

+ 0.045

+ 0.131 + 0.012

- 0,018

0.102

0.140

0.216

0,194

Kukura kana 1 pamwe marefu aiva chaizvo kupfuura angu dzinotevedzana II ,

asiwo haana kusvika Proportional pamwe D.
IV. Volkmann (January naFebruary 1858).
Kusiyiwa ruoko shure, zvina transverse akareba. Unit 1 Parisian
mutsetse. Pokushandisa denderedzwa pedyo naye pasina Panyaya ezvenyama uye
spatial nzvimbo. 480 zvaakacherechedza.
mamita = 20, =. 6
D

12

18

24

67,2

60,8

+ 0.45

+ 0.47 + 0.37

+ 0.31

0,569

0,515

0.704

86,8
0.735

83,1

V. Fechner (November 1857-April 1858).

minwe Vashanu ruoko rworuboshwe. Antecedent, voo divi, pane mumwe
nomumwe 1 longitudinal kure = 10 D . On wose, 6400 zvakawanika, ndokuwarira
pamusoro mazuva 64 nekuonekwa 100 zvaakacherechedza.
kuburikidza nerimwe zuva rose 5 zvigunwe zviviri nguva-nzvimbo dziri pamwe 20
Zvaanoona (10 nokuti nzvimbo).
Zvinoreva folgends D thumbs, Z forefinger, M pakati
munwe, G Goldfinger, K pinky.
dzakatevedzana ichi chinoitwa kuti zvakafanana 5 minwe nezvichaitika nhamba
maererano nzira neShanduro, kuti nzira avhareji kukanganisa achinja yakaenzana
nemazuva maviri.Pano migumisiro vari inongova zvakataurwa nzira ichitaurwa

kukanganisa; nokuti zvaizotora kuresa ikozvino, kuti funga mumwe nzira.

mamita = 10, = 32nd

D

IU

77,92

67,54

67,36

78,80

74,94

II U

80,70

65,34

73,54

69,14

75,00

IO

68,56

54,68

68,03

68,40

71,40

II O

76,00

64,54

63,34

70,26

71,92

252,10

272,27

286,60

293,26

D = 10 D

muunganidzwa 303,18

IU

- 0,0557 - 0,0882 - 0,0075 + 0.0625 - 0,0438

II U

- 0,1700 - 0,0953 - 0,2066 - 0,2766 - 0,2582

IO

- 0,2691 - 0,3950 - 0,2222 - 0,1641 - 0,2432

II O

- 0,3700 - 0,3310 - 0,3779 - 0,3816 - 0,4303

.2448

pp

+ 0.0538 - 0.0142 + 0.0887 + 0.1392 + 0.1002

+ 0.1034 + 0.1356 + 0.0965 + 0.0829 + 0.0929

- 0,2162 - 0,2274 - 0,2036 - 0,1899 - 0,2439

S1

- 0,2128 - 0,2096 - 0,1927 - 0,2204 - 0,2508

S2

- 0,2196 - 0,2452 - 0,2144 - 0,1596 - 0,2370

.2035

.2198

.2313

.2367

W
0,00579 0,00514 0,00520 0,00548 0,00560
Zvadaro, ruduku pana 252,10 indekisi munwe anowana ndicho chikanganiso
Verengai 303,18 amaoko, panzvimbo, tichiratidza mukuru aikanganiswa kusiyana
pakati 5 minwe.
Nhoroondo anokamuka M kugadziriswa zvinoreva kukanganisa 1 ndiye
paavhareji ose 5 neminwe zvinzvimbo zvose = 0,2272 D = 1 / 44 D. Kugara
Kukanganisa C akaipa, kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete pazvinhu minwe zvose vari
munzvimbo dzose, izvo kubva mukuru kunaka zvinoriumba s nemataundi, apo peji,
Q , pane zvakanaka, kunze peji iri Z , zvagara riri kunyanya unoshamisa, sezvo ivo
vari nhevedzano II uye VI haatori nzvimbo mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana
vanoedza pamusoro forefinger. Apo Z uye G hunyambiri tsika vhotiThat kwete
zvakanakisisa, vamwe minwe vatatu asi zvakanaka chaizvo. The yaizoputsika
Kukanganisa W pamusoro S., Q s kwose kwose hakukuringani kwavari sechinhu
kuitwa kwakavakirwa mukana.
On avhareji vose minwe shanu ane

p = + 0.0735
Q = + 0.1023
S = - 0,2160
pashure izvo nemhaka kugara zvikanganiso Paavhareji nokuda Zvaanoona zvose vose
5 minwe ichi.
Kana ndinoshandisa kwagara denderedzwa napanosvika mimwe 10 D chokutanga,
sizvo denderedzwa rakaiswa zuzweit, vakawira nemhaka yokuva simba iri riini potsa
daro kuti + 0.0735 d yakakurisa kubva, kana wakange, panzvimbo dzose nechokure
10 potsa kure 10,0735 akawanikwa. Apo inowanzotorwa denderedzwa rakaiswa
zuzweit, iyo potsa kure ikaurawa zvakawanda zvakare yakaderera kubva, kana
akanga pachinzvimbo 10 vakagamuchira 9,9265, riri kubatana pamwe yapfuura
nemigumisiro.
Kana wose denderedzwa kusvikira dzapasi vainyeperwa denderedzwa pamwe
okumusoro zvikamu ruoko (ona. Chap. 28) rave anotaurwa, iyo potsa kure dzakawira
0,1023 zvakare guru, muna vakomana nyaya zvakare yakaderera kubva.
Kunze pesvedzero iyi nguva uye nzvimbo nzvimbo, iyo potsa kure rakanga kubva
Cape. 27 wainyatsotaura ndezvaJosephus wo pasi pakati kumativi 0,2160.
Ava vatatu zvinobatanidzwa chirungiso kana subtractive, zvichienderana nokuti
vari zvakafanana nhungamiro kana akatarisana nemirayiridzo. All vatatu vari chete
mupfungwa munaII O , naizvozvo unoenderana tsika cvasina Paavhareji makurusa,
nepo muna I U makuru kukanganisa yaJehovha maererano vadyi
kushorwa S. uye Q ari dzakawanda ndanyarara hangu, saka pano iduku tsika C .
The apa kukarukureta akachena kwokukanganisa inopfupikisa ndiyo fractionation
kazhinji basa neni pamusoro M pasi = rechi10 Kuti aratidze asi simba izvo
kubudikidza Th. I, peji 124, zvikuru kana zvishoma kutinhwa fractionation rave riri
kukura akachena nokukanganisa pachiyero, rapfuura nekuonekwa akatevedzana
Munogonawo nokushandiswa M = 160, uye pakupedzisira vose unfractionated
nerimwe nomunwe uye mumwe layer von pamusoro M anga = 320, akaverenga. The
vose 4 akaturikidzana ndabatwa mugumisiro rinobuda pamwe kuwana kare
sezvinotevera.
.
D
mamita = 10, =
128

muunganidzwa

303,18 252,10 272,27 286,60 293,26 1407,41

mamita = 160, = 8 350,64 285,91 315,51 337,34 336,88 1626,29

mamita =320, = 4 354,76 291,19 320,24 345,34 349,25 1660,78
Pano tinoona ichiratidzwa kukura pamwe kukura Zvakarurama M ichikura.
The rakaiswa kwandiri kururamiswa nokuda anokamuka M kuburikidza

vachiwedzera tsika kuburikidza

kunongoratidza anosimudza kurukutika
chikamu kukura nokuda demonstrably kunonyanya ichi yakavakirwa zvakafanana
pamusoro kushanduka ari kugara zvikanganiso munguva refu dzinotevedzana kuedza,
izvo panguva zvazvinoita yakasiyana kakawanda vakawana zvaanorumbidza ari
Group kwaizoita inowedzerawo yaiwana kukanganisa Muchidimbu, saka zvinodiwa
yandinopa mapoka maduku zvakawanika, izvo vakawana maererano nokuda
kururamiswa yakafanira kune anokamuka M maererano zvavanoda kuti zvikuru
zvakakwana kupfuura yakaisvonaka kukanganisa Verengai mutorwa Se kukura
hunoguma. Izvi chaizvoizvo zvakaitika kusiyana dzose kukanganisa pamusoro nyaya
dzinotevedzana zvakawanika, unobva zvakadzokororwa zvinotevera pazasi maviri
akasiyana nguva pashure huru nezvikamu zviri rucherechedzo akatevedzana.
In Th. I, peji 213. Ini neapo wakacherechedza kuti kana kane kaviri nhamba
zvikanganiso Sum pamusoro dzinoungana
( ) pamwe padare wokutsauka yose ( ) 2 yakakamurwa, paiva Ludolf'sche
nhamba . yapihwa ndizvo anofungidzirwa nhamba P inopisa, kuti munhu ane

kana M -depth mune nhamba zvikanganiso (pamwe = 1). dzakatevedzana dzedu

dzinogonawo muenzaniso. Ndinobvuma kuti thumbs kushandisa mamita = 160, = 1
(sezvo ini nezveshoko 320 mari kuguma uwandu zvaanorumbidza nokuti nzvimbo
imwe neimwe mumapoka maviri maererano nenguva, uye nokuda mumwe nomumwe
chaiyo uye ( ) vamwe) kukosha uye ( ) pamwe akaverenga
kwazviri maererano apa payakavakirwa P mune zvinotevera tafura.
mamita = 160, = . 1

(
)

I zvingaitwa .
1 Frakt.

43,97

18,75

3.103

2. -

42,16

16,52

2.974

II U . 1. -

42,91

17,56

3,052

2. -

46,23

21,87

3.275

I O . 1. -

49,24

25,48

3.363

2. -

40,86

17,62

3.377

II O . 1. -

48,28

21,14

2.902

2. -

36,99

15,11

3.534

muunganidzwa 350,64 154,05 25,580

Avhareji yacho 8 P -Werthe ndiye 3.198. The enderana Avharenji akaverenga vose 5

minwe vaiva:
D Z M G K
3.198; 3.183; 3,072; 3.144; 3.145
Zvachose zvinoreva ava 5 Avharenji, saka nei 40 tsika wose P , chakaita, mumwe
vakatsunga kubva 160 zvaakacherechedza,
3.148
chii chakaipa netsika . zvachose inobvumirana = 3,142 kunze wokupedzisira,
isingagari kuburikidza rounding, decimals.
Kubva pane izvi zviri nyore kuva chenguva reshiyo

kuona izvo Th. Ini, S. 123 radudzwa.

Uyezve, Ini kuona dzimwe nguva kuti imi paiva inokosha nhamba Natrli-Chen
logarithms E akawana apo zvachose kuwanda zvikanganiso pamwe Verengai
zvikanganiso kuti mudzi zvinoreva mativi kukanganisa
kuchakunda
kukura yakakamurwa, uye nhamba achisimuka dzinoungana. Kuti, pashure
maererano sezvo kumusoro Totalmit-Tel pamusoro P kubva 40 Partialwerten ( pa =
160) akaverenga, zvachose pakati akawana pachake 2.707 panzvimbo kwagara
ukoshi E = 2,718.
Kunyange Handifungi kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya chinoshamisa ungadai zvakajeka
akataura, zvinogona asi vamwe zvinonakidza ukama nyore achishandisa akarongeka
kwokukanganisa yokuti kushanda mukana zvikanganiso anozivikanwa okuti,
umo uye yee vakagamuchira, kuona chii nokuti, mupfungwa iyi aiziva hapana
chaiyo magadzirirwo pasi, ndiko kuva nzira kumwewo akataura neni nomumwe
muedzo magwaro. The unotaurwa ratios . , va vari rinonyatsotevedzera nokuda
isingaperi uwandu zvakafanana ezvinhu vakawana zvikanganiso dzinosiyana
zvichimurova kutsunga ane anokamuka nhamba, sei kuwana kubva apa mienzaniso
vane 8 determinations pamusoro P kunogona nechokwadi kuti chakaipa reshiyo,
mumwe kusiyana-siyana munyika Saka mimwe mitemo pane ane, rudiki M iri. Chete
panguva tsika vashomashoma M unovapo pakati zhinji zvokudya anyatsoona
Kutsauka kubva kwomuzvarirwo tsika zvakaita smallness pamusoro M inowedzera,
uye pane dzimwe huru M iri vanishingly duku. yomuzvarirwo Izvi zvingava
zvakafanira kuti anokamuka kubudikidza rakasungwa wokutsauka Verengai
dzinoungana uye yaiungana wokutsauka Verengai M pakutsvaga neimwewo
okuti; pashure iyo munhu anokamuka nhambaM yaiwana P anowanzoita
pachinzvimbo =

ndiko Z. B. nokuda M = 10 ndiko P = 3,0166. 6)

6)

Corrections iyi anouya 218. Ona. Uyewo Poggendorff vake. Ann. Mufaro
bhendi. S. 66 zvi-.
Kwemakore refu kupfuura pamwedzi munhevedzano zvaanorumbidza nevasina
shanduka uye kugara zvikanganiso ungaderedza zvishoma nezvishoma. Kupatsanura
yose akatevedzana mapoka makuru maviri maererano nguva (neimwe pane mazuva
32 pakuongorora), tinowana muna Summa vose 4 akaturikidzana:

( mamita = 160, = 4).

D

muunganidzwa

1.
154,94 134,56 150,12 159,26 161,28 760,16
Frakt.
2. -

148,24 117,54 122,15 127,34 131,98 647,25

ukama 1.015 1.119 1.229 1,253 1,194 1,175

Naizvozvo, On wose, vakachena nokukanganisa kuwanda 1 akanga . Nokuti 2nd
chakapatsanurwa yakaderera kubva 760,16 kusvika 647,25; chii nhamba vane reshiyo
1,175.
Uyezve, zvakamisa hurongwa dzose kwokukanganisa akawana Paavhareji vose 5
minwe sezvinotevera:
1. Frakt.

2. Frakt.

pp

+ 0.1006

+ 0.0465

+ 0.1260

+ 0.0785

S
+ 0.2281
+ 0.1942
Nguva Kukanganisa S. uye nzvimbo kukanganisa Q saka kubva pakutanga kusvika
rechipiri boka chaizvo ndezvokuti, kukanganisa S asi kuderedzwa
zvinoshamisa. kuchinja kwakadaro padzakaitika asi ikozvino havana chete kubva
pakutanga kusvika chikuru boka rechipiri, asi mukati chikuru chimwe nechimwe
chikamu chiduku, uye pfupiso pakati zvakawanika zvakafanana kuti M = akakudza
160 chete variables kukanganisa.
Nokuti anenge 1 awa kuramba zvaanorumbidza rimwe zuva vaiva rave chete
pamazuva minwe uchitanga D . Z . M . G . K . Uye abayiwa ari nekwekupedzesera, iyo
yaimbova pamwe , ekupedzisira pamwe kwaifananidzira. Kana pfungwa
yakanga iri freshest thumbs, vakawanda taneta kana chigunwe
shoma; nenguva zvakanga vakutarisire. Zvaiita kufarira kuongorora kwazviri
zvisamuka simba, iyo, sezvo zvinogona kuoneka zvinotevera, kwete huru asi zviri

kuoneka. Ndakanga kureva muna Summa vose 4 akaturikidzana:

( mamita = 10, = 64)
D

148,56 128,20 136,22 152,24 151,32

154,62 123,90 136,05 134,36 141,94

Pamwe kukura tsika ipfupi zvishoma nezvishoma, kusvikira mumwe muganhu,

kwacho nguva, izvo zvakanga zvakakodzera 100 miedzo rimwe zuva; nokuda Get
Ikoko zvishoma nezvishoma kuti chisarudzo nerimwe kuedza kudarika
pakutanga. The asi mitfhrte ichi chikuru akurumidze inaccuracy hapana mukuru ari
Zvinofungidzirwa kunoratidza ndechokuti panzvimbo neizvi, kufambira mberi
pakuongorora akatevedzana, kukanganisa inopfupikisa kucherekedza duku. Asi kana
ini enzanisa kukanganisa inopfupikisa zuva rinezvigaro uye duku bvunzo nguva
kubva chete bvunzo iyoyo, handiwani musiyano kodzera pakati zviviri. Vamwe zuva
havagoni kukurira kudzokororwa kushanda ari dzeraundi makavharidzira mumwe,
asati asarudza, pane dzimwe nguva zvinoitwa Paavhareji zvikuru nokukurumidza
pamwechete nezvandakatonga; asi slowest sarudzo hadzisi yakanakisisa nguva
dzose. Heano mamwe mashoko pamusoro ratios izvi.
Ndazvigadzirira ya kuedza hakusi kutanga nekuonekwa dziri kubvira 21 Mbudzi
1857 kusvika April 6, 1858, uye kunyange kwapera mazuva ose, asi mazuva 32
akasiyana 3 Ndira kuti; uye paavhareji 63,6 min. kuwanikwa. Asi kana ini kugovana
nekuonekwa akatevedzana kubva Jan 3 kusvika pedyo muna 4 zvakaenzana mapoka
kwemazuva 24, zvinotevera Zvichakadaro nekuonekwa nguva vaakawana:
1. mupanda. 71,8 mins. (Average of 4
determinations)
2. - 67,3 - - - 8 -)
3. - 60,4 - - - 10 -)
4. - 60,5 - - - 10 -)
pashure izvo kufambira mberi zvinoderedza kubva pakutanga yaiva zvikuru gare gare
akasvika standstill.
The akataura nguva kubvunda nokusingaperi 53-76 maminitsi. Ini zvino achisiya
yapfuura nguva, apo vose nekuonekwa nguva zvinoitika guru 7) , kubva
yokupedzisira musi 17 Febr. To 6 April, uko makuru nemaduku nguva kushandura
irregularly, kukanganisa inopfupikisa nokuti zuva pamwe 5 zviduku bvunzo nguva (.
53, 84, 55, 56, 58 min) uye 5 muedzo nguva pamwe chete (64, 64, 65, 66, 68
min.); uye akagamuchira kubva kwakare Summa nokuda minwe zvose uye magwaro
zvose (pamwe mamita = 10, = 50) = 1009,4, kubva 995,6 neyokupedzisira,
izvo anosiyana chete vasingakoshi chaizvo.
7)

Zvaanoona aya pamwe kwapera enzanisa vangave vasina kubvumirwa

nokuti kupa maduku nhamba Kwapera kukonzerwa yemhando kudzidziswa.

VI. Fechner (October 1858 kusvikira Ndira 1859).

Left indekisi munwe. Antecedent, voo pamusoro, 1 daro refu = 10 D . On wose,
1200 kuongorora muna 40 kutongwa mazuva, 30 zvaakacherechedza.
miedzo iyi kuongorora mugove matatu, rine paminiti 400 Zvaanoona
madhipatimendi pashure chikumbiro, Compass.

) Kushandisa pechitsiko pedyo naye pamusoro munwe wangu. Vacherechedzi

uye mutevedzeri kugara pakatarisana mumwe, mutevedzeri inotsigira ruoko, iyo
yakashandisa denderedzwa, kusimba wakakodzera nechiedzo, patafura.
) nokuzvidzora pokushandisa denderedzwa noruoko rwake rworudyi kuruboshwe
indekisi munwe.
) The denderedzwa iri wehunyambiri chinzvimbo clamped pedyo rimwe
sikuruwa kiramba, uye zvigunwe vakatama kubva mumwe. Vose denderedzwa kure
vari pedyo nepedyo, noku mumwe, perpendicular mberi penyika muviri AB akaronga
sezvinotevera:
b. .d
munhu .. C
A -------------------- B
apo A, B , ivo nenhongonya ane, C , cnhaka kureva rimwe denderedzwa, kureva
(pashure pemazuva pamwe) inowanzotorwa kure zvakare zvakanaka ( R ) dzimwe
nguva akasiya ( LZvisinei, wakatorwa) nyaya spatial nzvimbo pano
mune ) uye ) ari spatial nzvimbo ( O uye U ) anoenda okumusoro
panosangana denderedzwa. Zuva nezuva 3 bvunzo anogadza 10 zvaanorumbidza
pashure imwe hama kuti , , vakaripira nechitarisiko zvikonzero
nguva dzose kutanga Zvisinei, , alternated pamwe nzvimbo wechipiri
newechitatu.
The akaturikidzana vari anosarudzwa mumabhuraketi nhamba sezvinotevera:
(1) (2) (3) (4)
pamwe uye Ini U
muna ....

Ini L

II L

II U
IR

IO

II O

II R

mamita = 10, = rechi10

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Summa

19.18

16,64

15,68

19,12

70,62

12,66

14,00

13,08

12,74

52,48

10,70

12,54

11,50

12,65

47,39

Summa

42,54

43,18

40,26

44,51

170,49

- 0,107

+0,096

- 0,086

+0,154

- 0.178

- 0.366

- 0.266

- 0,422

- 0,330

- 0,306

- 0.102

- 0.216

pp

- 0.111

S1

S2

- 0,020 +0,014 +0,023 +0,005

0,00771

+0,086 +0,036 - 0,308 - 0.300 - 0,316

0,00574

+0,023 - 0,077 - 0.239 - 0.273 - 0.204

0,00519

0,1766 0,1794
0,1312 0,1311
0,1185 0,1178
The ukoshi 1 ari pano, tsika , kuburikidza chokururamisa kwete chete nokuda
anokamuka m, asiwo nokuda ukuru zvikamu kuburikidza
vachiwedzera pamwe
hwokurara, apo ari kwokutanga
dzinotevedzana Ini kuti VI , kutsiurwa hakusi kukodzera nokuda zvikamu.
Mumwe anoona kuti chimiro chourongwa kuti denderedzwa , von pedyo
naye, nokure tinokanganisa Verengai uye, naizvozvovo, chikuru
tsika 1 yasvika; zvichienderana pamusoro kuti yokumwe ruoko anogona
denderedzwa haasi saka noruvara zvikashandiswa, sezvo uchigona pachako, uye chii
chinoratidza zvikuru sei kunoenderana comparability pamusoro zvitinakire iri miedzo
nokuda kuenzanisa mafungiro netsika. uye regai dzinosiyana nepedyo kubva,
asi zvimwe zvakawanda zvinobetsera kupfuura . The Zvichakadaro
kukanganisa 1 ari 0,1178 chete D , von D .
Nepo shanduka kukanganisa mune ) ndicho chikamu chikuru, chenguva
kukanganisa C panguva ) duku, uye Q s diki zvokuti zita S raigona zvichida
kusundwa pamusoro anongoitika nokuti W kuti vanopfuura hafu p zvakakwana. The
miviri tsika S 1 s 2 kuvhota ) zvakanaka chaizvo, mune ) uye ) zvakaipa. Uyu
pane havana chinoshamisa) nokuti That anenge nokukasika pano. Kutora
pachinzvimbo miviri tsika makurusa chinoumba, izvo pano peji iri, mumwe
anowana peji = - 0,0995 uye peji 2 = - 0,1150, izvo anobvumirana zvikuru tolerably.
Kupatsanura yose akatevedzana kuva zvikamu zviduku zviviri panyaya nguva,
tinowana muna Summa of 4 akaturikidzana:
( mamita = 10, = 20).

1. Frakt.

33,10

25,56

23,18

2. -

37,50

26,92

24,21

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti zvinokosheswa zvose sezvo munenge nokuda

forefinger muna akatevedzana II uye munhevedzano V , kunyange nenzira
imwecheteyo, chete panguva yakasiyana uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana chechinyorwa
kupfuura tsika iyi urongwa akahwina), asi anosiyana kubva chii muenzaniso
ndechokuti munhu anogona kuitwa kuedza akaita pasi chete ezvinhu panguva
dzakasiyana, uko kungave achinja muviri uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uye
nehanya, uye mumwe mutambo pamusoro zvinongoitika zvoga, haafaniri kunyarara
akafanana.
Zvazvakadaro, zvinogona kunge kufarira apo ini pano wakakwana ndandanda,
mune munhu bvunzo mapoka M = 10 akanzwirwa C tsika vari
mumutsara beifge insofar sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva panzira kunyange
mumamiriro ezvinhu izvo kuderedza dzose kukanganisa zvinobvira, asi chimiro
Konstanz haritauri ari chiratidzo. Asi kunyora kuti zvinotevera Masvomhu I wedzera
naiyewo Directory mamwe misara miviri.
Tsika munenge muna dzinotevedzana nokuda nomumwe zvikamu zviduku
M = rechi10
C1
mun
enge
2

mun
enge
3

C4
0.22
0,04
kusv
ika
0.02
+
0.10
0,16

+0,0
8+0,0
7
0,10
0,14
+0,1
2-0
, 03
+0.2
5
+0,2
1
0,06
0,16
+0,1
0
+0,1
6
0,11
0,20
+0,1
1
+0,0
7
0,07
+0,0
4
+0,1
1
+0,1
1
0,20
0,13
+0,1
6
-

+0,0
9
0,07
0,18
+0,2
5
+0,0
8
0,04
0,06
+0 ,
18
0,00
+0.0
80.02
+0.2
1
Svikiro - 0,107 +0,096 0,086 +0,154

dzinotevedzana .

Enderana tsika munenge muna

C1

munenge 3

munenge 2

C4
- 0.40 kusvika 0.43 - 25 kusvika .49
- .17 kusvika 0.39 - 0.26 kusvika

0.33
- 0.27 kusvika 0.55 - 0 , kubvira 40
kusvika 0.54
- 0.21 kusvika 0.48 - 0.30 kusvika
0.41
- 0,12 kusvika 0,13 - 0.30 kusvika
0.56
- 0.09 - 0.37-.27 - 0.57
- 0.08 kusvika 0.36 - 0.37 kusvika

0.46
- 0.26 kusvika 0.21 - 0.33 kusvikira
0.46
+ 0.04 - 0,25 - 0,13 kusvika 0 , 14
- 0.22 kusvika 0.49 - kubva 0,05
kusvika 0.26
neShanduro - kubva 0,178 kusvika 0,366 0,266 kusvika 0,422
Enderana tsika munenge muna musara .
C1

munenge 2

munenge 3

C4
- 0.55 kusvika 0.24 - 0,11 kusvika

0.19
- 0.50 kusvika 0.27 - 0.26 kusvika
0.30
- 0.56 kusvika 0.38 - 0 , 24 +0.01
- 0.37 kusvika 0.22 - 0.25 kusvika
0.36
- 0.35 kusvika 0.34 - 0,07 kusvika
0.22
- 0,15 - 0.47 kusvika 0.08 - 0,14
- 0,17 - 0,18 kusvika 0,03 - 009
- 0.39 kusvika 0.42 - 0,12 kusvika
0.28
- kubva 0,04 kusvika 0.32 +0.09 0, 26
- 0.22 kusvikira 0.22 + 0.05 - 0.33
zvinoreva -0,330 -0,306 -0,102 -0,216
Pane dzakanzi , mazita kwokukanganisa kwadzo muna nomumwe zvikamu
zviduku akafanana M = 10 vanopiwa.
Group anokoshesa ( mamita = 10, = 1) muna dzinotevedzana .
Ini
U
II
U
IO
I
IO
1.64
0.56
0.88
1.60
2.12

2.12
1.00
1.10
1.48
1.88
2.22
2.60
1.60
1.90
1,96
1,60
2,12
1,20
1,00
2,52
1,70
1,50
1,80
2,32
2,00
2,34
1,70
1,72
1,84
1,50
1, 40
1.90
2.08
2.44
1.88
1.84
2.60
1.20
1.84
1.92
Totalsumme19,18 16,64
15,68 19,12
zvino isu ngaaverenge yaizoputsika nokukanganisa W ari kuramba kukanganisa
zvose seinobva ( 2 ) achishandisa vakapiwa Masvomhu,
kubudikidza yakatarwa = 10, uye nokuda dzinoisa inopiwa tsika iri tafura
kunobva, ( ) asi kudoma zvinokosheswa yakapfuura
matafura 8) . tinowana 9) :

Values W.

kubudikidza kubudikidza

( 2 )

kubudikidza kubudikidza kubudikidza kubudikidza

( )

( )

W1 0,0164

0,0160

0,0111

0,0270

0,0093

0,0383

W2 0,0145

0,0138

0,0122

0,0285

0,0110

0,0205

w3 0,0137

0,0171

0,0114

0,0226

0,0100

0,0259

W4 0,0167

0,0144

0,0111

0,0299

0,0111

0,0201

Pano tinoona kuti kana vhoti pedyo vaviri modes pakutsunga, nepo
panguva uye kusarudza nzira ( ) kaviri kupfuura guru anokoshesa
goho kupfuura , iyo inoratidza chinokosha kusiyana-siyana ari kugara
kwokukanganisa. Tsika W patafura (ona pamusoro) pashure akaverenga.
8)

Chine Somuenzaniso, nokuti dzakatevedzana , 4

tsika ( ) = 0.050619; 0.037840; 0.048040; 0,041440.
9)

The kukarukureta maererano anouya shure nokukurumidza pashure, iyo

logarithm pamusoro 0,94128 kusvika 4 kuti logarithm
pamusoro kuwedzera, dzemaitirwe maererano ( ) pamusoro
logarithm pamusoro 0,85186 2 panguva hafu logarithm pamusoro (
kuwedzera), uye vose zvakakodzera kutora nhamba kuti.

Apo neapo munhu anogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kukarukureta

kubudikidza zvinoreva pamusoro (kwakadaro) inonyatsoita kwete yekudyidzana
kuipa pamusana dzemaitirwe kuburikidza ( anomununura ). Kuti
nhamba pamwe hwakasimba tsika C kutora somuenzaniso, tine
W1

W2

w3

W4

nokuda ( ) 0,0270 0,0285 0,0226 0,0299

0,0260 0,0284 0,0207 0,0303
kubudikidza
Runoenzanirana chibvumirano inowanikwawo zvikasadaro nguva dzose, pashure
iyo, sezvo Misiyano kuitira iyi nechinangwa urongwa izvi hazvisi nouchapupu,
haumanikidzwi kuita nemamiriro ezvinhu kutsunga ( kudzoka ), asi vanogona
okugutsikana pana kudzoka 10 ) , kunyange pfungwa kutsunga ( )

chinguva ngozi.
10)

Nokuti munhu uyu ane logarithm 0,44128 mu dzinotevedzana yedu 2 nokuti ari logarithm pamusoro uye kuwedzera nhamba yokutanga.
The Table rinoratidza chikamu tsika pamusoro (ona kumusoro) ndiyo mukana
mutemo pakuverenga ari yaizoputsika kukanganisa (ona kumusoro) kuratidza. 40
Group anokoshesa tafura iyi chaizvo 20 yakaderera, 20 mukuru Kutsauka kwavo
(nokuti 4 akaturikidzana zvinoshanda) nevasori mana, sezvo rinoenderana
yaizoputsika kukanganisa, kana dzaona maererano yamunenge
utongi. Nokuti ini U vaiti uri 1, 918, avhareji pachiyero, izvo kane 0,161, 0,309 sezvo
yaizoputsika kukanganisa. Kutora zvarakasiya ari 10 munhu kwadzo pamusoro
1.918, tinoona 7 duku, 3 kupfuura 0,309; pana II U takatsunga maererano 6
yakatosiyana Paavhareji asingasviki 4 vari kupfuura yaizoputsika kukanganisa, ari
pano 0.267; pana I O 3 iduku, 7 iri huru, muna II O zvishoma pane 4, 6 mukuru
kupfuura yaizoputsika kukanganisa; Saka wose 20 duku, 20 mukuru. In mumwe
dhipatimendi unogona kukonzerwa yakaderera nhamba Muzviitiko haatarisiri
wakaenzana pakati uwandu zviduku uye hombe tsika.
1. Kuwedzera.
Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kururamisa yakafanira kune
anokamuka mamita 11)
Basa racho zvinotevera: wandei zvikanganiso , ane nhamba m, ndiye svomhu
kunoreva A akaverenga kucherechedza hukuru (mu mharidzo uye
Augenmaversuchen kubva paavhareji potsa chinhambwe kuti), kureva sezvo
kusiyana munhu vakachengeta kwazvo A vasarudzirwa uye ane kukanganisa
Verengai wakapiwa sezvamakaropafadzwa kukanganisa zvose, zvakanaka uye
akaipa, kubudikidza Mhedziso zvinokosheswa (sezvo zvakanaka) vari
kupomerwa. Asi, kubva mamita Zvaanoona hwokurara, zvinoreva kukura Ahachisi
chechokwadi kukura zvinoreva V , izvo zvaizoita buda nokupiwa isingaperi nhamba
ndakacherechedza, uye nokudaro dzaona kubva pakati kukura yokukanganisa hachisi
kukanganisa kwechokwadi. Verengai kukanganisa wechokwadi S ndiko
nokururamiswa Verengai dzenhema ingawanikwa. Kururamisa chinhu,
izvo kana ichi nokuda zvabuda, ipapo sezvo ari chakaipa mumiririri
chikanganiso
11)

zvinoshanda.

Munhau S. 216 f. CF .. Bherekiya. d. Sachs. Soc. 1861. p. 57 zvi-.

kutanga ngatiti, kukura V - A , izvo wechokwadi Zvichakadaro kukura V ari

vakawana A chakasiyana, anozivikanwa. Iwe zita , uye umwe achitsvaka
pashure ukama pakati S uye .

anogona kuva akanaka kana akaipa. kukanganisa pano sizvo ikozvino

vakadaro inopisa, izvo pamwe vane chiratidzo chete, mhiri avo vane

dzisakarurama chiratidzo naro. Ipapo unofanira muna S rokuchinja 12) :

1) rwuno All zvikanganiso dzenhema idzo zvachose yakakura
kupfuura , uwandu yaJehovha uye kuwanda S iri Mhedziso
kukosha kuderera; vari S - New .
2) zvikanganiso All otherworldly zvenhema, nhamba N uye uwandu N iri Mhedziso
kukosha Zoom; vari N + N .
3) Nokuti zvose kukanganisa kwenyika zvenhema riri pakati 0 uye nhema,
uwandu Z uye kuwanda Z ndiye, musiyano mumwechete kubva amirire
Mhedziso tsika; ndivovakadaro - Z .
Saka tine:
S = S + N - Z + (- S + N + z) .
Asi nokuti S + N + Z = uye S + N + Z = M kuenda aya kupinda
S = + ( mamita - 2s) - 2 Z
apo ari kutora mhedziso tsika.
12)

Kana zvakakodzera, munhu anogona kufungidzira mitemo inotevera 1) 2)

3) uye zvichiguma vakaturikira vachiti mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
pakati uye S , anosvika musi zvose, tsanangura kuti pamadiro angorukwa
mienzaniso uye kuratidza, mukurwisana anoverengeka zvikanganiso pavaidira,
chete nehanya Verengai zvakanaka kusvikira kuwanda akaipa kutora
zvakafanana, uye sezvo kukosha randomly achipfeka, sezvo mitemo izvi
zvinoshanda neimwe mhando yokuparadzira kukanganisa.
The yaidiwa kururamiswa vachawanikwa kana
tichakataririra s uye Z inokwanisa dzinomiririra zvimwe zvinhu. Asi izvi
zvinogona kuitwa saka kure sezvo isu nedzidziso inowanzotorwa kukanganisa
kuparadzirwa, izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa chokwadi zvimwe tsika kuti 13) .
13)

therefor anogona, chokwadi, kuchengera muenzaniso asisiri kushumira.

Zvino chii hanya, saka tinogona aaisitaura kusvika, iro rinoshandiswawo

kugadzirisa chikanganiso Verengai dzinoungana 2 nemhaka
anokamuka M akatitungamira 14)yakatarwa,
,
Nekuti ukuru nechepakati nekuonekwa ndiyo nzira 1 nekuonekwa kuti

asarudze

zvakaipa, saka nokuda M -Observations chinozivikanwa fungidziro kazhinji

zvakaipa.

14) comp.

Encke muna wenyeredzi. Cent. Nokuti 1834 S . 282 f.

Chii S uye Z anosvika, ipapo That sezvo kuwanda pamusoro nhema

nokusaziva rumwe rutivi, von akanaka kana akaipa,

kunzi kupiwa apo

determinable nokuda anozivikanwa chinokosha tafura
ndingangokuvara yokukanganisa zvinoreva kuti (sezvo akanaka uye kunaka)
kumativi zvose pamusoro mhedziso ukoshi nhema. Of mhiri

kana
ari pazasi kuti vakaverenga chikamu zvachose Verengai
kwokukanganisa S achiumbwa pakati 0 uye Mhedziso tsika straddles.
Dzinomiririra mashoko aya kuti , S uye Z , tinowana

Somugumisiro, dzinomiririra
nokuti

Zvino harisi,
uye kuona pauwandu. Izvi zvinogona nerimwe
kukosha M chaizvo zvakaitika, aichimbova nokuda chinokosha Table 15) nokuti
mukana kana hama nhamba zvikanganiso pakati kukura muganhu 0
uye ; Yokupedzisira maererano mashoko nokuda hama kwokukanganisa
Verengai pakati saizi papi kukanganisa 0 uye , izvo:

kana kute- mujinga nhamba dzinongoitika logarithms, yacho Ludolfsche

nhamba 16) .
15)

wenyeredzi. Cent. f. 1834, S. 305 va- .

16)

Ane kureva kutanga chero kukosha

apo H , mwero zvakarurama. Maererano chinozivikanwa mukana wokuti

kana nyore zvinoreva

vanhu vanga Zvisinei, ndiko

kukanganisa. Dzinomiririra kukosha ino H, uye nenguo

,
tinoona kuburikidza kusanganisa pamusoro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.
Zvadaro, tafura inogona dzaona, sezvamakaropafadzwa kururamiswa coefficient
setsono kuti kukosha nerimwe mamita anopiwa. The chomudziyo tafura yakadaro
anopiwa pazasi, umo iye that m = 10 pane rinonyatsotevedzera kutaura = 1,033333
1,0326699 waaida, chii mutsauko asi, sezvatinoona, ndiye kunyora nezvavo. Asi
kune mumwe nomumwe Mkuwana zvinoshanda mukuru kururamiswa chinhu, munhu
ane tsika uye kuva maererano dzavo mashoko rusingaperi nhevedzano uye
kuramba yokutanga chete rokuti, iyo, sezvo zvinogona kuonekwa pazasi, zvachose
zvakakwana ari. Zvino imi mune kana yakaiswa pfupi , uye , kazhinji, nokuti
mumwe nomumwe ukoshi

Asi sezvo pano =

, ipapo U =

Achiziva yokutanga chete izwi vose mashoko, tinowana pashure

chii chinogona yakaiswa musoro rakada

kana
izvo neyokupedzisira, sezvo zvinogona kuonekwa kubva zvinotevera patafura,
zvishoma kupfuura okutanga rinobatanidza kuna unopinza chaizvo kururamiswa.
Pano ari pakupedzisira anoteverwa tafura duku, izvo kururamiswa chinhu
pamusoro vamwe tsika M zvose nokuda unopinza chaizvo kukarukureta pamwe
kuderera kusvikira rinotevera tsika
uye tiri, sezvo maererano akasiyana
approximations izvo zvichava kuonekwa kuti, kunyange kana kusvika duku tsika that
m unoburukira, kururamisa

zvachose sabatsira rakasiyana unopinza chaizvo,

kuti, kana kunyange

kudzoka, vaizova EZVINHU zvachose
okushamisira. Panguva iyoyowo, kururamiswa nokuda yaiungana kunoreva
kukanganisa
pashure Korrektionsweise nechakare yakatora kubva
pazviri kunoonekwa kuti chinhu ichi kose mukuru kupfuura , uye saizvozvo
nokuti

ndiye.
Kururamiswa chikonzero nokuti uye .

nokuti Q

unopinza
M

Korr.

1,20000 1,16667 1.189318 1.183515 0.4273712 0.1471351 1,4142

1,12500 1,11111 1.118697 1.116404 0.3549580 0.1006682 1,2248

10 1,03448 1,03333 1.032889 1.032699 0.1992010 0.0313296 1,0541

20 1,01695 1,01667 1.016173 1.016139 0.416010 0.0157896 1,0260
30 1,01123 1,01111 1.010724 1.010702 0.1158224 0.0105573 1,0171

50 1,00671 1,00667 1.006407 1.006400 0.0898408 0.0063460 1,0101

100 1,00334 1,00333 1.003193 1.003192 0.0635945 0.0031780 1,0050

Zvinokosheswa
uye izvo dzave kuverenga unopinza kururamiswa ndivo
vaimbova. By interpolating tafura iyo Encke muna wenyeredzi Cent. Muna 1834 tiri
pamwe concurrence rechipiri kusiyana,
fomura zvakarurama.

akaverenga asi mushure (saka) vakapiwa

2. Zvimwe. 17)
Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva kururamiswa nokuda ukuru zvikamu.
Munguva akarongeka Mupfungwa neimwe nekuonekwa kukanganisa munhu
chaizvo chaizvo kukura Unongova akatosimba diki fungidziro, uye vakaramba chete
zvikuru vasinganyanyi recur. Asi chaizvoizvo zvaanorumbidza havagoni kusiyanisa

kukanganisa nemaduku, asi pasi chete kukwira mumwe muganhu muhurongwa, uye
saka zvazvinosarira nemamiriro ezvinhu muzvikamu gumi, o, zvikamu por zviuru
mitsetse, siyana u. Kufanana. In kurekodha kumira. Chii anodanana pakati,
achazungunuswa kusvikira pedyo kumiganhu akasiyana zvikamu. In ichi
kuremekedza isu zvino neizvozvo. kukanganisa avhareji sezvo kazhinji zvakare guru
rwakaiswa diki, zvinoratidzika kuti izvi zvaizoratidza kuti aripire vazhinji
kuedza. Zvekare, izvi pedyo asi haisiri nyaya; asi kunounza chokwadi chokuti
nhamba zvikanganiso vakapiwa saizi hwakanyatsorwisa kudarika kukura kwavo
zvinoderedza, naro, kuti nenzira iyi kukanganisa Verengai kurasikirwa kupfuura kana
iwe Hamubvumirwi kukanganisa rimwe nerimwe zvakakodzera ayo tsika dzinoti
zvikuru saka mukuru rakakwanira, zvichienderana zvikuru zvikamu, zviri kuwanikwa
munyika kurekodha achiri zvakasiyana, vari zvichienzanirana avhareji
kukanganisa. Nokuti akatara, mumwe unobuda muna kurekodha kubudikidza
zvikamu 0.00; 0,10; 0,20; 0.30 etc. mberi, saka sezvo pane kukanganisa Z vanorohwa
pamusoro 0,15 uye 2.5 kusvika 0,20. Saka kukanganisa rokutanga zvakare guru,
vokupedzisira kutorwa chiduku; Zvisinei, nhamba zvikanganiso zviri penguva kubva
0,15 kusvika 0,20, ndizvo chaizvo mukuru kupfuura kukanganisa iri penguva kubva
0,20 kusvika 0.25, kuti nedumbu wokutsauka Verengai iyo unovapo kubva aimbova
ezvinhu, kwete richisuruka, iyo unovapo kubva zvapedzisira ezvinhu ari ndanyarara
hangu.
17)

Ona. Mishumo d. Sachs. Soc. 1861, p 93ff. Munhau S. 217th

Saka kure sezvo Ndinoziva, haina kuongororwa saka kure, zvakadini izvozvo
zvinoenderana kukanganisa uye chii mitemo iye rinoteerera.
zvino ndinowana yekunwa kururamisa zvinotevera nenzira.
Dzinomiririra chete, zvichaita here mhosva netsika vake vechokwadi ambotaurwa
saka kazhinji, kana achizoonekwa, tive nokuwana kubudikidza summation
zvikanganiso izvi, nhamba M ndiko, wechokwadi kukanganisa Verengai S ; uye
zvinoreva kuswedera kubva kwechokwadi pakati kutadza 1 inopisa. Iva
Ukuwo ini wacho penguva weboka, pakati risina zvikanganiso ineshongedzo uye,
somuenzaniso, ini = 0.25 1 kana 1 , saka kukanganisa zvose pamusoro miganhu
yacho zvikamu kuti vakaisa rakakura kudai uye zvakaipa Nemutengo yapihwa
vane reshiyo kuti zvechokwadi S kuedza kuti asarudze.

Pashure rinozivikanwa tafura fungidziro chinokosha (by kubvunzana interpolation)

iri penguva wokutsauka kwazvo kusvikira 0 of 1 / 4 1 anowanzoita 0,1581058 ari
nhamba zvikanganiso yaisanganisira 18) . By kukanganisa uku hafu kuti 1 vari
hafu akarohwa kusvikira 0, rakaita zvisiri pakuverengwa nokuda penguva iyi kuwana
munhu ane 0,1581058mamita vachiwanda, zvinoreva 0 kusvika 0.25
ndiye 1 . Nokuti penguva 0.25 1 kusvikira 0.50 1 ndiyo chakaipa nhamba
zvikanganiso kubudikidza patafura chinokosha 0,1519585mamita . Saka ndidzo
neizvozvo kwakawanziridzwa nzira pakati 0.25 1 uye 0.50 1 von 3 / 8

0,1519585 M 1 zvakaipa Verengai nokuda chinguva, uye zvichingodaro rose siyana

kuremara hukuru. The raora pamusoro inopfupikisa idzi 1.003321 mamita 1 ,
panzvimbo wechokwadi Verengai M 1 = S .
18)

Izvi zvinowanikwa nehanya kuti kudzama iri chinokosha mwero

zvakarurama bare wakaenzana

uri apo . ari Ludolf'sche nhamba.

The summation ari pano, zvisinei, chete kusvikira = 7.00 1 mberi; Chete hanya
kukanganisa dzakakwirira nokuda kwavo vanishingly isingawanzowanikwi kuwanika
chete kukanganisa yepamusoro decimals pane vanoonekwa pano.
Nokuti penguva Ini = 1 saka tsamba nzira yaiva ukoshi
= 1.053643 S
yapihwa.
urongwa ava achishandisa interpolation anosvika H 19) = 3 zvapfuura tafura
fungidziro chinokosha kukanganisa pasi Mitzuziehung wechipiri kusiyana uye
pachake kukarukureta nokuda dzakakwirira netsika pashure Kushandurwa musimboti
mune isingaperi dzinotevedzana 20) pasi Tikanyatsoongorora ari kuwana tsika
yakawanikwa.
19) H = .
20)

ndakagamuchira dzinotevera tsika kuti pamwe

kuti chinokosha
ndingangokuvara yokukanganisa 0 kusvika panguva dzinotevera
tsika H , apo H mwero zvakarurama =
ndiko yandinofamba hersetze
akwanise kudzora apa risinganyatsozivikanwi kuti rakabva papi:
f
3.0 0,9999779093
3.1

88,351th

3.2

939 740

3.3

969 422

3.4

984 780

3.5

992 569

3.6

996 441

3.7

998 329

3.8

999 230

3.9

999 652

4.0

999 846

4.1

999933

4.2

999 971

Pasina interpolation, ndakagamuchira zvakananga nokuda zvinotevera penguva

ratios

dzinotevera nhamba wenhema Verengai wechokwadi, apo = 1, 7724539

0,10

1 , 0016673

0,20

1.0066757

0.40

1.026713

0,80

1.109193

Zvino anotarira seizvi kubva yapfuura zvatinopiwa mari naro

mutengo

kwazvo 1, uye izvo , u inopisa, zvinoonekwa ratios ari mativi ose

mikoko. Asi ukoshi inokura zvishoma simba, nokuti panguva

dzekuturika
= 0,10

vakaenzana 0,0016673, iye ari

= 0,80
akaenzana 0,109193, asi kuti
zvinofanira kuva mushure quadratic ukama 0,1067072. Zvakafanana zvinoratidzwa
zvenguva tsika. Zvichakadai, nokutsauka kubva mativi mberi zvokuti akanetseka kuti
rinogona zvakakodzera kuregeredzwa.
Hot Zvino kunyatsotevedzera kukosha nepfambi nokuda
quadratic ukama

= 1, ipapo shure

Uye, kana zvakaipa, 1 ndiye wechokwadi mumiririri kukanganisa, uyewo

Izvi zvinotungamirira kuna quadratic mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

1 - 1 + Ini = 0

kubva iyo

Sezvo 4 Ini nguva dzose duku akaenzanisa 2 nokuti akaisa chiduku, tinogona
pamusaka kupedza binomial theorem no uye ukaramba mazwi maviri okutanga

ndezvipi

Asi M 1 = S , M = , zvinoreva nokuda chokuwanziridza kumativi ose

pamwechete M

Sezvo mumwe munhevedzano zvakawanika, izvo

uchava, kashoma kuita ndizvo>

Text original

1, nokuti
<1 asi nepfambi chiduku duku duku pane tsika ? = 0,053643
Contribuu a millorar la traducci
anoenderana pachivara mberi, saka ndine 0,053643 inongova 0,053 sezvo (ona
pamusoro) rakagamuchirwa muna Korrektionsformel.

Inside psychophysics.
XXXVI. Kuchinja kubva rwokunze yomukati psychophysics.
Our yapfuura zvidzidzo, zvabuda, Masvomhu vakanga zvinofamba yekudyidzana
munzvimbo dzokunze psychophysics uye chete wotaura uye apo neapo isu vakarwisa
saka asati yomukati psychophysics uye pamusoro. Asi, sezvo ini kare vanomutswa,
dzokunze psychophysics chete rutsigiro uye kugadzirira yakadzika kutungamirira
yomukati psychophysics.
Ngativimbei kuyeuka shure; kwete anotikurudzira anondimutsa pakarepo manyawi,
asi pakati pake kutekenyedzwa anomhanyira kunyange yomukati kurovedza muviri,
isu akadana pfupi psychophysical, mumwe anomutswa pedyo kuitika, uye ikozvino
pakarepo chete anotakura kutekenyedzwa kana anobatana zvichienderana akasiyana
maonero, izvo isu kusarudza muchitsauko chinotevera; uye dzepamutemo ukama
pakati wokunze uye yomukati Endgliede cheni ichi, anotikurudzira uye manyawi,
anoshandura zvakakodzera kudaro pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye izvi
zvinoreva mutezo kunorumwe rutivi uye pakati nechepakati richiripo ichi uye
kutekenyedzwa panorumwe.
In dzokunze psychophysics isu akapembera ichi pakati izwi, saka kutaura,
maererano zvakananga chiitiko rakatevera, pamutemo ukama asi chete pakati

mugumo Links izvi cheni, uye mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira izvo yokunze, uye
kutekenyedzwa unova ruzivo yomukati chete, kuti akataura zvakananga
vakakwanisa. In wokupinda yomukati psychophysics tine kuyananiswa nesu pakati
mutezo rokunze Endgliede kuzochera ukama yaro kubvira pachinzvimbo rokunze
mugumo nhengo womukati Endgliede kufunga. The anotikurudzira zvino isu kusiyira
pashure pacho yakashanda chinangwa chacho, kuti utitungamirire kuna nechepakati
richiripo. Mune varindi haugoni kuona mukati, asi ndima rokunze Pointer kuchengeta
ndima vhiri riri anotakura izvozvo maererano, sokuvapo wachi iri nzira
yakarurama. kubatana uku kwokunze pano rinomirira tive anotikurudzira, ukuwo
psychophysical kufamba achifungidzira ndima vhiri, kunze kuti kunoshandurwa
sezvo apo wachi ruoko kuti anotendeusira vhiri yomukati pano.
Chokwadi, ndima Pointer kunogona kutipa mashoko kwete chete pamusoro
womukati kufamba; Kunosanganisirawo zivo womukati giya kuita saizvozvo; uye isu
chii anatomi uye physiology anodzidzisa kubva womukati wenyama kupfuudzwa,
inova pasi redu kunzwisisana uye kumhanya-mhanya, iri kure zvokusagona
zvisakakwana kure kuti uyewo kubvumira chaiwo mhedziso chete zvinonyanya
mukuru zvakaita psychophysical kufamba. Pane magetsi, kemikari, yokungoitawo,
nzira imwe kana mumwe akaumbwa fambisa ponderable kana imponderabeln
svikiro? Rega ingotaurai hatizivi; asi ndiye mugumisiro kuratidza pacharo, kuti
tinokwanisa kupinda munzvimbo yomukati psychophysics kusvikira zvimwe, pasina
kwedu vaizive, pasina kuti isu zvinoda ruzivo kana chinokosha zvinodiwa pamusoro
pezvakaita, von substrate uye kuumba psychophysical sangano, chete kuti vamwe
mamiriro chakafanana kuzivikanwa, chete kuti rinogona kuverengwa kusvika
zvimwe zviwane.
Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe ane kusiyanisa mibvunzo miviri zvakanaka uye kuramba
vari kurapwa: chii hunhu psychophysical sangano, uye sangano iri akaremberera izvi
uye avo ezvinhu chii mamiriro sangano pakunamata? Mubvunzo wokutanga
unoramba undecided nokuti havasati kuti kusarudza ikozvino kutaura imwe chitsauko
chokupedzisira chinhu vakawanda maonero pamusoro Zvisinei zviri ikozvino kuita
kuti chete mibvunzo rechipiri mhando uye neizvozvo chete ezvinhu enyika
psychophysical kufamba kuramba kushanda, pasinei kucharatidza kupfuura uno
inokosha hunhu kufamba ichi. Uye zvichida asina kudzidzisa kuchikosha zvakadaro,
sezvo kwedu, hongu, ndiyo imwe wokutanga wevakadzidza zano kutarisa chete, izvo
asati yasarira ichiri kushanda ezvinhu ose, uye kuswedera chii asare undecided, chero
bedzi mubvunzo pamusoro kungavapo chisarudzo. Sezvineiwo, tine refu zvakakwana
saka chete vakamira wefizikisi nokuda Dzidziso chiedza uye mira saka Pfungwa
magetsi. Nokuti chii magetsi? Rega ingotaurai hatizivi; uye sei yakatanga yatova
dzidziso magetsi!
Uyewo takakwanisa kuratidza dzokunze psychophysics, kuti hakusi hunhu sangano
iri kuti chii pamusoro huru nyaya iri dzidziso iyi, asi kuti pane mamiriro ezvinhu
kufamba izvi.Little akaita inodiwa isu yezvakaita anotikurudzira, kana zvaibvira
chiedza, kana inzwi, kana zvokuyeresa pamsoro, yakanga iri pasina nzira
zvakakodzera kufunga yezvakaita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye kwavari
kumutswa kufamba kusarudza mitemo dzokunze psychophysics , saka tiri yomukati

psychophysics kuvaka pamusoro wokunze uye chinonyanya kukosha pfungwa chete

vanogona kuona pasina inoita kudiwa aizviti kuziva yezvakaita psychophysical
kufamba.
Chokutanga, mubvunzo huru iyo ine kuita iyi, uye kuti izvo tava kuenda
kukurukurwa mimwe yavaizofanoshandisa mibvunzo mukuru muchitsauko
chinotevera chokutanga, vachava naro shanduro nheyo dzokunze psychophysics
murairo Weber uye chokwadi nezvikumbaridzo, izvo zvinoratidzwa chinokosha
payakavakirwa uye dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, kudzidza ari kuchinja
dzomukatikati psychophysics. Shanduro iyi inobvumira munhu priori musarudzo
yakasarudza kubudikidza chisarudzo pamukova yomukati psychophysics uye
wokutanga chikonzero chacho pachaiswa. Chitsauko yechi38 zvichiitirwa
kutungamirira chisarudzo ichi. Zvino zvingaita sokuti pashure tiri neizvozvo
akapindira zvachose mukati, tinovimba ruzivo zvikuru mberi. Asi hazvisi. Asi,
tinokwanisa chii chave hwakaitwa achibva kuruvanze psychophysics akapfuura,
sangana nazvo kubva mukati uye kusangana kuitira neizvozvo Kukundikaana
kuramba kutungamirira externally akasungirirwa ngetani inference, pamwe
nemishonga kudhonza. Pataingogamuchira yomukati ruzivo uri hwedu hwose
pfungwa upenyu zvakananga kuna vachiriita, chepiri tinoziva kupfungwa
psychophysical basa uye mabasa aro, kunyange chete kukwana, asi kusvika zvimwe,
uye zuva nezuva chipingidzo ichi kuzadzikiswa itsva chokwadi yakaitwa, physiology
uye zvokurwara; nazvo kwete chete mugumo nhengo rwokunze anotikurudzira,
asiwo womukati mugumo nhengo, kuti manzwiro, uye mamwe zvenguva
muzvidimbu masangano ari psycho-mumuviri mabasa, kusanganisira zviri pamutemo
nexus pakati wokunze uye yomukati Endgliede zvinhu ruzivo, kuti kurasikirwa chete
ichiripo, muzadze pakakoromoka, izvo kuti chiitiko chokuita pakarepo kupindira
yokuguma nhengo vasara zvenguva nhengo.
Just pamusoro zvino ezvinhu rokunze mugumo kubatana, ari anotikurudzira, kuti
zvimwe zvinoda pamusoro zvemupiro yomukati zvenguva nhengo psychophysical
kufamba izvo tikwanise kubva kurutivi rumwe kusvikira ichi, zviri pamwe ezvinhu
yomukati mugumo nhengo, iyo kutekenyedzwa kubva mhiri anobudisa
nyaya. Kunyange zvazvo isu hapana nzira kuva vakaturikira vachiti kubva hunhu
chepfungwa fambisa pamusoro pezvakaita chaicho zvinooneka kufamba, kureva
pedyo, iyo substrate uye chii chimiro ane masangano aya, asi zvichida kugumisa kuti
pfungwa kubatana psychophysical kubatana, mupfungwa kukura uye kunze chiitiko
ane psychophysical, pfungwa kufanana uye musiyano ane psychophysical, simba
nepfungwa uye utera psychophysical inoenderana, kusvikira vanoziva remangwana
kana zvinofunga ane chawo ari mumuviri. Kwete chete dai pasina zvakadaro bhuku
mamiriro kushanda ukama pakati maviri haana kugamuchira, asiwo entitle isu kuti
zviitiko zvatingaita muumambo wokunze psychophysics, akapa kuti hukama pakati
migumisiro anotikurudzira uye kutekenyedzwa nenzira vane translatable pakati
psychophysical rwokufamba kutekenyedzwa.
In iyi tinofanira kuita mune ramangwana siyana rwemusimboti ichi chinogona
kushandiswa, zvingatiita pasina nani okuti uye nokuongorora chokwadi kuti
wakaiswa substantially kuti kushanda ukama pakati muviri uye mweya kwoga,

akasarudzwa nezita pfupi iri dzichipfekeka musimboti uye vari kufananidzirwa

muenzaniso.
Ndangariro ichishanduka kubva pfungwa, dzikapfeka zvakasikwa kuziva, umo
vose vanobatanidzwa. Pasina kuziva psychophysical dzinotsanagura kuti vari pasi
mumwe mumwe, tinogona vachiri batanidza kuti basa nenheyo kuti psychophysical
zvemupiro Zvaiitika izvo kuumba intuitions. Kuzvitutumadza mukuru
psychophysical ezvinhu izvo anorayira kuvapo paruzhinji kuziva Memories vachiri
kutakura chimiro intuitions; ndangariro zvaitaurwa dzinotsanagura dzichiri akapfeka
chimiro kwemasayendisiti kuti inozviisa pasi maonero;Ndangariro Kazhinji kusimba
kupfuura pfungwa; dambudziko dzinotsanagura ichava imomo. Memories vanobva
mukati mupfungwa, pfungwa vanouya kwaari vachibva kunze; uyewo pezvakaitwa
avo zvinozvikonzera vari dzavasinei kuva kubva aivapo psychophysical Bestande
kana zvinoda kuwedzera mazano matsva zvibayo kubva kunze; Memories vari
Association; dambudziko dzinotsanagura inozviisa mafungiro nokushamwaridzana.
Zvino zvaisazobatsira chaizvo pose achiita shanduro psyche mhando iyi
psychophysical, chero bedzi haina kutitungamirira kukwira kupfuura zvawo
shanduro. Asi akatumidza nzira akkommodasie nokuda pamusoro zvatinogona infer
kubva yokunze psychophysics akapfuura uye maererano anatomical, vasiri uye
pathological chokwadi, uye chete apo yakadaro kungobvumirawo ndechokuti, tichava
kuenda kunyika mashoko uye kuti vamwe anosimudzirwa , Ndizvo kusvikira zvino
yakati kuti chii vachava kuti yomukati psychophysics, chete zvishoma; asi zvikuru
methinks zvichienzanirana chii nezvaaigona pasina pamwe nheyo idzi.
Kutaura zvazviri, Zvisinei, kungangova kunyatsoverenga uye vachingwarira
unobatanidza izvi dzakasiyana-siyana anofanira dzakashandisa kuti yomukati
psychophysics chinhu kupfuura nyaya zvokungofungidzira, uye zvishoma
nezvishoma,
asilakuti
kurarama chivimbo stride uye. Kwete zvose matanho kuti
Contribuu a millorar
traducci
zvinoitwa zvinotevera, atova zvakasimba uye zvakachengeteka; asi urongwa yose
Ndinofunga yakasimba uye akachengeteka.

Text original

XXXVII. Chigaro mweya.

Kudiwa mukuru yavaizofanoshandisa nhaurirano pamusoro ukama pakati muviri
uye mweya, izvo isu adzosa zvikuru kwazvo sezvinobvira pamukova kuruvanze
psychophysics, anoita pinde yomukati chava chitsva mutemo, ndinoda kuti amuedze
pano mumwe chete Chokwadi, Rakatanga zvishoma kutevedza Chapter pasi apa
unoti, asi izvo, kufanana zvapfuura, kurukurirano zvose metaphysical varege
zvachose, achaita zviri nani edza zvose, chii chiri kuita kumusoro, nokuda vamwe
mibvunzo chokwadi, izvo zvichava chete zvishoma mamwemazwi zvakasikwa, sezvo
takurukura gare gare. Naizvozvo, pano sei kure kutaurirwa mweya, kuvapo kwavo
muchidimbu nokungoita yavo yunifomu kuziva, zvisinei zvakananga metaphysical
presuppositions pamusoro zvavo zvinokosha hunhu uye chii zvakava manyawi,
manzwiro, mafungiro, achida chokwadi wakaitwa, apo, zvisinei nderipi zvose
uchanamatira kwakavakirwa chii kuonekwe philosophically kushomeka zvikuru,
kwakakwanira zvinotevera asi. Kana mweya ane chinozvimirira, kana kwete? Ramba
wose pfungwa dzake pamusoro kutsvaka kana kukurukurirana muzvinyorwa

dzouzivi. In zvose anotevera, hazvizovi chinhu mafungiro nemataundi, kunyange

zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo uchauya pano nokuda mutauro, nani kufanana
wedzera mamwe mumwe kupfuura pfungwa, uye sezvo vakadaro havasi hanya
pfungwa.
a)
chig
aro
mwe
ya
iri
yak
aku
ra
mup
fung
wa.
Shoko rokuti, chigaro mweya mumuviri, zvinoratidza kuti munhu ane nguva
akawana kugadzirisa spatial toreva muviri wavo wose. Uyewo mumwe wont
inowanzonzi kumweya wakanaka zvinoreva chaiye pachangu hunhu dzakapararira
muviri kana kuti kufunga agere sezvo rimwe sangano iri kana kuti zvakawanda kana
zvishoma akatsunga kana isingakwanisi Featured Nzvimbo yaro, chero zvazvingava
ukama hwavo pamwe muviri pachawo somunhu wenyama ari kutora vamwe
venyama; uye dzimwe pfungwa metaphysical nezvokuva mweya kudzosera izvi. Apo
nhau uye chinhu yomukati ruzivo panguva imwe kunogona kuva nechokwadi, mweya
pashure, nokudaro vachiratidza kwavo kuvapo, manzwisisire, manzwiro, mafungiro,
nezvimwewo, vanooneka pamamiriro nzvimbo, vanoratidza palpable, uye chinhu
nechitarisiko ruzivo hakusi zvamunokumbira anogona, kana kupi zvako kutaura
mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kuna muchadenga, uye shoko rokuti, pachigaro, kwete njere
kuva untriftig kana isina kukodzera.
Zvichakadaro wese achasvibisa - uye chokwadi ichi panofanira kuva nezvikonzero
chaidzo - kumanikidzwa kuti kuverenga mweya wake zvikuru muviri wake pachake,
sezvo mutumbi mumwe, vose haigoni kuzvibatsira kuti mweya wake ndiye
zvinopesana panzvimbo pasi apo tinowana muviri wake, sezvo kuwana mamwe
nzvimbo, uye kuti ivo vanofamba muviri kubudikidza nyika; Naizvozvo vanofanira
mweya, kana kwete sezvo muviri, asi kuburikidza svikiro muviri, izvo zviri pachinhu
icho ivo, sezvo vachiti, akasungwa kuti vemunyika dzavo vari muchadenga
inokwanisa.
Asi unofanira nguva ino kuonekwa Zvisinei, mubvunzo wacho haana kutendera,
kana kwete kubva chete nemaonero izvo tichikurukura akasungwa asi kune akapiwa
muviri kupfuura kupiwa mweya upi, naiye chete panzvimbo imwe pane rumwe rutivi
muviri ichi akasungwa kufunga, uye nokudaro chigaro ndiro muganhu

zvakatowanda. Asi asati kuti mubvunzo chete pashure nemaonero pacharo, umo
mweya inogona akafunga vose dzakabatanidzwa muviri neshoko rokuti youranda
pakutanga chete zvinoreva mumwe mumuviri World vakakwereta mufananidzo,
sezvo kuchigaro rokuti, chaiva yaakanga kuchiiswa ndiro.
Kana isu Zvino parutivi kwouzivi kuwana mhinduro dzakasiyana chaizvo uye
akapikisana chaizvo, hatifaniri kunetseka pamusoro pedu, sezvinei vatungamirire
yakatorwa nesu uku nayo. Kubva chiitiko divi iri zvinhu mhinduro unequivocal
ndiko:
mweya yedu, kufanana ose mweya, izvo tinoziva, tinogona munyika ino, izvo isu
tiri pakubata pano oga, mupenyu, kuti chete aita mukana uye chokwadi pfungwa
mananara, kana kupiwa wenyama hurongwa rinei kushingaira, kureva ane peculiarly
mubereki akapoteredza uye kwete richisimuka kubva periodicity ari kunze kwenyika,
uye nguva nenguva kuchinja kwenguva nenguva kutevedzana kwezviitiko kufamba
voga, uye ichi muviri ezvinhu anogona chete kuvapo vapenyu uye mubatirire pamwe
kutoti kupiwa mweya munyika ino chinopukunyuka. Ndiwo rakajairika, chokwadi
zvinokosha kuti zvatakanga zusammenrechnen pamamiriro muviri uye kupiwa
mweya. Nokuti ichi chinoitika kana chokwadi wechipiri, izvo Zvisinei, chokutanga
presupposes kuti enyika vanoziva mabasa kwemweya nomuviri wakadaro iyo upenyu
hwavo munyika ino hwakasungirirwa rwevanhu, dzaibatanidzwa ukama pakati
conditionality zvikurukuru. In zvose nzira nomumwe mweya muviri wake pachake
ane ukama kuti kana ane muviri mumwe, kana kuti chero muviri kana muviri enyika
kuti kunze kwenyika, uye izvi ndizvo zvinogona kutarisirwa vaviri experientially kuti
nhasi.
The spatial ukama kwemweya kumuviri, mashoko, kuratidza kuti muviri
akasungwa mumuviri nezvigaro, sokuti ndizvo anoshandura, sokuziva tiri inobva
ndeechokwadi uye handidi kutanga metaphysical presuppositions, pakutanga chete
kuremekedzwa conditionality pakati Bestande uye mabasa mweya uye muviri,
tinogona experientially kudzingirira chete munyika ino, uye pane izvo tinogona
kubvunza kana kunosvika mhiri ino.
Insofar kubatanidza nhengo dzose dzomuviri vari kubatana pamwe kuti simba kuti
vawane mweya muupenyu huno, uye kunyange mubatirire pamwe chete basa
mupenyu, sokuvapo mweya kwakabatana anoramba muupenyu huno, unogona
muviri wose anonzi akafuridzirwa, kufanana tsanangura chigaro kana mutakuri
mweya iri rinobatanidza mupfungwa. Mukuru chokupika muviri mweya ipapo
kuronga pachavo uye pasi chaiwo zvikamu, nhengo, maoko nemakumbo, muviri
hurongwa pamwe mabasa unokudzwa; uchiteverwa pfungwa achagadza Papera,
achiri kutaura mumwe chigaro kwomweya muna rakamanikana mupfungwa.
Mashoko aya, mweya chigaro mberi, rakatetepa pfungwa, kufanotonga chinhu,
chero ivo nguva dzose kunzwisisa sezvo ivo anotsanangurwa ino. Kunyange kana
chaizvo mweya inofanira kuva substantially nyore zvazviri, munhu zvisinei muviri
wose kudaidza chigaro yavo akasarudzwa ino yakakura pfungwa, sei youmambo
kana guta rose anonzi chigaro mambo pasina zvinoreva kuti akanga agere
munzvimbo dzose muguta guru.

Zvichakadai, zvingaita sokuti akarinda pedyo, kuti haana muviri wose kuti
kuchengetedza vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu ino kwakaitawo
yekudyidzana kubva isu tsoka, mhuno, nzeve uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri vazhinji
vanogona kubviswa pasina nouchapupu yezve vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga upenyu nomweya kurasikirwa kunyange insofar anonzwa apo varo
kwokunze zvinoyamura kuchikutadzisa vaonane kunze nyika pachinhu kuita
pamusoro pavo, richaparara, pasina Zvisinei kutambura de viabilidad wavo uye
pasina mwoyo wake anonetseka. Zvadaro, zvose zvinoita kuti asava zvikamu izvi
pechigaro kwomweya atova yakafara mupfungwa pashure pacho yakasimbiswa
maonero uye kushanyira chikamu isingagoni kuparadzwa roga kana Zvibvisike kana
kuti kuderera mune kwayakaita pasina enyika mweya upenyu vakaguma kuvapo
sezvo kana substantially ndiri akavhunduka.
Akadaro muviri cheefa chete kukosha kuchengetedzwa uye runyararo aripo
vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu ino haana kuwanikwa. Asi
zvinoshanda zviri zvechokwadi maoko, tsoka, mhino, nzeve, kubva chipi chikamu
mumuviri, kunyange uropi, apo kuparadzwa chete isiri kure kunosvika pakarepo
chinokosha chokwadi c) chino kuti akataura zvakadzama muzvikamu uye
ichakurukurwa, apo kunoitika kunyanya kukosha. Ukuwo, unogona kuva akadzima
mweya enyika anorarama kuburikidza kupindira neimwe pfungwa, rumwe norumwe,
mumwe nomumwe hurongwa muviri apfuura, apo yekuroorana kunoitika chete kure
zvakakwana kana nenzira yakakodzera uye simba. Zvisinei, pano, dzimwe
dzinonyanya kukosha nokure kupfuura vamwe, muvaki kuparadzwa kana kunetswa
chete zvishoma kurega kunotanga kana nyonganyonga mubasa akasara makemikari
muchina anotakura chete papi kana dhigirii kupfuura vamwe; asi musiyano uri zvose
hama chete, kwete Mhedziso.
Kunyange upfumi zvikamu yemuviri, ane kuperera chinonyanya kukosha
kuonekwa upenyu saka kurarama mupenyu kunyange chete panotaurwa yose,
chikwereti panzvimbo kuzivisa munhu kwavari inwohnendes Se upenyu nhungamiro
iyo, uyezve, rukazvidzora hwavo chete chokuita Sezvineiwo; zvokuti nguva dzose
solidary akapoteredza, chii chinokosha zvikuru.
Kuti muchidimbu ukama izvi, saka ivo ronga pachavo kutevera zvavo pfungwa
pasi: vamire kudyidzana zvikamu zvose muviri kuti kuita kuti ndiwane mweya
muupenyu hwavo enyika, uye mweya mabasa, ndiko yokubatana zvokuti mumwe
duku uye kuti zvimwe kunyange chikamu chikuru inogona anomiririrwa zvimwe
kana vose vasara. Naizvozvo, kana kuparadzwa asingadi kuenda mhiri zvimwe,
zvekuti zvakawanda zvakakwana zvinoreva kuti kumiririra wakaparadzwa akasara,
mweya haafungi zvakaipira. Kubva mhiri, asi yesangano iri yokubatana basa
zvikamu zvose kuparadzwa shoma, iye anoda tsinga kukanganisa kana kwete simba
musimba ravo kwerunyararo uye basa mweya munyika ino, uye kana kuparadzwa
anoenda kure zvisingaiti, zvokuti kunyange zvinoita hanya kupindira asi kure havana
hanya, sezvo zvino chete yakaderera itsva nzira anofanira kugadzira kuenderera
upenyu zvisingaiti kana wesentlichst mabasa nokuda mweya muupenyu shortens
kuona. Pano, zvimwe zvikamu vane zvikuru kupfuura vamwe vose, nokuda
kuenderera upenyu, sezvo mabasa muupenyu; chinhu oga, hapana.

Maererano, sezvo nhengo dzomuviri pamusaka akafanana, fanano uye zvakafanana

zvinzvimbo zviri dzakakodzera kumiririra musimba ravo mweya, vanotsigira mumwe
panguva yokuti maoko maviri, makumbo, maziso, nzeve, mapapu, netsvo,
hemispheres, paruoko rumwe norumwe, munhu minwe nerimwe yemapapu, munhu
wacho Formao de. Chero bedzi zvose kumativi zvinogona kumiririrwa,
zvinowanikwa zvizere, marongero rinokamukana pakati pavo kana chinja pakati
pavo; Falls imwe nzira, saka anofanira mumwe kupa waivako zvakakodzera chete
zvivepo api ezvinhu vanogona kuitika zvakakwana kana kwete
zvakakwana. Maererano Asiwo sezvo zvikamu pamusaka zvayo heterogeneity uye
dzisakarurama nzvimbo kashoma kumiririra pachavo, havana mukwanisi imwe
mabasa anogona kuitwa chero chete chete. Panyaya iyi, zvinhu vakawanda vamwe
chete uye dzisakarurama, nokuitika zvose musimboti rechirume nokukurumidza chete
predominance rimwe, ipapo mumwe.
Mumwe angafunga kuti imwe maonero, izvo zvinoita kwedu muviri wose
kuverenga sezvo muviri mweya yedu yakakura mupfungwa, vangadai naizvozvo kuti
kutarisira nyika yose kuita izvozvo muviri wedu wose pasina akapoteredza,
nenhumbi uye zvazviri shanduko pamwechete navamwe nenyika shoma anokwanisa
kuramba upenyu mweya munyika ino, uye kushumira zvinangwa zvoupenyu huno,
sezvo uropi hwedu uye tsinga pasina akapoteredza, nenhumbi uye zvazviri shanduko
pamwechete navamwe muviri; nheyo kumiririrwa uye supplementing zvikamu
mubasa mweya yedu chete pamwero munyika, sezvo muviri wedu kushanda
unoratidza, kureva maererano chii chiri chechokwadi muviri wedu, zvokuti kunyange
vasisina nhengo dzomuviri wedu zvinogona kutsiviwa kuti pamwero kubudikidza
kubatsira kunze kwenyika.
Asi izvi zvose chinhu zvinoumba inoita seiri mweya yedu miviri yedu nzvimbo
ukama pamberi rakaguma. Mweya hahugoni kuvapo pasina vamwe munyika
chechinyorwa, rwuno chokwadi; kana asi anopera hero munyika ino, anotanga chete
rutivi rwenyika, isu chete Naizvozvo akashevedza muviri wedu, kwete vamwe nyika,
uye pane kwavari chete, asi kwete panguva imwe chete nezvimwe zvatinoita,
ndokusaka isu muviri wedu zvinotarisirwa mweya.
Nokuti kare kukurukurwa inokosha yokuti enyika kuvapo kwedu upenyu pfungwa
haisi yekudyidzana kwakabatana kuvapo rimwe zvikuru muviri chikamu, asi solidary
ukama womuviri, anopinda rinokosha chokwadi rechipiri kuti akanga asina panguva
Fort kuramba chairo fuma mumuviri asi kuti zviri nani chokuita kugayiwa
kwezvokudya mumuviri. Chete mweya propagates zvaitevedzana pamusoro
muunganidzwa nokusingaperi zvinhu zvitsva pasi, kana kune nguva dzose zvinhu
zvitsva zviri murwiyo munhu, icho mweya anosungwa, pasi kubviswa akare, zvokuti
rinoumbwa muviri mutana zvose zvimwe zvinhu, kupfuura mwana. Uyewo kutora
upenyu hwomudzimu maererano rapidity ari kugayiwa kwezvokudya kuti kunyange
vivacity. Naizvozvo sezvo uchapupu zvokutaura, upenyu hwomudzimu ane chokuita
Fort kuramba kuchinja chaiko somunhu wenyama nomuvhenganiswa, sezvo, zvakare,
kuti adzikinure panguva Fort ndichengetedze upenyu chepfungwa.
Runogona ikozvino kusiiwa nerimwe, chaiwo ukama pakati Bestande muviri uye

mweya, kuti izvo hazvina kudaro kure akaita kuti vabatane pasi inonyatsoita iyo
muchidimbu chokwadi zvishoma, chete kuti vachagarova kunzwisiswa
nokududzirwawo mukati zvinoreva chokwadi , Uye saka ndinoshandisa kana
mubvunzo kuti kutevera vajairira reshiyo nenzira mweya pamuviri, wakafanana
inonyatsoita kuti mweya ndiwo Linking musimboti muviri collocation, muviri
kuchinja uye kunze nokuda mabasa womuviri, uye ndicharamba neizvozvo
vachangobva akati hapana kunze chii yapfuura zvinhu vanoti.
Mumwe munhu angaona zviri nyore, uye isu kufanana naro kumwewo, kana zviri
kurarama kutsamirana pakati mweya uye muviri ari negwara, vanozviwana
vasununguka, mweya kana upenyu zvokunamata pane Izvi nokuti somunhu Linking
musimboti mumuviri muunganidzwa uye disassembly kwazvakanga zvaita
anotsanangura, uye izvi hakufaniri kubvumirwa zvishoma, saka kure nokuda aya
zvakare chinhu chimwe kuti vati pane chii chokwadi vanoti. Kunyange zvazvo
musiyano modes maviri okuti kuonekwe philosophically zvikuru insofar sezvo vari
musoro mumwe chete angoramba achitaura hurongwa ouzivi, kana zvakabatana
metaphysical pfungwa pamusoro pezvakaita mweya pauri, asi rinosvava iri
kushandiswa kuti ndeechokwadi, kana Linking musimboti zvinoda aivawo zhinji izvo
yakabatana, somugumisiro vakadaro, kubva izvo zviri pachena, uye kuti sezvo
vakadaro ichi chinhu yunifomu uri kuenderana siyana kuti chikamu chake ariko.
Pamwe (Th. I, ch. 1) akaisa pasi inonyatsoita kuti zvokunamata womukati bhuku
riri zvinooneka kunze sezvo panyama, Masvomhu aya anogona kubatanidza
kuburikidza ndeechokwadi maonero kuti inomiririra yomukati Frequency yunifomu
kana Yokudzidza, chii anogadza vakatsaurirawo chitarisiko ari multiplicity
pachayo; kana chii kunze anooneka somunhu huta nezvakawanda chichiitwa,
zvinogona kuonekwa mukati nyore kutekenyedzwa.
Nokuti dualistic pfungwa monadological vose mashoko havasi rokunyaradza
zvachose, uye vakasununguka zvino kutaura zvakafanana chokwadi avo nyasha
komberedza unonzi chaiwo mweya-fuma kana Monad demgeme mauto uye ukama
muviri. Ndizvo zvose, hatigoni kudzokorora zvakakwana, hanya kosi yakasarudzwa
kudzidza pano, chero bedzi imi havadi chinhu infer kubva okuti, asi chete kubva
chokwadi.
Pamungawirirana zvinogona kumutsa mubvunzo kana kwete chete nzira
makemikari hurongwa muviri yedu vanoziva pfungwa sezvo verknpfendes
musimboti kana mugumisiro, kana entelechy, kana uchida Monad, kana fuma
chairwo, zvichienderana nokuti munhu anoda kutenda naro, anotakura nawo chete
zvechokwadi nyika, uye kana ikozvino muviri wake pamwe kunze nyika exchanges
zvishoma uye kutsiviwa kana kwete rufu anongova zvikuru nokukurumidza kuchinja
domicile, uko ivo swapped yekare yakamanikana muviri panguva imwe nguva
neimwe mweya yedu. Kutaura zvazviri, kunogona kushandiswa mune dzinongoitika
uzivi uye nezvavanofunga dzechitendero ringanidzo akadaro, uye zvirokwazvo
dzangu maonero pamwe chaiko fugue, anofanira vachikumbira; asi ichi hachisi
mukati chiyero yedu; tikagara pano panguva chemwenje, vakagogodza yakananga
ruzivo.

b) chigaro mweya mukati rakamanikana mupfungwa.

Kubva ukama conditionality pakati pavapenyu enyika Bestande mweya yedu uye
muviri zvavo uye rose yatiri makasimbisa pfungwa soulfulness mumwe uye mweya
chigaro rahwo mupfungwa, ndiyo nhamba dzakananga conditionality pakati vanoziva
dzinotsanagura mweya yedu uye kuyeuka kushanda kwedu muviri kuti
kusiyaniswa. Ratinoti mweya mupenyu chero bedzi iye anokwanisa kubereka
mananara pfungwa pasina saka nguva dzose vanoziva, sezvo ivo nani rave anorara
uye kupupudza. Zvino vanofanira zvirwere avo uye maitiro ayo pamwe vachinzi
mukuru ezvinhu ndichengetedze vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu ino
pretty uye pakurara uye musimbiswe yokubatana panotaurwa mupenyu basa muviri
wose vari, achiri pedyo Mamiriro ezvinhu kuramba takamuka, sezvo anofanira
kushandisa chaiwo ezvinhu enyika pfungwa, kana pfungwa aripo navo uye apere, asi
kunyange angamuka uye kuvapo chete pamusaka kuti vakawanda magariro,
vachirayira chete avo ezvinhu uye Pedhi. Kuti hope uye kutsinzina vari
nokusingaperi here yakasungirirwa kurwara, nzira inogona kuva mubvunzo; sezvo
kumanikidza uropi hope chikonzero, tide mumuviri kuti akarara anogona kumuka
navo.
Sezvinongoita chaiwo ezvinhu enyika pfungwa akapfuma nokungoona chikamu
upenyu Zvisinei, mukuru kuburikidza upenyu nguva yose, kuitira kuti chete
kuburikidza chikamu chomuviri, zvisinei, izvi, nokuda muviri wose, uye kunyange
zvazvo isu tiri kukonzera nokusingaperi muvanhu uye zvisikwa vane tsinga uye
uropi, chaiwo ezvinhu enyika kuziva yokungazodzoka pamberi navamwe muviri ari
huta hurongwa kutsvaka chaiyo uropi, iyo tinogona kuona ari yakamanikana
mupfungwa hereinafter vachinzi chigaro mweya kana kuziva, izvo kunyange
anotevera zvikamu ichi chitsauko wakananga kuti nharo mubvunzo unoramba kana
rakatetepa mweya chigaro ronga nzvimbo mukati tsinga, hama uropi achiri
anokwanisa, uye sei zvinhu akamira nevamwe zvisikwa kupfuura vanhu uye
anoenderana kumapati ayo zvisikwa.
Chokusiyanisa rakatetepa mweya akakodzera mukati mumwe chete kupiwa
zvinoreva, uye tsinga, uropi hama, kana imwe rutivi rwawo murume uye kuchengeta
mhuka akakwirira kuti imhaka pfungwa dzinotevera. Chete zvikamu yemuviri, ayo
akapa vane tsinga dziri kunzwa, uye pasi chete kurondedzera sezvo mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira yedu tsinga uye akabatanidza zvakakanganisa etsinga
zvishoma nezvishoma pamwe uropi, ivo kumutsa kutekenyedzwa. Pamadiro
zvinofamba zvikamu zviri pasi pokudzora kuda chero vari chokuita kuuropi
kuburikidza tsinga chokuita. Ukuwo, Zvisinei, uropi hakurevi zvinoda chinoramba
ukama zvakananga nhengo dzomuviri kana etsinga kubereka mabasa ayo
achiperekedzwa mananara pfungwa, upenyu bedzi, Ndizvo mukana vakadaro
mananara zvavo iri vakaramba. Nokuparadza chinokosha tsinga kana nhengo uropi,
izvo zvavari ukama, munhu anogona kunhonga yesangano tinonyanya manzwiro,
Musakukurwa kuparadzwa dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Minder inokosha pakutaura
uyewo wose chete mupfungwa, kunorumwe rutivi justifiability-siyana dzenyika uropi
neimwe hama kuti zvinobatsira mukuru pakunamata upenyu zvinetso zvakada kudaro
vari zvakawanika ari kupindira pakati vakawanda upenyu zvedzidzo zvichienderana

kukuvara kana kukanganisika uropi uye dzimwe nhengo, ayo anogona kazhinji
zvisina kuiswa panguva mukukuvara omunharaunda kana kusagadzikana uropi,
ukuwo Ukuwo simba kwakadaro kusagadzikana nedzimwe nhengo yechipiri simba
inogona takarurama uropi. Pakupedzisira achiri zvakakodzera, kuti kuziva inogona
zvaizovhara zvakananga kumanikidza uropi, asi hapana chimwe chikamu, kunze
insofar sezvo kurega kunotanga ropa muuropi akasikwa.
The pedyo mweya agere mumwe haasi externally pakatarisana, asi pachayo chete
chikamu mumwe. chete anogona kutora nzvimbo kuburikidza chokuita dzaro
navamwe mamwe mabasa ayo nokuda kuziva, iye ndiye ane chakakosha solidary
kubatana mberi. Zvakachinja yakamanikana mweya nezvigaro, izvo achiperekedzwa
pfungwa anogona, kungova chokuita nemigumisiro mune dzimwe mberi
hineinerstrecken iyo asi sezvavanokudza kunanavira pedyo, kubudikidza
kuziva; Asiwo mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti nomunyika imwe mweya
chigaro, kwete mamwe manzwiro, kuziva kumutsa, pane kusvikira vambotosvika
rakamanikana mweya nezvigaro.
Panyaya iyi isu, psychophysical dana zvinooneka mabasa, izvo zvimire njere
zvakananga dzichipfekeka ukama; uye nokudaro anogona kutakura ichi chete kuziva,
kana ivo kupfuura imwe pamwero rakasimba, chikumbaridzo, sezvo ichakurukurwa
zvakadzama chikamu chose kuti kurara uye pretty kunokonzerwa chokwadi,
tinogona, nenzira nokusaziva yezvakaita psychophysical yakakwana dana basa uye
pasi pokukurukura vachiri kutevera nhaurirano, asi kazhinji nguva pretty sezvo nguva
uye rakatetepa chigaro mweya kupfuura muviri mugove, sezvamakaropafadzwa
psychophysical mabasa vanokwanisa kusapfuudza pachikumbaridzo.
Zvinogona vachiri kuramba mibvunzo kana nokusingaperi ndisipo pakurara uye
mune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri kana inongova pazasi pachikumbaridzo, uye kana
zvavari kupfuudza chikumbaridzo, haagoni kunyange kuchinja mabasa. Izvi chaizvo
nyaya zvinoda chaiwo kuferefeta, chii kwete kutora kuti ikozvino.
c) mubvunzo mano kana huine (yakamanikana) mweya zvigaro.
The Past achireva rwevanhu chaizvo, izvo zvishoma nyore nharo pamusoro chaiko,
sezvo ayo okuti, dudziro uye kushandiswa kufarira kwouzivi aigona kupa simuka,
nharo usingabereki kubata isu pano. Zvisinei, asi ikozvino tinosvika kumubvunzo
chokwadi panguva nyaya inokosha afarire psychophysics, iyo yatinoswedera nharo,
akabata, zvokuti aisagona mberi pasina kusarudza.
Zvinonzi vakabvuma kuti kwete muviri wose uri chete kuripo ukama kumweya,
achiri mweya pedyo chigaro waiva mariri neimwe nzira kubvuma. Asi maererano
zvinhu uye sei pedyo anofanira yokurambidza? Panguva imwe pfungwa kana kuti
kwete? Mune imwe kosi pfungwa hapana kufamba vanogona mberi, uye akapa asi
mweya kufamba vari vakuru ukama chaiwo kufamba, uye nzvimbo kufamba izvi
zvichiitirwa kureva rakamanikana mweya chigaro, pfungwa-kufanana mweya chigaro
kubva mberi kunoita munhu priori kudziviswa. Asi kana kuchiva kwakadaro
kunogona ngarirege pane imwe nguva, vanogona kutanga nokuguma maari; uye
nazvo anotevera mubvunzo unokosha unomuka:

Simudzai vose kufamba izvo zvinokonzerwa mupfungwa ngarurege mumuviri,

imwe pfungwa iri muviri, hama uropi, panogasa pfungwa basa, uye vanoda zvose
kufamba tinonzwawo (uye chii mumwezve pezvakaitwa mweya panyama
vakaumbwa) kurera, chete vauya pane imwe pfungwa muviri kumutsa vari
wake; kana kuenda kufamba, chokuita kuti mupfungwa vazvidzore, nezvekufadza,
pfungwa, pfungwa, kwemisha yaishandiswa ukama kuti pamwero kwemuviri, hama
uropi, zvimwe chete pamwe kushandisa kwavo ezvinhu, kusvikira mumwe
specialization pana neeSultan zvose 1) . Rondedzero ndichaita zvishoma sezvo
maonero imwe chete, vapedzisira yakarondedzerwa chaizvo mweya nezvigaro pasina
kuda kunge akafunga chinhu kunze ukama pano akarurama kukurukurwa zvinovaka.
1)

Ini kunyange asi panzvimbo iyi hapana kumuganhu; asi sezvo pasina
kuongorora pano zvinoitwa nezvazvo, kunyange maonero ose anoramba
Opsioneel nezvazvo pano.

Saizvozvowo muchidimbu Lotze, mumiriri rairema anofunga mano mweya

nezvigaro, pfungwa nyore mweya chigaro nokutaura achiti 2) : "ticharamba
kukumbira zvigaro mweya: Chinangwa mubvunzo uyu nyore; tinofanira kufunga
kana zvichibvira ndiko, kwakakonzerwa kune indivisible nehunhu chaiye ari
sezvineiwo spatial papi mupfungwa iyo tinotenda kuti kukwanisa komberedza zvinhu
zvinokuvadza, asi zvinofungwa zvose zviri mairi anogona kubatana kuti kunyange
unextended venyama vaigona kuwana nzvimbo muchadenga. Sezvo ichange
ichiwanikwa kusvikira izvo zvose pazvidhindo kudiwa vatorwa dzokuparadzira naye
kuti asvike pamwe efficacy yavo, uye kubva pane shure vose mazano, naro naro
zvakananga nharaunda yayo, zvisina kunanga kuburikidza ichi mumwe nyika
inofamba seti. pfungwa iyi mukamuri ndiyo nzvimbo tinofanira uchaburukira vasiri
spatial nyika kwechokwadi zvichiita kuwana achazviita uye ziso venyama, uye
pfungwa iyi, maonero nomumwe anobvumirwa kutsvaka kunyange kana chigaro
mweya yavo kubvumirwa kunze ngavarege bvumidza imwe nguva kuwedzera spatial
chimiro anotenda. "
2)

Mikrokosmus I, 316; uye kufanana medic-.Psychol. 117th

In maonero mano mweya nezvigaro zvinotora munhuwo mugumisiro nedoro, pane

pedyo chakati mawa kana rakatumbuka ukama pakati mumuviri nomupfungwa
kufamba. Mushure wokutanga maonero kubva vanongotevedzera zvakasimbisa imwe
pfungwa kana imwe pfungwa, saka kuti kuchinja kwomweya kubva mumuviri uye
vakutarisire vanobudirira, mune kushanda ukama; pashure wokupedzisira pane
amendments Gene vari shanduka hurongwa kufamba izvo kwakabatana Kuchinja
mweya zvikuru mawa oparesheni.
Zvichienderana munhu akabhadharira namatayi umwe kana vamwe maonero, kuti
wose maonero, zvinopa zvakasiyana zvechokwadi kuti zvimwe, kunyange mukana

ane psychophysics yomukati, uye kukurukurwa mubvunzo unogona saka kudziviswa

mune chimwe chazvo.
Chisarudzo asi anofanira kutendeuka kubva kwatiri kubva kwokuvandudza zvinhu
muchifarira maonero kubva rwakakura mweya nezvigaro, kubva pamutemo, nokuti
ndiko kukura womukati psychophysics zvinogoneka chete
kwavaiwanzogara; zvakafanira asi Zvinosarudzwa kuti anotsvaka psychophysics,
izvo zvinoita naye zvikuru, uye zvechokwadi kuti psychophysics rimwe zuva kuiswa
mberi, izvo anoita zvakawanda; - From ndeechokwadi nokuti nexus chokwadi
kundimanikidza. Wevakadzidza mukana mukuru kunyatsoshanda ari maonero
eumambo mweya nezvigaro asi zvinoenderana sezvingatarisirwa pamwe zvemashoko
zvavo ndeechokwadi ukoshi.
Zvisinei, zvinodiwa ichi, haisi priori masikati, uye kwete nedzidziso sezvo
conceded. Mukupesana, nemaonero chigaro imwe kwomweya akwegura, zvikuru
kupararira, kuonekwe ukama hwavo kusvikira nemaonero mano nechepakati hunhu
mweya sezvo chinonyanya echisikigo, pachayo chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo zhinji
hurongwa dzouzivi. Uye kana hazvina kudaro kuva nyore pamwe zvakajeka uye
ruzivo zvakajeka ezvinhu avo nemigumisiro kuratidzwa, ichi asi nguva pfupi
yapfuura chete achitsetsenura zvakadaro, unyanzvi, ruzivo impacting chokwadi uye
conciseness pakati mhedziso ane muzivi, vose vamiririri sayenzi chaiyo 3) kuitika,
mushonga masayendisiti anosungirwa zvikuru kutenda mashoko dzidzo vazhinji nhau
huru, zvingava zvisina kukodzera nokuda kwechikonzero ichi oga, vachifungawo
pakukakavara maonero ichi, kana airily kuzviramba. Kurutivi ouzivi yacho iye zvino
rinogona zvechokwadi rirege kutsanangurwa pano; asi zvinofanira kuva kusarudza
pano kubva ruzivo divi, zvichava rakanyatsorurama kuisa chiedza. Ungern ndinoona
pachangu zvaipesana kuti yairemekedzwa neni Vanotsvakurudza zvinobatanidzwa,
izvo ndingadai yokungazodzoka kuda kupinda nyaya iyi zvinofambirana.
3)

Lotze, medicin. Psychol. 115 uye Microcosm Ini, 316.

The maonero kubva nyore mweya nezvigaro kunopa vamwe anatomical, vasiri uye
pathological zvinodiwa; nemaonero kubva rwakakura mweya nezvigaro kunopa
imwe; uye yaanopinda munhu anowana asangana mumwe kana mumwe, iwe uchava,
kana iwe zvikasadaro uchida kutungamirirwa ruzivo, vane umwe kana vamwe
maonero kujoina.
Wokutanga maonero anorayira mumwe muzinda pulses, wechipiri siyana
kufamba; wokutanga dziri nyore chaizvo zvakananga nzira pakati kunze kwenyika
uye mweya nezvigaro, izvo Akave nokuvandudza uye, kupera nekuti kubudiswa
kutsinga dzinouya nemaonero chete kuitika mune mweya, uye pakava rechipiri
kukuru nzira kuna oma nzira mweya kufamba uye pulses kugovera kubudiswa
kutsinga dzinouya nemaonero avo Pedhi yakakodzera. Nokuti kutanga rinobatana
nokuparadzwa imwe nzvimbo diki wouropi mweya yakachengeteka kubva
upenyu; nokuti wechipiri akapiwa nokuda kuparadzwa dzimwe diki kuuropi
pamusoro yokubatana yose chechinyorwa zvokurarama kumiririrwa. Rekutanga
kutsanangura sei vazvidzore kuti asvike sezvo ematongerwo apo mweya zvigaro kana
kufungidzira, asi vachiri kusiyaniswa kana zvinogona akatsemura maererano kuda

mweya mukati akasiyana Migumisiro; wechipiri ane chinhu kusiyanisa vakasiyana

makwara uye kufamba.
Ndiani angaramba kuti zvaidiwa zvose izvi panzvimbo tichitarisa nemaonero
eumambo pane vakasangana pedyo nyore mweya zvigaro?
Uropi anoremekedzwa, sezvo guru pajira riya pamusoro zvakanyatsobatana tsinga
nzira chete anonzi. Ganglion mitumbi iri, zvakanaka akaverenga kupa nzvimbo
yakafara Games oma fambisa nokuda achiumba filaments Matandira uye ganglion
muviri kutanga uye magumo pfungwa kana zvenguva pazviteshi, asina anatomical
pfungwa, regai chokwadi anogona kuona muzinda zvisingaverengeki Zentra. Pane
zvose kutsinga dzinouya tsinga zustrahlen muzinda uye zvichiratidza zvose injini
tsinga zvakadaro, drseln vamwe vanosvika chiine vanhu uropi kuti vari kupfuura
imwe chete mune midzi akawanda tsinga. Kazhinji, pane vakawanda Hemisfrios
Cerebrais, izvo zvinoratidza mukurusa kana uchida nechepakati kukosha nokuda
upenyu hwomudzimu, sezvo nyaya haagoni kuramba vateveri mano mweya
chigaro; asi ivo kaviri. Zvino pagere mweya iri kuruboshwe kana kurudyi
hemisphere?pakati zviviri achagara, muna pineal shwanu, namatanda ayo, zambuko,
kana zvikasadaro asiri aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uropi zvikamu. Saka
sezvingatarisirwa asi zvose vateveri mano mweya chigaro: Descartes, Herbart,
Lotze. Eya, basa iri nokudaro akwanise; saka yose uropi chete unpaired chikamu
richava kutsvaka, izvo zvinogona haungazoparadzwi pasina kuparadza upenyu
ino. The anatomi-emo dhayamita uye tsaona pathological zvave vakabatikana kuti
vabatane nesu basa iri. Uye kupfuura nemiedzo uye zviitiko yakaunganidza saka
yatarwa zvinoguma yakazviwanira kuti chii chiri kutsvaka haisi kuwanikwa.
The chisingakoshi ari pineal shwanu, apo Descartes akatsvaka mano mweya
chigaro upenyu uye kuvimbika mweya yagara saka kwanatswa pathological uye
vasiri kuedza kuti yapfuura vamiririri nyore mweya chigaro kunge abstracted
izvozvo.
Pamusoro kubhawa inotevera ndima kubva Longet angadzora 4) vari pano.
"Le Corps calleux peut manquer dans l'espce humaine, o presenters zvinhu
zvakashata of Three conformation-prononcs sans qu'il resulte Un rusaruro
chinozikamwa ndidire l'entretien of the Vie, nokudira the rceptivit of nezvekufadza
o l'exercice pamusoro mouvements volontaires. plusieurs exemples the preuve
fournissent kodzero isingakwikwidzwi yokuva: zvinoreva finden Sie ceux, que
rapportent Reil, Solley, Foerg, Chatto bv Paget ".
4)

Longet, trait of Physiol. II, p. 234th

Lotze ari kurerekera pamwe Herbart kuzotsvaka chigaro mweya iri zambuko
sezvinoitwa kubhawa (ja Pis 119th.); uye pamusoro anatomical unhu zambuko
anofanira kuona kwenguva mweya inogara mumwe chikuru foci ose vanoziva
remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu, chete havaoni bedzi kana wokupedzisira naye
uye kutarisira zvikuru kuvhiringidza kukuvara kwavo. Longet anoti panyaya iyi (yake

Anat bv Physiol Du Syst tsinga Ini, 348th ...): "sokuziva, kutsinga dzinouya uye injini
mbiru pamusoro musana pamberi anopenya vari cerebral lobes, aoma manikidzira
zambuko, zviri nyore kufanoona, kuti kutyorwa dzayo anofanira kuvhiringidza
mabasa rwokufamba kutekenyedzwa. " Asi anoti kunyange pashure muunganidzwa
payo bezglicher chokwadi uye mafungiro: "Nokuti munhuhwi, rinoonekwa, auditory
uye Ngaadye waitwa, hapana chokwadi pane izvo taitsigirana aizorega kudavira kuti
maonero avo vanouya kunyanya zambuko zvivepo, sezvakaita pamwe tactile
pazvidhindo "; uye "mumwe asi anofanira omumwe zambuko regai vanonyanyofunga
uye vane fungidziro kuti kuwedzeredzwa mhedziso ..... ndinobvuma kuti wangu
kupfuura yaizoputsika, kuti chaivo Hergange pfungwa mabasa cerebral lobes ndivo
chete uropi zvikamu, umo nezvekufadza kumbotambudzika chokupedzisira
kubudiswa, apo vanogona kutora rimwe yakananga chimiro kupa mhuka pamwe
nenhumbi nokutonga kwavo. " Uye maonero ichi dzinobvumirana kuti tisingasaruri
muri muunganidzwa anatomical, vasiri uye pathological zvinhu pamwe zvino
physiologists vakawanda vanobvumirana.
With zvinhu ichangopfuura chaizvo mukuru zvokuwana kunoitika
Rud. Wagner 5) pamusoro centralization mweya chigaro.
5)

Gtting. Ngirozi. Num. 1860. News kwete. 6. S. 55 zvi-.

"Mumwe anogona - anoti - pane njiva (asiwo tsuro) chinhu kana unentbltem
uropi kana uchishandisa yakakura wandei, nokuparadza vose nomumwe zvikamu
kuuropi ane nyore kana tsono cataract, pasina kuti kana pasina chinouraya ropa
kunoitika, kosi kazhinji zvikaitika, Sinnesperzeptionen uye wakakwirira okufunga
mashandiro (pfungwa) kurega authenticating siyana ....
"Uyewo, zvibvire kuramba kuti zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo kuti mhuka kusiyanisa
mabasa nokure hana dzepanguva kufamba, ndiro, ndinotenda, akapikisa kubudikidza
zvaanorumbidza muvanhu, izvo, tiri Zvisinei, nokuti mibvunzo yakadaro inokosha.
"Ndave pana chaiwo kuenzanisa kurapwa ruzivo uye chikamu mishumo, zvinogona
zvinoitika zvose rakamiswa mujinga uropi zvikamu, uyewo unpaired, sezvo
hypophysis uye pineal shwanu, pathological degeneration, hongu, zvinoratidzika
sokuti harungarevi kuparadzwa pasina pfungwa basa nguva dzose dzakanetsa kuti
zvinhu, hungu kugamuchira dzichitaridzika zvachose.
"Ava vaviri ruzivo nemapoka kana naivowo varege kuonekwa sechinhu indubitable
uchapupu, kuti asi vakakandwa Kungangova kuti muuropi, nevakawanda kunzwa
nzvimbo, pfungwa-kufanana sensorium Tauriranai, iri. Hongu, ndinobvuma, nokuda
ini pokugumira maonero angu vamba kuti mumwe uwandu vanoziva remangwana
kana zvinofunga mananara chinoramba, kana, sapamazuva hangaiwa zvichibvira,
yakakura, duku uye anobvisa chikamu midbrain ane uye mhuka vapenyu. "
Izvi zvinofanira akawedzera kuti pane mhuka isina unpaired chikamu tsinga
rinowanika uchatamisa apo chigaro kwomweya. Ose ouchenjeri shanduro nyore
mweya chigaro anofanira Musafunga kurongwa symmetrically nezveizvi Zvigaro ari

symmetrically kuvakwa uye zvinangwa symmetry ichi zvinokambaira

muviri. Muvanhu, ichi raizongova zvichikwanisika; pakati echinoderms
hazvisisirizve zvinogoneka zvikasadaro mweya chigaro nhema vari huta hurongwa.
"The tsinga ine echinoderms runopoteredza sezvo nechepakati nhengo nomukova
pharynx muchimiro tsinga mhete kazhinji pentagonal, iyo pamakona chikuru etsinga
hunde dzacho pakati mutsara danda kana nevaya zvinoenderana exoskeleton nhokwe
kusvikira pakatarisana muviri kuguma dzinoyerera .... ganglia vane kusvikira
ikozvino ari pharynx zvindori irege kudziviswa kubva achiunza. " (Stannius 'uye
Siebold vake Lehrb. D. comp. Yake Anat. 1. Ed. I, peji 85.)
Unogona kuratidza kuti anatomischerseits ine pfungwa kana yakamanikana
nechepakati nzvimbo haigoni kuwanikwa, izvo zvinogona sechinhu kuchigaro
mweya chinhu, izvozvo ndechokuti rine zvishoma nezvishoma anenge chikamu
dzose uropi kundotsvaka 6) . Naizvozvo akaisa Descartes chigaro mweya iri pineal
shwanu, Bontekoe, Lancisi, Louis, Chopart, sauce Red uye the Peyronie vari
pamatanda; Digby vari septum, Vieussens ari pakukura nharaunda yose
mumwongo; Vamwe vari optic etsinga chikomo; Vamwe muuropi nodes;Arantius
rechitatu uropi mhango; Willis ari mitsetse zvikomo; Drelincourt muuropi
duku; Wharton uye Schelhammer ari pamusoro musana; Fabri ari akapeta waya pajira
riya; Mieg ari musana. maonero aya angangodaro dzinonetsa zvikuru chikamu, asi
zvikuru akangwara kutsoropodza inongova pamusoro zvose maonero aya anogona
kuenda kuti vose vanoramba chete.
6)

Smmering. 407th

Kuzvitutumadza tikanyatsoongorora panguva pathological zvakaitika, ndiye

wokutanga tiratidzike darzubieten chete kuzvipokanidza pachavo. Nepo mune
vadzidzisi zvuru gumi pathological ruzivo kunoratidza kukosha kuvimbika kuuropi
nokuda pakururama vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu, zvinoita sokuti
zvinenge hanya kuti yakawanda nezvimwe zviitiko. In vanoremekedzwa zvikuru
vaicherechedza mienzaniso maronda, kunyoroveswa, achiomesa, hydatid vakawana
vamwe degeneration muuropi, iyo ichiri akamira pasinei navanopinda chaizvo
rakapararira risina nyonganyonga mupfungwa chokuita. U. a. Have Haller (Elem.
Physiol. IV, p. 338), Arne Mann (v. On uropi uye musana S. 136), Longet, anatomi
uye Physiol. pakati tsinga, zviitiko zvakadaro inounganidzwa. Hongu Smmering (.
V uropi ud huta p.400) rinoti, zvinonzi anenge hapana kuuropi gobvu, usingagoni
dzimwe nguva anoomesa pasina zvisaririra ane drawback upenyu uye pfungwa,
vakuvadzwa, ulcerated kana kuparadzwa angadai akawana. Zvakafanana
akacherechedza Burdach uyo inounganidzwa basa rake pamusoro uropi
anozivikanwa nyaya kwacho uye abnormalities wouropi maererano Mapato pakati
nemigumisiro yavo ravakanga vanyatsoita nesimba, kazhinji (III, p.267): chiitiko
vakadzidzisa kuti hapana chikamu Isai muuropi vane abnormality hakusi dzimwe
nguva nyonganyonga yebasa kwepfungwa ingadai kwakaguma, asi chete uyewo
asina, panguva yayo abnormality, kwepfungwa basa vangadai vasina akagara

rakagadzikana. (Paaitaura comp. Uyewo Wagner panhau iyi, S. 397.)

Zvino inguva kutora maonero anodzidudzira pachena kupokanidzana pachinhu
ichi, kwete munhu runovabvumira zvivepo. The maonero kubva neapo mweya
nezvigaro havagoni kugadzirisa kuzvipokanidza izvi, asi kunovaita zviripo simba
zvizere. A pfungwa, duku nhengo chikamu, nokuparadzwa wayo kana kunetswa
chokwadi supervened kuparadzwa kana kuvhiringidza enyika mweya upenyu,
zvaizoronga chero zvazvingava kunzi, uye haagoni kuwanikwa. Against chii pachena
kuzvipokanidza maonero eumambo mweya nezvigaro zvikuru kupindirana uye zviri
nyore chakagadziriswa mupfungwa ari kudaro aripo nhengo zvivako. Chii chiri
chechokwadi zvimwe zvose mweya chigaro, chete inoshanda nokuda chikamu chayo
chikuru, ari maduku. Kana kurudyi zvemapapu raparadzwa, unogona achine
kuruboshwe, uye kana zvose chimedu yaparadzwa, unogona achine mumwe. Saka
vaviri maziso, nzeve, maoko, Collateralgefe midziyo mikuru vanogona
zvichingodaro pabasa ravo mukwanisi panguva imwechete uye
kumiririrwa. Kunogonawo tichitarisa nemaonero mweya huru inogara vanhu
nebhande maviri uropi, uye kunyange pamwero chikamu chete uropi, chero bedzi
dzakadaro kumiririra pano uye vane simba. Kana kwete, kumisa mukana kumiririrwa,
uye panyaya iyi nyaya zvose zvinogoneka maererano variables bumbiro, mamiriro
utano, yapfuura kwazvinoita uropi kuti kuitika. The Flourens'chen kuedza vane
vachicheka ikozvino mumwe, ipapo zvose hemispheres vari experimental uchapupu
mukana uyu kumiririrwa panyaya kubatsira kwazvinoita mupfungwa, uye kupa
panguva imwecheteyo, kuratidza paya, mano gwaro nokuda utsanangurirwe
divisibility mhuka dzakaderera pamwe doubling kwomweya mukati zvinoreva
maonero eumambo mweya nezvigaro, apo ivo vachibva nyore mweya zvigaro chete
kuwedzera chakavanzika uye kuomerwa mukati zvinoreva maonero.
Chinhu bedzi sokuti kutaura wokutanga pamberi ruzivo divi nokuti maonero kubva
nyore mweya nezvigaro anogona, ndiye chokwadi-kukurukurwa pamusoro apa kuti
tine dzakawanda kudaro, maoko, makumbo uye achiri anogona kurasikirwa zvikuru
muviri wedu, pasina upenyu hwomudzimu uye upenyu chimwe kurasikirwa sezvo
zvokunze ebetsero zvishandiso sokuti vamwe tsinga uye ino kunyanya uropi
anoumba pachoto ane basa riri basa mweya chero nzvimbo ukama, uye kuti kunyange
pfungwa dzakadaro uye inogona kubviswa pasina kuvimbika upenyu uye mweya
matambudziko; nokuti izvi zvinogona kududzirwa kureva kuti pakupedzisira kusvika
panguva dzose chete kuchengetedza chinhu dzomukatikati wokupedzisira chinoumba
somunhu zvinokosha mutakuri upenyu pfungwa, uye pakupedzisira, apo kuenda pane
mhedziso iri nyore zvinorehwa nyore zvigaro. Handina kuwana chimwe chinhu
vakanga vachitaura chete certificate pebenzi mweya chigaro mapeji mashoko. Asi
pashure munhu aenda kure nemhedziso, ndiye musimboti mhedziso iyi, anosvika
musi wokupedzisira Nezvose akaramba nezvakaitika; akapa kuti pakupedzisira
chikamu chimwe nechimwe uropi inogona kuparadzwa, hazvisi kunyanya panguva
kamwe, pasina upenyu hwomudzimu raparadzwa kana kuvhiringidzwa. Zvisinei,
pasina dombo rinokosha ichi, saka inowira dunhu rose uye vane chokwadi avo, izvo
zvaiita kuti kuenda kunotora mumwe kududzirwa. Kusiyana neizvi, kududzirwa
tichitarisa nemaonero eumambo mweya nezvigaro havagoni kuvimba chete pane

imwe experientially munyika yose muviri wakakodzera Zvinotaurwa, asi panguva

imwe chete vane zvaida capstone muna Flourens'chen kuedza uye mananara ari
divisible mhuka.
Nepo pane chokwadi chokuti angapikisana chii kunotangira pakutanga
kuona. Kucheka kubudikidza medulla oblongata, kureva nhema achiri dehenya
chikamu, kuburikidza iyo uropi mberi munzvimbo musana, kunounza munhu uye
wakakwirira mhuka zvakachengeteka uye pakarepo chinobereka rufu. Hazvifaniri
kuva pano pakupedzisira kutsvaka zvigaro kana chikuru mamiriro ezvinhu oupenyu
pachigaro mweya sezvo nechepakati, entertainers, injini kwoupenyu huno
chaiko? Flourens 7) wakatsvaka pfungwa iri medulla oblongata, kuburikidza kutyora
wayo kana extirpation nechokwadi pakarepo rufu rikauya, kubayirira pasi uye
akawana kuti kunongova pinhead guru Batch wachena nyaya, muromo Vzvakaumbwa pfumbu guru mu muromo waJehovha anonzi. Karamusi
scriptorius, izvo wechina cranial mhango merges pamwe musana mbiru iyo duku
guru 8) akasarangarira ichi pfuma yavo chete vaiti pfungwa inokosha kana noeud
zvinokosha zvinoda. Kubudikidza iwe rugure kana kuruma iwe duku trocar [emportechidimbu] saka vari medulla oblongata, mumwe, kuti upenyu node nechimwe, chete
akarikomberedza, dzeraundi incision kubva mamwe medulla oblongata anosiiwa,
saka Falls maererano mashoko ake, mhuka sokunge yakarohwa mheni pasi,
Kufuridzira, dzimwe nguva mwoyo sangano yakawedzera pakarepo, uye mhuka
yakafa inenge pasina nokugwinha uye kurwadziwa apo akuvara mberi uye kusiya
node ichi zvikaramba zviripo pezvakaitwa upenyu akadai kufema uye mwoyo wake
usingacharovi. Mushure Flourens, daro pakati miganhu maviri umo incision anogona
achiri kuitwa pasina kuparadza zvokufema, kweropa uye neizvozvo upenyu
rikurumidze, Ndizvo zvinotaura dhayamita wevapenyu node, zvokutamburira 1
mutsetse. Hongu ndizvo kuvimbika ichi chiduku chikamu sezvo mamiriro upenyu
kupfuura yose uropi, vari mhuka chete kuburikidza yose mikuru uropi anogona
kubviswa wayo basal ganglia, vasina kufema uye mwoyo kwebasa akachinjwa
zvakananga kana kunyange kunobviswa. Uyezve Flourens anogadza pamwe kuvapo
node iri medulla oblongata, iye akacherechedza iye chokwadi 9)pachinhu kuti kana
Pubs veshure musana tsinga nemidzi akaita hapana chiratidzo Manzwiro, Pubs
kumberi hapana kufamba mu anesthetized kubudikidza thereinatmung imbwa,
vachiri maka marwadzo uye tsandanyama marwadzo anonzwisiswa munharaunda
mutsipa kana iwe kneipt kuti medulla oblongata kana anobata 10) , uye pakarepo
kumira zvose zvokufema kufamba, ndizvo kungoerekana rufu izere apo pashure
achiri unocheka kuburikidza upenyu node, izvo achidudzira kuitira kuti upenyu nodes
vachiri kuramba achirarama, apo upenyu atova zvikasadaro musana yose woutsinye
nokuda etherealization.
Mushure vose Flourens vaiona pfungwa iyi, kana pane vakawanda ichi chiduku
here sezvo chigaro chaiyo youpenyu, achiti pakati pezvimwe zvinhu:
"0n voit, que fisi pfungwa, Premier moteur Du mcanisme respiratoire, et noeud
zvinokosha Du systme nerveux (motokari tout fisi qui, Du systme nerveux, reste
attach fisi pfungwa, vit, et tout fisi qu'on in Separe, anofa) n ' Est ainsi, que Je l'Ai

bien repete pamusoro fois, baratos ndinoiitawo Sora, que the Tete d'une pin. "
"C'est donc d'Un pfungwa, qui n'est baratos ndinoiitawo Sora qu'une Tete d'pin
que kuvimba the vie Du systme nerveuse la vie de l'mhuka ndima matambudziko, en
Un seul Mot, the Vie. "
"Les physiologistes m'ont souvent demand of leur indiquer ndima Un terme
anatomique the nzvimbo Du chaiyo pfungwa que Je nomme, le pfungwa inokosha."
"Je leur rponds: the nzvimbo Du pfungwa inokosha Est the nzvimbo marque
ndima the Pointe Du V of fuma grise."
"Sur Le cerveau weZimbabwe Chien, l'origine Du nerf pneumo-gastrique Est 5
millim. Au-dessus Du pfungwa inokosha. Sur Le cerveau Du lapin, l'origine Du nerf
pneumo-gastrique Est 3 millim. Au-dessus Du pfungwa inokosha . "
7)

Compt. wakabvarura. 1881. XXXIII, 437, XLVII, 803, kwokutanga kudzidza

s. Svomhu. Exper. 1842. p. 204, gare gare ona mu Compt. wakabvarura. 1859.
XLVIII p. 136th
8)

R. Wagner anoda dzayo dziri muna S. 397 rondedzero pasi zita vachena
achikanganisa.
9)

Compt. wakabvarura. 1847. XXIV, 253rd

10)

Kuti izvi inokosha noeud ndizvo zvikurukuru, haina kutaurwa.

Hazvina nharo izvi zvinoita wakatsanangurwa zvinesimba, uye zvadaro kwaizova

saka zvinopesana pamusoro apa wedu, asi duku chikamu, nokuparadzwa kana
kubviswa upenyu huri yakachengeteka mumaoko, uye unogona kuva zvose nyore
kudavira kuti pano zvigaro kana ichangobva ezvinhu upenyu mumuviri panguva
pachigaro mweya iri apa (ona pamusoro) yakaratidza rinoreva rinofanira kutsvaka,
sezvo kumidzi, kwete zvose, asi tsinga dzakawanda dzinokosha uye kusanganisira
kutsinga dzinouya tsinga kuti medulla oblongata, umo ichi noeud rinokosha nhema
kunge, zvinogona yakawana.
Pashure mamwe kutsvakurudza, zvinoitika zvose chokwadi pane dudziro chokwadi
akasiyana chaizvo, zvokuti panzvimbo nokusimbisa maonero kubva nyore mweya
nezvigaro rinenge wokupedzisira utiziro mumwechete unotemwa napo.
Hazvina pamungawirirana tinofanira chaizvo noeud zvinokosha kuna Flourens uye
akadzorerwa nazvo kuona hwakanyatsorwisa duku chikamu, kuparadzwa zvikuru,
vakawanda pakarepo chinokonzera rufu, uye anotarisirwa vateveri mano mweya
chigaro kuramba tariro shoma yokuwana mumwe zvakaenzana duku pfungwa
mutambo, zviri izvo ino noeud kunokosha pakutanga nharo akaita. Vanogona
ikozvino asi kunyange ichi
akadana upenyu nodes vari rwagurwa zvachose pasi yakakodzera matanho pasina

mumuviri nomupfungwa upenyu usingacharovi, mumwe anobva mumwe pinhead

kadikidiki zvikamu uropi zvikuru zvakafanana vangafungidzira (sezvakanga
pamusoro kuedza R. Wagner hurukuro iyi zvakananga), uye kubvuma, upenyu uye
mweya havavimbi imwe pfungwa, asi muchirevo chechinyorwa umo ose zviduku
chikamu kunogona anomiririrwa dzimwe duku zvikamu zvayo ukama. Ndizvozvo
asi.
Kutaura zvazviri, Brown Sequard ane 11) nokuda yakakura chaizvo nhamba,
kazhinji akadzokorora uye nhamba yevane kuratidzwa kwakaita Guinea nguruve,
tsuro uye imbwa, mumwe wacho noeud zvinokosha zvinogona kucheka ake ose
nharaunda, chete hazvina pakarepo ane trocar kana chaizvo nokukurumidza tenderera
mavanga zviitike, asi ane anononoka run-zvikamu, nokudaro tichidzivisa pakarepo
kwazvo kushatirwa pfungwa iyi iri medulla oblongata; Saka mweya, kunyange
kumhanyisa uye mwoyo wake usingacharovi, pamwe zvikuru unequivocal chiratidzo
manzwiro uye kuti nokushanduka-shanduka nezvimwezve zvichidzika refu,
vanoramba pasi wakakodzera ezvinhu kunyange mazuva. The pakarepo norufu
'operative muoti kunoitika (peri kukurumidza Avharenji pamusoro medulla
oblongata) pana Flourens, kwete aisa Squard kwakaita nezvechikamu siyana
ezvinhu pachazvo uye zvinokosha kuti kubviswa chikamu ichi, asi ndechokuti
kusingadzivisiki vane nokukurumidza cheka bundu ayo chete stoppage wokufema
uye dzimwe nguva dunhu anotakura, iro riri maererano zvakawanika pamusoro
Bernard, kumbotsuguduka, Squard ngakusava kufema 12) inogona zvinoberekwa
electroplating hwomukova kupinda medulla oblongata zvokufema tsinga kubudikidza
Eh Weber u. A. noruremekedzo kuti cardiac inofamba.
11)

Panguva ino, Journ. of physiologist. 1857. Ini, p. 217th

12)

Bernard vari Lemons of Physiol. Exp. . 1853 p. 326; Kumbotsuguduka

muna Compt. wakabvarura. XXXIX. 1854. p. 749; Squard muna
d. Compt. wakabvarura. of the Soc. of Biol. Dec. . 1853

Mag ikozvino tsananguro iyi akasiyana kubudirira kuva uchapupu kana kwete,
handigoni kusarudza, saka pano isu zvinogutsa chaizvo chokwadi kuti kubudirira
kwomudzimu Hazvina zvakakodzera, sezvo zvaizova nyaya kana vanonzi. Noeud
zvinokosha kuti chigaro chikuru muupenyu uye mweya rinofanira kutsvaka.
Brown Sequard rinoronga pakati mukuedza (Exp. IV. P. 228), kwaakabereka
extirpierte akura Tsuro noupenyu node anogamuchira rose V-zvakaumbwa kuchena
guru, ane muromo ndiye mhenyu node, uye vamwe dzedunhu chena nyaya. The
afemeruke yaiva panzvimbo kwekumira, chaizvo nokukurumidza kwemwoyo
vakaramba; izvo akadzorerwa mananara sezvinotevera: "L'mhuka Est peine
dambudziko puis il March presque sans tituber (Il titubait davantage chains
l'ablation Du pfungwa inokosha, aprs chikamu the pamusoro tsandanyama Du cou)
La afemeruke s'excute with ndinoiitawo D '. kuedza qu' l'pashure pokupidigura
hurumende nechisimba romuzvarirwo. Moins d'une heure aprs l'Operation Il

mange. " Next zuva. "Il Se promne puis il veut Le prendre dare lorsqn'on II NE
semble Y avoir aucune diminution the vue and de l'nzwisa Les MOU-veroents
volontaires s'excutent librement bv l'mhuka semble tre trs-. vigonreux. IIa mange
with assez d'apptit. " Kunyange mazuva 7 pashure pokuvhiyiwa vakaedza mhuka
kumedza, kunyange pasina; uye anofa zvakatowedzera Athembeschwerde zvishoma
nezvishoma kusvikira wechisere.
Mune mumwe, kwete yakashuma zvakadzama, nyaya (p. 232) Brown Sequard
akaona kuvhiya Tsuro 9 mazuva uye maawa mashomanana vapone. vari Several
zvimwe zviitiko akashuma sezvo mienzaniso yakawanda apo upenyu zviratidzo
manzwiro uye kuti nokushanduka-shanduka Kunyange zvazvo nguva dzose nguva,
yakapfuurira kurarama nguva chete mupfupi, asi avhiyiwa.
Kunyange pashure nechekare kwokutanga kuedza pamusoro Brown
Sequard 13) kwete zvimwe zviitiko zvose pakarepo rufu, mugumisiro kubviswa
medulla yose oblongata, hungu mune dzimwe mhuka, oparesheni ichi vasiya
yakareba. Saka, maererano naye kufadza upenyu zvakafanana mune matatya uye
salamanders 4 months, pana Toad 4 kusvika 5 mavhiki, mune nenjiva 9 kusvika 10
mazuva, pamwe nyoka dzvinyu 4 kusvika 7 mazuva, nehove 1 kusvika 6 mazuva,
mune shiri 2 kuti maminitsi 21 ari hibernating mhuka 1 zuva achangoberekwa
imbwa, katsi tsuro 34 46 maminitsi ari munhu mukuru 3 maminitsi 3. Epamusoro
kunze tembiricha, nokukurumidza rufu kunoitika; saka kunyange kufa matatya pa 30
kusvika 40 C. pashure kwemaminitsi mashoma.
13)

Exper. tsvakurudzo. New York 1883. Compt. wakabvarura. of the Soc. of

Biol. kudurura 1851. Vol. III, p. 73; Compt. wakabvarura. de l'Acad. pamusoro
SC. 1847 XXIV, p. 363; pano kutanga Lehrb. d. Physiol. 1st ed. S. 1026th

The upenyu hurefu matatya pashure nokubviswa medulla oblongata unogona

kunyorwa kuti mhuka idzi shoma afemeruke kwacho anoenda kuburikidza rokunze
ganda Kushongedzera nei sezvo rakachengetedzwa refu pashure pokuvhiyiwa oxygen
gasi muna mumhepo mudenga, uye kuchengetedza vakareruka muupenyu
kuchitonhora pane mhepo inopisa kuti kufema kwacho kana wokutanga nyore
akasangana ganda sezvo rokupedzisira nyaya.
Pakupedzisira Brown Squard rinoreva yemberi kuudzwa naye pathological
dzevanhu zviitiko, dzinoita kuratidza kuti anononoka kuparadzwa uku duku
vakawanda wachena tambo haakonzeri rufu pano.
Nokuti zvose yapfuura zvino akawedzera kuti Flourens 14) mukati upenyu node
pachahwo Nomufananidzo nehafu akabvuma nezvidzidzo zvake itsva mumwe,
zvokuti kana hafu mumwe chete unotemwa, rufu hakuitiki, asi rinowanikwa chete
kana vaviri intersected kuva, saka kuti upenyu nodes panhau iyi kunoitika zvachose
pasi ichocho, izvo tinowana mamwe muviri. Anowedzera ane humwe uchapupu kuna
vamwe akawedzera, uye zvichida chinonyanya unonyatsooneka hwokuti chero asina
guru chikamu angawana kumiririrwa wayo nevamwe.

14) L'Instit.

1858. p. 381. Compt. wakabvarura. XLVII, 803rd

Kana chokwadi kuti kana mune noeud rinokosha, kana kumwe pfungwa yave
kuwanika, nokuparadzwa upenyu ino zvirokwazvo kuparadzwa, zvakananga
chinopesana nemaonero mano mweya nezvigaro, saka kune rumwe ruoko ndiyo huru
uye kudiwa kukosha pacho kuvimbika Flourens'schen upenyu node nokuda
pakururama upenyu, rave kuyambuka zvishoma uye mune dzimwe modes kushanda
asi kuparadzwa rakachengeteka upenyu panguva kuparadzwa kwayo chero nzira
chinopesana ne- nemaonero rimwe, pamusoro poupenyu nodes vakawedzera mweya
zvigaro; nerufu mweya pashure panzvimbo ari kwenguva kuturika dzinokosha
mumuviri upenyu mashandiro, kunoitika pashure makemikari chokuita
nokuparadzwa node mupenyu, sezvo inogona kuitwa kuzvidzora nemataundi
kuparadzwa ichi chiduku chikamu. Tsime roupenyu chikwereti pashure kunyange
zvarinoreva kubatana kwayo chete, uye une, kunze akapoteredza umo riri, hapana
mukuru kukosha nokuti upenyu hwomudzimu kupfuura zvimwe saizvozvo guru
murwi vachena nyaya, achiita pane panyaya iyi, sezvo nembambo kana vharafu mune
dzimwe michini, nokuparadzwa kana kubviswa yose muchina anogona pakarepo
nemhuru pasina kuti munhu ane asi kuona nei chigaro kana zvinokosha mamiriro
nesimba injini mairi.
Ngatiti rufu dzakatevera chaizvoizvo hakudzivisiki pakarepo pamwe
nokuparadzwa node kwavo kana imwe nzvimbo, izvi zvaizoita kuwedzera chete
mumwe zvinodiwa izvo aizofanira kupa maonero kubva nyore mweya nezvigaro,
waguta, asi chete vachiri chinhu kuva, nokuti pane mumwe mubvunzo ndewekuti
mweya rinobatana nokuparadzwa pfungwa muupenyu huno, uye kana pfungwa iriwo
musimboti pfungwa mupfungwa iyo tawana pfungwa mweya chigaro. Asi chokwadi
hatina experiential hwaro kugadzirisa kukosha musimboti kana kushanda kukosha
nokuti yepamusorosoro vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mabasa anonzi.
Health.
Uchirwisana zvavakatemerwa pano kuomerwa kuti hapana noeud zvinokosha 'LL
kuwana vaitofanira mupfungwa, chete anotevera achizvivanza sokuti zvinogoneka
kwandiri.Mumwe angati kuti hazvisi nokuda Flourens'sche, zvichavapo mumwe,
kuterama munhu akavanda vamwe, uye chete kwete kurega pathological uye vasiri
zviitiko zvakakwana kumuwana, kunyanya sezvo haasi zvakafanira kuti mberi kune
vachirondedzera nyore mweya chigaro chaipo einhalte nzvimbo chete asi
zvinogoneka kuti servicekit Kuchinja nzvimbo kana kwava pedyo kana chaiko
kuparadzwa chigaro. Aigona iri rirege kuitwa pasina mweya anorasikirwa akanaka
nzvimbo yayo kuti muviri; saka ehe onawo zvakaipira kuparadzwa kwakadaro.
Zvechokwadi Herbart anorasira ane mufambo mano mweya chigaro.
Zvino, zvekungofungira kuti anatomical banga nyore mweya chigaro saka kure
vasina kukwanisa kusangana, uye kuti mweya kunaka kutiza chete, indisputably
chete kutamba; kuva asi vakaramba akabvumira kana maonero kubva nyore mweya
nezvigaro vataizokwanisa richengetwe nokuda kufanana chaizvo pfungwa, sezvo

vangadai ipapo inoitwa parutivi mukurumari ari maonero; Asi maonero aya kwose
kwose kunofanira anogona chete kubva pane chikonzero kuti zvichengetedzwe chete
vaishaya mukurumari maonero, zvakaoma kutaura zvavari chaizvo
vakatsigira. Ndichiri kuedza kuratidza folgends kuti ichi ndicho mamiriro chaiwo
ezvinhu, chokwadi ndinogona kushandisa chete chete mumiriri anotarira kubva nyore
mweya nezvigaro yandinofanira munombosangana kwakakomba kuedza kugadzirisa
zvinetso zvavo; nekuti kazhinji une zvinetso kwete pachena. Zvisinei, zviri
zvandinofunga chete kubatsira nechokwadi kumusarudzira nemaonero kubva
rwakakura mweya nezvigaro, kana zvikaita sokuti nzira youchenjeri kupfuura
akachenjera mumiririri nevakomana maonero aifanira kutendeukira kuchengeta ichi.
Kubvisa anatomical kuomerwa kuti tsinga fibers regai zvinopindirana imwe nguva,
sezvo angave kutarisirwa pane zvakaitika mano mweya chigaro, akaona Lotze,
zvinogona zvisinei, pfungwa excitations yakarohwa saka kure chigaro kwomweya,
sezvo etsinga fibers kana ari huta parenchyma svinudzai panze, ndeipi pechigaro
mweya, uye saizvozvo kuwana vamwe pachigaro ichi (with. Psychol. 118) kana
mashoma, kunyange kana chete chete Neural gwara inotungamirira zvigaro mweya,
vanobatana (Camadas. I , 323. 328). Wokutanga chirwere akazviratidza anobvumwa
teleological zvokuti hahugutsi kuti zvimwe ichi chaiva chikonzero chikuru kuti Lotze
wavo kwapera anoshanda wechipiri kuchiiswa. Asi sezvo vaviri vakaenzana chaizvo
kuchidzivisa kuoma kuti parenchyma kana mano gwara yaizova vanosanganisa
pfungwa excitations ari zvinoreva kureva mano kusiyanisa zvakafanana kugona
kuitwa kuti kune asi experientially, Lotze anoramba (with. Psych. 121. Camadas. ini,
323) inozivikanwa kubva kuti zvimwe parenchyma kana "nemamiriro mumwechete
nokusanzwira anogona akapfuura panguva imwe chete kuburikidza nemanzwiro
zhinji pasina izvi kukanganisa mumwe kusvikira Unbemerklichwerden nehunhu
wayo." "Marayira asi ruzha uye chiedza mafungu, kuyambuka anonyatsoona zvikuru
zhinji pacharo chete airspace panguva imwe chete, uyewo kutiponesa akapfuma
muenzaniso kufamba kuti vawedzere kupindira chete acho chete saka shoma papi
nhasi, kuti avo yakawiriranwa rokuchinja mumwe anenge chete nesayenzi, mashoko
vanhuwo manzwisisire asi zvose zvisipo. "
Asi ikozvino tiri kukwanisa asi factually kwete nekukatanura ematongerwo chiedza
vibrations avo ruvara zvinoumba sezvo vachipinda kuburikidza chete
Optikusfaser; uye kuti afferent etsinga gwara nyore mweya zvigaro kwete
chaiwo zvemashiripiti unhu mberi vane pamberi Optikusfaser, saka isu
achangozvinetesa kukwanisa nekukatanura saka shoma kana Vanosvika
nomuvhenganiswa inozivikanwa; kana vanofanira kupa kuti nekukatanura saka
vakati vasvika Optikusfaser nzira. Short chokwadi chaitwa mukana iro Lotze
rinovimba, kwedu huta hurongwa vasingadaro. Zvechokwadi chiedza vibrations
anogona kuyambuka panze uye zvichiri kusiyaniswa kubva kwatiri, asi chete kana
ivo kubereka kuenda kana pedyo mumwe oga kubva zvavo kuyambuka maziso edu,
akafanana nemafungu pamusoro madziva uyewo vanogona ichipfuura mumwe, uye
zvinogona kuita kuti zvazvinokonzera voga akati; kubudikidza Lotze asi vose chiedza
vibrations kuti atendere zvisingaverengeki pfungwa imwe nharaunda iri yevanhu
ziso, panguva imwe chete zvokudya pachishandiswa imwe tsinga gwara uye

nomuvhenganiswa yavo achichengetedza Ichibata pamusoro nyore mweya nezvigaro,

vachiri kuramba kugona kwavo sarura; Izvi hazvigoni kuva ne ruzivo.
Mumwe vangataura kuti mweya unogona asi kunzwa musanganiswa ruzha, izvo
anosvika kuburikidza chete etsinga, kuburikidza pfungwa nomumwe mitinhimira. Asi
tinofanira kutarisana apo hativimbi ane Ringanidzo pamwe hearings apo zvakananga
Inopikisa chokwadi kumeso; Zvakawanda kunyange chinoshanda zvinoreva, izvo
zvisiri zvechokwadi nokuda mumwe. Uyezve, zvikonzero zvakanaka vave
vachikumbira, pashure iyo kunyange kusukwa kunzwa munhu rinonzwika kubva
ivhu wemisanganiswa vanofanira chete insofar zvichigona, sezvo chete ndivo
percipiert nevafundisi Akustikusfasern muChitsauko 33.
The akachenjera kupinza uye aivigirwa yokuti kunzi. Local zviratidzo, izvo Lotze
anoedza kuita kukura zvinoumba spatial intuitions uye Tastbilder akatsanangura,
dambudziko kwete chete haapinduri, asi iye anoziva kwete.
I kumbotipa pano vamwe zvikuru maitiro pfungwa Lotze wakakurumbira uye simba
kuti vave dzidziso vomunharaunda zviratidzo 15) , pasina izvozvo zvose yefurawa
design, izvo zvinofanira kuverengwa pacharo, asi hwaponeswa chete rakasimba
hwaro, uchagona kutamba pano :
p. 328. "Kungofanana shanduka kukura kuderera kuti razero kukosha, uye mberi
kuti kukura shure, saka nguva dzose pamusoro geometric migumisiro iri risinganyepi
ari kurehwa wakakwana Unrumlichkeit hwaro uye vanowanika zvakare mhiri payo.
Uye somunhu shanduka kukura zvakunowedzera patsva kwete nokuti vanopinda
vakakakatira dzakare tsika chaidzo amuruvande netsika pamwe razero kukosha, asi
nokuti mutemo kuchinja kwavo kunowanikwa kuburikidza ichi duku kunyangarika
chaiyo tsika akapfuura, saka chinoitika pazvidhindo ari mweya vari mweya shure
kune nzvimbo nyika kupararira, kwete blackened imwe nzvimbo iri kuziva
yakavanzwa, asi nokuti vakakwanisa, pakati chaizvo nemanzwiro mweya, yavakanga
yakabereka kuvaraidza ukama iro reconstructed basa kunzwisisa zvekare vakasika
nemufananidzo kufurira zvivako. "
15)

Lotze, medicin. Psychol. 325 va-.

p. 330. "Kana isu amuwane kumwe kurova zviitiko kuti kuita chimwe multiplicity
pamusoro zviwane vari akarayira geometrical ezvinhu ari tsinga, saka isu tiri
vakadaro mano Zvisinei. Sezvo zvahungava hwakaita zvinokosha kuti zvisikwa
akaronga kuti avo spatial ukama chinhu pfungwa pacharo, zvisinei, havasi
kutsanangura chinhu, uye zvakafanira kuti kutsvaka dzimwe mari avo pose kutsinga
dzinouya zvomukati, kuburikidza izvo zvinga nzvimbo kufara pfungwa vachiri pedyo
vavo Qualitative excitation chiito pamusoro mweya. Sezvo zvakazosunungurwa
localization ane kunzwa chinhu ari spatial kunzwisisa zviri pasina zvayo Qualitative
kugutsikana, zvokuti nezvekufadza akasiyana chaizvo vanogona kuzadza
zvakafanana nzvimbo yedu spatial mufananidzo panguva dzakasiyana nguva, saka
anofanira excitation mumwe nemhaka pfungwa tsinga, iro zvinotora nzvimbo,

zvakapetwa coloring chairwo, izvo isu ainzi vanoda kuratidza hunhu hwavo
womunharaunda. tichafanira kutaura panze nokukurumidza mberi About uchida
hunhu uyu chimiro omunharaunda; tinogona chete sechinhu mumuviri huta muitiro
nokusingaperi kumutumidza pano, dzose dzine chero chikamu tsinga naye shanduka
huta urongwa, izvo Qualitative zviri kuchinja nezvekufadza chikonzero nhema
panzvimbo imwe. Vose kwemasayendisiti kupindira nomumwe kana asingateereri,
kana pane vakawanda inconsiderable papi, uye apo mweya unoramba kuumba pasi
pokudzora ekupedzisira dzavo dzose Qualitative nezvekufadza, mumwe nomumwe
wavo ari panguva imwe chete pamwe neimwe excitation, izvo kunobva veko
wemasaini avakazotaura kupatsanura yakafanira kuti richaitirwa nzvimbo. "
p. 334. "nezvavanofunga aya kuona isu kwete kutsvaka zviratidzo yomunzvimbomo
tsinga vazvidzore kacho kungogara divi ezvinhu kuti kunyange kunze kutekenyedzwa
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira chete anotambura chero chikamu tsinga
maererano nechivako wavo asi kufamba, yavakanga pamusaka kubatana kwavo
navamwe tsinga kubereka nenzira dzepanguva anotsvaka 16) . "
16)

Uyewo p. 340 zvinonzi "dzemo vatambi vari kumutsidzirwa injini yokuda."

p. 335. "Nokuti zvose yedu vasiri nezvavanofunga Pfungwa anobuda kuti maonero
nzvimbo, mumwe hunhu mweya pakutanga uye priori angehriges Estate akanga
kwete nokushanduka zvokunze nemaonero, asi wakaramba vakamutsa chete mamwe
mafomu."
Zvinonzi undisputed kuti zvakaoma. Kubva vemo zviratidzo sezvo injini
mafungiro, iyo iye anotsanangura Lotze vanotova kuti nganyatsozivi Ndechipi
katsika - chaiyo wefizikisi anoziva shoko haana - kana munhu ari kufunga kwete
kufamba chaiko kana nemakakava zvomudzimu, chete chete Paanomuka ari mweya,
kusanganisira; ari Mashoko kumanikidzwa kana kunetseka, kana kanenge
zvishomanana sangano kwaireva? uye chinhu anofanira kukwanisa kufunga
zvishoma, kumanikidza kwete simba kuti rinorambidzwa pamusoro yomunharaunda
hunhu, munhuwo mashoko uye simba pacharo kuti zvemashiripiti
unhu kuita. Hazvina kubudirira ini kusvika pamusoro zvakajeka.
Chero chiitiko, dzemo zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kuri mumashoko nemanzwiro
wacho optic etsinga uye Tastnervenfasern zvichienderana nzvimbo yavo, batanidza
kupinda parenchyma kana mano unobatanidza faibha, iyo inogara zvose rinosvika
mweya, chete chine omunharaunda zviratidzo. Zvino mweya ndiwo basa, uye
mumwe angati, oktroiert vachikwanisa explicate unhu batanidzo ichi sezvo spatial
chiwedzerwa uye urongwa zvakanaka. Asi pasi chii chimiro zvaunoda kufunga
zviratidzo dzeko, haisi rakavanzika saka anoda kuwedzera kuva nemano
akadaro. Lotze pachake anoshandisa vanganzi kutaura kuti hunhu zviratidzo yemo,
"kuti excitation nomumwe nemhaka pfungwa tsinga, apo zvinotora nzvimbo, mumwe
staining yaingowanikwa kuwana." Hapana mumwe anofara kutaura maonero tsime
kana Lotze; asi pamwe Dhayi kwazvo nemhosva pasina aitodada mhanza pacharo,
kuti explicated vari muchadenga kwomweya.
Mushure Lotze (p. 339) "ndiro mudziye etsinga fibers uye nzvimbo yavo

nechepakati kumigumo chete insofar akakodzera sezvo vose nzira kupa mumwe
nomumwe tsinga mutoo rurefu zviratidzo omunharaunda dzakananga, kuburikidza
iyo unozotevera kusangana rayo mukamuri yakafanira ndiko, umo mweya
zvakunowedzera zvaanonzwisisa ayo kwakanyanya. " Asi chii chinogona zvibereko
voga ichi munyika chinyakare etsinga fibers pavanenge vanoshanda pane mukuru
unobatanidza faibha, umo ivo iyerere, uye zvinoita kuti mweya nezvigaro,
sezvaakanga shure kwaita kuti ukazvikudza, sokunge mapazi zvakafanana
Tastempfindungskreises pachena mugomba nevakawanda Tastnervenfaser apo
pasinei avo ezvinhu akasiyana, zvimwe mumwe zviratidzo omunharaunda
dzakasiyana aigona nemusoro, havagoni kubudisa discrete nzvimbo-nezvekufadza,
kana chii chinonditadzisa kuderedza panotanga zviratidzo vomuungano vari matavi
chete kutsinga dzinouya denderedzwa?
Lotze kunokwidziridza pachayo rechipiri kunotungamirirwa (Camadas. I, 323),
"kuti kupfuura zvose, mano kwomweya kuzivisa nhengo zvakarurama akayera
vazvidzore kuti sangano, akadaro urongwa (sezvo kwave vaifungidzira naye)
precluded. Kuti ino chaiyo flexion kana kuwedzera ruoko aita, zvakanga zvakafanira
kuti uyu uye mamwe gwenya nerves'll yawapihwa izvi uye zvimwe kukura
kukakavara; zvisinganzwisiswi kutoti neimwe nomumwe shinda izvi kuramba
anomunzwira pasi nzvimbo kwomweya, kuitira kuti akwanise kuwana iye
zvakananga uye fadza . " Asi iye anopindura (Camadas. 1, 325), kunaka pfungwa
ndiye, "riri kwete chete kukura uye mhando, asiwo nzvimbo chiito kuvimba
ushamwari zvakasikwa run kwaari ....." "Kubva vasingaverengeki ruzha izvo
vayambuke mhepo, mumwe nomumwe pasina mubvunzo ari kugadzikana
nemotokari, hwindo the pane, izvo zviso, chero iro ukapisa murwi kubereka, asi
mumwe chete wavo ichaunza ndiro kuna Mittnen, chete Chokwadi, vibrations
nguva dzose kudzokorora dhisiki iri azvipiwa warwo marongerwo uye voltage ..... ":
'Kana mweya chaizvoizvo, gamut yose gwenya tsinga zviteshi akarayira pamberi,
saka aigona kuva mimwe mhando kwavo simba havana chero kana. kumhanya
Sezvineiwo kufanana nehana, vakanga chete imwe nhungamiro, uye chete inongova
nokuti kururama pakuti panyaya iyi kuti tsinga mugumo, kunyange izvi aisazova
kusika mumwe racho, vanogona nechimwe chinangwa rwokufamba asi chete
pachangu Qualitative mamiriro, inzwi rimwe pamwero pakuti nemifananidzo
zvirimwa, uye sungano, iyo akavamba pakati ichi pehurumende uye simba
yaingowanikwa womumwe huta mavambo, uye spatial mirayiridzo chete kuvimba
chii anotora pokudzora mweya, uye raakanga aiita vanongozvifunga chenhema
kutanga kare yaigarwa ..... "
Asi, ndinonzwisisa maonero ichi zvikuru chii zvichida haisi chaizvo zvakadaro,
saka ndinogona chete kuona hafu kuderera pamusoro maonero kubva rwakakura
mweya nezvigaro mairi. Nokuti, sezvo anobvumwa ari huta kwakabva vasiri
zvakananga, asi chete achishandisa zvenguva akaisa parenchyma kana nyore nzira
mweya nezvigaro, saka chete chine kupomba kana wave ematongerwo inofamba
kubva mweya nezvigaro dzokuparadzira kuti tsinga nemidzi; uye anofanira
mugovane pakati pavo maererano unhu chepfungwa vazvidzore, saka ndiyo nzira
kurovedza muviri ane unhu yebasa chepfungwa kuti issuance pamusoro vazvidzore

izvi kuburikidza vanhuwo kukurukurirana nzira mberi, saka asi kuziva kamwechete
ari ruzhinji pfungwa; uye musiyano nezveizvo maonero kubva rwakakura mweya
nezvigaro vanoda chete kuti pashure ichi kunaka mabasa kwomweya, kwete chete
kuparadzira pulses kuti muzvizhinji pfungwa, asi zvakaenzana inonzi yakapedza
kufamba mune imwe contiguous chakati muviri tsunga. By hafu asi maonero
anobvuma masora mweya nezvigaro, Ndiwe akarasa maonero kubva nyore hafu.
Zvisinei, sezvo Lotze anorasira ane disassembly pamusoro kuizwi mweya
nezvigaro anlangenden pulses kuburikidza nebasa mweya, kuitwa munhu saka
kufanana kuramba dismantling pakati zvinobva mweya ematongerwo pulses
hazvishamisi, uye kubvuma ichi zvachose dzinokosha rose maonero kubva nyore
mweya zvigaro. Nekuti kwete chete yakaturikwa payo kukwanisa kuva vakasiyana
nezvekufadza panguva imwe chete uye kupa tsandanyama mubereki inotokonya,
asiwo mukana kugadzirisa chero musoro zvinoreva kukura pamwe Wachstume njere
yesangano kuomesa wouropi. Nokuti zviri inopiwa pasi zvikuru oma guru
Hemisfrios Cerebrais pamusoro nyore mweya nezvigaro apo vanhu vanoda kana
wokupedzisira chete chine wokurasikirwa anosvika kubva zvose oma fambisa
kuburikidza parenchyma kana unobatanidza faibha mweya zvigaro; wofern kwete
zvakare dismantling ichi rinoshandiswa kuyamura.
Zvinetso chikuru vanorerwa nyore zvakadai kubvuma ane sokunge mashiripiti; asi
nokudaro unobva faibha kuwana zvikuru unhu ane taikasauva, izvo akarasikirwa
kukunda zvose vachinetseka vachiri zvikuru pamwe chete nyore ichivhuvhuta
pacharo pasina yaida wechisikigo mutemo kana kuteerera.
Chii chokwadi ane hanya, kuti sentient mune mhuka umwe kupatsanura nayo
huviri kunogona kushata akafanana, saka iye sokuti zvechokwadi kupa sonderliche
kuomerwa kana Herbart kana Lotze maonero, kana muviri wose unoitwa kwavari
kubva kukotsira mweya, uye kuparadzana chikonzero kungava kuda mweya
mutsva. Asi kana ari mhuka symmetrically akavaka inokamukana symmetrically,
umo vose vanobatanidzwa vanofanira kuramba mweya mutana, uye apo rumutsiriro
itsva? Zvechokwadi, vachati, mweya yekare anoramba ari kumativi apo iwo mamwe
anondimutsa imwe itsva; kana kunyange kuti mweya mutana unofa, uye kumutsa
itsva mbiri. Asi hazvigoni kuita kuti nokuti ndinogona mhuka kubva rumwe,
ndinogona tinounza kubva pakatarisana parutivi allmliges achicheka kure kusvika
hafu, uye pane nguva dzose chamazuva oupenyu yekare vaenda, ndinofunga runenge
kuti mananara saka asingachaiti nekuti kunyange chokwadi, Ndakaita hakuna kuedza
naro. Asi sei zvakakodzera ichi nechinangwa kuti mweya asi unogona chete
pachigaro rumwe panguva? In maonero eumambo mweya nezvigaro zviri nyore. The
kungoreva kuenzana zvikamu eumambo mweya chigaro rutsigiro chete mupfungwa
vachikwanisa chero ivo zvakabatanidzwa, uye kupa zvakafanana kuita yoga kana
vasingachagari kurondedzera chete pakutanga kusimba kusvikira mumwe hafu ane
kushaya kutsiviwa, sezvinorondedzerwa zvakazara mune chitsauko ramangwana
rinokurukurwa. Nokuti ichi tinoda hapana pfungwa inoshamisa simba pamusoro
zvokuimba kuparadzana chemhuka, asi kungotaura chokwadi kushanda rose
nomuviri Principes pamusoro solidary pamwe uye kubatana kumiririrwa,
applicability zvayo rakatetepa mweya chigaro noruremekedzo kuti kubatsira

kwazvinoita mupfungwa kubudikidza Flouren kuti kwakaita pfungwa akaratidzawo

zvakananga ndiko kuti zvechokwadi hapana pano pfungwa anoramba. Zvaigona
zvisadaro, asi zviri saizvozvo, uye nokuti saizvozvo, chigaro mweya anofanira kuva
zvivharwe.
Ndichitarira shure: nemaonero kubva nyore mweya nezvigaro hwuchavapano
nekutarisisa. Zvokutsvaka nzvimbo muuropi, ari danho panze tsinga dzose, umo vose
wekuita; nzvimbo yakadaro inogona kuwanikwa. Tsvaka pfungwa, mweya
vachatitaka, pamusoro wayo kuparadzwa upenyu, pfungwa yakadaro, hakuna. It
presupposes kuti paizova kubatana faibha kumweya zvigaro uye mano mweya, izvo
asati asvika zvibatanidzwe kuva faibha vaparadzane; kana unobatanidza faibha, asi
zvakadaro yesangano kunogona kuwanikwa. Iye anoda kuparadzanisa chikamu
mweya nezvigaro kubva muzvikamu pasina mweya nokuda cleavage chemhuka, uye
vaviri kuramba akafuridzirwa.
Maonero akadaro haagoni kuitwa maererano zvidzidzo chaiwo ukama muviri uye
mweya, pakuti anogona pacharo chete inobva chinodiwa pamusoro chisingabviri
chaiwo tsvakurudzo mumunda ichi; nekuti zvose hazvina kushandiswa kwakadaro
zvinangwa kutanga maonero ari parutivi pano, uye maonero kunobva akatarisana
ezvinhu, inova kutsvakurudza pamwe dzisingambosvikiki, pamwe kupikisana
migumisiro avo.
Hazvina pamungawirirana nhema nemaonero unovapo pamusoro chokwadi, kwete
kufunga zvinhu pachavo, asi pane zvakawanda rwevanhu chikonzero, uye anogona
kunge kufunga, kazhinji kutaura, kuti pano nokusungwa yaizova zvatinenge tatadza
muumambo chokwadi. Izvi muudzame, basa iri harisi akakodzera, sezvo zvinogona
chete dzechokwadi, uye kubata pamwe dzichikunetsa kwavazivi gadziriro, kana
chinangwa kungava kubudirira pano. Kamwe, zvisinei, akaita maererano yapfuura
nhaurirano rokukurumidzira uye pano oga zvinokosha basa kugadza zvinodiwa, izvo
isu achapa maonero kubva rwakakura mweya nezvigaro ndeechokwadi, dai vamwe
akangoverengawo okuwedzera nhaurirano pamusoro yakakura nyaya, imwe
pamusoro mubvunzo wedu aigona kuita implementation kuti nzvimbo isunungurwe,
vari kufunga kuti chiremerera pano vanofarira mubvunzo harisi chete kuziva chii
chete rinoshandiswa chisarudzo kufunga, asi vakawanda mubereko asiwo mukuru
nyaya izvo hwakabatana , zvinofanira kufungwa Mitrcksicht.
Kunyanya ndiwo maonero mano hunhu kwomweya, vaizviona zvakare ane pano
kwete yakawana midzi yawo, umo maonero kubva nyore zvigaro chete midzi. Zvino
zvingava kutanga kubvunza kana kubatana chaiva nani izwi kuti hunhu mweya,
sezvo nyore, uye mubvunzo uyu ndinoona wokusimbisa, sezvo mweya
kunosanganisira guru siyana nguva pachazvo yakadaro uye zvakunowedzera chii
mashoko nyore, asi kwete chikwata zvinopesana. Nokuti musiyano pakati
dzaishandiswa nokuda pakururama iri yokuti wokutanga chingabatisiswa sezvo link
kana Linking, akadai kunyange nhamba hadzisisina achiri disassembled akawanda
zvikamu zviduku. Asi nei mweya haafaniri kuvimba zvikuru pamusoro mumuviri
gadziriro, izvo ndiyo Linking ane siyana sezvo pfungwa ino sezvo rimwe, mumwe
siyana verknpfendes kuti pakuva. Anofukidza kupfuura ichi; uye metaphysical

vanoomerwa iri kuzvidzosera usipo pano, kunze chete anoita pachake.

Zvino unogona kuva nechokwadi, zvoitwa mune monadological hurongwa, kuti
kubatana mweya metaphysical nyore inokosha Chaizvoizvo zvaanoda seri
multiplicity mweya zvakavapo. Asi kana zvakanga kuti metaphysics vaizombobereka
akawanikwa izvo zvakajeka uye pasina kuramba sezvo yakatovakwa nheyo pfungwa
chikwata ichi uye Zvaiitwa dzaishandiswa nokuda pakururama - Ini havasati
akakwanisa kuwana zvibereko kuzivisa zvinonyatsorehwa kuburikidza achitevera
Real - kudaro neizvozvo hapana asingasviki nyore mweya chigaro
makazviteya. Nokuti hapana aigona kumisa, mweya mumwe metaphysically nyore
zvakafanana kuvimbwa, kugona kuratidza kuburikidza nebasa ravo panguva imwe
chete kwegadziriro fambisa siyana kumwedzi nzvimbo Body zvikamu pasina
berzupflanzen maererano nheyo matambudziko sangano kubva kune mumwe
nomumwe zvishoma chete, sezvo zuva pamusaka rawo rinokweva maturo
chaizvoizvo ane zvakadai; uye hapana nokuvuka sei kure munhu metaphysical nyore
aigona kumanikidza mweya, asi imwe chaiko pfungwa kutora somunhu kubatana
chaiko kubva kurwisa vamwe zvinhu zvenyika.
Izvi vakawanda mashoko; asi chinokosha maonero anogona zvirokwazvo
manikidza. The Herbart Hurongwa kuti achiri, zvakadaro, kuti maonero chinowa
nyore mweya nezvigaro, zvinofanira zvikasadaro kuva zvimwe mu; nekuti irege
zvakasimba vakasungwa maonero ichi, kana wakaenzana munyori wavo akasungira
kwazviri; zvimwewo asi zvinoita sokuti ari Lotze'schen hurongwa. Nokuti
Lotze 17) inoratidza nyore mweya venyama pamwe zvinokosha emashoko nyika,
sezvo kuti mukati mweya mananara kupa Zvisinei, ivo chete kupa mumuviri
mananara kunze; uye kunyange mweya yedu ndeyokushingaira wayo chaiye
inongova imwe mhando, ayo chinzvimbo uye womukati kukura kune nzvimbo atomu
vakakomba hurongwa por Se zvakaenderana vachiwirirana naye wakaenzana muviri
pfungwa maatomu 18) . Heino maonero kubva mweya nyore inogara rinofanirawo,
sezvo iri kubvuma kuti atomu nyore pachayo haigoni kuva simba kutandadza pane
kuti munhu marefu akwirwe ndokumonereka kuoneka kufamba, izvo (panguva
kudzingwa tiwane mediations) chete nheyo iri samolecular kushanda traceable
Impact kusvikira pedyo maatomu uye chikamu pedyo maatomu vaigona kuratidza
ukama pakati mweya uye muviri wayo.
17)

Mikrosk. Ini, 371 va-.

18)

Sezvo ndakati, Drosbach ane "Kubvumirana migumisiro kwesainzi

zvinodiwa mupfungwa dzevanhu" uye "Genesisi pamusoro pfungwa
maererano atomistic mazano" akamisa muzvinyorwa zvose Lotze akafanana
maonero; asi handizivi zvinyorwa izvi kubva yavo maonero.

The maonero Lotze pamusoro pezvakaita kwomweya uye ukama wayo kuti zvinhu
nyika haina nharo philosophically zvinogoneka; asi kune avo nezvimwe maonero
ouzivi pamusoro zvinopesana, kuti chisarudzo pakati pavo kunzvera chete,

chisarudzo pamberi kuti muchai. Ini pachangu tenda kuti kuti tirambe mungava
nehafu-chiyero achakamira rerekero, kana kudzokera shure zvevhiki chaicho kuti
isinganzwisisiki Behind chokwadi, ane chete kusarudza pakupedzisira pakati maviri
aitaura vanopikiswa maonero, kana mweya yose kukamurwa kukamurwa
vakasimudza mazwi ayo venyama nyika maererano ari wokupedzisira Lotze pfungwa
uye kuumba zvakare chinhu, asi kwete mweya mweya zvakafanana, kana pfungwa
dzedu kubatanidza nyika priori kunorondedzerwa nomudzimu uye
yokuronga , Mumwe uye imwe maonero aya anogona kuramba okurega kuiswa edu
nevakawanda zvido 19) ;zvaunogona muupenyu kuitira kuti zvikuru
sezvingatarisirwa, sokuti zvikuru hunonyadzisa mune mumwe uye imwe
nevakomana. Ko ndiko kuuya chisarudzo?
19)

Rave akaedza kubudikidza Lotze muna Microcosm ake, neni rangu rinonzi
Avesta.

Ndinofunga Zvichava pano, sezvo yaiva wefizikisi pamwe undulatory uye

corpuscular dzidziso: mumwe nomumwe akaita nguva yakatanga kuva wakakwana
dzidziso; mumwe akava varo asi nguva pfupi yapfuura akamira Biot kwenguva, apo
Fresnel mamwe; apo pakupedzisira chisarudzo akasvika asi? Saka, zvinodiwa akaisa
zvose nyaya kuti ruzivo, pasingabatanidzwi zvakasiyana zvimwe, mashoma, asi
dzinokosha; uye ruzivo wakapa zvakanaka. Kwakadaro pfungwa asi ini ndinoona
noruremekedzo nenharo kuti ichi ndiko kuti kuvapo, chokuita kumubvunzo nyore
kana nokuwedzera mweya chigaro, uye ndinofunga kuti zvakanaka ezvinhu kuti pano
kamwe kusingawanikwi zvingangoitika anoratidza kusarudza youzivi enyika
kubudikidza chokwadi.
The chikuru mukana monadological gadziriro, kusanganisira Lotze'sche ndorwangu
kuda, kuti zviri kwavari nyore kutaura mashoko indestructibility kwemweya
kuburikidza nyore Monad kunotambira asina disintegration. Zvakanaka nyore
midpoints, zvaunokoshesa haigoni dziparare, asi Zvibvisike kana kuti ndezvaJehovha
unoora kwavakanga; uye saka kure njanji ichi nechokwadi chete pachena, asi nevaya
nehurongwa uchapupu ane kuzvionera pamusoro monads kana nyore venyama kana
hypostasieren nokuda nyore atomu, kusafa kwomweya muna nyore nzira kurebesa
nechokwadi. Mushure ruzivo kunyange mweya unogona pasinei yavo nokuzvikudza
nokuzvidzora de viabilidad tichishingaira uye akamuka chete pasi chaiwo ezvinhu
enyika corporeality, uye neizvozvo angadaro ndezvaJosephus nokuda monadological
maonero dambudziko rose mumwe maonero zvakare sezvo zvichaita ikozvino
zvaibvira afa pasina muviri kubudirira kuita zvavanenge vachida nezvaaigona
muupenyu nomuviri mumwe chete, kana kwavaigona kuwana muviri
mutsva. Zvisinei, chinonyanya pachena Dambudziko riri nyore kukurira.
Asi nyore nzira haisi kupfuura cogent uye kugutsikana wokutanga uye nyore
haasiye zulnglichste nguva dzose. Saka haufi ndiyo pfungwa saka haufi iri
chechinyorwa yose uye causal kutevedzana siyana munyika yose riri chikamu maitiro
edu. Zvino kana mweya yedu rakundwa atova ino, kwete kubva pfungwa, asi ane

nokusingaperi-achichinja uye kuchinja uye kukura pamwero chikamu yose

chechinyorwa, saka rinogona yaipfekwa muhupenyu hunotevera neimwe uye
nezvimwe nezvedzidzo haufi ichi ukama , Asi ndakati kumwewo pano anenge
zvakakwana 20) uye hachisi nzvimbo kutaura nezvazvo.
20)

Zend-Avesta, Chikamu 3.

Kufanana monadological maonero pano tiine mukana nyore, kunyange asina

zulnglicheren, kupindura mubvunzo wakaoma, saka iye anowana Asiwo zvakaoma
zvikuru mhinduro imwe mubvunzo zvakakomba. Kana mweya umwe neumwe agere
ane pfungwa iri, uyewo unogara pachigaro raMwari imwe pfungwa? uye agere
mweya dzose pfungwa, runokusunganidzai nyika, ukama pfungwa? The maonero
kubva rwakakura mweya zvigaro anokamuka pfungwa vanoda nokuda
okuzvitutumadza chete nomusoro kuva nemaonero ari ubiquitous vanoziva Mwari,
uye kuona maari tepi zvose. The monadological maonero haikwanise kumbobuda
pasina kuhwinha nakisisa mukurumbira, kuti asimbise Mwari kusvikira pazasi
nedzimwe pfungwa, uye naizvozvo rinodzokera chete yakawedzera basa kuti
unyanzvi zvakare mbatya maonero ichi chinoshamisa chitarisiko, asi Mwari kana
zvimwe kuwana amirire Mwari uye nokururamisira zvizere usakurirwe
muzvitendero, kana kusunda nyaya yose murima uye necheseri.
Pfungwa monadological nzira Leibniz uye Herbart handidi zvichiberekana
pano; aimbova ine boka zvinhu uye vanhu vari vakararama isingachinji
kuwirirana; ekupedzisira hakuna chaiko tepi zvinhu.
Lotze adzidza kudiwa zvayo boka zvinhu (capas. I, 413 va-. II, 45 zvi-.) Kuti
kusangana nokuda maonero ane "dzisingaperi fuma" kana "nouchapupu
kusaverengeka", uyo hunhu mitemo yose, zvose Matambudziko zvinhu vari nemimba
izvi pachavo, uye izvo maererano pezvawakaita kwose kwose aripo zvizere wacho
pakuonekwa uye zvinhu; asi zvaari ichi kupa zvakazara anoratidza kwete. "Chii (p.
418) rinopa mumwe nhengo nomumwe havagoni kuzviita, kana uyu munhu, asi chete
insofar sezvazvakaita nomumwe ichi sezvo nekuratidza zvavo ichi." Mumwe
vangaedzwa kuchengeta ichi parinogumira fuma yaMwari, uye kana ndiri havana
kukanganisa, vanofanira kana pfungwa zvakanaka ndiwo okupedzisira nhungamiro
yavo chiito vakaruka nokuda Lotze, waimiririra nzvimbo yaMwari; kunyange
ichingori kwakakomba pakakoromoka kuti ichazadzwa muna zvichida rekupedzisira
achiri kuti kutarisirwa zvikamu basa rake kuti kureva kumbobvira zvakajeka pachavo
nezvazvo. Kana nzvimbo zhinji (I, p. 424. 432. 435) ane fuma kuchagadzirisa
vavariro kunoita zvakadaro kunogona kupa pachavo mitemo, mumwe anoona
kumwewo (capas. L, 418) musimboti ane fuma zvakajeka chete yezvakaita mweya
richienzaniswa, asi kwete vanozivikanwa; Uyewo vaisagona zvakaitika pasina
kuparadzwa mugumisiro ichi. Zvino zvinoita sokuti kwandiri, zvisinei, kana ndiri
kumanikidzwa vakawanda kuenzanisa hunhu ane fuma sezvo boka pfungwa vose
vanoziva mweya zvazviri, kudana nokuda mhedziso kuti, Ukuwo, fungidzira
yezvakaita mweya musimboti kuti kuenzanisa vane dzisingaperi fuma zvichienderana,

kureva hazvishandi kusunga kusvikira, asi kubata sezvo boka pfungwa, uye ipapo
kunoshandurwa Hazvingambodaro achifananidza vhoriyamu zvinhu hwokusaziva
chete musimboti wenyika chavanoziva pfungwa chete, asi chaizvoizvo chete varipo
kuvamba. Saka, maonero ndinoona pano nekurovererwa hafu kupindura nenzira
vaifanira chete kuenda zvachose kuti zvinoenderanawo, asi neizvozvo repealed kosi.
Ngatitii, pashure zvose, youchenjeri vaipemberera kuchakunda yokukurira
nezvinetso zvose mumire maonero kubva mweya iri nyore inogara chikamu ruzivo,
unyanzvi mufananidzo aizokwanisa anokunyaradza dambudziko rose kana kuti
kuvanza, inova inogutsa kana zvichibvira chete shanduro naMwari pose pose
vanoziva kuvapo anoshora ari maonero ichi, asi chii chaizoshatiswa chokuzviona kuti
psychophysics? chete kukurira gomo yakaoma kupinda ine rima akafa magumo
kwavari uye kusundira Zvinhanho parusvingo; zvisinei anonzwa unobva rakakura
nezvigaro anokamuka pfungwa, pamwe nemaonero vastest zvigaro ane mweya
mukutsigira, experiential munzvimbo isina uye munda wakaorera kuferefeta uko
unyanzvi uye kuwana mabasa, asi mabasa ane mhinduro zvechokwadi kunoda mberi.
Kutaura zvazviri, pane yose Chokwadi, tichaenda pazasi, chikamu maonero kubva
mweya nyore zvigaro priori kunyange kukurukurwa; Pane vanongoita akati pano
hakuchina kuenda. Asi kana tiri zvechokwadi kuenda mumaoko edu maonero,
vanogona kuenda kubudirira uye tarisiro kwohumwe kubudirira, nei hatifaniri
kuenda?
Naizvozvo, zvinotevera vachagamuchirwa se kubudikidza yakakura mweya
nezvigaro kumunetsa nemaonero.
Mumwe anogona zvichida kuwana chinoshamisa chandakaita zvapfuura nharo
zvikuru Lotze, sezvo musi Herbart bhuku. Herbart maonero kudaro chinoshamisa
kwandiri kuti haisi catchy zvingadai zvakaitika 21) ; asi handina kufunga kubva
panzvimbo. Nokuti Herbart kwakaita nyore venyama hyperphysical kana shure
mumuviri, kuva dzinonyatsozikanwa nzvimbo, hachisi muduku, nhamba kwayo
pazvakaringana chaiye iye haana kukwanisa kumutsa ayo akataura Trailers
vakawanda munhu asiri dzinopikisana pachayo zvakajeka, kuti mubvunzo yose
nenzvimbo mweya anochengeta ane kujeka kumashure; pamusoro anatomical uye
matambudziko vasiri haana kuenda mubvunzo, uye kurwa metaphysics yake
Chokwadika kwete nyaya gwaro iri. Against rinopa maonero Lotze uye mharidzo
maonero ake kubva pakutanga zvakajeka uye vamwe dzinopesana zvinhu kuti
zvinechokuita gwaro rino, izvo vanoita zvakananga mune ruzivo, uye pasina
panotaurwa rokutanga kudzidzwa metaphysics, sezvazvakanyorwa yakanyorerwa
kubva Herbart kusvika physiologists (mabasa V, 114), vanobvumira nebope
naye. Sezvineiwo, Lotze'sche maonero, kunze chaiyo hypostatization mumuviri
yemweya uye boka kuburikidza substantially dzisingaperi, izvo chokwadi hunokosha
uye dzinokosha kumhiri kusiyana, pamusoro ukama kwomweya kusvikira muviri
vose zvinokosha zviri Herbart ' kutonga maonero zvachose zvakajairika, uye vazhinji
zviri kunorehwa pamusoro Lotze maonero, vaizova kuti hapana zvishoma kunorehwa
pamusoro Herbart.
21)

Chinonyanya kukosha Related akawanikwa pano s. Lehrb. d. Psychol.

smtl. Anoshanda. T. V, 114 T. VI, 390 f.

d) nyaya ari kuwedzera zvivharwe mweya chigaro.

Awana kuti mweya chigaro ari kuomesa mupfungwa haigoni anoonekwa somunhu
nyore, mubvunzo wechipiri zvikuru ichibudira sei kure anomunzwira chiwedzerwa
kwayo, kana chete pamusoro uropi uye sei kure muuropi?
A zvinhu guru chokwadi chiripo iyo inogona kuisa zvinoyerera iyi ukama,
kunyanya vari kuedza mhuka musoro. Ndinofunga zviri kukonzera kuti hanya, kuita
uwane pfupiso uye kukurukurwa iyi pano kuti pakupedzisira pedyo nokureurura kuti
vane zvakaoma zvimwe zviri pachena chokwadi sezvo kuti mhuka nyore maererano
sezvo kwesangano uye mweya pachikuva, , hama rokuwedzera rakatetepa mweya
chigaro kunowedzera, uye kuti haasi rose tsinga, hama uropi zvakaenzana chinokosha
nokuda mweya mashandiro pasina saka kure vanogona zvimwe kuzochera inopinza
pamuganhu mitemo. Pashure inozivikanwa zvakaitika 22) Vashomanana vangangoora
vachida kuramba ndokugurwa musoro zvipembenene chishamiso; uye mhuka isina
uropi aripo, haagoni chokwadi anofanira chokuita kuti kutekenyedzwa. Mubvunzo
mukuru Zvisinei, achiri pasi nharo, von inotenderera vertebrates, uye munhau iyi
Ndinofunga zviri pamusoro rtlichsten, panokurukurwa chokwadi uye nharo
pamusoro nokududzirwa kwenguva kuitwa kusiiwa kune vaya vawanire izvi
zvaibatanidzwa, physiologist kusvikira vanoratidza zvokungokubatai nani,
psychophysics kupa ushori, kana psychophysics zvingatoita kuti vakadaro. Chete
vamwe vakawanda, kunyange asina itsva, kutsoropodza zvinhu zvingava pano Place.
22)

Treviranus Biol. V, 439. Pakati rakadai uye mitemo org. Upenyu II, 192.
Froriep kuti Tagesber. 1852. Febr. No. 467th

Dudziro vose vatambi dzinoita kutaura nezvokuvapo kutekenyedzwa uye nehanya

kwemhuka ndokugurwa musoro, kunoda nokunyatsongwarira, uye nguva dzose
anoramba nedhigirii chokwadi kuti funga kufunga mukana yakafanana migumisiro
makemikari mudziyo kana mashandiro, sokuvapo uropi uripo, rayo manzwiro uye
nehanya anopinda ukama, asi vake mutambo achiri kunoitika pashure kubviswa
kuuropi somugumisiro zvokunze kana dzomukati mazano pasina kutekenyedzwa uye
nehanya nenzira yakafanana.
Havagoni ane kufamba yokuzvidira pachena, kana kuti kutipa kwokugamuchirwa
uye dzematongerwe kunatsiridza kwayo kuita pahwaro siyana mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, chii kazhinji pfungwa dzayo pfungwa, chokwadi zviratidzo manzwiro
uye kuti nokushanduka-shanduka, nekuti kana kufamba pachena nokuzvidira
kwemhuka ndokugurwa musoro kuitika pasina zvinoitwa zviwane, ipapo, kunze
ndechokuti kazhinji kukwezvana mhepo kungaita akadaro vakakuvadzwa chikamu,
uyewo haana kudzivirira kuti kunyange kuenda nokuda zvipenyu zororo uye
Kurohwa pachayo evoked rwomukati unzuberechnenden kuchinja sezvo pezviri

kuitika chirwise sangano hanya, izvo zvingava zvikuru zvakafanana kufamba mhuka
yose ipapo nokuti kunyange wose vaimbova zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa
zvikaramba pasina vane zvakakodzera vane manzwiro uye pakuverenga navo
muchadya pakudanana. Inoshanda uye hunoshanda dikidiki kufamba nemamiriro
ezvinhu, zvisinei, saka kure sezvo riripo, kuva yakafanira kune sokunobatsira
pachishandiswa muviri pacharo, kubudikidza kare vamwe vedu rinoumba michina
vachinje kwavo mutambo pachayo advantageously ezvinhu zvakaomesa ari
dzematongerwe achishandisa zvikuru Utachiona kwete mugakava anoenda zvikuru
mberi panyaya iyi.
Chii hereinafter Iye ari sechiratidzo nehanya kana manyawi, mumwe nokuda
kwenyu mutambo mumwe mashandiro, kungava nyore dzepanguva mashandiro kana
kupfuura yakaoma mashandiro, izvo anokurukura pamwe vanoziva pfungwa
pachinhu kwemhuka yakasimba, anodzidza simba uye simba anotaurawo. Duku kure
uropi, saka game anogona maererano zviripo zvakare ndinoiitawo ndiende
kwechinguva, kana pasi pokudzora mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kutsiva simba
wouropi, tinovandudza pasina asiwo chokuita zvaiitika.Zviratidzo nehanya vari ipapo
sokuti chete. The zvinobvira pakuonekwa rusununguko kunobva unpredictability,
pindira sezvo anongoitika kwokunze uye dzimwe mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
vari yakaoma mashandiro, pakuonekwa chinangwa kuti zvakakodzera kuti mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira uye kuita kubvisa kukuvara uye kudzivisa, pamusoro
kwokugamuchirwa nako uye nomazviri kurwisa vanhuwo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira uye kuzvidzivirira kazhinji zvinokuvadza ari zvaitarisirwa
yakatarwa. Familiarization uye kurovedza muupenyu pachahwo zvinogona
kukonzera zvakawanda kusimbisa mashandiro uye kuwedzera Aimbova pambiru
bhiri kwake chiziva kushandiswa.
Zvichakadai, legality nako fambisa kutora nzvimbo mhuka ndokugurwa musoro,
uye reducibility rayo pamusoro dzepanguva zvaakasika (iro izwi hunobviswa
Different akasiyana chaizvo kureba), uyewo haana chokwadi uchapupu aitwe
manyawi, insofar pamwe yacho yakaonekwa legality uye reducibility pamusoro
Reflex mashandiro hakusi kwose kwose, vamwe hachisi chipingamupinyi, kuti
manzwiro uye mafungiro ngarurege kushamwaridzana sezvaakanga mutemo
dzepanguva zviito mushure musoro sepakutanga decapitation.Zvisinei, zvakaitwa
pashure disconnection wedzinza kubva musana kuuropi kuburikidza cheka kana
kuparadzwa pathological kunyange kufamba vari musana yawapihwa chete tsinga
zvikamu maererano nemitemo dzepanguva chiito, pasina huru kuziva, izvo ukama
uropi, anonzwa chinhu chakadai; asi kushandisa advanced kuti anzi kana munhu
achipfeka kuti vasingagoni kumativi vane chamazuva iri kuvhiringidzwa pamwe
uropi, asi akaita manzwiro pachavo uye sezvinoita zvakanaka kuvaka pamusoro
dzepanguva zviito kupfuura nokuvapo uropi nyaya nekuti kunyanya kudzidzisa
mananara mhuka divisible kuti mupfungwa yemasoja. kubudikidza voga pakati
muviri uko kwakanyorwa kwakabatana, kungava vaviri vakaparadzana zviyero, izvo
havanzwi chii vamwe ndinonzwa Mashoko aya supersedes zvakaitika uye pfungwa
maonero uko vaivenga kutekenyedzwa kwemhuka ndokugurwa musoro vanovimba
kazhinji, ayo nderechokwadi.

Pakupedzisira, zvinhu zvikuru zviviri dzinosimbisiswa sezvo zvikuru. First. Kana

pachayo inofanira kuva demonstrable anogona panguva imwe nzvimbo
kuparadzaniswa uropi musana kuti hapana kutekenyedzwa uye hapana nemotokari
nepfungwa zvikuru, saka izvi asingadi kunyange vakaedzwa panguva zvose, chero
bedzi anokurukura uropi, kwete Huwandu yayo mupfungwa basa, kureva, kuti
kufamba vari zvakananga ukama zvokutsinhanisa conditionality pamwe mupfungwa
kushanda, une, nokuda maererano dzaro zvakafanira uropi, asiwo aigona kuva
kwakakwana kupa mugove ichi. Sezvo tichifanira kuziva zvakare kuti pedyo mweya
chigaro chinoshanda, saka zvingangoitika nhungamiro yake Mitausdehnung Saka
chero zvazvingava rinopiwa musana, saka bedzi izvi maererano kumuzinda kufamba
izvi, pasina chete kuti achigonawo inoda kuti vaunze kufamba kwakadaro kana
fortzuerhalten pachakwo.
Uyewo kunyange chimwe chikamu uropi, kana anosiiwa vamwe, unogona kuita
chimwe chinhu kuti kubhadhara kwepfungwa, zvisinei, rinobatsira maererano
zvimwe, uye munhu zvine musoro zvikuru sezvo chero zvikamu uropi sezvo musana
kugovana anofanira kuramba pfungwa kushanda, kana imi, chiremera vaida kuti
zvavari kubatsira panyaya mashandiro anoita yose kunhaka, bvunzo zvidimbu kuti
vanoparadzaniswa dzasara. Pfungwa yacho makemikari ukama zviri nani kuti sei
chikamu chimwe nechimwe yose muna chinowedzera mabasa ayo, achaita
saizvozvowo rinotsigirwa ukama iyi mabasa ayo uye inotarisirwa kana kudzidza
kuita kudaro. Zvadaro, mumwe anogona vanoti kwakaita mhuka ndokugurwa
musoro, ivo vanofanira kukwanisa kupa zvahungava hwakaita pamusoro chii kuti
kuwana vakanyarara musana kana kwete kutenga kugona, hapana probative kukosha
kuti chii maererano uropi kuti chinowedzera mupfungwa mabasa.
Chepiri. Sezvakanga shoma, chokwadi kuti munhu anoona kuramba chepfungwa
wouropi asinganetseki apo imwe chidzivaidzo pakati uropi uye musana harina
mabasa izvo vakawanda pathological zvakaitika varume vasiri chipo mhuka
zvinoratidza kuti musana kuti pfungwa mashandiro uropi kwete kutora mugove,
chero bedzi uri muna nayo pedyo chete nharo chete saka naizvozvo
hwaizochengetedzwa vachikumbira kunyange mupfungwa mabasa zvakare pamusoro
Mitanteil chikamu chimwe nechimwe uropi, nokuti pashure kare yataurwa kuedza
kunyange hemisphere rose rinogona kubviswa pasina pfungwa mashandiro anoita
musana uropi zvachose tiratidzike anetseka. Asi ndiyo musimboti yokubatana
kumiririrwa, iro rinongoshanda vari nhengo, akavamba kuti kunyange kurasikirwa
chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikamu pfungwa mashandiro hakuna akanzwa, saka bedzi
kunoreva saka kumiririra navo varipo, pasina kuva simbe, saka vachingova varipo.
Zvadaro, zvinoratidzika neniwo nokuda anozivikanwa chokuti pashure kudimurwa
manzwire pakuva ndiye achiri varipo, uye kunyange sokuti vachiri ainzwa
kurwadziwa chete, kwete zvachose zvakaratidza kuti chero bedzi makumbo aya
asipo, psychophysical mabasa icho manzwiro iwayo dzinobva, mune tsinga Voda
kupinda uye zvinobatsira mune yokubatana manzwiro avo.
hwayo Mubvunzo kana rakatetepa mweya chigaro, panzvimbo kuripa yose uropi
muna vertebrates, kwete imwe mugove yakamanikana, anotambudzwa

nematambudziko akafanana mubvunzo kana kunosvika mhiri asina mudukusa

dzimwe mhuka naro; kuitira kuti sezvo shoma kwakaitika chisarudzo chaiwo
kusvikira zvino. Chete, sezvo dzatoona chiyamuro, akasarudza vasiri kuedza kuti
nhengo dzose uropi wakaenzana kukosha nokuda mweya mashandiro kuburikidza Z.
B. chete kubviswa guru, asi kwete cerebellum, mabasa mweya nokusingaperi
vanotambura 23) , Zvisinei, vanhu pfuma vamwe nezvekufadza kwakabatana
kuvimbika nechepakati zvikamu, umo kuzarura panze kutsinga dzinouya
tsinga. Mapiro nduru akaratidza kubatana nomweya mabasa zvimwe zvikamu uropi,
zvinogona kunzi wakarurama kana nekutarisisa kana priori zvinhu sezvo
zvakakwana.
23)

comp. pamusoro kushaya kubatana zviri cerebellum kusvikira vanoziva

mweya zvinhu kunyanya kuferefeta mutsva Wagner ari mwarikadzi. Ngirozi.
Num. 1860. BSN. No .. 4

e) tangaizve uye yokupedzisira.

The yapfuura zvabatanidzwa unogona kuona kuburikidza experiential chokwadi
uye zvinhu wakateya uyewo:
1) Kuti richengetedzwe mweya muupenyu huno haibvi pane kuchengetedzwa imwe
pfungwa kana duku chikamu muviri, asi nezuva solidary kusakarongeka yenhengo
zvose uye mabasa muviri dzekuno mukwanisi uye kuti zvimwe richisvika mukana
itirana kumiririrwa kuti maererano here kutsvaka mamwe chokuita kwachiri chigaro
kwemweya rose muviri.
2) Kuti zvinooneka mabasa, izvo manzwiro uye vanoziva vanoziva remangwana
kana zvinofunga mabasa kuvimba zvachose, kwete kumutsa bedzi anosiiwa imwe
pfungwa muviri pacharo, asi panguva kuvhiyiwa kwavo pamwero wakadaro kutakura
naizvozvo kuti nechokuita kwachiri pedyo mweya vagere pamwero mumuviri
rinofanira kutsvaka.
3) Kuti maererano nesangano uye mweya pamwero uri nyore, uye hama
rokuwedzera rakatetepa mweya chigaro inokura.
4) Chokwadi chokuti nhengo dzose uropi anoreva zvakafanana nokuti mweya
mabasa.
Kusiyana neizvi, vari mibvunzo kana akanga kunyanya oga kutsvaka vertebrates
muna zvisikwa kuti uropi, kana uye sei kure iye anomunzwira anenge mhiri uropi uye
muuropi pacharo, hapana akasarudza imwe saka wakasuduruka chikonzero uye
mumwe dambudziko kune rumwe rutivi zvokupikisa uye Mukono nokuomerwa
nevakomana divi zvinogona rwakatarisana. Kunyange shoma iri philosophischerseits
sarudzo panyaya iyi yakapiwa, zvokuti pakupedzisira nemaonero nyaya kutenda
nomumwe anoramba, ndiko kupa kuti kubatana wake zvimwe maonero.
Pashure kubatana kwakaita maonero edu panyaya pokukurukurwa pazvitsauko
tiratidzike kunyange kutevera sezvo zvikuru yaizoputsika kwatiri.

Nzvimbo kurovedza muviri zvaida vanoziva mweya mabasa nepedyo kushanda

nedoro, kana mune pfupi, ari pedyo mweya chigaro harisi chete nenhamba zvisikwa
zvakasiyana, asiwo chete zvisikwa kwete zvakasimba circumscribed kuburikidza
zvichienderana
ichi
kana kuti zvoupenyu kutsinga dzinouya basa kana yakatokura
Contribuu a millorar la
traducci
mupfungwa basa iri vaizviti, chikuru muupenyu kufamba, izvo inozviisa pasi kuziva,
pfupi psychophysical basa pamusoro chikumbaridzo, nzvimbo yaro uye zvakadini
shanduko. Chero nguva pane nzvimbo iri tsinga, apo umwe ariko, hama kupinda
uropi, uko basa iri mhare, uye pano dzimbabwe dzakasiyana mweya kana mweya
chigaro unogona kutarira mukati narrowest mupfungwa. Kubva panguva iyi kufamba
pamwe kudzikira simba rose chomunda huta fibers muuropi, musana, tsinga kuenda,
ari kuwadzana, uye kuitira kure sezvo vane imwe dhigirii simba, vomukova siyana,
kukonzera kuti pfungwa kurera pachikumbaridzo; chii chingava ezvinhu widths
akasiyana. Kana anogona kubudisa musana uye tsinga kunyange pashure
kuparadzana kubva uropi kana pfungwa kushanda, pakuti vanogona kubereka
kunyange psychophysical fambisa zvakakwana simba kusapfuudza pachikumbaridzo,
pashure chii zvingava zvakasiyana uyewo maererano nemamiriro, uye zvaienderana
ndiko yapfuura kuedza chokwadi decidable.

Text original

XXXVIII. Kupararira Mutemo Weber uye chokwadi

vomukova
iri yomukati psychophysics. 1)

Apo ndinofunga ndakaita zvakakwana nechitsauko yapfuura kukurukura mibvunzo

rwevanhu rokutanga, ndinonyengetera kuna zvandiri kufunga kuti vakasarudzwa
pano yayo kuitwa sezvo chaiko wokupinda dzomukatikati psychophysics kubva
akasarudzwa muChitsauko 36 pfungwa panze.
1)

Tichitevera S. 82 Revision S. 221st

The epamutemo ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro anogadza

besprochenermaen mberi zvakadaro pakati anotikurudzira uye psychophysical
mabasa rumwe rutivi, pakati psychophysical basa uye manzwiro panorumwe.
Saka, iye zvino chete zvinoshandawo paanowana nezvechimwe saizi ukama pakati
psychophysical basa, tiri kuwana yomukati psychophysics chokuita rokunze uye
chaiyo yokuti inofamba, vane kufunga psychophysical basa pamwe chete pamwero
akayera, isu kurovedza muviri, kubva apo dzinovhurika kubva kunze, kana
yakwidzwa, kana iri chingabatisiswa sezvo chiitwa nechiyero, door nesimba
mupenyu, izvo zvichiri haasi zvinosanganisira zvakadaro akayera ivo ndiyo
zvekumirira kune kinetic simba pamusoro anotikurudzira zva- uye tora chii
kuongorora kana uye sei kure asi chete zvakadaro. Kutaura zvazviri, kazhinji kacho,

hapana kunotadzisa kuti variables maviri Akayera pamwe chete racho netepimezha,
asi kana muri zvakaenzana, asi kukura zvekumirira kune mumwe uye kuderera kana
vari kare rutivi nhasi. Kushandisa chete Elle ane kungoziva wevakadzidza
zvinobatsira kuti kukwanisa kunzwisisa zvose nyore uye pasina zvinoderedza
pamusoro ndeechokwadi ezvinhu.
Mubvunzo huru iyo ine kuita pakutanga, zvino sezvinotevera:
Ko mutemo Weber maererano izvo Empfindungszuwchse vari kugara apo hama
Reizzuwchse vari kugara, uye chokwadi vomukova, pashure izvo kutekenyedzwa
yawana imwe kuti munhu ukoshi chete pane imwe anokamuka anotikurudzira tsika
yomukati psychophysics muukama pakati manzwiro pamusoro psychophysical basa
kushandura nzira kuti vakurukurirane wayo kuonga kuburikidza netsika zvekumirira
psychophysical basa aimiririra anofunga kana panzvimbo muukama pakati
psychophysical basa kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira worudzii kuti mumwe
psychophysical manzwiro uye kuonga kwavo Proportional zvinokosheswa basa
anofunga kumiririrwa. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinoenderana ari kutekenyedzwa ari
psychophysical basa, kana zvinoenderana psychophysical basa kubva mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira mukati zvinoreva chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera
inonyatsoita kubva nyaya chii pakutanga Mhedziso Zuwchse psychophysical basa
apo anotikurudzira, wechipiri kana kutekenyedzwa kwokuva kuenda kupi
psychophysical basa Proportional.
Kunyange vakawanda chaizvo nemaonero zvakakwana kuti uite chisarudzo
vachifarira wokutanga kubvuma. Mushure zvinokosha musiyano pakati mumuviri
uye mupfungwa munzvimbo ukama pakati mupfungwa uye mumuviri basa mukati
zvinoreva chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera inonyatsoita rakanyatsojeka
kumboadya, nepo nedoro yakadaro pakati vaviri chaiko mabasa, richimiririrwa
pamusoro ruoko mumwe irritant zvazviri, Ukuwo parutivi psychophysical basa
mupfungwa kwemitemo mumuviri uye vasiri hakusi kumboadya.
Ukuwo, zviri nyore uye chinonyanya dzinongoitika ezvinhu kuti tinogona kupa
nekuti zvakafunga avo mitemo kuti Zuwchse inovapo nechiedza uye kurira
vakurukurirane vari kutarisana uye auditory mabasa kuenda Zuwchsen kuti
vakurukurirane zvekumirira sokuvapo tsika kuti semurume. Next Zvisinei,
proportionality varege kushandisa nekuti mutemo Weber usisiri chinoshanda.
Zvechokwadi, ichi hachisi zvakakodzera chaizvo, nokuti anotikurudzira haazivi
kuiparadza mashoko makemikari mabasa maererano nheyo kuvhunduka, uye hatizivi
zvakakwana nzira kunokonzera avo kuti zvekumirira Transitional chete rokunze
excitations ari wose zvisingakwaniswi kuramba pfungwa basa nyore. Asi kana
sarudzo pakati ichi nyore chaizvo dzinongoitika uye pakatarisana Aizoshandisa
ezvinhu uye kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anogona here kutsigira nemamwe
zvikonzero, kusarudza haagoni kuva negakava.
Heano zvarakasiya kubva proportionality pakati Zuwchsen pamusoro
anotikurudzira uye psychophysical basa, achiratidza kuedza musi kwazvo zvimwe,
hapana chinoshamisa;nekuti kunyange nyore kuvhunduka zvinokonzerwa kuitika
runoenzanirana zvarakasiya apo zvimwe zviri kupfuura, riri nyore zvinogona

kutarisirwa panguva Kupindira pakati anotikurudzira ari kuoma makemikari

muchina. The nesimba rimwe rematambudziko kana mundiro uye somugumisiro
kusimba inzwi muviri kukwirira kuwa kwayo akawira muviri zvekumirira kuenda
sezvo refu (T. I, peji 179, et seq.), Sezvo elastic muganhu haina kupfuura; zvakadaro,
anowana tambo kana aiise zvachose elongation, compression kana kwetsika
kuburikidza nomuviri yazadza, saka proportionality ichi anotambura kuputsika. The
Zuwchse simba matauriro mumuviri vachiri kunobva chete Zvaiitwa Zuwchsen
pakati kinetic simba pamusoro vibrating tambo kana ndiro, asi kwete kubva vaya
donhwe kukwirira kuwa muviri. Saka kutekenyedzwa kwakakurumbira pasi richiri
saizvozvo kubva psychophysical kinetic simba pamusoro tsinga, asi kwete kubva ari
anotikurudzira, kuvimba kunyange pashure nokupererwa anomutora Mutemo Weber
racho nesimba tide.
Kunyange mutemo kufanana (T. I, ch. 12) inowirirana chete wokutanga kubvuma
uye chingatova anoonekwa somunhu mugumisiro wayo. Maererano nomutemo uyu,
ukuru vasiyane pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira maviri haachinji kana utetsa
iri kushatiswa zvakafanana nokuti zvose. Asi chaizoderedza kana vasiyane nani
zvekumirira kwaizotika mhedziso kusiyana psychophysical basa sezvo hama; nokuti
kana mumwe maviri mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira simba zvokomara utetsa
kunongoratidza achiri Kungodudzwa nehafu sezvo simba psychophysical basa, saka
musiyano ipfupi hafu yayo.
Ko nzira kunyange theorem kutsamira ari kusimba chiedza rinotsamwa uye kurira
kubwaira kufamba nesimba anotikurudzira mukati zvinoreva wechipiri ezvinhu
vaiona zvichibvira, ipapo ichi zvaisazova zvakakwana, asi, sezvo kutekenyedzwa ari
kudzikira pakati zvenzwi pashure mitemo yakakodzera kunoitika apo simba, saka
munhu aizofanira kufunga nhamba vibrations ari psychophysical sangano
zvinoenderana pachinhu ichi vibration kakawanda pamusoro anotikurudzira, chiri
zvisingafungidziriki chokwadi.
Mushure kubatana, apo chokwadi vomukova pamwe mutemo Weber racho
dzakaenzana inonyatsoita ndiko, anoronga mubvunzo kuti murayiro uyu ndiwo
kuchinjirwa dzomukatikati psychophysics, indisputably vo mubvunzo kuti chokwadi
kuti. Asi isu tiri kuferefeta vachiri kunyanya panyaya ekupedzisira, mubvunzo: kana
sezvo anotikurudzira uyewo akaparirwa naye psychophysical kufamba inofanira
kusvika imwe simba, ichigere akakwanisa kuita manyawi, pashure iyo chikumbaridzo
anotikurudzira yaizova ndiani psychophysical ari kukwanisa kudzinga sangano
wacho chikumbaridzo, kana kuti vanhu vakurukurirane asi chete ane kusvika imwe
simba psychophysical kufamba pamberi nokusingaperi kunotanga, uye kutanga
psychophysical kufamba rinotanga, kutekenyedzwa pakarepo.
Yokupedzisira kubvuma sokuti mubvunzo pamusoro zvavo zvinhu zvinobvira
chaizvo. Kana bhiza zvaunoswedera rinorema motokari nenzira yakarurama, saka
hazvisi kukwanisa kuiisa huchiitwa kusvikira kutamburira kwazvo imwe kukura,
kubvira ipapo anopindwa kuenda. Sezvo iye zvino anowana pasi nzira, iye
anotungamirira mutoro wake, uye shoma nokukurumidza mumotokari uyewo anoita
roga runoenzanirana mutoro pamwechete. Saka, mumwe angati, Chokwadi, mumwe

simba pamusoro anotikurudzira zvakakodzera kuunza psychophysical sangano

munyika zvitange, asi kwete kusvikira mumwe simba psychophysical sangano kuti
entrain chishamiso; asi muduku inofamba kwakadaro kuchaitawo kutakura
risingamboshandisi kutekenyedzwa.
Asi dudziro iri nechekare ichazivikanwa untenable kuti hazvina transferable kuti
musiyano pachikumbaridzo, uye pasina mubvunzo iwoyo nheyo tsananguro anofanira
kuva zvakakwanira vose nezvikumbaridzo. Kana ini zvachose kuziva kubva nyeredzi
masikati chinhu, haagoni kuona asiri kufanana zvachose pane kukurumidza
zvayaitenderera paguyo Disc pamwe chena uye dema sectors, saka handigoni kutaura
kuti haana psychophysical pfungwa asi kuti haana kusiyana pfungwa kubva
zvinyanye kuonekwa kusiyana maduku akadaro haagoni kupinda kuva kuoneka chete
summation. Saka hapana anoramba asi kufunga kuti musiyano chaiye psychophysical
nemaonero asi hazvigoni zvaizoita sokuti musiyano anoramba afenda, kana asingadi
kusapfuudza imwe kukura; Asi uku ndiko kubvuma kusiyana, saka zvichava
kubvuma kuti mashoko akapoteredza nyaya yacho anotikurudzira uye differential
chikumbaridzozve nokuda Mhedziso hukuru. Neniwo kuda kuyeuka zvimwe nyore
chaizvo chokwadi, iyo inoratidza kuti motokari yacho psychophysical basa angava
Zvisinei, kukwezvwa pasina kare takura chishamiso; kana kuti, kuti muenzaniso
mumotokari kwatiri hairevi. More zvakananga, izvi zvinhu richaiswa akatsanangura
chete kana tava kutendeukira kune mamwe dzakananga Kukurukura hanya gare gare.
Breakfast pamubhedha Ini nehanya kufunga pamusoro Allerlei. Mubhedha
pamusoro dema Stovepipe kune rusvingo rakajeka. Sezvo musoro ichiri, saka
imprimiert kana ini nhema eingebrochenem mangwanani Chiedza yakazaruka
maziso, pfungwa matema nepombi simba mupfungwa, asi ndinofunga pamusoro
zvakasiyana, uye pfungwa iyi kwandiri zvachose afenda. Kakawanda, Ndini, kana ini
maziso angu zvakare, zvarohwa pedyo kwazvo chena afterimage mevira
chubhu. Saka muviri pfungwa yakaitwa nenzira muchimiro kuti kutarisana
kutekenyedzwa aigona simuka, asi akanga, sokuvapo pfungwa yakanga kutsauswa,
akaramba afenda, asi aigona pashure vachiri kuitika munyika kuziva.
Similar Mishumo Scoresby 2) . Kazhinji vachinzwisisa zveefa chinhu muna
Nachbilde yakanga kumboitika kwaari achiri pamwe yakazaruka maziso kunobuda
zvaiitika. Kana ari kumhanya ari vakakura vatambi gwaro wakaiswa chete, saka
Scoresby rinoti kuti akanga abudirira kuverenga pedyo vatambi vari Nachbilde.
2)

Instit. 1854. 154; Pano Liebig kuti u. Kopp kuti Jahresber. 1854 185th

Enderana zvakaitika munhu anogona kuita nokure kunzwa.

It anotaura Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu nesu; asi isu tiri vakapararira uye
havanzwi (vasingazivi), zvaakataura. Nhambo asi isu kuunganidza, uye chii akati,
rinowanikwa kwedu kuziva. Saka pamungawirirana aifanira kufamba uko anovaka
kuteerera, kuva kare akasikwa, uye muunganidzwa pfungwa chete aiva kubudirira,
kuti muvatakure pamusoro pachikumbaridzo.

Nenzira iyi, zvichida kunyange vachiri mwoyo geschehener pashure kuuya

pfungwa, somunhu geschehener akazotevera apo pfungwa yakanga chete
rinotungamirirwa zvakawanda kwakazoitwa kupfuura okutanga. Izvi zvinoguma
gangaidzo chaizvo chiitiko kuti Dr. Hadekamp muna Prussian anotsanangura. Club
Newspaper 3) achitaura zvinotevera: "Zvinoita kwandiri (iye anoshuma) apo ropayokusairira pamwe Schnepper kakawanda zvakaitika kuti ropa kubva tsinga ikamera
kuti Schnepper asati akaenda Kuti akati handisi kureva, Chokwadi, kuti izvi
chinguvana inversion maviri pano. mutauro kuuya mabasa wanyatsoita padzakaitika,
asi ndakati, ndinotaura izvo ziso zvokuita ari uropi meso angu akaudza uropi wangu
chete aibuda ropa kubva tsinga iri richidzutuka uye nechinguvana kwapera ndiko
fleam pamusoro Schneppers munyika. ari waya pasi. Izvi chinonakidza gangaidzo
akaita dzinenge ini vakaisawo hafu gumi nevaviri nguva. zvose Ndakashamiswa
nokuti kana ndiri kare ndakafunga nokuti akanga agara panze. ini saka ndisingazivi
pamadiro kubereka. nguva musiyano pakati vaviri mabasa aitova asina zita duku, asi
akanga guru zvakakwana kuti ndinogona kuramba raakawana pakuongorora yangu
sezvo pasina mubvunzo nguva dzose .... nguva kare ndakaudza Mr. Dr. Schmeisser
naye iyoyi zviri zvakaitika kamwe. Akatanga akaona ropa riyerere kubva tsinga
zvakanaka, ipapo vakatarira kuenda Schnepper, uye akanzwa zvakamubaya.
"Munyori akacherechedza mberi." Ndinoda kutenda kuti ini kuti muzviitiko zvose apo
ini vasangana fungidziro, pamusoro akanga muropa kufara chaizvo. "
3)

Pano pashure Fechner kuti Centralbl. 1854 S. 422nd

Zvichida saizvozvo. hunhu sezvo yapfuura ruzivo ndiye zvinotevera, iyo

Hartmann 4) akaita pachiitiko kuedza zvaakanga zvinoreva kukurukura mamiriro
ezvinhu enyika anonzi. Staff musiyano ane zvikuru kuvakwa midziyo kuti
vanobhadharwa.
4)

Grunert kwakaita Arch. F. Mathem. XXXI, p. 17

An nyeredzi chakagadzirwa akanga ane yunifomu sangano pamwe chikero pamberi

rushava pamusoro; nzira kuti iye. muna 1 Sec zvinorondedzerwa yakakamurwa
chaiyo migove 10. Zvino pakafunuka weboka raverengwa, apo nyeredzi rekupedzisira
sitiroko pamberi shinda rakanga, saka aifanira mberi unotevera sitiroko 10
akamboona.
"Kuchengeta iri mhando, - anoti munyori -. Ndakanga pachangu chakajairika,
kana ndinoshandisa pakafunuka pana iyo nyeredzi aifanira kuva panguva yechipiri
sitiroko, kare vaiziva, ndakafunga pfungwa chiedza asi kupinda kuvhunduka vachiri
anenge 0. 5 mapoka (rakatumbuka pakati 0.3 uye 0,8) kuonekwa mugwara nzvimbo,
saka saka mashoko anenge 0 , 05 kwaizova kumusoro. Ndakaedza nezita, zvikuru
unopinza kuona uye kuva zvikuru ngaiteerere , zvinoratidzika sokuti nokusingaperi
kuuya nyeredzi panguva iyoyo kwechinguva mumire, zvekuti ndakanga nomuedzo

wokufunga kuti panofanira kuva nzvimbo nyeredzi vakamira kupinda kuvhunduka,

kuva zvikuru unopinza determinable sokuti. asi kazhinji, zvaiita nyeredzi zvakare
pasina nokugarika wakadzikama rwizi panguva yechipiri ichivhuvhuta kuenda;
ipapo nendege muzana wavanozvisunga nezvainge rworudyi pfungwa kuburikidza
uye mashoko akanga akarurama Izvi zvakaitika zvikurukuru pakupera kwacho
akatevedzana pandaiva yakaita kare vakaneta, kana apo. Ndakaita zvishoma
nonchalant sightings. Iyoyi ndakanga madekwana nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva,
uye kutamira nokukurumidza Z. B. ane Dots nhema bepa Disc, uye ndima yechipiri.
8 Tsika vakayambuka. The yokufungidzira kamuri yaiva chete pano, munenge
muna 1 / 20 1 chik. Path zvaiyambuka. "
"An tsananguro Fani iyi ndingadai akatadza. Zvinoita sokuti wakazvitsaurira
kamwe periodic hunhu mumasekonzi anorova serakaoma kuteerera. Uyu Fanoona
zvichida vakadaro kunyange sei kunzwa ane anokarirwa Kuwedzera
sezvazvakanyorwa kwokutanga pane here zvinoitwa iye apo rakarashika nyeredzi,
inova shoma anoremekedzwa, ini nguva dzose pamusoro itsva nzvimbo kuziva,
mweya, anzwe zvakaoma, vaviri heterogeneous kwema, kunzwa uye kuona, kuita
iyoyo, sokunge vari mharidzo iri kuonekwa chiedza gwapa nachhinke kusvikira imwe
nguva mumwe anofuridza shoma nokuteerera kutsvakatsvaka nyeredzi kufarira
zvikuru wakateverera, saka kubhururuka kubudikidza nawo pasina kumbomira
pakati pakunyunyuta nokunzwika, saka kuona kunyange asati iye. "
"Nokuti chiedza kupenya, hune zvikuru zvakaoma akamisa nzira yakafanana
rakachengeteka pamusoro pakuongorora. Ndizvowo zvinofanira vaifungidzira pano
kuti masekonzi zvibhakera pane zvaitarisirwa mananara sokunge mberi, asi kunzwa
mheni inoshamisa Kuonekwa. Izvi Ndine, chikuru Kusanyatsoziva izvi zvakawanika
nokuti, sokutaura hazvigoni kutaurwa, uyewo akatendeuka zvisina kunanga munyaya
zvakawanika matambudziko kunonoka - kuti makuru mashoko kwokuonekwa nguva -.
asina kutsunga panze "
Panguva yapfuura zvakananga zvikonzero Ini akamisa ndichiri kutevera zvavo
pfungwa. Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu enyika psychophysical kufamba vari mhiri yedu
nokukurumidza experienceability, tinofanira kufunga kana achisarudza akasiyana
zvinogoneka zvekungofungira kuomerera kuti runovabvumira chokwadi nyore uye
yakakwana muna Zusammenhan-Ge vanomirira.
Zvino, regai anoratidza sei ukama pakati vanoziva uye afenda ideation, hope uye
pretty, mukuru uye akananga kuziva mananara, zvishoma kupfuura mukuru ezvinhu
muupenyu kwepfungwa nyore chaizvo uye inogutsa psychophysical kumiririrwa
inobva kubvuma kuti pachikumbaridzo pfungwa transferable kune psychophysical
sangano ndiko, mvumo izvo hazvibviri kana munhu inobhadhara kukotamira
nevakomana kubvuma.
Handiti 'izvo Handina funga izvozvo chinhu isingavimbiki pfungwa, asi vade
ichifamba ezvinhu chaiyo, pamusoro zvatakaona kuti kuvakirwa, asi kuti
kutekenyedzwa ari psychophysical basa, sezvo izvi zvinoenderana mikana
yakawanda yokukurudzira tichitarisa chinokosha payakavakirwa uye dzakaenzana

fomura, pashure izvo zvichaita chete anoshanda psychophysical basa panzvimbo

anotikurudzira yokusuma kune runoenzanirana pamwero mune zvokuimba izvi.
Shanduro iyi iri nedoro pakati kutekenyedzwa kubva zviwane vari kushanda
ezvinhu psychophysical inofamba dzidziso yedu akatorwa pfungwa navose
precarious ezvinhu uye mitemo vakasununguka, yavakanga vachiri pasi munda
dzokunze psychophysics. Tinofanira kuziva pamberi kuti kunobva Weber mutemo
zvokuimba chokuita nechitarisiko anotikurudzira chete mukati vamwe experimental
zvausingakwanisi edu, chete chete zvakawanda kana zvishoma anokudzwa pakati
rakada, chete chete yokunze hwakawanda tsika anotikurudzira uye zvakaenzana
anogona kuratidza rwomukati ezvinhu nehanya; kuti constants b, ndima Masvomhu
yedu hazvisi zvechokwadi kugara, asi zvinosiyana zvichienderana nokuchinja ratios
izvi. Asi kwete kuita chinhu kugamuchira, asi kana paine nokusingaperi kunokosha
kushanda ukama pakati muviri uye pfungwa, tinofanira vanomanikidzwa kufunga
kuti kururama kwemashoko mitemo iyo kubatanidza kukura uye mhando manzwiro
chete pakukura uye zvakaita psychophysical sangano , rwusina zvisungo uye pasina
chinotivhiringidza ndechokuti, sezvo zvakanaka sezvo kururama kwemashoko
zvakasikwa makarurama zvikuru mutemo rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoita, kuitira
kuti kana Ndeipiko uyewo zvakaenzana uye rudzi psychophysical kufamba ariko,
anogara zvakaenzana uye mhando akabatanidza manzwiro aripo, uye kuti chero
kutsaudzira kuti isu tiwane pamusoro anomutora mutemo Weber uye rakavakirwa
zvokuimba toreva zvokunze anotikurudzira, chete zororo mairi, kuti chete
anotikurudzira kwokunze hakuna rwakakonzera mumamiriro ezvinhu ose akaenzana
psychophysical basa.
Izvi chete pakudyidzana pakati uye mune zvokuimba yedu itirana zvechokwadi
uye anosunga. richafara Zvadaro isu chete anokwanisa kutaura sezvo zvakanaka;
psychophysical sangano haagoni kuva sezvo sezvavakaudzwa vanoziva kana
chavanoziva manzwiro ? aripo, sezvo isu angati, iyo kutekenyedzwa ? havagoni
kuvapo, sezvinoita maererano sei sangano nemararamiro ariko, apo, chero bedzi tiri
kurega panguva zviwane, ngakuve kwokunze anotikurudzira uye zvaida kushatirwa
ikoko, asi hapana kutekenyedzwa simuka kana kwete kuzviitazve anotikurudzira
kusanganisira pasi yakakodzera zvokunze ezvinhu, kunoshandurwa manzwiro
rwomukati nokuti zvingava, pasina zviwane varipo.
Zvisinei, pamusoro kuti kufanana anogona kusimudza akaramba.
Mumwe asingakahadziki nazvo kuti pamamiriro nyama kutekenyedzwa hahugoni
kuvapo pasina muviri kuchinja wakapiwa vavakombe; asi kuti unotora hwomuviri
kuchinja rakachinja akapiwa kutekenyedzwa mberi? Haagoni chete kufamba, izvo
anoda kutekenyedzwa kuuya pamusoro, uyewo mberi pasi mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu,
pasina kuitwa achiperekedzwa dengetera, kana kutakura zvimwe nezvekufadza mune
mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu; saka kunyanya, maererano zvingave sezvavanokudza
mberi mune zvinenge kana kunze nyika, kana zvipenyu zvakasiyana?
Zviri yavaibvumirana, chete kuti munhu ane ipapo kuti kutarisirwa kuti mamwe
mamiriro ezvinhu kunyange zvinotaurwa kutekenyedzwa iri riine, zvaanoda, kana
vari vedu rokudhinda basa. Nokuti havavimbi pamusoro pfungwa iri chinhu asi

yakasarudza pane zvipi akapoteredza kwakanyorwa wanamatira, saka zvaiita

chinoramba yakazaruka kuti vakapiwa kufamba pamamiriro akapoteredza kutakura
kutekenyedzwa kuburikidza supplementing ukama zvizere mamiriro manyawi,
vachakagara kutakurwa mumwe kwete, nokusaparadza kupedza kubatana kuti.
Uyewo anogona kuva nhau pamwe zvinotevera zvinhu kunzi: kana tambo, vasina
vasiyana violin, saizvozvo vibrations zvaigona kuwedzerwa, sezvo sezvo wanamatira
violin, saka iye aizopa chete matauriro; asi zvinogona chete oscillate chete panguva
gitare bhokisi saka chokubudisa resonance yakadai, sezvo ndozvazvakaita. Uye
saizvozvo chero izvo tambo sezvo zvaizoita, kana ivo vanobvuma kufamba kunze
Muviri kwakadaro uye vaya vanosonganirana kufamba kuti sezvo kupa utano hwake
mumuviri, inongova nezvekufadza akadaro (zvataisagona tichida kunyika yemweya,
kuitira kuti kufamba munzvimbo isina chinhu, hungu, vibrations angadai achiri mberi
munyika), asi hazvigoni kupa; Nhengo dzose zviri nani chaiwo mhando chiridzwa
kuti kungaita marudzi chaizvo kufamba maererano hunhu mudziyo yayo, risina
munhu anogona kubereka, kutevera chigaro zvakakodzera mupfungwa peculiarities
Zustndlichkeiten.

XXXIX. General kukosha zvichiitika yomukati psychophysics.

Musiyano munhu kuongorora pachikumbaridzo uye kunyura pazasi
pachikumbaridzo pachikumbaridzo muzano pakati ndiyo umambo nezvekufadza
kwete chaiyo. Yose upenyu wemunhu alternates pakati hope uye pretty, door ane
chavanoziva uye vanoziva mamiriro, muka munhu nzvimbo uye munzvimbo dzese
nomunhu mananara zvomudzimu zvinogona ipapo kusapfuudza chikumbaridzo kana
kuwira pasi payo. The psychophysical kumiririrwa zvose 'iri vanotongofanira kuva
chokuita uye dzinobva nhungamiro imwe chete. Tiri psychophysical mufananidzo
kuziva sechokufa nzvimbo yakachengeteka saka runotigombedzera mashoko
akapoteredza chokwadi uye mugumisiro kuona pachavo kuti kungotaurawo uye
inference. Uye pasina kunyange muchiziva psychophysical mabasa pasi redu kuziva
mananara, kunyange asina basa kuziva zvakafanana kuti kukwezvana ndiko kutsiva
kwedu dzakaenzana payakavakirwa, kuti kungotaurawo nezvokuti zvakakwana kuti
chete psychophysical kufamba kana nokuchinja mumwe mwero simba Itai kuziva,
kuva afenda pasi pamwero, kare kupa mukuru chaizvo chokuita pacharo uye
kuswedera mhedziso inokosha. Ngatikurukurei kuyeuka zvishoma nheyo
kungotaurawo ichi chinokosha shure uye kunan'anura vaitarisira ndima dzaro.
The kwadzinoita zviito mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kutanga vakashanda,
kuti kudonongodzwa mumunda dzokunze psychophysics chokwadi kuti chii zvinoita
kutekenyedzwa nechitarisiko, inofanira kupfuudza mumwe mwero simba, kuti vave
vanoziva. Izvi zvinoteverwa yakasungirirwa kunaka shanduro vakurukurirane vari
psychophysical basa pakutanga mhedziso kuti uyewo pave anotikurudzira uye
kumiririrwa psychophysical basa anofanira pfuura rimwe pamwero simba
kuziva. Nhaurirano zvinotevera chitsauko yokurara uye pretty uye pfungwa
achaswedera pedyo kuratidza kuti chinonzi chokwadi nyama uye rinokosha rakadai
rinogona hwakatamisirwa vakawanda kuziva uye mukuru mananara zvaiitika. Ndizvo
kudiwa kuchamuka kuti tijekerwe pamusoro ukama, iyo huwandu pachena kuziva

zviri pachikumbaridzo dzinokosha mananara zvaiitika. Pokukurukurwa experiential

ukama pakati migumisiro pfungwa uye anotikurudzira muchitsauko 42 tichashumira,
chii chinogona Rinobva rwevanhu nezvavanofunga nedzidziso panyaya iyi, kuratidza
Nekubatanidza kumunetsawo zvose experiential ukama uye danho reshiyo, izvo
zvinoratidzwa matiri nezvipo, ndiye pakupedzisira mune rechi45
chitsauko. kunyange kupfuura isu chingatsvakwa.
Izvi, zvinoitika chinokosha kukosha kuti chokwadi vomukova yose kukura
yomukati psychophysics; izvi wakaramba, pasina pamusoro wake chii ane muviri
pasina muzvikamu, cheka, Ndizvo pasina nhengo uye maoko nemakumbo.
About izvi zvose, shoko rokuti ane mashoko psychophysical pachikumbaridzo
rinokosha rinoreva chaizvo chokwadi kuti ariko kunyange simba hwaro pfungwa
chaanoziva.Psychology asingagoni Abstract kubva afenda nezvekufadza, pfungwa,
hungu pamusoro zvinokonzerwa afenda nezvekufadza, pfungwa. Asi sei kuita, chii
haasi; kana nazvo ane afenda manyawi, pfungwa yakadaro kuti hatina
zvakasiyana? Musiyano anofanira kuitwa, asi sezvo ari kujekesa? Uye sezvo yave
apo akawana mumwe kutsanangurika?
Ini funga izvozvo chaizvoizvo somumwe wakanakisisa migumisiro dzidziso dzedu
kuti yakajeka ichi, nokuda manzwiro, kana chii nokuda ezvinhu pfungwa, pamwe
chinhu, chii haubvi maererano contestable nokufungidzira asi chisingarambiki ruzivo
Zvisinei, zvaizoita akadaro kushanda ukama kuti ichi chinhu anogona kuramba iye
anoramba anyerere.Nezvekufadza, pfungwa zvechokwadi akambopedza ezvinhu
okusaziva, kuvapo sezvo chaiye, kana ivo Abstract ipfupiso kubva nokutsigira
kwavo, asi zvazvinoita chinhu anopfuurira matiri psychophysical basa, mashandiro
izvo zvavari, uye chii mukana kunenge chidzoke kava pamusoro kutekenyedzwa
kunobva sezvaanotarirwa oscillation upenyu kana zviitiko chaiwo zvemukati kana
kwokunze kuti sangano vachasimudza zvakare pamusoro pachikumbaridzo; uye
sangano iri dai vo mutambo vasingatsvi psychophysical kufamba izvo zvomumwe
kuziva mananara kupindira uye kukonzera kuchinja vane chikonzero kunogara nesu
kufenda.

XL. Hope uye Waking 1) .

Nepo psychophysical ezvinhu nokusurukirwa nyore atambudzwe dzokunze
psychophysics unozvipiwa nezvakaitika divi, iye chinonakidza pamusoro avete uye
kutsinzina ndinoona Zvisinei zvikuru rakakodzera pfungwa kurwisa pepeji iyi
womukati kuita, kunyange kana chiri chiitiko kunyange apo nyore, kuti kuchinjwa
nheyo dzokunze psychophysics vari mukati, rakanga rakavakwa yechi38 chitsauko
pamusoro rwevanhu pfungwa, ichikuvadza zvakananga ruzivo inotsigira, chepiri
sezvo kwazvinoita rose kuziva womunhu, Cinema uye Lower rimwe, nepo
nezvekufadza inongova chaiyo chaiyo , kureva ari rakadzika kwazvo chechetere
mukati veruzhinji kuziva, izvo isu. ruoko rimwe, chinonyanya kukosha
kungotaurawo, Ukuwo imwe nzira mberi fuma neizvozvo parura vanhu
psychophysical pafuma ukama pakati mukuru kuziva uye yaro chaiyo zvaakasika
1)

Revision S. 284-290.

isu kutanga kutevera chinonakidza waro mupfungwa divi.

Panguva hope, ari kuziva akanyarara; nezvenguva nehope, zviri pakarepo, asi
kwete pakarepo simba zvizere; Zvishoma nezvishoma chete, murume
anokurudzira 2) ; asi Kujeka pfungwa rinobuda kukurumidza yepamusoro, iro ivo,
nzira, maxima, nguva zvikanzwika refu pedyo kuzochinja. Zvishoma nezvishoma
zvidzike zvakare, uye murume nehope, sezvo akamuka.
2)

"Pakutanga rinowanika zvose vachiri kujeka uye vakavhiringidzika, ipapo

pachena, asi kwete wake chaiye kukosha. Unogona kukanganwa kamwe kare
uye kuita zviri kutaurwa, kwete kuisa kodzero" (Burdach kuti Physiol. III, peji
455.)

Pahope kuti hope kwakawedzera pashure yakafanana chete kuzvishandura mberi,

chete sezvo kuziva akatora ari yakakwirira pamusoro chikumbaridzo, vachiwedzera,
ndizvo - uye pane mashoko Actual kuratidzwa kudzamisa kurara - zvinoda kusimba
uye kuchisimba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kumutsa anga akarara 3) ,
kusvikira zvasvika mukuru udzamu kuziva akazomukazve pachikumbaridzo kuti
kuchinja zvimwe kuwedzera tsika kubvira ipapo.
3)

Mumwe muteereri kwandiri (Kohlschtter) vakati pfungwa kushandisa Th.

Ini, p.179 Sound zvakavamba kuchinja akatsanangura kuedza pamusoro
kudzama hope dzakasiyana nguva kubva kubatwa nehope uye mumamiriro
ezvinhu akasiyana, nesimba inzwi, ndiko vaifanira kumutsa anga akarara,
inogona kushandiswa kuyera kudzama hope. Kana pfungwa iyi kuuya kuita
uye kuedza haangakusii nokuda tanetseka chaizvo kubereka akafanana
ezvinhu, I kurega dahinge pazvinhu; jedefalls munhu anoona pano zano, asi
kuwana panguva akaipa chaizvo Zustndlichkeit kudzama kurara zvine mwero.
Zviri kutsanangura oscillation pamusoro psyche kuburikidza chifananidzo
mumuviri, yakafanana oscillation, sezuva, iyo inokurumidza akamuka kubva
mujengachenga, chikumbaridzo zuva kuramba zvemasikati kwekanguva pedyo chete
pakakwirira, ipapo pairi zvakare, rinosakara kuna mujengachenga, zvakadzika uye
zvakadzika unoburukira pasi chete kuti kubudirira kudzama mukuru amukezve
kusvikira skyline uye kumusoro.
Nepo kungava kuti kuwedzera kwepfungwa zuva zvinoitika hwakanyatsorwisa
nokukurumidza kupfuura mumuviri uye zvichida (nguva vakafunga sezvo X
akabatana) ndiyo pamukwidzwa steeper kupfuura anoburukira, nokuti zvinoratidzika
kuti murume ndiye anopa zvikuru nokukurumidza pashure pretty , uye kubvira ipapo
rufaro chete zvishoma nezvishoma zvikuru, refu kwete zvinoonekwa
zvinoderedza; sezvo hope rinowanika nokukurumidza pashure kurara panguva
yakaderera, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kwazvo kubva kunonyanyisa ichi marara
kumutsa 4) ; Asivo particularities izvi vane isu varege kunetseka pano, asi chete
pamukwidza uye raizouya pfungwa nokupenya rose, nokuti izvo mufananidzo ichiri
anoramba vamwe vanotadza magumo. Sezvineiwo, mufananidzo uyu kuratidza

chinhu, asi chete kushumira achienzanisira.

4)

Burdach inoti zvachose (Physiol. III, peji 454) "kurara iri rakatangwa
panguva yakaderera, ari mberi kwake munyoro uye akadzikama, kusvikira
kumugumo wayo kuchangotanga." Zvichakadai, zviri zvechokwadi nyore,
avete pakarepo pashure kubatwa nehope, sezvo vamwe nguva pashure
kumutsa.

Kana isu, kufanana, kuti kureva razero kukosha mupfungwa kusimba kosi uye
pasina pamusoro chero mufananidzo, chikumbaridzo kuziva, apo rumutsiriro akawa
nehope zvaitwa, isu achapa saka uye pasina panyaya muzvinhu dzokunze
psychophysics vatotanga pamuviri vane kutsanangura pamukwidza pfungwa kwahwo
pamusoro zvakanaka tsika, iyo mukanyanyisa chisinga- pakutanga, ipapo kuchiderera
zvakare pashure kubatwa nehope, uye ipapo uyewo haana anogona kudzivisa
kuwedzera kudzamisa kurara pazasi pachikumbaridzo sezvakanga kureva kunaka
tsika, iyo yedu yapfuura maonero asina kunaka kuziva tsika transmits sechinhu
asingachazivi tsika pakati kutekenyedzwa kuna zvachose kuziva kuwedzera, uye
kungotaurawo uye nokusimbaradza tanga maonero unomuka panguva imwe
chete. Zvichitevera nhaurirano anogona kubatsira kuwana ichi chinokosha maonero
varipo mhosva yedu.
Mamiriro hope zvinoenderana causally pamwe mamiriro takamuka. Mweya
pacharo rinoda hope kumuka pashure anogona, uye unofanira kunge zvakakwana
vakaramba vakarinda vaigona kurara; Hongu kazhinji anoenderana kudzama
mukurara nachherige mwero vivacity. Rara Mumwe anogona kukundikana kwenguva
refu, kana iye akatizira isu roga apo pfungwa kazhinji taiti kana kuvhundutswa; asi
ipapo kazhinji zvichifambirana saka refu uye zvakadzama hope. Hazvina neizvozvo
sezvinoita chinozunguzirwa; kudzika kuparara uye padanho mberi mugodhi panyaya
pamwero unoenderana uye kungoreva nemataundi; munhu haagoni Abstract kubva
kunyura pasi pamwero kwakaita Hapana; asi anofanira kumiririrwa yakakwana
kusvikira ratios pakati kunyura pasi sandara uye kuwedzera pamusoro azvipire kuti.
sechinhu yezwi kunaka, kuti utore izvi yezwi yakanaka tsika noruremekedzo ari
pamwero kuti zero tsika padanho Uye saka haukwanisi Abstract somunhu Kwete
mweya, vanoratidza Lebensoszillation mweya kwete chete pane pretty pahope
zvakanaka; asi takamuka kwemweya pamusoro Oszillationshhe vanorara pasi
Oszillationstiefe pazasi pachikumbaridzo pfungwa, uye isu kudana kuziva pamwero
zvakanaka tsika, vane saka tiri sezvakanga zvichidiwa kutsanangura kudzama kurara
nezvisingafadzi tsika.
Kana munhu aida pano kuzorwa oscillation ari vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga intensities kugumisa pamwe pretty mamiriro, uye zvakasimba panguva
hope kupi zvako kunan'anura chete zero, saka upenyu mweya dzaizokomborerwa
anomiririrwa rakati munguva kubva mumwe vakaparadzana, dzakaparadzaniswa
razero in pfungwa, oscillations, wakaitwa kuti kumiririrwa hope nokuda kunaka
intensities, iyo oscillation kwoupenyu mweya akaramba coherent mukati pacharo uye

kuramba anofukidza nemuviri upenyu, kuti izvo zvinonzi nepedyo pretty, anoenda
kure. Common pasi kunogona kuwanikwa, chete yokupedzisira, kwete aimbova
kwadzinoita kumiririrwa kwakakodzera.
Ngatimbofunga kutsaukira nokuongorora kurutivi hope chaiko.
The chinokosha simba romuviri wedu wose anoonekwa hope
kunoderedza 5) . Pulse uye kufema sipidhi, tembiricha muviri wava pachiero,
kuderedza excretion pamusoro weti, pamusoro carbonic acid, munhuwi, uye chii basa
kuuropi zvikurukuru anonetseka, chii chatinofanira kuva sechinoitika rutsigiro
vanoziva mananara kuti psychophysical mabasa, sezvo kare anotaura kumira izvi
zvakavapo uye zvose zvokuzvidira fambisa kunyange zvinoderedza zvinhu iwayo,
ndiyewo chokwadi kuti uropi rinonyura akarara, chii kwawakaona muna
Schdelverwundungen uye Schdelfontanellen nevana vaduku ine mukana, rinoti kuti
ropa shoma pane kuvarindi uropi inoyerera, uye wononokera kupomba rinotaurawo
kuti wononokera Blutumtrieb muuropi. Asi kwose tinoona, kanenge kune pamwero,
nokuwanda uye kusimba mune Blutumtriebes kuwedzera mabasa ayo imwe maitiro
uye singi.
5)

Ona. u. A. pano Purkinje muna Wagner raMwari mhanga. Art. Guards, hope,
S. 426th

Munguva pfupi, richisuruka mumuviri mabasa, izvo pasi chavanoziva zvaakasika,

tinogona kushandisa nechokwadi; asi aigona kushamisika kana rutapudzo ichi haasi
kuenda chaiko kumbomira. Nepo kwete kuteerera yose uropi basa; asi aigona asi
mabasa avo, izvo zviri pachisikirwo yavo dzakakodzera kushumira kuziva,
psychophysical, zvigume zvachose mune dreamless hope; hongu maonero ichi kuti
zeither sezvo vakawanda dzinongoitika kuonekwa.
Zvichakadaro, pakutanga kwezvose anotaura kudiwa kuwedzera kudzamisa kurara
psychophysical chokuita nokuwedzera kuziva fortzuerhalten vakamuka. Inoendeswa
psychophysical basa ose nguva akotsira, ari psychophysical maererano kubvuma
kurara iri kuvhiringidzwa, asi kana psychophysical basa chinoderedza pamwe
akotsira chete kuti mumwe muganhu, chikumbaridzo, iyo kudzamisa kurara naye
nomukwidza kuziva rakatarisana mashoko anowanikwa Walking pasi psychophysical
basa pazasi pachikumbaridzo ichi.Izvi zvinodiwa pamutemo kusvika kubatsira
ruzivo, izvo chokuita kutsinzina uye hope. Uye kana hakusiko kuva zvachose
kunyorerana ndoga, saka vachiri. Pamwe chete yapfuura zvinhu uye pamusoro chii
Takawana rakapinda isuwo statuieren nesu chaiwo chaiyo pakati kutekenyedzwa
A Sleeping inogona vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa yomunzvimbo anotikurudzira,
chero chiri uye kuburikidza izvo kutsinga dzinouya tsinga naiyewo kuwana kuwana
zvakare.Dzinozununguka, anopedza, kunongedza, tickling, kuderera inopisa
chisimbiso wakisi paganda, inotonhorera Detective, a bang, pakarepo nokupenya
chiedza, iro rinowanika kumwe kuburikidza namafungiro, kunyange kujairika
munhuhwi 6) anogona kumutsa akarara. kubudirira Same ane anotikurudzira, izvo

chinoita zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kuunganidza mutsvina yadzo weti uye

pakurara. Chii vakawanda kubudirira muviri kwakadaro? Izvi kuti excitation
pamusoro tsinga ichibudira, iyo propagates kuuropi. Panzvimbo uye nzira anouya
chinhu, kusvikira kunogona vakaturikira vachiti kubva ruzivo, asi chete pamusoro
nesimba kufunga kuti musiyano pakati mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira pacharo
simba chinomiririra simba anotikurudzira, nokudaro achidzikisa zvikuru
yaizivikanwa anotikurudzira chiito kwete zvishoma achiita kuti, ave simba
anotikurudzira, uye kunyange asina kusimba anotikurudzira 7) nyore zvinogona kuita
nehope, kana zvakakodzera mukai kusonganirana rwakasimba excitation
nacho. Zvikasadaro chero yakwidzwa zviri sashanda kusvikira kwazvo mumwe
mwero simba, uye hapana mubvunzo kuti chinokonzera Paanomuka kana kwazvo
vakadaro, chero bedzi munhu panguva dzose vanokwanisa nehope. Asi yakanyarara
runako chete, chete Chaizvoizvo shoma simba zvakafanana mhando zvibereko, pane
kuti izvo akabatanidza chisinga-. Saka hazvishandi kuuya zvose kuti kunakidzwa
rinokosha mhando uye nenzvimbo inokosha, asi yakakwana simba kuitika kune imwe
nzvimbo uye zvimwe mumunda psycho-kurovedza muviri, saka akamuka
kubudirira;Kungofanana kuda rinokosha kutekenyedzwa panguva pretty chete
zvinoda mumwe nesimba anotikurudzira. Asi asati inodiwa Ukobvu kwave,
yaunotevera zvose kuno inokura kundikana psychophysical basa kusvikira zvino, uye
kukura asi kuvapo.
6)

"Sezvo hazvina kashoma kuti vanhu vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa munhuwi

gangrenous ane pomoto." (Burdach, Physiol. III, peji 460.)
7)

Somuenzaniso, nyoro achitamba mwana parutivi mai vakarara.

Burdach anoti mupfungwa triftig (Physiol. III, peji 460): "Kana imi hamuna
kunzwa akarara pacharo, asi pashure uchimuka uye vainzwa, saka aisagona
kumutswa mumwe."Vakanzwa uye vainzwa asi hope kare sezvinoita nevarindi,
paisazova musiyano pakati nguva asati uchimuka uye pashure ichimutsa. Zvino
musiyano kunogona chete kuti kuti kumutsa psychophysical basa inoramba pazasi
pachikumbaridzo, rinowanika pamwe uchimuka pamusoro pachikumbaridzo. Asi
chinhu chimwe kunoitwa anotevedzana kukura tide kuna Baba nehope anofanira
pamwe zvokuzvidira nzira nehope, saka kuti vakawanda panguva ainyatsonzwisisa
mukuru kurara gnzliches kumira psychophysical basa sezvinobvira, kunyange
nokuda hapana mamiriro ezvinhu akaita kupfuura zvichida unogona kuona.
Burdach mimwe enhando (p 461). "Kana uri vakarara kana kuteerera kudanwa
kana kutaura kana hurukuro, uye iwe uchava kumutswa, saka imi munoziva mashoko
okupedzisira zvakataurwa asati uchimuka Somuenzaniso, munguva pfupi
ichangopfuura akaisa kana zvakanga pfupi, asi unconnected vakuru .... zvikuru
kazhinji, ndiko kuti munoziva izvo munhu akave akamutsa, pasinei rumutsiriro
pashure uchimuka handichakwanisi kuonekwa ari ". Ava zvakajeka chokwadi kuti
pakurara aratidze munhu psychophysical rudo izvo zvingava analoginen, zvinotora
nzvimbo apo tichiteerera kutaura akapararira uye pashure vadziyeuke; zvatakapfidza

kare kukurukurwa.
Chiitiko kudonha nehope anotakura, chete wakatarisana kutungamirira
zvakafanana. Kune nyore, zvikuru zvose dzemo zviwane dzinoitwa, uye zvishoma
zvachose, ndiro kuziva inotsigira basa tsinga, hama uropi, munharaunda anowedzera
nemarwadzo omunharaunda kana kunyanya rinotungamirirwa uye akanyatsoteya
nzeve, havazombonyanyi uye zvikuru yunifomu panguva imwecheteyo zvinonzi
anoparadzirwa. Izvi hazvigoni ikozvino kuva kubudirira kuti panenge razero, asi
zvakanaka kunzwisisa kwakaita nzira kurara zvakawanda kupinda Enge
Kuregedzesa, last chete kwazvo zvishoma pamusoro pachikumbaridzo
zvavakatemerwa kukwirira psychophysical webasa kuchigadzirisa chiri kare pasi
pachikumbaridzo, kunyange kuwira pazasi pachikumbaridzo uye nokudaro hope
zvinogona kuitika. Hunotsamira takamuka chete panguva kuwedzera
womunharaunda yakadaro, kuparadzira vanofanira Chokwadi kuva kwakakwana
kuunza hope. Kutaura zvazviri, tinoda hope pfungwa dzedu asi chete chinhu
chinokosha kunyanyofunga, saka isu kurara chaizvo.In murindi azere, uko
psychophysical basa achikwira, izvi hazviitiki, kunyange murume kuparadzira
pfungwa dzake zvikuru saizvozvo, nokuti kugadzirisa mhosva manhengatenga
pamwe yasara inogona basa haadzoserizve pasi pazasi pachikumbaridzo Zvisinei,
kunoshandurwa nenguva shoma kwazvo hope kunyange simba mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira vomunzvimbo haingakwaniri kusimudza pfungwa pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo uye nokudaro kuti vaunze nehope.
Iri ndiro unokurudzira mugumisiro hwourombo zvatinosiita mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira pakudanana. A mheremhere kupepuka nesu; asi Miller anomuka
sokuti ndima chigayo vachiwanda, sleepers mukereke apo muparidzi kutaura,
eingesungene parutivi mukoti mwana kana mukoti rinomira kuimbira kurara usiku
chiedza wajaira, apo usiku chiedza unodzima, propelled apo motokari iri rakamira
mumotokari. In Zvinorema zvekuratidzira masoja kurara zvakanaka kunyange kana
achifamba uye muka kana yokuzvigadzirisa zvinoitwa. Zvino zvavanodzidziswa
zvatinosiita mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kunosanganisira panguva pretty
kuvaraidza vakadaro yunifomu Ukuru nokuparadzirwa psychophysical basa kuti isu
haangabayiri kutekenyedzwa pamberi zvimwe vanoziva. Kana kumwe wakasuduruka
vamwe kuti tide kuita, uye neizvozvo kunokura chete psychophysical basa
kwaunogara, saka unomutswa kuti kare kukurukurwa mitemo, iro chokuita nharo
kuchengetedza simba, pachayo, uyezve, uye zvinogona nemhepo pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo.
Zvose izvi kwakabatana pfungwa uye ari kutarisirwa kuti amiririrwe chete
zvokufungidzira panyaya kuti psychophysical basa, inova pasi redu zvachose kuziva
varere anodonhedza pazasi chikumbaridzo, muchinyengetera naizvozvo. Kana munhu
vaifanira anosiyanisa maonero vakabata kuti rumutsiriro kwakabatana pachangu
kwacho uropi, iyo unovapo chete nguva nehope zvachose, aizofanira tisafunge kuti
simba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti hausati kukonzera rumutsiriro,
havangagoni richandifukidza zvimwe chipingamupinyi iyo anoshora bvunza chero
chimiro chidzoke zvinhu izvi, maonero isu akatsanangura kwokutanga pachinhu
nezvekufadza panguva mufananidzo nemotokari kuti akasungirirwa uye vakaita

pamwe sezvazviri. Asi zvichida mumwe zvinotora pano mumwe mufananidzo

kubatsira. Kungava musava senyika hwemvura injini, apo mumwe simba mumwe
wavo vachida imwe vharuvhu, kuti akavaisa kushanda; kusvikira simba iri zvasvika,
muchina rinomira. Kuti tide kuita kuti chinokonzera rumutsiriro, kwete kumiririrwa
pakona iyi vharuvhu?Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe maonero akadaro anofanira kuva
chinhu zvisingabviri; asi pane pfungwa mbiri chaiyo zvinopesana: kamwe kuti
rumutsiriro akasungwa tide chero chaiyo chimiro uye nzvimbo kubwaira; sezvo riri
kuda basa ane hwemvura injini kuburikidza kutenderera ari vharuvhu; munzira
zvakananga rumutsiriro chii kubudikidza kurega vamwe runozivikanwa
anotikurudzira uye rumutsiriro kunyange simba chaizvo mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira, asi vanokwanisa kusonganira yakasimba kubwaira pfungwa iri
kutsinzina, zvingava asinganzwisisiki; chechipiri, kuti, pamwe Zvakawanikwa
anotikurudzira mhiri padanho rinoita kuda, ivo psychophysical mabasa, mamwe
kunowandawo, zvichiguma kushanda ukama pakati vaviri chinoratidza zvakanaka,
iwe saka anewo chikonzero kutevera kukwira nepfungwa nehope nepo simba kuti
rotates vharuvhu ane hwemvura injini uye kunoratidzwa basa, ipapo hapana mamwe
runobatsira nokuda pfuma yayo nokuda amplifying simba injini, saka hapana
yaishandiswa ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye psychophysical mabasa mhiri
pfungwa nehope Kuwedzera kwaizoratidzwa kutarisirwa, asi ikoko chokwadi.
Kana isu vanovhomora kare Ichitaurwa kufunga, tinogona Saka kuramba oga
yakasimbiswa neumwe ndingangokuvara mumunda yomukati psychophysics nokuda
raora pakati kuziva nokuyerwa fomura; uye isu akawedzera nhandare yakasimba kuti
aiwana pasango kwokunze nokuti rinokosha chakajairika pamusoro manyawi, saka
izvi zvinoguma imwe nguva yakawiriranwa chisimbiso uye kungotaurawo vose
zvikonzero.
Kutaura zvazviri, kurara uye pretty nhaurirano kuti kusumwa nezvisingafadzi uye
zvakanaka Dziri zvendangariro bhora kusvikira ataurwa; muganhu pakati vaviri
hariwanikwi panguva razero kukosha, asi anokamuka netsika chaicho kurovedza
muviri. Kusvikira pamwero uyu ane basa pakati mupfungwa basa ? uye zvakadini
chaicho kurovedza muviri ndiro basa anofanira kuva vakadaro kuti ratios izvi
vanomirirwa. Mabasa akadaro kunogona nharo kukwira zvisingaverengeki; Chete
kubvumirwa kutsunga kuburikidza kufunga tiwane chinokosha ukama
rokumavirazuva nyore, sezvo ari kuvapo mukati zvinoreva mitemo akadzorerwa
zvinokosha, saka munhu unogona chete nzira ? = , k nerogi
chemabhazi.Chaizvoizvo wandaitsvaka pamberi pangu akamira zvakaitika Data
Mutemo Weber kuna vachiriita, muna saka Zvisarudzo mananara hope uye pretty
huru nehwaro nzira, iyo ini ndigokuudzai munhoroondo chitsauko, zvachose
pakutanga neni panyaya rwomukati psychophysics wakadzikwa. Asi yakasimba
kururamiswa zvichaita chete kuva kuburikidza mutemo Weber pamwe hwepamusoro
nezvokuti munhu anokamuka chikumbaridzo anotikurudzira.
Mumwe angabvunza, zvatinoita maonero atinoita kurara hope. Hazvina
pamungawirirana yaunayo takamuka mutsa uye asi hapana muka zvomene

mavari. Mupfungwa, ari kuziva sokuti pazasi pachikumbaridzo, uye nepfungwa zviri
pamusoro. Zvinoita here kuwana kumiririrwa psychophysical therefor kuwana?
In kwangu maonero Zvisinei, asi kuvapa, vanofanira kutanga nhamba paruzhinji
kuziva wacho chaiwo mananara, kusanganisira hope pfungwa dziri kwakafanana
pretty pfungwa, kukurukurwa kubva rwevanhu nezvavanofunga, uye saka (42)
zvichava kuritora ari chitsauko akazotevera.
Havabvumirwi kugara unmentioned chokuti zvakakodzera hwavapo kumanikidza
uropi zvakachengeteka induces hope, uye nhaka kumanikidza iyi Kuregedzesa
zvakare kana tichifunga hope. Zvavaibvumirana kuti kumanikidzwa pamusoro uropi
chikonzero hapana kupfuura izvozvo, kutigumbura migwagwa uye ezvinhu anobva
audza chii kosi kurarama psychophysical mabasa anoenderana, uye zvingava
rokusamhanyira kugumisa kuti yepanyama hope hwakavakirwa kumanikidzwa,
nekuti zviri nani kunyura uropi panguva dzinongoitika hope pano kutaura, uye
hapana zvishoma nokuda chipaparadzungu wouropi sezvo zvinogona kukonzerwa
nevezera kurasikirwa zvaiitika. Asi ichi nzira yechokwadi, iyo psychophysical basa
herabzu press-, pashure zvose, zvinoshamisa zvakakwana, uye zvichida asina
chokuita chokwadi kuti muedzo zvakakwana simba pamusoro tsinga, nerubatsiro
kutekenyedzwa anotikurudzira kuti uropi uye neizvozvo achiva kuziva manzwiro
anomisa. It ichi aigona kuratidza kuti empfindungszuleitende uye kutekenyedzwa
kubereka oparesheni havasi wesent-Lch zvakasiyana. Zvichida pane ndiyo
compression midziyo, zvokurwisa kutoti indisputably aibuda ropa uye ropa riyerere
kunakidza psychophysical dzinotsanagura kunokosha.
Kana munhu, fukura nokuda trephine kana zvinokuvadza kuti dehenya, akaramba
woutsinye nzvimbo wouropi kusvikira ruoko, saka anopinda vakachengeta kubudirira
akotsira.Uyewo mhuka kubudirira nenzira Haller kuedza ichi, kana iwe unopfuurira
simba uye kuramba chete zvakakwana. Akauyisa imbwa inozivikanwa
ngonono 8) . Zvakafanana akaita Fodere 9) kwemhuka nokuziva zvishoma
nezvishoma uye yunifomu vomanikidza pakati kuuropi rufimbi. Ane zvibudirire
sezvo nyore kuona, chero vanhuwo kumanikidza uropi, sezvazvakanyorwa
zvinoberekwa murwi kana akateura ropa kana mvura kana pus kana mukati pfungwa
yacho dehenya. Chikonzero chaanoziva muna nehana nzizi zvinowanzotarisirwa
chinoratidzwa ezvinhu akadaro. Munhu aifanira kuonekwa, vane dehenya haana
kutombonyanya ossified, kuitira kuti munhu aigona kushingirira uropi hwake uye
kuti iye kuva ezvinhu apoplexy, asi hapana kumukuvadza, (W. Philipp muna VaF.
Panorama. F. 1833.) Kunyange pamwe chinonzi spina bifida ichavakirwa seri bundu
noruoko hope kuburikidza kumanikidzwa pedyo kumanikidza kunoitwa kuburikidza
vaunganidza mvura kuti uropi inoparadzirwa. (Darwin Zoon. L 410.)
8)

Haller, elem. Physiol. IV. Matatu nemakumi kutanga

9)

Magendie, Journ. III. p. 195th

XLI. Mienzaniso hope; Attention.

Kurara iri vanhuwo mupfungwa iyo akambopiwa envisaged, kutanga kuti

zvinoonekwa kuziva yose yevanhu kana zvimwewo yose kuziva womunhu, uye
presupposes kuti hapana psychophysical basa amuka pamusoro pachikumbaridzo. Asi
kana maonero eumambo mweya nezvigaro uri cogent, inofanira kuva zvinobvira
nokuti psychophysical basa pane yokuderedza nayo kamwe chose pasi
pechikumbaridzo, zvino pano, zvino ipapo kusanganisira kuderera, uye kuti munhu
anogona saka vakarara zvishomanana uye pretty.
Izvi nyore mugumisiro nemaonero kubva rwakakura mweya nezvigaro anowana
wake sezvinoita nyore sezvo zvakananga nokusimbisa zviri ruzivo.
Mumwe kuchinja kwakaita pfungwa imwe pfungwa kuda pfungwa iyi, uye ose
dzivirira nayo pane kutora kunyura hope hurumende iyo kuda nokuda kwesimba kana
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vanogona kutora nzvimbo, uye kashoma kana
kumbofa zvose kuti murume nokusingaperi makamuka dai chaizvoizvo asi
takamuka. Kana munhu akarasika mupfungwa zvakadzama zvokuti haana kuona uye
kunzwa zviri kuitika kwaari, saka nokure zvose nechitarisiko pfungwa vakarara
sezvinoita chaiyo hope. A kutsinga dzinouya anotikurudzira anofanira kuva zvikuru
sezvo saizvozvi chete kupfuudza imwe simba, asati anopa pfungwa iri mubvunzo, asi
akamupikisawo sezvaakanga akachengeteka sezvo wose munhu, kana kwazvo
vakadaro. Uyewo, hope uyu nechitarisiko pfungwa inogona sezvo mukuru hope
kudzamisa, zvakawanda kana zvishoma, uye pane inoti womukati kwazvo apo
munhu wakashama maziso nenzeve zvachose basa zvose zviwane.
Ukuwo, nomurume uyo, sezvo vachiti, zvikuru ziso kana nzeve haisi mamwe njere,
asiwo yose bhora ari womukati basa kumiririrwa, avo psychophysical nzvimbo ine
zvirokwazvo chokuita kutsinga dzinouya mifananidzo gare gare kuti anozviti kuitwa
nokuda kwezvikonzero asi kwete coincident, uye pano kuuya mutauro ratios
zvinosanganisira pachayo pakati zvikonzero kuchigamuchira.
Kwete chete pakati wokunze uye yomukati zvoupenyu basa pfungwa rose inoitika
kuchinja izvi, asi pakati zvakasiyana zvikamu zvakafanana.
Akamutsa munhu mangwanani, rwamuka pakutanga kutaura kudaro, chete
pfungwa munhu wose, sezvo Mare zuva rokutanga chete imwe nguva
mujengachenga, chikumbaridzo zuva runopfuura. Uye vakarara murume, iye
zvikurukuru nehope anowira pamberi nehope kumarudzi. Man Ko pfungwa dzake
pane chimwe chinhu vasati varara, saka zvimwe oscillated wokupedzisira pfungwa
kwenguva rave kumusoro uye pasi pachikumbaridzo; kuburikidza ndokusimudza
nokuda pfungwa parizvino pamusoro uye panguva imwe chete wakare anowira pasi.
"Le sommeil NE baratos s'empare brusquement of tout Notre tre, nos organes
s'endorment successivement of degrs shanduka: plusieurs veillent encore, que
d'Autres finden Sie Deja endormis, qui peut-tre s'veilleront leur kutenderera
quand ms premiers S 'endormiront. "..." Presque toujours the vue, C'est Le akatuma,
qui Le Premier s'endort .... Plus tard, que the vue, l'oue s'endort .... De l'tude
prcdente of l'pashure pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba of sens dans Le
sommeil, il resulte que S'ils NE baratos in Meme temps pour s'endorment, ni au
Meme degr, leur rveil NE Se fait baratos zvisiri ndinoiitawo instantanment

kudurura tous. " (Longet, trait of Physiol. T. I, p. 409 suiv.)

Panguva zvizere kutsinzina murume pachake, sezvo asati ari kare kukurukurwa,
asingakwanisi kukotsira pavaidira, kana iye haagoni kudzvinyirira nokuda kwesimba
pazasi pachikumbaridzo kuva zvikuru kuramba yeGomo psychophysical basa (Chap
40.); sezvo izvo chete kuparadzira, asi kwete kurimwa rinoteerera chete; zvakanaka
asi zvino kufamba pano manhengatenga ichi ikoko nokukurumidza kuparadzira
kunyatsoteerera, uye naizvozvo ikozvino ichi, zvino bhora mumba varindi kuisa
nomumwe hope, uye panopindwa vakawanda hope pacharo nokuda yunifomu
kuparadzira psychophysical mune yakapfuura wainyatsotaura zvinangwa
kusimudzira zvinhu zvisina kunanga. Saka kuchinja varindi kukwirira ari
psychophysical basa, nzvimbo, uye sezvo unomutswa dzakakwirira pane imwe
nguva, basa chinoderedza mushure kwokutanga ngaakuitirei yakatarwa nheyo
kuchengetedza simba (Tb. I, ch. 5) kumwewo kudzika pasi pachikumbaridzo, uye
kwakawedzera Pano kumwe kurara.
kugoverana pfungwa, saka kuudza psychophysical basa, nyaya yavo, chichabviswa
zvakawanda kutorwa ikoko kuziva, asi munhu dziri kuziva chete kurukutika uye
chinangwa.Zvinoita sokuti asi munhu unogona nokupesana uyu haasi kuita nenzira
pakati akasiyana kutsinga dzinouya nzvimbo kuti manzwiro avo kuitika panguva
imwe chete sezvo akasiyana pfungwa, asi zvinokwanisika chete nemhaka humwewo
pakona kubva mumwe.
Chokwadi, kukwana hope kubva rwevanhu substantially akasiyana chete chete kuti
zvishomanana, asi izvo kuvimba misiyano inokosha akawanda izvo inzwisiswe kuti
asi vanhuwo zita akarara rikasashandiswa asina hanya nokuti zvose.
In mukuru nehope sezvo kurara anotora chinguvana kuchinja pakati mamiriro
psychophysical maitiro kumusoro uye pazasi pachikumbaridzo pane
nokusingaperi; umo haasaruri chikumbaridzo inoramba kupfuura; vaingova
vanopinda spatial kuchinja pakati kwazvo pachikumbaridzo panzvimbo imwe uye
achinyura pazasi imwe nzvimbo. Izvi imhaka Zvechokwadi kuti rumutsiriro pahope
kazhinji kunoitika pasina kukanganiswa nehanya; ichi, sezvo ivo pachavo pamwe
makarara, kwete kukonzera pachavo nehope dzavo; nepo Mienzaniso hope pachena
kungoziva kubva kwemahofisi vanoziva mamiriro kuti wakasiyana nzvimbo, kuti
zvinogona kuva pasi pokudzora zvaiitika.
The kuda kwaigara hope, kuburikidza nepfungwa anotikurudzira chero mhando,
rumutsiriro rimwe chete pfungwa bhora chete zvayo zvakakwana anotikurudzira
Chokwadi, sezvo chisinga- inongova chete pakuti munhu yose mabhora iri kukura,
chaiwo
kuongororwa
uye zvinogona kuongororwa kubudikidza yakakodzera kutsinga
Contribuu
a millorar la traducci
dzinouya anotikurudzira.

Text original

XLII. Ukama pakati mukuru kuziva wayo chaiwo

zvaakasika.
The chinozunguzirwa muenzaniso. 1)

Kuva sezvaakaita okukurukura kuziva chakaita ukama kuziva kufenda muzvinhu

vakanzwisisa zvikurukuru kufunga, vachaita ikozvino kufunga zvose ukama
nomumwe.
1) Revision S. 218, 243, 264, 269 va-. Mental Maprinzipien S. 195, 207 va-.
Isu Ita kwakacherechedzwa kuti mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwoiwo.
Tinoona chinhu ane chaipenya apo chiedza anotikurudzira kunobva kwaari
hwakasimba, asi tisingadi kumuona senyanga, kana tikatarisa nazvo zvikuru
vakanyatsoteerera. Isu kurira ave akasimba, kana kurira anotikurudzira
hwakasimba; asi yakawedzera pfungwa kunoita kuti zvakafanana batanidza chimwe
chikuru nyama simba. Titarisire ngadziteerere, teerera, Nokupenya, kurira kusimba
hachiratidzi kwatiri sensuously ine. Zvisinei, tinonzwa kuti yakawanda sechinhu
kuwedzera basa mweya yedu, asi tinokwanisa chaizvo zvakanaka sei kusiyanisa chii
kuti wakawedzera kutarisirwa uye achirova dzinowedzerwa kutekenyedzwa uye
kureva chii tinonzwa somunhu chisimbiso rokutanga, kwete panguva iyoyo ane fuma
vokupedzisira.
Kubva mhiri zviri vamwe kuti kushaya hanya simba mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira vasina sokuti vamwe pfungwa zvakakodzera kutsvaka nokusingaperi
zvinoonekwa.Tinofanira kuita kwete ngavave kuoneka tightening kunzwa?
Tine mupfungwa zvakasiyana nyaya imwe kare akacherechedza gangaidzo. Kana
vanhu vakurukurirane iri pazasi pachikumbaridzo, zvinokanganisawo hapana
chavanoziva chishamiso; tinoda iye chete kusimbisa, saka anoita zvakadai; Saka
chinovapo pachena kuburikidza amplifying Chimwe sokuti kwete kushanda. Zvino
tinoona kuti, iri kuitwa amplification chinhu unobereka ane kushanda pasina
kuwedzera basa.
By yapfuura mamiriro wakabatana: tinogona vacuous simba zvesimba asi kuva
nesimba guru, vachifunga. Chinonyanya zvikuru kufungisisa anoshanda pamwe
verblatesten schemata; hongu tinogona takatarira tinoda kuwana nzira kwatiri
zvatisina hope. Panofanira Naizvozvo simba pfungwa uye simba nako tinofunga
vanonzwisisa, zvinogona kupatsanurwa pane mupfungwa; asi pane pfungwa isu chete
Sezvatakakurindirai vanofunga kunzwisisa.
Asi mamwe: apo Neimwe rinosvika rakatarisa pfungwa inogona kudai
yanyatsosimba, pasina kutekenyedzwa anomutswa apo pasina kutsinga dzinouya
anotikurudzira aripo Zvisinei, kutsinga dzinouya anotikurudzira haagoni kuva ikoko
uye havasi yakakura pasina kukurudzira kuteerera, uye kana chikumbaridzo pedyo
kuunza kana kusimudza pamwe zvakakwana simba naro.
Hazvina nharo ukama izvi priori sokuti zvakaoma chaizvo, uye kana nechekare
zvakaoma dzavasinei zvepfungwa ndepapi zviri matiri zvakananga akataurwa
panguva murayiro chokusika yakajeka pamusoro zvingaita sokuti hazviiti kuwana
munhu akakodzera. psychophysical kumiririrwa nokuda ; Zvisinei, Ukuwo, zvichida
ndiyo Kujeka iri mupfungwa nzvimbo chete Mitbezugnahme kuti psychophysical
kumiririrwa kwakakodzera zvinobvira. Zvisinei, zviri zvichida psychophysical
dzidziso sezvo zvikuru kuuya panzvimbo kana ivo nokusingaperi mundima yavo

inopa mukana ane coherent kwoga zvinetso izvi kubva nyore zvinokosha ezvinhu,
sezvatinoona nezvizvi mamiriro akamanikidzwa mhiri kwatiri, mauri dzidziso
kuwana budiriro.
Zvinotevera iri kuedza wokutanga pane dzidziso yakadaro.
Zvinokosha ndiko ichocho kuti psychophysical basa murume rose vanofanira
pfuura rimwe simba zvokuti kunyange kuziva, varindi zvaitika, uye kuti panguva
pretty mumwe, kana kuburikidza tide kuti pave kana hwavapo zvisamuka, urongwa
zvinhu izvi kuti anokwanisa kupa yakananga chipo pfungwa, mumwe simba
anofanira pfuura kuitira kuti zvechokwadi vanoziva uye zvose, sezvo panotaurwa
vaviri, kunoratidzwa chokwadi kare vaisimbirira.
Izvi dzavasinei ndeechokwadi uye ndinoda kuva chero mufananidzo reshiyo,
tinogona asi kutsanangura kuburikidza mufananidzo kana zano panguva imwechete
uye kupfupisa kuzvipa kushamwaridzana inoguma izvozvo ndeechokwadi
ezvinhu. Ngatikurukurei aimiririra yose psychophysical basa murume ave
chinozunguzirwa, uye kukura kuti webasa chitsama wave uri chinjikira chawo
mutsetse kana nharaunda, izvo neimwe pfungwa psychophysically kushingaira
kunoita imwe ordinate. Saka munhu spatially dzimwe gadziriro chii basa rinoratidza,
uye basa iri forterstreckt kuburikidza nguva, tinogona kusika schema uyewo
pamusoro Spatial nokuda pacharo, sezvo zvenyama pacharo, shandisa, aichimbova,
navose vari nzvimbo padivi mumwe kuti pfungwa ordinates kwenguva iyoyo,
chechipiri, sezvo isu vachikoshesa mumwe chete vachishanda muchadenga pfungwa
ordinates nokuda anotevedzana nguva pfungwa, uye anogona chaizvo uyewo ukama
pakati mabasa ari muchadenga vazhinji pfungwa, sezvo zvenyama kutevedzana chete
kuti pfungwa nokuda akadaro rinomirira schema. Kubatanidza asi mufananidzo
nzvimbo uye nguva, isu nguva dzose kutora chete mawa pakarepo muna zano,
chimiro uye kureba chinozunguzirwa chitima asi kufunga kunosiyana panguva. Saka
wose magadzirirwo uye ndima yose vanoziva basa magetsi uye folgends Virtual
chimiro, kumuka nokuwa, ichi chinozunguzirwa, kusimba pfungwa chero nguva
nenzira dzakasiyana pakakwirira kuvimba chete, uye uwandu kuti wave kumwewo
uye zvimwe mumwe muganhu, yatinoti chikumbaridzo, vanofanira kupfuura kuitira
zvachose kuziva, varindi kunoitika.
chinozunguzirwa ichi inopisa yose wepfumo, chikuru mugodhi, zvachose mugodhi,
uye akabatanidza tambo-le huru pachikumbaridzo.
Maererano noruzivo, kuitira kure sezvatingafungidzira nokungoona yokuona uye
auditory pfungwa, vanogona mabasa ari akaremberera chaiyo mananara yedu
pfungwa, anomirira kubudikidza fambisa pfupi-nguva (oscillations), izvo vanoita
sangano refu nguva iyo nehurumende uye kuchinja kwedu kuziva rwevanhu kunobva,
nguva iyo kazhinji rinobatana nezuva nguva, akapa akarara uye pretty, kunze
netsaona, ipapo mutongi, uye vose nenguva dzirikure kufamba vari kuti zvimwe ari
oga kuona inokwanisa.
Chimbofungidzira zvino vakasimudza kufamba kwenguva yakareba kubudikidza
zvichienderana mukuru ezvinhu nomufaro wedu uye mirayiridzo tifunge zvishoma
nezvishoma uye abschwankende uye zvichivimba yemakurukota kuchinja wave,

ngatirambei kuzodana rezasi mugodhi, pachayo anomiririra, saka kufamba vari

rinomiririrwa pfupi iyo yedu chaiyo mananara pfungwa yakarembera nemafungu
madiki ari rapazasi mugodhi, ngatirambei mudane harmonics izvo tichiita abndernd
vari pemvura mugodhi; saka ndiyo harmonic dzakachinja Unterwellen- yose mugodhi
kana chikuru mugodhi.
The mukuru zvino simba kufamba pfupi (the amplitude pakati oscillations),
makomo yepamusorosoro achaunganidza kushumira kwavo kumiririrwa mafungu
pamusoro rezasi mugodhi, uye vanotonyanya mumipata vakasundira mariri
(zvichienderana kutungamirirwa sangano rayo chakatarisana chete kana pamwechete
Sub-mugodhi), simuka uye vachawa, izvo zvaizoitawo vanofanira pfuura rimwe
panogumira size, tinoti pachivivo chokumusoro, zvokuti chaiyo chaiyo, iyo pachayo
kwakabatana kwairi, kupindira kupinda kuziva.
With zano iri, chete hapana chimwe zvaitwa, anounzwa yakanyatsotsanangura
zvave kupfuura mashoko kuti chaiyo mananara pfungwa kuvimba dzakananga nguva
nenguva kufamba nefomu kuonekwa sezvo amendments ane mamwemazwi nguva
nenguva inofamba chimiro hwaakange zvinonakisa mamiriro uye kuchinja kwakaita
pfungwa kunobva, uye kuti chaizvo mabasa akadai yose basa vane ravo
pachikumbaridzo.
Tinofanira kurangarira kuti kwete chete wedu mukuru kuziva zvinotsigirwa
panguva imwe nguva emamiriro kufamba, asiwo kuti zvose zvakavapo aunonyanya
chaiwo nemhaka chokuita kuruzhinji kuziva apo kare vanoita nyore kuziva, asi kwete
vanonyatsoteerera nyore inofamba nguva nomumwe wemigove, asi kudyidzana imwe
muzvizhinji pakati inoramba uye nguva. (Ona. Chap. 32g)
Masvomhu ane unopinza mashoko nokuda Zvinoumba mafungu maviri kuumba
wokurasikirwa chikuru mugodhi, sezvo isu anomirirwa pano kuburikidza Kuronga
dzesub-mugodhi uye harmonics aro zvachose wave murwiyo demgemer nguva
nenguva nhengo inokosha amplitude uye nguva. vanoronga wedu anogona
kushandiswa sezvakaitwa graphical Nomufananidzo nomuvhenganiswa yakadaro
huchakurukurwa apo ndiro chokwadi izvo vataizokwanisa kuramba pashure
vakawanda ukama azorodzwa.
, More zvakananga, inogona akafunga panguva imwecheteyo kunzwisisa neimwe
pfungwa psychophysically uchishandisa marongedzero nguva tikatarisa hurongwa,
sezvo vari kufamba refu uye pfupi izwi. Nokupfuurira sangano iri imwe nhungamiro
(izvo zvaizoita chokwadi hadzikwani nokuda uzere nehanya), isu fungidzira
Pamusana velocity nenhungamiro ichi mumwe pfungwa nezvakaitika ordinate
anoratidzwa kuti hunoita kuti zvachose wave, asi ordinate ichi rinoumbwa vaviri ,
mumwe icho nokumhanya mumwe uye imwe nokumhanya rimwe sangano, Ndizvo
mumwe wacho ordinate rapazasi mugodhi, uye mumwe panoratidza ordinate
rokumusoro mugodhi. Zvichienderana ikozvino endai zvose aimhanya ari chete kana
pakatarisana-neizvi nhungamiro, iyo ordinate ari harmonic ndiko kushandisa rezasi
mugodhi kana kubvisa kubva pazviri, kana ari ordinate yose wave kutorwa sezvo
Verengai kana musiyano pakati kunyora ordinates. Zvino izvi zvinoitwa nokuda zvose
pfungwa yose psychophysical ezvinhu ari nguva, tinowana pakutsvaga yepamusoro

nhamba zvichiguma ordinates yose chimiro huru nomubato kuti nguva iyi. Muchiitiko
chimwe nechimwe rezasi nomubato kuburikidza harmonic kuwedzera pane dzimwe
pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo iri kutura kune vamwe kuitira kuti apo isu rokuongorora
ufanane zvachose chinozunguzirwa pashure nekunhonga vavo pfungwa soro, pamwe
mubvunzo wokuti uye sei vanoita kupfuudza chikumbaridzo, aizopiwa, chitsama yose
chinozunguzirwa inogona sechinhu Verengai kubatwa chete nhungamiro
dzakakwirira rezasi mugodhi uye harmonic.
Kana munhu vaifanira kutora nokumhanya kuzozivisa mupenyu simba rokuvaka
rino harmonics dai chete kuumba chinozunguzirwa crests pasina nemipata pamusoro
rezasi mugodhi; asi rworudyi inorwara kuurongwa chikuru mugodhi
kwaisazobuda. With chinozunguzirwa mumwe woga ndiye hanya maererano
kumiririrwa kwaigara ezvinhu, kana munhu anotanga VELOCITY-nokukurumidza
kana simba mupenyu.
Kana amplitudes uye nguva kunyora kufamba vane nomuvhenganiswa ari zano, isu
funga, inofanira kukurukurwa nokuda kupiwa ezvinhu sezvo kugara, asi hapana
kunotadzisa kuti kufunga shanduka ezvinhu. Kuwira pasi mamiriro kwomuzvarirwo
ezvinhu, refu nguva yedu psychophysical basa pamwe nezuva nguva pamwe
chete; voga pretty nokurara ipapo kutonga, uye kusimba kwedu vakawanda kuziva
anomuka uye anowira maererano imwe mureza nzira; asi nemamiriro ezvinhu
akawanda, nguva inogona kuwedzerwa uye kutapudzwa, zvakawedzera kusimba
kusaririra kana akaramba achidzikira. Uyewo, pangava ezvinhu umo influieren
zvakajairika vose kufamba, kana kungoziva mune mumwe. ratios ava havana kubva
zano kana akarongeka okuti, rinomiririra, nokunakidzwa, asi zvino kuona muudzame
kubva ruzivo uye mitemo zvayo inofamba, uye vanoronga pacharo uye
zvichishandurwa.Chete havagoni kuratidza chinhu, asi chete chaizvo kazhinji
kuratidza kuda, sei, kuburikidza zvikabatanidzwa nezve chokwadi zvikumbaridzo
mbiri, kuti chii chokuita mupfungwa angawana psychophysical kubatana, izvo zviri
nyore kuburikidza coherent nokuzviremekedza Scheme pane vane abstrakti mashoko
zvinogoneka zvisinei kuti zvose zano rinoti: nemashoko anofanira kuudzwa.
Zvaitova nani zano redu achazadzisa chinangwa kukurukurwa ichi, kana tine asi
kutsanangura nayo pachako nevamwe uchapupu hwokuti chokwadi.
Kwete negadziriro psychophysical kufamba vanhu, asi maitiro akapoteredza pasi
kufamba kwenguva nyaya-zuva Pasi rose mumaawa 24 rotates kamwe yawo
akabatana. Wandisa dzenyika asi vane nguva nenguva kuchiva kwavo rinokosha, saka
gungwa raro masaisai uye, zvaiitika panguva nguva nenguva mvura uye mhepo,
zvipenyu zviduku zvavo matunhu zvemukati. Zvisinei, hapana kunotadzisa zvisinei
kuti zvikamu ava pamusoro kutenderera Nyika dzinotenda, kunyanya mimba ichi
nokudenga nguva nenguva kwepasi uye chaiwo nguva nenguva kuchiva zvikamu ayo
imwe pfungwa uye kukwira zvimwe, kurapa, kuti kuzviisa bhiri.
The vachishandisa kutenderera kwenyika pano rinomirira rezasi mugodhi, chaiwo
nguva nenguva anodudzira paNyika harmonics, chii zviri pachena kubva Zvinoumba
zvose chokwadi, chikuru mugodhi kana nhamba wave. Rega kumhanya neimwe
pfungwa dzenyika nemunhu ordinate pamusoro saka chinovapo kuti akapiwa

nerokuti pamusoro panyika, rezasi nomubato sechinhu chinjikira achirurama mutsetse

uri, kutoti mitezo ose panyika, kunze chaiwo unotii chete, ndiye kumhanya
majana; asi nokuda chaiwo unotii pasi kunogona kuenda kana mukuru kumhanya
majana, inongomutsa nenhongonya nemipata mumutsara ichi.
Gungwa anotipa pfungwa chokwadi urongwa hwedu. Sezvo paine mafungu, izvo
kunotangira nevakawanda chikonzero semhepo, asi zviri inoumbwa speziale
kunokonzera ripples, harmonics izvo sezvo kusagadzikana zvose specialy chirwere
huripo chimiro, inova Sub-mugodhi, zvinogona kunzi; Zvisinei yose wepfumo,
sezvazviri, rinomiririra chikuru mugodhi kana nhamba wave.
Zvino kunyange mienzaniso yakadaro, wakatorwa kubva kwete psychophysical
gadziriro, kuti varege kuva psychophysical gadziriro, saka kuzvitsigira asi mitemo
mukuru inofamba akasimbisa nzira iyo inogona sevasina chinoshamisa kwatiri kuti
ariwana mudzidziso ari psychophysical hurongwa, uye zvichava saka kubvumirwa
kushandisa zano redu izvozvo, kuitira kure sezvo chokwadi chinoratidza demgeme
ezvinhu.
Zvakanaka, zvinoitika hwokuvhariridza wedu wokutanga zvose zviri zvikuru
rwevanhu nzira, vaviri of facto ezvinhu huru vari pairi rayakavambwa: 1) kuti
chimiro uye kukura kukosha chaizvo mananara kuziva kunobva mukati hana chimiro
uye kukura chaizvo mabasa, izvo vanoita neimwewo basa, uye mupfungwa, ari oga
maonero chete vanokwanisa.
2) Kuti sezvo kuda chaiye chakajairika iyo vakapfuura imwe kukura chikamu
chaicho chaicho basa zvakakodzera, sezvo kuda kuziva sezvo chikamu zvachose
basa.
With mufananidzo vakawanda ezvinhu izvi asi ikozvino wakabatana kumiririrwa
chaiyo vazhinji yavaibatisa isu muchidimbu muzvitsauko yapfuura, vamwe mazano
magetsi.
Kana mukuru mugodhi kose pasi wayo chikumbaridzo, saka isu kurara, zviri pane
imwe nzvimbo pamusoro, saka tine varindi; asi zviri kumbobvira vakamuka ose
ongororo pamusoro pachikumbaridzo anokwanisa zvikamu panguva imwe chete
pamusoro chikumbaridzo, uye ukuru pakukwirira zvakafanana pamusoro mukuru
pachikumbaridzo chero kunyanya munzvimbo anosarudza ukuru pfungwa, izvo
rinoshanda mairi. All zvemupiro kuchinja pfungwa, iyo inotaurwa muChitsauko 41,
rinogona akanambwa chinozunguzirwa kwechirwere huru mugodhi.
The Anoongororwa maererano soro pfungwa kukwirira huru mugodhi uye
neizvozvo huwandu ichishingaira ipi chaiyo nzvimbo pfungwa hakubvi chete
nenhanho harmonics kunyange rezasi mugodhi mairi, asi vose, asi angabvuma
nokukurumidza zvikuru izvi, dzimwe nguva zvakawanda kubva divi kuti
kutsunga. Kana Bang pfungwa dzedu vaimutswa pakarepo, ndicho kamwe vosimba
ane harmonic, iyo anodzinga chikuru nomubato pakukwirira; pfungwa zvichaita
involuntarily pakutsvaga pfungwa kurutivi pano; kana isu teerera takatarira chinhu
Unongovandira chiripo inodzoserwa chete nokuda kuwedzera rezasi nomubato
mumhepo pasina kuva harmonic muzvinhu pakunzwa; zviri pano pasina kuzvigutsa

kutsunga nokuda pezviri zvikonzero pamadiro rinotungamirirwa uye vakasimudza.

The pfungwa kuwedzera saka involuntarily, kwakatemwa nesimba chaizvo
mananara pfungwa kana chero avo von pamadiro, zvichienderana kukwidziridzwa
yose chinozunguzirwa kunoenderana zvikuru pamusoro hombe muunganidzwa
harmonics kana rezasi nomubato munharaunda hanya.
Kana chakakomba kufungisisa unoshanda chete vachatorerwa schemata, saka
kutamba nenguva refu Unterwellen- simba chaizvo harmonics. Kana isu simuka
chaizvo kugamuchira mune simba nyama kunzwa pasina nesimba pamusoro
kuchengera peji redu nzeve, saka harmonic simba chinotsigirwa ane
hwakanyatsorwisa pasi pasi mugodhi. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogonawo zvose kuva
achichengetedza akaunganidzawo kana akadonha kumusoro.
Pfungwa mupfungwa munzvimbo vanogona kusimuka pasina kutekenyedzwa ari
kuwana simba, saka kure huru mugodhi kunowedzera kubudikidza kuchengera
achitora pamusoro dzesub chinozunguzirwa ndoga, nepo kutekenyedzwa havagoni
kusimuka pasina kuwedzera nechekare akamuka kana havangazomuki pretty pedyo
Uyai, nokuti kuwedzere harmonic, chikuru mugodhi ari kukura uyewo nokuwedzera
rezasi mugodhi.
Sei harmonics, izvo vakaderera zvakakwana havana kusvika yavo chikumbaridzo,
asi vake ndokusimudza kubudikidza yakakwirira pamwero dzesub-nomubato
pamusoro mukuru chikumbaridzozve, kureva, huru mugodhi pamusoro mhosva
kunogona kuva, pasina kupa avo mananara chairwo pakati pfungwa, saka Ukuwo
harmonics izvo vari kumusoro zvakakwana kusapfuudza yavo chikumbaridzo,
mwoyo nokuda zvakadzama mamiriro dzesub-nomubato pasi huru
chikumbaridzozve, kureva kuva kusanganisira ungaderedza chikuru mugodhi kana
kusanganisira ashaye zvikamu huru mugodhi, uye kubva ichi pakatarisana chikonzero
zvakare kupinda wakasvinura kuziva, asi chete kuunganidzwa huru nomubato
mumwe kuwedzera yakakwana panzvimbo dzapasi mugodhi vanofanira
hineinzutreten.
Kana ndevenyu inongova imwe, anyadziswa pakati chikuru hwava zvikamu huru
wepfumo, zvisinei, izvi kumwewo pachikumbaridzo, kureva panyaya vakawanda
zvichiongororwa, tine nyaya zvisiri pamusana zvinovhiringidza kana vakatsauka
kutarisirwa shoko, chete kana kuchengera kuwedzera inoda kutarisirwa kuti
dzakwidzwa, kana kurwadziwa, tinonzwa kudaro bedzi tinokwanisa abvisa pfungwa
nechisimba, anoshingirira pasinei dzayo zvemukati chikonzero; kana dema muziso
akavhara kana ziendamberi Ohrenbrausens panguva iyo kutambudzika vanhu
vazhinji, izvo hatisi kuziva, pasi vanhuwo ezvinhu, asi inogona pakarepo azviziva,
kana isu pamadiro anokwezvera payo.
Hazvisi chete asi kana chinhu asina rakatorwa pfungwa rwakafara chete nokuti
kusadiwa, kana zvaanoreva anyanyopera simba, kana kwete zvachose
kukanganiswa. Kuti zviri pamusoro pachikumbaridzo wayo (the pachivivo
chokumusoro), nguva dzose zvakanaka ukoshi ari kuziva; asi kunoitika apo huru
kuziva kuti kwete muka, asi akamuka zvimwe pane chavanoziva Kupinda kuti icho
chikuru kuziva akamuka, vari co-kutsunga, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kana

zvinopindirana ezvinhu. Saka kana vachipinda pfungwa walkers anotaurawo

pamushana, iyo greenery, iyo birdsong ane fenda Kupinda; anoona uye anonzwa
chinhu ichi zvose uye anonzwa izvozvo zvakasiyana, uye pfungwa dzake
dzinomhanyira achava akasiyana, sezvo kana akafunga rima mumba; - Saka Horch
inoguma panguva dhanzi, iyo Gloss kwa, vateereri ari Opera mumhanzi. Chero
omumwe zvinhu tinoziva kuburikidza upenyu, imba, munhu kunoita
nokusonganirana yakawanda dzimwe pfungwa nako kuramba ari akapfizuka, asi
zvakadaro mukusaziva zvinoumba kukosha mumba, munhu kwatiri izvo ohnedem
inongova ungadai kuverenga ave ruvara patepi neziso. Vanorembera pamusoro
harmonics, iyo nekumuka pamwechete mhosva pamusoro chikuru nomubato
kubudikidza zvokunze chikonzero chokuita, asi vanoramba pasi huru
chikumbaridzozve, zvisinei, nyorera avo pamusoro huru pachikumbaridzo.
Kubva ikozvino vaiona nyaya, tine kusiyanisa nyaya apo vose huru
chinozunguzirwa inowira pasi pachikumbaridzo, pazasi ichi pachikumbaridzo asi
harmonics pamusoro yakaderera Sub-mugodhi kutamba kuti kupfuudza zvavo
pachikumbaridzo. Uyu mubvunzo zvakaitika hope, tsika tendero zvachose mugodhi
dzinoratidzwa pazasi pachikumbaridzo sezvingatarisirwa kwakavakirwa kubudikidza
kushaya kuchengera kutungamirirwa kutarisirwa nezvengarava wesangano vane
Evocation kuvhiringidzika uye chero zviwane. 1)
1)

Ona. Mukufunga p.218 f.

Kurota ane uchimuka kwedu upenyu munyika kunze nyika kutsanangura

kuchikosha kufananidzwa, izvo zvinoita kuti kurota rinowanika kwatiri kupfuura
nyama yemhuka Vorstellun-Gen, zvaari, asi sezvo zvokunze chokwadi. Apo
Conceptual upenyu kutapa kubva kunze panguva pretty, chikuru mugodhi zviri
hwakanyatsorwisa zvakawanda vakasimudza kubudikidza rezasi mugodhi sezvo
harmonic, achishandisa vachigara kunze kwenyika pasi simba ravo, pfungwa dzedu,
mazano zvasiyana, uye chokwadi kunoita pacharo kunyanya sezvo vakadaro nharo
kuti zvakawanda zviri anowanza harmonics zvichienzanirana rezasi mugodhi. Asi
chinhu chimwe chinoitika kuburikidza revane achikwidza harmonics vari varindi,
anopinda kuburikidza revane kunyura ari dzesub-rwiriko mu hope dzake.
Saizvozvowo ezvinhu vaizove kunobva kuti aone zvinhu zvisipo, muchimuka
vanogona kufunga zvizere hunhu chokwadi zvizere kutsinzina; Zvichava kana
harmonics, kuti ivo izvo zvakabatanidzwa, vashoma rezasi nomubato vari kusaririra
ezvinhu.
Pano unogona vachiri kukoshesa miviri maonero yezvakaita hope. Mumwe
anogona kufungidzira kuti hope tichine navo usiku, ari chete mupfungwa
chavanoziva, somunhu pamusoro-vakaterera dispersal shoko makamuka, uye
hakuzoitikizve gare gare uchimuka sezvizvi vanoyeukwa, ziva kuburitswa
mundangariro. Asi unogona kufunga uye ndinotenda kuti ndizvo kazhinji kuti tine
zviroto vanoziva kunyange usiku chete mupfungwa, sezvo tichitenda kuti ndangariro,
vakava, uye kuti musiyano havana kubva panyaya iyi kupa akapfizuka co-kutsunga

pfungwa panguva pretty, chete chete izvozvo ndechokuti hapana anoziva kuti
zvavaigona nechekutaura, chero bedzi zvose pasi huru chikumbaridzo zvaiitika.Asi
izvi hazvigoni kuva chinhu mubvunzo. On mumwe mubvunzo kurota anongedze
zvino ndiye chete nyaya fungidziro, Ndiri yechi44 chitsauko achiri.
In rabuda asati aita achiri vakapa pasina chikonzero chinokosha kureva
chisakachena kana yakawiriranwa kutsamira rapazasi mugodhi uye yokumusoro
nomubato mumwe noruremekedzo, uye hakuna chokwadi kusvikira zvimwe ane
rusununguko zvayo mumwe; asi chete kusvika zvimwe, uye zvinokoshawo kufunga
avo ezvinhu kufunga, izvo chete inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira ravaigona kana
kutsamirana.
Kana vanhu vakurukurirane rinoshandiswa mupfungwa nharaunda, mukuru
harmonic kuwedzera zvirimo, uye nokuwedzera chikuru nomubato pamwe kubuda
harmonic, izvi zvinoita kuti zvakakwana kutsanangura zvakawanda kutora nzvimbo
iyi vanoti pfungwa. Asi kunyange kana anotikurudzira yabviswa, pfungwa anoramba
zvakawanda kana zvishoma kuramba mumunda ichi; iye akapepuka achishandisa
Bang akarara kashoma hope pakarepo, uye zvinoita sokuti haana kuti izvi zvinogona
kuva kunokonzerwa kungotaurwa pedyo Nachdauer pedyo anotikurudzira uye
kusonganirana sematsananguriro nezvokuva vaparawo harmonics; asi umwe neumwe
kundorondedzera ane harmonic pedyo anotikurudzira, zvinoita sokuti pakunzi tide
kuti ongororo yakaitwa rezasi nomubato panguva iyoyowo.
Kubva mhiri tinoona kunyange vividness pamusoro nezvekufadza chisingatarisirwi
kukura kuburikidza yakawedzera nzeve, asi pane zviitiko apo chaiwo kuburikidza
anotova chaizvo, zvikuru, uye saka kutaura, akataura chairo nyaya kuchengera
pokutungamirira Mharidzo Mharidzo mifananidzo kuti umbirimi kuzvigutsa
intuitions aigona muwandeko, uye anofanira pano inversely vakarondedzera simba
kukurudzira rapazasi nomubato ane nokumutsirwa harmonics; kudaro inonakidza
kuedza pamusoro H. Meyer, mumwe chichakurukurwa muChitsauko 44.
Ava havana inopikisa yapfuura chidzitiro uye pamusoro anomutora
yazvo; zvichaita tichikwanisa inomirira ezvinhu okuzvimirira uye kutsamira, saka
kure sezvazvakanyorwa ikozvino chete dziripo.
Achiri Zvakawanda aigona kuva schema tsanangura chii handidi kupinda
zvakadzama pano, sezvo vakakwirira dzakadaro ndezvaJosephus kukurudzira hapana
kana anovhura chero zvinhu zvitsva kana chete kumativi conjectures. Saka zviri
muropa kuti kumiririra paumbwe pfungwa tichinyanya pfungwa kana zvavanotenda
maererano kukanganiswa pamusoro zvinozvikonzera harmonics dzavo; saka achida
fungidzira kuti mafaro kana marwadzo unomuka, zvichienderana rezasi mugodhi
akasimudza nokuda kubvuma harmonics rose kana mwoyo uye panyaya iyi imwe
muganhu (chikumbaridzo mafaro uye marwadzo) ari kupfuura, vari kufunga kuti
harmonics, apo zvaanofanira dzimwe pfungwa zvinowedzera rezasi mugodhi, vachiri
panguva imwecheteyo chete nesimba wemigove, izvo ndanyarara hangu mumamiriro
ezvinhu mamwe zvichida havagoni ripa. Asi ichi hazvizivikanwi kuti zvino zvino
chete nokusingagumi uye zvichida sizvo kubvuma.

XLIII. Ukama pakati kuzvigutsa uye Mharidzo zvakavapo. 1)

The zvemupiro kurara uye pretty uye vagari pfungwa mamiriro ezvinhu ayo hanya
kuziva vakawanda uye rose. Kusiyana neizvi, kuitika kunokonzerwa zviwane
nezvekufadza vane afterimages uye zvakajairika kunzwa marwadzo, nzara,
nezvimwewo, izvo isu muchidimbu kubatanidza pasi zita kutsinga dzinouya
zvaakasika, nendangariro dzedu, kufungidzira zvifananidzo uye pfungwa
muchiridzira schemata chii isu muchidimbu pasi zita pfungwa tibatane, pakupedzisira
huripo pakati mananara pfungwa ndangariro, aone zvinhu zvisipo, uye mupfungwa
pakati kwamadzimai makirasi maviri, pasi mukuru pfungwa okunatsiridza, anokosha
zvokudya zvachose kuziva, chinoguma nezvenzvimbo izvi mananara vari schematic
mufananidzo chapfuura pachayo.
1)

dzokororo, S. 290 va-.

Mharidzo iyi zvinoreva psychophysical underlay ari mananara zvaiitika. Asi

munhu anogona kubvunza: chaiwo mananara vari wechipiri-kirasi nokuti tinyanye
wakarurama kupfuura psychophysically, kureva kunetseka kuchinja huchakurukurwa
vakuru kwakabatana matiri? Zhinji muzivi uye nyanzvi yepfungwa zvichida ari
mananara kirasi yokutanga, iyo vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara,
bvuma apo zvimwe haagoni kusimudza kusafambirana, asi kuisa zvimiti munzeve
nazvo sezvo mananara kirasi yechipiri, hurukuro mananara vanobvuma, muri
panzvimbo vachida patsanura kunyange ndangariro uye mifananidzo mupfungwa
pamusoro psychophysical Pedhi uye zvaiona zvatakurukura mweya mabasa, izvo
zvave zvirokwazvo varo akakurudzirwa pfungwa divi mariri, asi, sezvavari kuita
mweya, kwete zvakananga kuti nehanya kurovedza muviri zvikuru zvikuru kudiwa
sezvo basa ravo izvo zvinofa, kunyange retroactively kubudisa kuchinja mumuviri
uye nokudaro haana kuenda pasina kwakadaro hembe; uye kunyanya ndiwo muitiro
uyu maonero kubva nyore mweya zvigaro. Nokuti kana mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira kunge pasi pfungwa dzavo kuenda ikoko, saka zvine musoro, ipapo
zvikuru kungotaura kupa kubudiswa kwavo uye amatura kana mweya nezvavakatapa,
ukuwo maonero kubva rwakakura mweya nezvigaro kukura pamwe kukura
zvinodiwa zvomudzimu kukura uye kuomesa wouropi pachayo bedzi vangawana
zvinzwisiswe kuti akanga achiri kuita speziale mupfungwa mabasa nomukombiyuta
munhuwo pfungwa mashandiro Uyezve, apo mhuka kuti murume hakuuyisi aanoda.
Nekuti tinofanira kutorangwa isingakwanisi ruzivo pamusoro yomukati urongwa,
saka anofanira mhedzisiro chii chinosimbiswa ruzivo, kutitungamirira, uye
pakupedzisira inotevera vakawanda kufunga ino uye zvose chokuita zvinhu
kuchamira. Ko zvachose akapoteredza uye zvakazokonzerwa psychophysical ezvinhu
anofanira vakarega notlos saka kuva kusiyana vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga dzoga, saka refu pashure marongero musimboti vari translatable vachiri
kutevera zvakarurama akapoteredza psychophysical kusiyana, kuva kwavakaenda
kushandura, kwete asi kududzirwa sezvo zvinoreva kuti vamwe zvichiri nheyo
psyohophysisch, vamwe vasiri pamwe-makazviteya. Uye saizvozvo Kuchanetsa

kushamisika kana, chaizvoizvo riri kukura ari mananara vokutanga kirasi yechipiri,
izvo zvinotipa romukati ruzivo chinhu Shanduro yakadaro vakaisa kure, uye Boka
yokupedzisira kubva napamaruva iyo izvo zvichiri yakasungirwa vaimbova
kundimanikidza.
Asi chete nhamba ndangariro uye kuzvigutsa intuitions vakapa kwatiri priori (chits.
36) ave muenzaniso yokungazodzoka dzakakodzera ndiko kuenzanisira applicability
pamusoro uchishandisa pfungwa pachinhu ichi, uye ndinofunga kuti hazvikoshi pano
kupindura itsva kana mimwe pavanotaura ,
Zvakaomera rokurambana yakadaro pakati kuzvigutsa uye Mharidzo mananara kuti
avo vane psychophysical zvikonzero, havachisiri vane, kunoitika saka ndezvokuti
pachena apo isu Zvakazozivikanwa mutevedzeri kukosha, mune chokwadi
wechitsauko chinotevera wayo, wechisere panosangana ari kuzvigutsa intuitions
kubudikidza Nachdauer pamusoro pazvidhindo, ivo mananara dzinonzi pfungwa
ndangariro kuti Sinnesphantasmen randomly vanowanika, ari mupfungwa (apo
kwokunze zvinhu zviri chete kuonekwa zvakaipa), aone zvinhu zvisipo kana pasina
kubereka vana nezvekufadza vamba (kusanganisira zvinovadadira hwoupengo
ndezvaMwari) kuti kuyeuka chaiyo nengano mifananidzo rorusere.
Ko mukati maonero kuti pfungwa mifananidzo kutinhira sezvo psychophysically
yakanaka kupfuura kunzwisisa mifananidzo kuonekwe yakaomesesa, ndiko kugona
kuchengeta zvinhu zvisingaverengeki ndangariro obudisa achiyeukwa. Asi hazvisi
zvikuru kupfuura raivapo chaizvoizvo asi panyama musoro wokuti chokubatanidza
unyanzvi kuti siyana manipulations imwe ruoko uye kuunza pamwe pakuita. Uyewo
munhu Musakanganwa kuti ndangariro, saka zviri parinogumira pane pfungwa, rine
parinoperera mhiri. Zviri pasi mitemo kwoukama iyo inodzora kubatana uye
kutevedzana kuyeuka, uye sezvinoita unyanzvi anoritsanangura ruoko rutsigiro uye
kungakanganisa zvakasiyana, zviri pamwe ndangariro yacho.
Kufungidzira psychophysical mashandiro kana makemikari nzira, hwaishandiswa
sevhisi izvo zvinoda kuyeuka, zvechokwadi enforceable, zvaizova mangwanani
zvikuru, chero bedzi isu, asi zvishoma pfungwa nheyo huta chiito zvachose, uye
naizvozvo munzira sezvo yaizova kubhadharisa nayo, kuva. Zvikuru kunogona chete
chaizvo kazhinji kutaura kuti mashandiro a, kana kwete pfungwa, asi rakadini mari
zvikuru yakaoma uye usatsungirira asi shanduka, anofanira kuva
entwickelungsfhiger. tinoona ichi akazadzika mamiriro; uye zvakawanda zviri
kukumbira ikozvino. Asi unogona kuva vachiri vamwe yokufananidzira Add.
The Zvisaririra maonero edu ari afterimages vane pashure mukukurukurirana T. II,
Chap. 33c por Se munhu mitemo nguva nenguva expiry, ivo mananara pfungwa
takakanganwa chichakurukurwa muchitsauko chinotevera kutungamirira,
intermittently apo kunyange vachiri manhamba uye kufamba involuntarily shure
panguva kwemashifiti nguva, pashure kwenguva refu ari bhuku, uye wakaramba
kuzviita Hapana mubvunzo zvikuru kana hakungoitwi pamwe pazvidhindo itsva,
pamwe murwiyo pamwe yakare chinokosha kusimbisa kwemutemo munhu nenguva
dzirikure mananara iyi ine mafungu yavafukidza mumakungwa chete pamusoro
zvakaipira kwazvo, kazhinji akadzokorora waitwa. Pachine inouya chaizvoizvo

matiri nheyo chokuzvidira nenguva dzirikure womukati anodzokorora kwete chete

mumwe kufamba, asi kunyange kufamba mibairo, zvakanga akamutsva kutsinga
dzinouya migumisiro matiri, pasinei zvakavakirwa, iwe uchava kudaro mune
kutsinga dzinouya mananara nokutsigira chaiko patsanura; uye saka hapana
chipingamupinyi kudavira kuti nhungamiro iyi somumwe psychophysical hwaro
kukwanisa kwedu kuyeuka kubatsira chaizvo. Uyewo anogona kufunga kuti nheyo
vakagadzikana coexistence uye superposition pamusoro oscillations diki uye
vakarondedzera nenheyo kukanganiswa uye vakagadzikana kuyambuka mafungu
pamazambuko, ari kunyora nemumwe, dzimwe nguva mukati kufenda kwakaderedza
kudzvinyirira uye zvakare kubva akakurumbira ndangariro kwete kunze Game kuda
kwake. Apo tinoona sei zvose zvinooneka zvinhu vanounganidzwa kuti vakwanise
ziso uye nzeve pakugamuchira vakaparadzana kutsinga dzinouya nemaonero, munhu
anogona naro zvechokwadi kuwanikwa zvakakunakira funga kuchengetera uye
kudzokororwa sezvinoitwa mweya pasina kwokunze zvinobatsira zukommendes
yesangano, asi muno pamusoro chete nomusoro kana anofunga chete pasi
chinotokurudzira zvikuru zvakadzama kushandisa muviri misimboti nematurusi nako
munhu haasi kwazvo ri zvomudzimu pane zvakasikwa kumusoro vachimutsa, uye
akati hapana chinotadzisa chii zvino immanent kuziva maererano dzakabudirira
mberi vanoziva basa pacharo neimwe chisikwa, kufunga wokutanga kusikwa
makemikari nyika yose akarayira kudaro. Zviri pachena kuti tichawana kwete
zvaidiwa nyore kuona neizvo zvakatikomberedza zvakasikwa. Mweya hauna
kusungwa chete kuti muunganidzwa kutsinga dzinouya nhengo, asiwo uropi,
zvakabatana kubudikidza vose pfungwa, panzvimbo tsvene-yakaoma nzira.
Kana mifananidzo ndangariro, kufungidzira zvifananidzo uye kufunga muchiridzira
schemata zvose vachiri kuridza psychophysically, saka anofungidzirwa pacharo,
vamwe chero fuma uye ndima kufunga zvakasiyana zvokunyama uye wakasiyana
kubatana, iyo schemata presupposes pasina anogona kutora nzvimbo panguva dzose
hapana mafungiro sei mumwe Melody nechinzwano hahugoni kuvapo pasina zvimwe
ruzha uye wakasiyana kubatana, ruzha. Zvino vakapiwa piyano waro nhamba duku
downer kiyi asi kugona kuita zvikuru akasiyana-nziyo uye harmonies, uye kuti
anokwanisa vakawanda uye yakakwirira nepfungwa murume akadaro, tsamba 28
wakakwanisa kutaura kwavari; ndicho zvose zvakakodzera chete pamusoro kubatana
uye kutevedzana iyo tsamba kana kiyi vari kumhanya. Uropi zvayo
zvisingaverengeki, kushanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana fibers panhau iyi, asi rine
husina zvakawanda pfuma, saka chibingamupini angava, kanenge sezvo chikwereti
naye makomborero nechomukati, sezvo isu kunoreva externally tongai zvakafanana.

XLIV. Zvingaonekwa netsanangudzo ukama pakati pashure

mifananidzo uye ndangariro mifananidzo
kunyanya.Erinnerungsnachbilder, mananara pfungwa
ndangariro, aone zvinhu zvisipo, mupfungwa, zviroto.
Ini kupa pazasi pamwe vamwe mashoko pakuongorora, pamwe pasiri paruzhinji,
pamwe vatorwa, avo kufukidzwa pomusoro unoti mananara, izvo zvinogona kupa
yaibatsira umbowo yokungotaura maonero pasina vachida vanonetesa ramified

chaizvo uye nevakawanda branching pasi, kusanganisira kwete chitsauko, asi bhuku
ingasanganisira, pasina kunyange kupinda kupfuura vamwe vakawanda chaizvo
yokungotaura asachigaro, kusiya nokuti kupa nokuti haichawaniki.
a) ndangariro mifananidzo uye pashure-mifananidzo ukama nomumwe.
The nezvekufadza kamwe kubva kunze kunyange pashure kubviswa pakati
kwokunze anotikurudzira kuti imwe nguva sezvo afterimages, Zvisaririra,
inowanzonzi kunzi pashure-nezvekufadza mberi, kashoma nyore kunzwisisa mune
utano, kuzvishandisa ezvinhu pfungwa, muitiro kuva zvishoma zvikuru uye
akatsigirwa kupfuura simba tsamwa; uye kusiya zvinhu kuti kuburitswa munyika
nendangariro kana kupfuura zvichidzika kuva zvokungofungidzira
zvifananidzo. Vose nemhando zvinokonzerwa vari pano zvikurukuru kuonekwa kana
kwete bedzi mumunda chinooneka maonero, uko vari vakawanda vakadzidza; asi
pano anowana Valid kana kusatonzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo nezvekufadza
chikumbiro.
Huru kusiyana pashure mifananidzo rumwe rutivi, ndangariro uye kufungidzira
mifananidzo Ukuwo vari kuti kutanga uchapusika naro kunzwa nokugamuchira,
chete chamazuva pamwe akaita nyama nemaonero, nehanya uye Perception
kushamwaridzana yakazvimiririra, simuka uye tiripo, uye zvaienderana Zvisinei,
pakarepo chakapfuura pfungwa pazvidhindo nokuda kwesimba yakazvimiririra, zviri
pamutemo, mhanya, kuyeuka uye fungidziro mifananidzo pamwe manzwiro maduku
kana zvikuru spontaneity refu nguva pashure yapfuura kutsinga dzinouya migumisiro
pamwe involuntarily kunokonzerwa sangano pfungwa, pamwe kunokonzerwa
pamadiro, zvinogona zvakare akadzingirwa uye zvakachinjwa.
Izvi maitiro rwakasiyana siyana, asi kazhinji zvishoma mutsindo, nevanhu
vakasiyana zvikuru zvichidzika shanduka uye kuchinja nzvimbo kuri, kusiyana
pakukurukurirana, chii vakaparadzira zvinotevera.
Kuhwina pokutangira, ndaisa mananara pakutanga ndizvo sei vanowana ini,
pajinga kunyanyisa ari chikero kuburikidza iyo ndangariro mifananidzo vanoziva
remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara, dzakadai afterimages, pfuma kusvika ndiri
mupfungwa. Rinogona kuwanikwa asi chii ndawana neni, uye akati ndinofanira
kurega pashure kungwarira uye kazhinji rakadzokororwa pakuongorora, kwete zvose
zvakafanana nevamwe zvakare, achaonekwa kubva nyaya sezvambotaurwa mberi
pazasi.
Memory uye fungidziro mifananidzo kwandiri kazhinji nguva dzose pamusoro
chinhu akafanana physicality chinhu chinoshaikwa, Airy, breathy, mashoko
yakawanda sezvo imprints ari afterimages.
Saka, kuswedera rokuyeuka uye fungidziro mifananidzo uneni pasina kuenzanisa
indeterminate, akashamba panze, kupfuura afterimages. Clear unopinza pepa
rehurukuro Handigoni, kuwana kunyange vakawanda mupfungwa mifananidzo
zvinhu izvo zviri kwandiri zuva mupfungwa Zvisinei, afterimages akakodzera
tinoshandisa kuitika sezvo zvakananga aiona zvinhu.
Afterimages vari namahwindo ziso vari zvichienderana nokupenya ratios ari

intuited midziyo pasi yavakanga akazviratidza, kana kwakadzika vatema kana

vakareruka kupfuura yakapoteredza pasi weziso uye sezvo yunifomu dema ari
kutarisana munda. mifananidzo Mental Zvisinei Curling kazhinji munhu pfungwa
kusimba kupfuura dema pacharo. Kubva chena kuti dema, pane chikero akaramba
graded Kupenya uye zvakadzama dema riri meso dema wakachena. Mubvunzo
ndingadai zvino, nepo kutungamirira chikero ichi kana ini Akafunga mberi kunyange
pasi dema, umwe anotungamirirwa, rangu maonero kujeka pfungwa okuyeuka
fungidziro zvifananidzo.
Neruvara Ini kuti kuyeuka mifananidzo mavara zvinhu zvose nesimba kana chete
pane kugadzikana, mibvunzo mabhiri obudisa pakuyeuka wakatsanangurwa
zvinesimba nemaonero1) ; Zvisinei yandinotambira afterimages chitsvuku
vakasvinuka apo akazaruka uye akapfigwa ziso. Uyewo, handina kumbobvira tafunga
ruvara, asi zvose zvakaitika kwangu zviroto sokuti kwandiri kufambira mberi
mhando yorubvunzavaeni kana usiku.
1)

Saka kana ndikazvifunga mazai intersected pamusoro sipinachi, uko chena,

yeyero uye girini kusiyana zvikuru kwazvo nhasi.

Handigoni kunyange kubata zvishoma nezvishoma vakawanda mufananidzo

kwepfungwa kunyange kwenguva pfupi nguva, asi anofanira kuti kuitarisa yakareba,
sokunge nguva dzose kusika patsva; hazvina haachinji, zvose woga, sezvo
ichanyangarika zvakare woga. Asi ndinoda pamwe kunogadzirisika chinangwa
kakawanda chamutsa panhurikidzwa zvakare, saka zviri vasingachakwanisi
nokukurumidza kuburikidza pfungwa kana kugadzirwa mabasa, dulls
nokukurumidza. Asi ichi hachisi blunting Kuyeukwa mabasa zvachose; nokuti ndiri uye izvi zvinoita kuti ini vakakodzera nzeve - hautadziswi, pachinzvimbo pakarepo
Mumwe mufananidzo nevakawanda mupfungwa, sezvo zvakajeka sokunge kuti ini
zvichiita kuti kufungidzira, uye kana achinge apedza chokubaira ichi kufunga kana
kugadzirwa mabasa, ivo kudzokera mufananidzo wekutanga apo ndinogona zvakare
kubereka pamwe kwokutanga zvakajeka. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange vose
chokuita mifananidzo; sezvo ini Z. B. kazhinji vakaedza kuedza pamwe migumo
zviviri chete mufananidzo mufananidzo manhamba kana Portraits akarembera
parutivi mukamuri rangu mupenyu, izvo ndinogona kana nguva consecutively
mundangariro bereka, asi zvose kuchinja dzakawanda. asi ndakaisa kuchinja uku
chinoshamisa nguva consecutively mberi, saka pakupedzisira vaviri mifananidzo
jaded ndinowana ndoga, asi unogona kuenda mufananidzo rechitatu kubudirire.
Afterimages handigoni exchange nokuda kwesimba. Mental mifananidzo
Ndinogona swap nyore pane kuda nevamwe, zvikuru zvishoma nezvishoma exchange
kana kuchinja fantastically vamwe.
Hapana chiitiko chakaitika kwandiri anoramba mundangariro mumunda nedzimwe
ratios mumwe mumwe, sezvo anoenderana Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu zvakaita
maonero vane yakazaruka meso, uye sezvo anogona kufungidzira wangu zvisikwa
zvavo kwete miganhu izvi. Saka handigoni kufunga vanhu kamwechete the chiso uye

kufungidzira musana wake, kunyange zvazvo vachifamba pamwe pfungwa kutaura

naye.
Chii ndakanga zvisingatarisirwi chaizvo uye handigoni kuwana kudaro kana
kudzokororwa zvakawanika, ndechokuti dzichengete nyore kuti kusika pfungwa
mifananidzo ine, kunyange nguva dzose pasi kwazvo, asi yakajeka hwakanyatsorwisa
mukuru pamwe pachena sezvo maziso vakavhara meso; chete ndine ichi zvachose
Abstract pfungwa kubva kunze;zvokuti kanonyangarika zvandinofanira hauna
kuoma, uye kubudirira nyore kana ini iiswe zvamaronga maziso uye dreamily
kunangana pasi. Kunoratidzika saka kutaura pamberi, sokunge kana zvachose pedyo
pemaziso chiedza zvinhu zvaishaikwa, kuti kuruka mifananidzo yaro, sokunge Black
chinhu hergbe uye vachipindira takatarira pfungwa dzavo, sezvo zuva munyoro
nekupenya. - Zvisinei, ndine tiivistelm nharo haana nani pane mangwanani
ngwanani akarembera murima pamubhedha.
Afterimages kuoneka kufamba nenzira iyoyo mirayiridzo pamwe apo zvinofamba
musoro kana meso; kana ndiro zvazviri ziso nendangariro, ndinoyeuka nokuda
kwekuneta mukuru chete uye kuoma chinhu panguva ino kuwana kana neniwo
zvimwe chete vaine kuziva, zvakaoma mutongi. Asi nguva dzose sokuti kwandiri kuti
Z. B. neshongwe, muti, mwedzi mudenga, kana ini kuitarisa chete wakaiswa
fungidzira (kana maziso akavhurika kana namahwindo), uyewo kuramba nzvimbo
yavo mupfungwa kuzochinja apo ini shure musoro kana maziso uye astringent
dzipfuure. Sezvo zviri pamwe kwete nemaune yakatarwa Muchikumbira ndangariro
mifananidzo, handigoni kutaura; Ivo Zvibvisike neni namanama musoro kana meso,
kana ndinoda kupa panguva iyoyo, riri kana zvinofamba kana kuzviratidza
kuzununguswa; nokukundikana kushivirira nokupesana iyi hanya.
Munda maonero, umo vanovhomora afterimages uye pachena munda maonero
nemifananidzo ndangariro kuriritira bhuku zvinotevera kusanzwisisana. Munda
pashure-mifananidzo pamwe namahwindo maziso, dema munda maonero, ndinoona
zvakawanda chaizvo size, pasina kudzika, pakarepo pamberi pangu kana hunyambiri
ndege mumwechete kuzvidzora coincident. Kunyange kana ndine afterimages
akasiyana chaizvo mamwe zvinhu panguva iyoyo vari namahwindo ziso, zvinoita
sokuti kwandiri somunhu nzvimbo pedyo uye kutsunga maererano nokukura kwavo
chete nechiso pakona pa yakabuda zvinhu randakapiwa afterimage, zvokuti
nokunyengera uyo akava kwatiri yakazaruka maziso mumwe hunhu, kuti akaenzana,
akasiyana zvinhu kure sokuti vakaenzana, kunyangarika kupinda pashuremifananidzo izvi zvinhu, izvo ndine zvakanaka zvakaitika 2) .
2)

Pogg. XLIV, 524th

Muzvinhu izvozvi zvose, pakuonekwa munda okuyeuka fungidziro mifananidzo

neni vazvibate zvakasiyana. Sezvo tinoona zvinhu nguva dzose pamberi pedu,
zvisinei, Ini ndiri vachiti kurerekera nyaya icho ndinorangarira, asi pamberi
zvakandibaya shure kufungidzira; Asi handigoni chete pamadiro kure mberi kwangu,
asi shure kwangu, padivi, pamusoro, riri pasi fungidzira, anogona pachangu
achichengetedza kana kufungidzira mune nokukurumidza shongwe pamberi pangu
uye neshongwe shure kwangu, zvinhu chete uyewo pamberi pangu shure nhasi sezvo

kumbofungidzira pedyo.
Kana ndichinge mangwanani pashure hereingebrochenem mazuva vachiri nhema
mangwanani pamubhedha, uye chinyararire vakabata akazaruka maziso pedyo
pamusoro kamwe, nhema afterimage yevachena pamubhedha inoita ini kazhinji
zvakananga pamberi pangu uye chena-mufananidzo dema chitofu mutopota
pakatarisana, rusvingo zvikuru yokure refu kamuri apo ndavata, panguva iyoyo
nesimba guru. vose sokuti neni sezvinoita nzvimbo pedyo, uye apo ndinofunga
pamwe yakazaruka kuona yose kureba chena mubhedha maziso angu, kuti ini ndiye
Nachbilde pamwe namahwindo meso chete dzinomirira nekaupenyu yakamanikana
dema mutsetse pachinzvimbo, kukurukura guru zvinoderedza kwandakaona
pamubhedha. Asi, kuyeuka mufananidzo kuburitswa yose fungidziro yose
chinonakidza pamwe yakazaruka maziso.
Munguva pfupi, ukuwo sokuti pamwe mukati yayo pashure zvifananidzo miganhu
maviri chete pasina kudzika ini nhema munda maonero, ndinoona kusango maonero
nemifananidzo mundangariro kuti miganhu vatatu zvakadzama sezvo munda
maonero yakazaruka maziso. Kanenge ichi ichokwadi kuitira kure sezvo ndine
nharaunda yose kana munharaunda, kamuri kana zvakadai fungidzira kamwe.
Kuti afterimage ane zvishoma chinhu, z. B. chiedza womoto kunzwisisa
namahwindo ziso, ndinofanira voratidza kuti dema kusango maonero namahwindo
ziso. The afterimage anotora mumwe, kwete pamadiro neni kuchinja, panzvimbo
munda uyu maonero, uye akapoteredzwa chete kuitira kuti ratios kubwinya kwayo
uye nezvemidzimu chete inogona pakarepo kunzwisiswa uye kuongororwa. Kusiyana
neizvi, kuti kunzwisisa murangariro kana fungidziro mufananidzo, ndine kudhonza
pfungwa dema munda dzengerere chete mupfungwa, sezvo ndinofanira kudaro
nokure auditory, Getastempfindungen zvichingodaro bvisa, uye zvakawanda
ndikaenda navo, vakanyanya anokwanisa ini chiyeuchidzo kana zvokungofungidzira
mufananidzo kuoneka.
Dzimwe zvazvo zvichiratidzika abudirire, kuti riende murangariro kana fungidziro
mufananidzo pamusoro dema munda maonero, kana pachinhu ichi, saka kutaura
hwomoyo kupinda zumalen mifananidzo. Asi sokuti kubva uyu wandiri kurerekera
vakawanda chete kutsvaka ndangariro mufananidzo mberi kana kutama kure; Ini
ubudirire asi kwete kuitira kuti ratios chifananidzo kumunda ndaikwanisa kuva
chinyararire tazviziva; asi ndinonzwa sokuti zviri pachangu nesimba, iyo sokuti
kubva ari kuedza zvokuchinja nokukurumidza shanduko pakati chinooneka munda
afterimages uye mifananidzo mupfungwa zvinongoitika uye uchandichengetera
kumbobvira Gelingens vakakwana vanoziva.
Nyaya iyi iri yakafanana: Ndinogona zvakanaka kuti yakakura ndangariro
mufananidzo kuti ruzhinji distinguishable zvikamu zvinosanganisira kana mimba
kunyange vazhinji contiguous ndangariro mifananidzo panguva imwe chete pfungwa,
kana, mune zvakadaro kusvikira, panzvimbo simultaneity chaiyo nokukurumidza
chaizvo uchifamba vanofanira kuumba pfungwa simultaneity chii. akanyatsosiyanisa
kwete zvimwe zvinobvira kufambira anotevedzana ongororo ine manzwiro
wakakwana chamazuva chiito, sezvo ini kugara chete mumunda, kuita Zvikuru

sechimwe nendangariro mifananidzo vega zviri pashure mifananidzo

pachavo. Uyewo, Ini handigoni pakati vanoziva omumwe afterimages uye ndangariro
mifananidzo zvachinja chaizvo, asi handigoni pamuviri ane afterimage uye
ndangariro mufananidzo panguva imwecheteyo kana vaine mari pamusoro
simultaneity vanoziva uye ndine kuchinja kubva mumwe haasi chete pfungwa
chamazuva sezvo kana ndichiri kuona kusango pfungwa mifananidzo kana
afterimages pachavo.
Pachiitiko ari (pamusoro) yataurwa ruzivo muimba yangu yokurara, ndakaedza
kuyeuka mufananidzo iro ndinoreva kuona pamubhedha uye Stovepipe vakazotevera,
kubva Nachbilde umo zvose hunoratidzika munharaunda kubereka nokuda Ini
kuburikidza exchange vachifungidzira pachako mariri vakatsvaka; uye munhu
angafunga kuti kuchine nyore vabudirire kuita kuyeuka mufananidzo kubva
Nachbilde pane kubereka matsva. Asi kuedza haana kubudirira, asi pfungwa akanga
kutanga kutorwa zvachose Nachbilde kubudisa kuyeuka mufananidzo pamwe
chitarisiko pamberi uye musana.
Kana tava kutendeukira pfungwa pfungwa nzvimbo panorumwe, tine uyewo imwe,
kwete kuti kurondedzerwa, asi zvishoma chimwe nechimwe pane zvakaitika kuti
kuburitswa pfungwa zvakachinjwa nhungamiro, izvo tishevedzere manzwiro ane
vemunyika dzavo dzakasiyana makakatanwa. Tinonzwa mberi voltage mumaziso,
rimwe laterally rinotungamirirwa munzeve, iyo inokura pamwe ukuru nzeve,
Sezvatakakurindirai kugadzira vamwe kuteerera, kuteerera izvozvo, zviri Ndokusaka
anonziwo simba nzeve pacharo.Most zvakajeka vanzwe musiyano paunenge
akakurumidza kuchinja mirayiridzo pfungwa pakati ziso uye nzeve. Maererano
siyana pachinhu siyana pfungwa nhengo iri mupasi sokuti yaanopinda isu munhuwi
chinhu yakanaka, kuravira, nokubata.
Asi ikozvino ndine zvachose analoginen pfungwa nemakakatanwa, sezvinonzi
ndinoda chinhu runako unopinza aionekwa nechiso kana nzeve, kana ndinoda
kuzviyeuchidza chiyeuchidzo kana mufananidzo zvekufungidzira sezvo pachena
sezvinobvira; uye ichi kunzwa zvikuru zvineringanidzo iri mupasi zvakasiyana. Nepo
yakapinza zvinogoneka vanamba chinangwa chinooneka zvinhu, zvakadai pashurenemifananidzo, mashoko voltage yekudyidzana kuenda mberi nekuvhura pfungwa
dzimwe kutsinga dzinouya nharaunda chete mirayiridzo pakati zvokunze pfungwa
nhengo kuchinja, ukuwo vamwe musoro manzwiro ari de-simba, retires vari basa
Chirangaridzo kana fungidzira basa, mukuru voltage manzwiro pashure dzose
kwokunze pfungwa nhengo kubva, uye zvinoita sokuti pane chikamu musoro, uropi
anozadza ngaatore; uye ndinoda kuzviyeuchidza Z. B. ane nzvimbo kana munhu
pamberi pangu zvikuru yainakidza, saka iye ari zvakajeka kuzviratidza pamberi
pangu, kwete zvikuru ini ruoko kuonekwa kumberi, asi zvikuru ini dzinodzora
kutaura kudaro shure.Kunyange zvinhu zvakanaka pano pane pazasi.
Fungidziro asati akotsira, sezvo vaine vanhu vakawanda kudaro havapo
kwandiri; uye yakajeka chiedza flickering chii ndinogara akaitirei kukuvadzwa
ezvinhu maziso angu akavharwa ziso, haana zvakagadzirirwa dzakananga nenhamba,
kana ndinogona kuita kuburikidza fungidzira basa kudaro.

Pashure pezvose, kuyeuka uye fungidziro mifananidzo zvinomirira nevamwe

zvisingawanzoitiki, utera neni chete, sezvo sokuti, kunyange kana ndine ndangariro
uye kufungidzira basa asi saka kuedza Zvisinei afterimages pamwe chaizvo
vakasununguka uye kuchinyanya kukuru, kazhinji kunetsa, chinja neni; uye handina
chikonzero, ruvara yangu pfungwa yakazaruka maziso akagadzirirwa shoma kuramba
pane vamwe vanhu.
Pazvinokwanisika zvakatonyanya kuoma kukunda mumunda wokuratidzwa Ini
kubereka zviyeuchidzo munzvimbo dzimwe pfungwa. Saka ndiri kunyange
vasakwanisa ini zvichiberekana ruzha inzwi mudzimai wangu kana dzimwe vanhu
vandakadzidza kubata zuva chero zvakajeka muna ndangariro, sezvo chake,
kunyange ini kana chaizvo kunzwa inzwi rake ari chete vanhu rima vaizoziva pakati
pezviuru. Haazobudiriri kubereka pamwe kunhuwidza uye kuravira
nezvekufadza. Simple nziyo asi ndinogona zvichida kuyeuka uye kufambisa
zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona wangu yakanyarara Kuimba pamwe kana kunyarara
fambisa ari dokeriro, kana ndichikuimbirai nziyo, nokuda kakawanda kuteerera. The
dzemo pfungwa zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona pane nezvekufadza nedzimwe kutsinga
dzinouya nzvimbo sezvo chiso ndinoona yeko manzwiro ari rienderane ichi; zhinji
vakasvinuka mumhanzi asi ndinotenda pasina kumbozengurira vari kuyeuka asi
vanoda zvikuru kunzwa nenzeve dzavo.
Kusvikira pakutanga pachavo pazviri. With izvi Ndakawana nepfungwa
dzevamwe, yandakavasimudzira zvakatungamirira introspection, kazhinji zvikuru
inopindirana, ndipo vakabvuma vari utera okuyeuka fungidziro mifananidzo neni, asi
akataura pano nyore vaviri chokwadi kuti vividness kwezvifananidzo izvi panguva
vanhu vakasiyana ari chaizvo zvakasiyana, uye kuti uwane izvi mananara kusvika
vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara sezvo sei pashure mifananidzo
nesimba, zvikuru mumwe akaratidza misiyano yayo kuderera kure zvokuti
pakupedzisira chete kunokosha musiyano iri pakati kwatangwa kwete vaingoerekana
chizvarwa uye Kunadzurudzwa pakati zviviri zvinoita kuti varambe.
Zvaizova mubereko kushanda panyaya iyi statistically, uye ndinozvidemba kuti asi
vakaregeredza kwokutanga here akaitirwa Tracking ari chinhu kune zvimwe zvinhu
zvakadaro, zvokuti ini haana kudaro rakakura mashoko kuenzanisa aripo nokurayira
kwake, sezvo ini dai , Zvisinei, zvichida, kwaizova haana zvakawanda zvokudzidza
nhamba huru nguva sezvo akakurukura folgends kubva vashoma kuti Ndaunganidza
chisero. Sezvineiwo, zviri pachena, kuti zviri kunyange zvakaoma kuwana
yakarurama mashoko akavimbika, munharaunda ino, sezvo zvakaoma kupa
kwakadaro uye chete kuwana zvakanaka mashoko pano. Kunyatsoverenga uye
akadzokorora introspection nokuramba kuzvinyengera, uye umwe mubvunzo, kana
iwe wakumbira vamwe, nokungwarira, kwete kuaisa mhinduro pamuromo inopiwa
napo. Uyewo chinhu ivimbiso chinangwa kuti kwaraiitwa panguva imwe ongororo
rworudyi uye zvakarurama vanzwisisa, uye kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kwose kwose
yakafanana chaizvo yomukati pakuongorora kwakaitika, vanogona kupa maererano
dzimwe pfungwa zvokutamburira.
Pamungawirirana inodiwa rokupedzisira pachisara kureva zvakafanana zvinhu

rokuyeuchidza chokuita kutarisira mhinduro yakafanana usingakanganisi neni sokuti

chinhu kuomerera zvimwe zvinhu utility. mumwe chete anofanira kusiyanisa kana
chisakachena kana usati chakasviba ndangariro shoma ndangariro zvifananidzo,
vachimuenzanisa ruva, chiratidzo, shongwe kuti ini kazhinji kushandisa
semienzaniso, kana pasina chinotivhiringidza, kwakaita yose nzvimbo, kureva, uye
kana ndangariro nemafambiro kubvunzana ichi kana kuti kushamwaridzana
zvinoreva. Kuti varege kutanga nematambudziko, ndinoona zvakakodzera pakutanga
siya Kuyeuka pfungwa kuti vakawana nokushandisa kwomunhu pachake zvinhu,
ndangariro dzavo ipapo nokuwadzana sezvo pamwe intuited chinhu, sezvinonzi
rokupenda painting, mumwe stroller pedyo nharaunda, iye achifungidzira, anofunga
akaramba. Chimwe kuenderera ava zvakawanika vaizova sezvinei zvichida
kutungamirira vamwe nezvavanofunga uye kusarurana izvo kuti, uye vasina
anounzwa pakuedza ichi pakutanga muchamanikidza nzvimbo iyi Tikanyatsotarisisa
pacharo.
Zvino ndinoda kutanga kuudza dzakananga humwe vanhu kana kusatonzwa
dzakawanda vakabvunzurudzwa neni, vamwe vakawanda chiziviso
panyaya. Tinovimba musingadi kudemba nzvimbo tora kukurukurirana izvi kupedza,
zvikuru; sezvo mashoko pamusoro maitiro mananara dzakasiyana vanhu asi ndiwo
chete nzira kuti nokusingaperi kungaita kuti chinhu, uye saka kure chiitiko ichi
chawo anenge chinoshaikwa zvachose. Nokuti zvinenge zvose zviitiko apo
zvifananidzo ndangariro nzira fungidziro kana ndokupinda vaya kusvikira ikozvino
vachera nezvenyu pachayo; nharo asi zvinonyanya kuitika, chete kuona sei kuona
mananara chaiye zviitiko vazvibate.
Zvinotevera nyaya dziri pashure vachikwira inotakura kusvika vanoziva
remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara, vanoita kwandiri kuti Arondedzera of.
1) Ch. H. White, Muzvinadzidzo Philosophy, neni vezera (Makore 59), sokuti
kuremekedza ndangariro mifananidzo kuva yakafanana chaizvo pamwero kupfuura
ini, nokuva kubereka sezvaakanga shoma vakasiyana ruvara kana kuswedera
nayo , Ane, paanovhara meso ake, sezvo zvishoma sezvo ini, yakachena matema
munda, asi nemhando dzose Hauoneki chiedza mairi, kubva izvo Zvisinei, kwenguva
refu anoramba maziso ake akavharwa kuti micheka saka dzimwe phantoms shaped,
chii neni handizvo ndiro. Kuti anoiona, anofanira rinozivisei zvikuru zvakakodzera,
sokunge achida kutarisa zvokunze zvinhu nemaziso avo akazaruka, ivo waimiririra
naye kuremekedza ichi (sezvakaita neni chiedza kudzima) yose muviri
kwayo; paakanga, kuitira kuti vawane mifananidzo ndangariro, sezvandinoita,
anofanira kutora zvizere pfungwa munda uyu, zvirokwazvo haana kunzwisisa
mifananidzo mundangariro kuti nyama mifananidzo avo panguva imwe muziso kana
mumunda iwoyo inogona pendi chii saka akasarudza naye ndozvazvakaita kuti
aiwanzoda kutarisa pasi apa pakatarisana mashoko mamwe kupfuura rekuguma
maonero yacho inobva.
2) AW Volkmann, purofesa anatomi uye physiology, uyewo makore 59
okuberekwa, kunogonawo zvibereko chete "simba chaizvo uye kujeka ndangariro
mifananidzo", vose chimiro sezvo ruvara anonetseka, asi zvinoita sokuti kwaari
mwero zvijeke kuti zvinosiyana chaizvo pasina vermchte ake ezvinhu pamusoro

izvo kunoratidzira. Vasati varara ane kazhinji, asi zvakasiyana chaizvo zvakajeka,
known aone zvinhu zvisipo, "dzimwe nguva pachena kuitira kuti zvokufungidzira
mufananidzo chinangwa mifananidzo Kujeka gandiwa uye kusimba ruvara kashoma
akaderera", zvakaenzana kuzviratidza kwaari muzviroto nzvimbo uye nezvimwe
zvinhu pamwechete ruvara 3) . Kusiyana neizvi, iye akasatadza nyore afterimages uye
ane pakupera pedyo kwemaziso kazhinji dema wakachena (kana chiedza muguruvaisina?) Munda maonero. Apo kuedza kuchengeta pfungwa mifananidzo, ivo
Zvibvisike panguva nenguva, kana sezvo zvaanoda kutaura pachavo nani, "panguva
nenguva panguva munhuwo pfungwa zvinhu." Nzvimbo ndangariro mufananidzo
muna Mhedziso nzvimbo kunosiyana-siyana pamwe nzvimbo kwameso, zvokuti iye,
kuyeuka mufananidzo achifungidzira muunganidzwa kwemaziso uye
pamusoro 4) . Anogona kufungidzira mupfungwa mifananidzo chete pamberi
pake. Anowana mutsauko nouchapupu mune kudekara generating kuyeuka
mifananidzo namahwindo uye rakavhurika ziso. Anozviita ndangariro mifananidzo
panguva ziso akavhara kubereka, anofanira kuisa pfungwa saizvozvo ndangariro
mufananidzo kuti "pamusoro kutekenyedzwa pamusoro matema chinooneka munda
yakajeka anorasikirwa", uye haana kubudirira, saka muna zumalen rimwe chete
ndangariro mufananidzo ari matema kusango maonero, kuti akapoteredzwa chete
njanji, sezvakaita ane Nachbilde. Zvisinei, zvinoita sokuti "ari mawa maonero ane
ndangariro mufananidzo uye afterimage ingangodaro, kana asina humwewo
pamusoro manzwiro afterimage uye ndangariro mufananidzo saka kutsanya kuti
vanonzi raiumbwa chete. Asi kuti zvisinei ari muchimiro uye ruvara kujeka chaizvo
ndangariro mufananidzo nokuda mawa kuvapo uye afterimage achiri blurry uye
kuratidzwa pamusoro chete rinonetesa. " Zvaanowana Produzierung kuyeuka
mifananidzo "kuedza mumusoro hwechokwadi mumaziso regai"; sokunyorwa sokuti
"mwanasikana Chakanzwiwa kuti nesimba musoro, uye veko pfungwa ndangariro
chinooneka uye anzwike anenge vakaenzana." Kunzwa mumusoro mu rinonetesa
kumbozengurira "afanane ane zvinorwisana rinodhindira."
3)

Kuti izvi zvidaro, zvinotevera Handimupinduri :. "Ko muzviroto vangu,

ndinotenda auditory zvaanonzwisisa chenguva zvatinogadzira hazvigoni
kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita sezvo mavara munhuwi zviroto handigoni kuita
kunge akayeuka hope kuravira Handina kumbobvira ndada handina kudya
panguva yose inokosha muchiroto asi nguva dzose pasina .. kuravidza
kutekenyedzwa. "
4)

Zviri chakakundikana kurera mubvunzo kana iri zvakaitika kana nemaune

rinounza nyaya ndangariro panguva kufamba maziso kana musoro sezvo
yakatarwa.

3) W. Hankel, Muzvinadzidzo Physics, makore 46 okuberekwa, anoyeuka kuti aiva

mukomana ndangariro mifananidzo pamadiro pamwe kuzvigutsa vividness, sokunge
nemaziso ake, pakusika uye yokugadziridza zvifananidzo izvi; asi ichi ndicho zvino
hatichamuzivi nyaya. Kunyange zvakadaro asi zvinogona kuva zvinhu avo ruvara uye

chipo kwavo chimiro (sezvo somuenzaniso ruvara chakarondedzera.); asi haachipo,

pasisina, sokunge akaona unhu kutsinga dzinouya mananara nemaziso. Kubva imwe
nzvimbo, apo akazviratidza kwaari, haagoni kutaura, kana imwe ukama hwayo
kutaridzwa dema munda zvaakaratidzwa nemaziso akavhara, umo anofanira Abstract
pfungwa zvakafanana asi mune generating ndangariro-mufananidzo, sezvo kubva
zvokunze zvinhu. Kunyange haagoni saizvozvo kupenda ari matema mumunda
maonero kuti akazviratidza sezvo afterimages zvakafanana vanokomba pfungwa
mifananidzo. anoona kwete kuoma Afterimages, ane vasati varara hapana fungidziro,
asi akarara hope zvikuru. munda wayo maonero namahwindo maziso murima
zvakachena dema, pamwe chete tsime kwese kuipa, asi nyore akafuratira pasina
vainyatsotarisirwa aivabata zvishoma akapararira chiedza guruva. Akabudisa nyore
ndangariro rose mifananidzo pachena pane maziso. Iye anogona vabatisise dzakadaro
pasina kuva involuntarily kushandura, pamwe chete sezvo nyaya Chokwadi, pfungwa
zvishoma nezvishoma dulls.A shongwe anogona sezvo nyore sezvo vaifungidzira
shure kodzero vakareruka ruvara chakarondedzera pamberi sezvo shure. Kana
kuyeuka mifananidzo kufamba namanama musoro uye maziso naye sokuti zvakaoma
kusarudza. Chizvarwa ndangariro zvifananidzo rinowanika pamwe nokutonhora
vemunyika shure pahuma manzwiro chinangwa naye; Manzwiro ichi asi
kumbozengurira pamusoro nziyo mberi shure pane apo nhema kumbozengurira
pamusoro Chinooneka. Kunzwa nesimba munguva vafungisisa sokuti naye zvikuru
expansively kupfuura contrastive.
4) MW Drobisch, purofesa wemasvomhu uye uzivi, makore mashoma muduku
kupfuura ini nyore wakadenha chitsvuku chirangaridzo mifananidzo mavara zvinhu
Zvisinei, hazvisi nyore kuti abudirire, munhu wakaiswa yakananga kuswedera
kuwana chete kana andobata mifananidzo zvishoma nezvishoma kubva panzvimbo
dzemoyo, akadai kutaura kamwe zerspielt. Muchiroto dzimwe nguva anoona
nzvimbo pamwe Oriental mavara. Uyewo afterimages kuzviratidza kwaari zvikuru
nyore, zvokuti ivo (iyo kuruboshwe mutezo muchiratidzo ndiro) kuramba pakupera
maziso ake kuti nguva azadzise pezvaakaratidzwa; asi pakupedzisira regai chete
chinhu. Vasati varara, aiwanzotaura anozivikanwa ziso fungidziro. Uyezve, kana
zvinowanisa kuyeuka mifananidzo nyore pamwe rakazaruka kana maziso, haana
kusarudza. Kubudisa mifananidzo ndangariro pakupera ziso, anofanira kutsausa
pfungwa dema munda nechaanoona, mifananidzo hazvigoni projected padenga chete,
achiri aionekwa pamwe afterimages panguva imwe chete. Kuminda maonero
okuyeuka afterimages sokuti iye siyana uye Black kanonyangarika kuziva kwake
paakanga anobata zvinhu zvinoonekwa. Asi sokuti aifanira maziso apo kutarira
kujairana mifananidzo ndangariro, kwete uropi shure;sezvariri uyewo apo achiyeuka
kujairana auditory nemaonero kunzwa sezvakaita Gebrauche hura, ane Kuyeuka
kuravira nezvekufadza akafanana zvakabikwa rurimi. To chete kugadzira asiri
Common mufananidzo pfungwa zvikuru, asi iye anonzwa kutamburira asi vakaita
musoro shure maziso, sezvo mumaziso. Kana manzwiro zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona
sokunge aida kunetseka pamusoro chinhu, haana kudaro zvikuru (akafanana neni)
pfungwa marwadzo ari ganda romusoro, asi sezvo kana musoro kubva mukati
vapararire, uye dehenya kufurirwa nechomukati Nemwoyo nemishonga. Zvinoita

ndangariro munzvimbo dzimwe kupfuura chiso nyore sezvo iyi pacharo.

Panyaya mubvunzo chaiwo kana ndangariro mifananidzo sokuti kufamba musoro
uye meso, ndokurondedzera pachake saka chikumbiro changu nokuda mamwe
chakanyorwa:
"Ini handigoni here chokwadi, zvakazara kuti ndangariro mifananidzo kuonekwa
kwandiri musoro uye maziso kutama, ndaikwanisa kuona kufamba kwavo, asi chinhu
chiri saizvozvo. Ndimire pahwindo reimba yangu, ona kubva ipapo Paulinerturm
pashure Centrally iri pakatarisana chechi denga, kuraibhurari chivakwa, etc. uye izvi
zvose yokutaura shure kubva pahwindo. kubva ichi yose ikozvino kunogara kwandiri
ndangariro mufananidzo kuti nechomukati zvikuru sezvo floats pamberi pameso
angu, sezvo panguva iyoyo ini kuzviona, pamberi ziso. zvino ndinogona, kupinda
kamuri, nezvimwewo, ndizvo kana Ndinorangarira kuti maonero, nguva dzose
zvokuyeredza mufananidzo iri imwe nzvimbo pamusoro muviri wangu pamberi
pangu, sezvakaita zvinhu aona zvakanga pamberi pangu, uye kuti zvisaririra
zvakafanana, kana ini uye inodonha dzavo, upote. ndokusaka nokuti mufananidzo
tichitarisa muviri wangu, kana musoro uye maziso haambochinji ake chaiyo ezvinhu,
handigoni kutaura kuti ndaitarisa sangano chifananidzo, asi ini ndinouya chete
kuburikidza kufungisisa kuti vave bhaisikopo yakadaro, kana ndava kuziva kuti
nezvenzvimbo meso angu muviri wava mumwe. Point I pamberi pangu - pasi
nepahwindo sezvinobvira - "" chechi iri shure iwe Zvisinei, Thomas Tower pamberi
penyu "," ndinogona kufunga "" shure kwangu "" kufungidzira, asi kwete vose
kamwe chete "" pamberi pangu "" asi zvangu sokuti ndingadai tarisa chete nokuda
chinangwa ichi.
5) angu, kazhinji akabvunza kwandiri, mukadzi, Clara Maria, hanzvadzi Prof.
Volkmann, makore 51 okuberekwa, pamwe pane zvose unopinza chaizvo uye ruzha
pfungwa, uye yainakidza kwazvo ndangariro, anogona pamusoro poUmambo
pachena mavara uye Maumbirwe nyaya chiyeuchidzo reproducer, dzimwe nguva
vanoona kurotesa nzvimbo namavara uye pamushana, dzimwe nguva chete nchtig
sezvo kuchena mune kuchena, uye ane asati akotsira kazhinji anozivikanwa aone
zvinhu zvisipo, nepo nayo neapo zvichiguma afterimages anoziva chinhu uye avo
kunyange nemaune kuedza zvakaoma chaizvo anogamuchira. Munda maonero
namahwindo maziso rakachena dema, pamwe chete kazhinji yaiteverwa zvechigarire
chiedza guruva. Unogona zvishoma nezvishoma abate pfungwa kuyeuka mifananidzo
kwazvo pasina Zvibvisike,-chinja, shanduko. Nokuti fambisa musoro sokuti wake
ndangariro mifananidzo kana zvipo zvakadai yakasimbiswa, haisi kutamira Asiwo
kuitika kana ivo usatsungirira dzakadaro pfungwa. Iye anotarisa maziso angu
akavharwa kuyeuka mifananidzo yakawanda wakajeka kupfuura pachena. Unogona
voga mupfungwa zvifananidzo, seruva, muna nokudhirowa nhema pamusoro
namahwindo ziso, ivo sevanhu kuitira kuti vakapoteredzwa nacho, asi mari iyi
yakawanda nesimba pane kana rinotsvaga pave nemufananidzo ndangariro pasinei
apo avo panzvimbo musoro yomukati apo maziso sevari kushanda. Mifananidzo
vanoita sokuti kazhinji kuti zvokuyeredza pamberi pameso ake, asi inogona kukuudza
shure nokuva naye ikoko, Zvisinei, zvinofanira kudzoswa kana zvechokwadi
rinotarisa maziso edu pairi, mashoko chete vo laterally uye nevamwe dambudziko

kuva ivo vakaperekedza asingatungamirirwi Drobisch uye pasina izvozvo, Tat. Kana
kufungidzira imwe nzvimbo yose pamwe namahwindo maziso, saka iye anofunga
izvi zvinogona kuonekwa zvakajeka ruvara pamwe necheseri uye nechekumberi
zvakarurama, sezvakunoitwa chokwadi, dema weziso anonyangarika zvachose, asi
yake asi, sokunge zviri zvikuru chete rinoreva chiitwa yose mukati musoro sezvo ziso
aigona kuona. Kunzwa nesimba kana vachida kurangarira chimwe chinhu, zvinoita
sokuti pfungwa marwadzo, sezvo zvichiita sokuti rakafanana chaizvo kupfuura ini
kuva pasina mashoko angu akanga asati.Uyewo auditory nemaonero, sezvo matauriro
ane anozivikanwa munhu kana scents maruva, kuravidza nezvekufadza inogona
nyore uye zvakajeka zvichiberekana achiyeukwa. A Violet hwezvinonhuhwira,
munhuwi clove sezvo Mauya zviri pachena zvakare.
6) Dr. M. Busch, makore 39 okuberekwa, anozivikanwa somunhu mufambi,
munyori anoverengeka kufamba zvinyorwa, izvo kubudikidza Kujeka rondedzero
inozivikanwa, uye mupepeti Grenzboten lightweight uye zvakajeka anoona
mupfungwa mifananidzo pamwe vakasiyana hurukuro uye avo mavara azere, asi
aiziva hapana Afterimage, kurota zvisingawanzoitiki, asi zvatinogadzira hazvigoni
kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita uye anoona muchiroto ruvara, ane kare hope aone zvinhu
zvisipo, uye pakupera kwameso ane rima, yunifomu, zvishoma rinokwanisa
kucheneruka munda. Anogona kuchengeta zvakajeka mundangariro mifananidzo
pamwe chamazuva. In akadzokorora nemiedzo, iye anowana kuti takakanganwa
mifananidzo kutevera kufamba ziso uye musoro; , Akabvunza Zvisinei, kana ichi
vachange vachiri kuitika, kana iye nemaune kufungidzira zvinhu ndangariro sezvo
wakaiswa, iye anowana kuti ipapo kuramba wakasimba. Anoteerera apo
chisakachena ndangariro mifananidzo zvinhu zvinoonekwa nemeso akavhara rinenge
riri dema munda maonero, dzakapendwa nyore zvishoma ndangariro mifananidzo
ruvara uye kupinda wakaiswa contours, zvokuti zvinoita sokuti zvinovakomberedza
kana achimutsa nzvimbo yose pamberi pemaziso, kunzwa basa, zvaakatadzisa anoona
mumaziso, kwete uropi; sezvariri maari ndangariro zvinhu vanzwa, chii haangagoni
zvishoma zvakajeka zvichiberekana sezvinoonekwa, sezvinonzi unoshaiwa nzeve
kuti. Zvisinei, urongwa, sezvaakanga Drobisch, manzwiro ichi, sezvinonzi aifanira
zvokunze pfungwa nhengo kuburikidza nendangariro, chete insofar nzvimbo apo
anofungidzira vanoshamwaridzana mifananidzo ndangariro, nepo mune mabasa
zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona anoenderana asiri Common mufananidzo pfungwa chete,
uye pachinzvimbo uropi rinoita kuti kushanda sezvo maziso, kusvikira mufananidzo
uripo zvizere yakajeka ndipo anozviita sedzimwe. Kunzwa nesimba munguva
vafungisisa ndiko contractionary, sezvo kubva marwadzo ari mumusoro.
Busch vanogona pamwe chakazara zvakajeka mudzimai pakagadzwa uye nhengo
yake maaigara kunyange kubvira achiri muduku 4 apfuura kufungidzira; zvisinei
haana kudaro yakajeka mupfungwa mifananidzo iye akasara kubva makore chikoro
uye makore kuyunivhesiti. Strange kuti migove miviri mbanje yakawanda, chaakanga
atora naye parwendo rwake Oriental, asi haana kushanda, akamutsa asina
muchimuka. Sezvinongoita shoma vakabudirira ari therisieren pasinei nekaupenyu
refu inhalation pane mazino kuvhiyiwa. Kuziva uye kunzwa kurwadziwa akasara.
Mumakore ose yakashuma nyaya pano, pfungwa mifananidzo zvose chikamu

vivacity zvavaiita pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu nyama chaizvo

zvakavapo. Zvisinei, nzira kuenda mberi; uye kuti vapedze panhongonya. Ini
kugoverana mienzaniso mhando zvimwe vanyori vane 5) .
5)

Zvinotevera musanganiswa duku kunze inotaurwa nokuda Brierre of B.

kubva J. Mller, pamusoro phant. Ges. (27. 82) rakumbirwa.

Goethe anoti S zvipo kuna Morphology dzinongoitika nesayenzi .:

"Ndine chipo, kana ini maziso angu uye niedergesenktem musoro Ndinofunga ari
pakati chinooneka ezvinhu iruva, saka hazvina umbomira kwekanguva rine chimiro,
asi rinoisa voga uye kubva rayo mukati kuitika maruva zvakare itsva kubva ruvara,
uyewo mutema tsime, mashizha; hakuna maruva dzinongoitika, asi tarenda, asi nguva
dzose, kufanana rosettes pamusoro vavezi vemabwe hazvibviri kugadzirisa pachena
budding chisikwa Zvisinei, huchavapo chero ini Ndapota, kwete simba uye. kwete
akasimbiswa. chete ndinogona kuuya, kana ini Zierrath ane rina mavara mavara
kupendwa Disc kufunga, izvo ipapo achichinjwawo nguva kubva pakati kurutivi
arikunze, akaenzana kaleidoscopes. "
Cardanus (of varietate rer. Lib. VIII. P. 160 seq., De subtilitate XVIII,
p. 519 seq.) Inoti pachake kuti akaita zvaakanga achida kusuma yakajeka. Gruithuisen (. Anthropol 449) anogoverana chomumwe murume aiva baba vake
fungidzira chinopenya hwake, hwaakanga paya hainyanyi vakakwanisa. - J. Mller
(... Phant Ges 117, peji 149) anoita rokupenda H., izvo kakawanda vakabudirira,
inopenya uye ruvara kuti uone kuti chii aifungidzira nemaune kujeka ari kutarisana
munda pachayo. The kuchengera phantasms dzakabudirira uye asi akatendeuka
pakarepo pasina volitions.
Brierre of Boismont (Des halluc, p. 39) migove dzinotevera fait pamwe:
"On peintre, qui avait the Grande partying hrit the vatengi Du clbre
changamire Josu Reynoids, et Se croyait d'tarenda suprieur Lau Sien, tait Si
occup qu'il m'avoua, this Wigan, avoir une anne there peinte dans 300 Portraits
grands and petits Ce fait parait physiquement hazviiti ;. ms Le chakavanzika of sa
rapidit and of mwanakomana Succs tonnant tait celui-ci, il n'avait besoin, que
d'une sance ndidire Le modle representer Je Le Nya executer sous mes yeux in
moins. of huit heures Le asian the maduku d'Un Monsieur, que Je connaissais
beaucoup; Il tait fait with Le ndinoiitawo guru cachet ruban bv d'une ressemblance
parfaite.
Je Le priai of ini Donner quelques Details of mwanakomana procd, Voici CE
qu'il kwandiri rpondit. "Lorsqu'un modle Se prsentait zvichienderana Le regardais
attentivement pendant une Demi-heure, esquissant of temps pour in temps pour of the
toile Je n ' avais baratos besoin d'une sance ndinoiitawo longue. J'enlevais the toile
bv Je passais une autre personne. Lorsque por voulais continuer Le Premier
asian, zvichienderana prenais l'Homme dans Soromoni esprit, Je Le Mettais of the
chaise, Dove pa f 'apercevais aussi distinctement, que va Il Y eut t in ralit: . bv

Je puis Meme Ajouter with of formes bv of couleurs ndinoiitawo arrtes bv

kuwedzerazve vives zvichienderana regardais of temps pour autre the nhamba
imaginaire, et Je ini Mettais peindre; suspendais zvichienderana refill anopona
nokudira muongorori the pozi, absolument comme Si l't yepakutanga EUT devant
Moi; ltima fois, que Je ms yeux Sur the chaise jetais zvichienderana voyais
l'Homme ".
Zvishoma nezvishoma vakauya Painters ikoko kuvhiringidza ake kufungidzira
mifananidzo pamwe chokwadi, akawira mugomba-gore matatu chepfungwa chirwere,
raakanga Zvisinei, pakupedzisira wakaita, pashure zvaanoyeuka uye rokupenda
tarenda achiri akaratidza anenge unimpaired. nokukurumidza asi akafa pashure.
Mimwe mienzaniso kufanana pano yakashuma Brierre of B. p. 58 f., Uye 479 basa
rake.
Kunyanya kunyatsoongorora H. Meyer physiology tsinga faibha S. akacherechedza
oga, Sinnesphantasmen randomly rwakakonzera ane s. 239, et seq., Ini kugoverana
rondedzero yake pano zvakananga nokuti zvirume chaiyo vaiona uye akabvuma
chaiwo ezvinhu avo rudzi nzira rakanyatsorurama kufunga rakundwa, ari nyore,
sezvo ivo vanoita sevasinganzwisisi kunge chaizvo kuzivikanwa.
"Kuburikidza vakawanda tsika Ini Masvika zvokuti zvinoita kuti ndiise kuzviitira
ziso nezvekufadza pamadiro. Ndakaita zvose pakuedza masikati kana usiku
wakavhara maziso. Pakutanga zvakanga ini zvakaoma chaizvo. Rokutanga kuedza,
kuwana zvandiri , mufananidzo rose waipenya, mimvuri vakapiwa kubudikidza
zvishoma simba, chiedza zvishoma rinokwanisa kucheneruka. mune mamwe kuedza
ndakaona zvinhu rima uye zvakafanana yakatangwa inopenya pepa rehurukuro, kana
pane chete pepa rehurukuro vanodhirowa kuburikidza inopenya miganhu rima pasi.
ndinogona kuita mifananidzo iyi Zvisinei, enzanisa shoma choko richiswedera
pabhodhi, ave phosphorus kuswedera pamadziro nerima usiku, akagadzirisa
rinopenya vapor pamusoro phosphorus. Kana ini z. B. kuona chiso, pasina pokunge
Zvisinei kufunga imwe munhu, saka ndakaona muganhu mutsetse mumwe Profile
chinopenya dzakadzika matema nerima; saka akaonekwa neniwo, pandaiedza
kutevedzera kuedza Darwin (Zoonomia I, 1. S. 378), chete yehombodo kuutio
senyanga mitsetse murima muvhu, kakawanda Zvisinei, ndakaona kuutio
wanyatsochenera aro micheto dema, akanga zvino ari kupenya chikonzero; Ndaigona
kunyange pamadiro kuona chena kuutio pamwe miganhu dema zvakajeka mumunda
uye munhu mutema kuutio pamwe micheto chena zvasviba munda, uye izvi kugona
chero nguva. Pashure kwenguva refu muviri kusvikira miedzo yangu kuwana zvizere
uye nani. zvino ndinogona kuona anenge mumwe chinhu, zvandinoda, Nyaya chaiyo,
zvayo dzinongoitika ruvara uye chiedza. Saka ini kare akasika zvinhu zvakasiyanasiyana zvaramba meso ake. Ndinogara kuona navo rimwe zvakawanda kana
zvishoma chivara kana rima, kazhinji kudzima, zvikurukuru. Ndisitomborina zviso
Ndakaona zvikuru zvikuru pakakura vividness vose noruvara pamatama uye
bvudzi. Kubva migumisiro kuedza izvi, ini zvinotevera kunyanya chinozikamwa:
1) Imwe nguva pashure chidzoke Zvibvisike manhamba kana kuti zvinochinja kuva
mumwe, pasina kuti ndaizokwanisa kudzivisa izvi.

2) Kana ruvara hakusi kusanganisa chikamu chinhu, saka ini saizvozvo kwete
nguva dzose chose musimba rangu. . A chiso eg haawanikwi yebhuruu, asi nguva
dzose zviri zvayo dzinongoitika ruvara, musiyano, panzvimbo zvekufungidzira
tsvuku jira zvichida dzimwe nguva kunyange rutema kunogona kuonekwa
kwandiri; nokusingaperi Produzierung mumwe ruvara ndiko kuoma pane imwe
chimiro, uye wokutanga risati kubudirira ini rangu kwokutanga kuedza, sezvo ndine
rokupedzisira vakabudirira.
Kuona 3) ruvara Kwakachena pasina zvinhu, ndakakwanisa nomumwe nguva,
akabva rikazadza yose chinooneka munda.
4) zvinhu izvo usingazivi kwandiri, kuti munhuwo zvokufungidzira zvifananidzo,
Ini vasingawanzotauri kuona uye aaise sokuti kwandiri yaizivikanwa vanovengwa
vakadarovo;saka ndaida Z. B. kunyange kuona hilt dzendarira mudengu yendarira, asi
akaona pachinzvimbo mufananidzo Zvinonyanyozivikanwa neni Rappierkorbes.
5) Vakawanda kuzviitira mananara aya, kunyanya kana vakanga inopenya, amboita,
apo maziso akasvinurira nokukurumidza panguva yakapedzerwa parutivi bhuku,
afterimages shure; saka ndakafunga Z. B. ane stirrups sirivha, uye wakati imwe imwe
nguva arangarira refu, ini akasvinudza meso angu ndikatarira kure chete nerima
afterimage.
Best Ndinoita bvunzo akanyarara supine uye maziso ake akavharwa; Ruzha
angasava kumativi ini nokuti ichi vaizotadzisa izvozvo, kuti manzwisisire
ichiwedzerwa kuna runodiwa zvikuru. Ini kushandisa miedzo zvino saka chiedza kuti
ndine kushamisika, kuti ivo neni haana kuenzana Pakutanga kubudirira uye kuti
ndinoreva kuti panofanira kunge pane mumwe nomumwe anogona. Chikuru
ndechokuti unogona kunzwisisa zvikuru zvakakwana kuburikidza chete mirayiridzo
nezvahwo, uye kubviswa wenyonganyonga zvose. "
The kare Citations hanya ziso zvaanonzwisisa. Meyer uyewo vakaripira kuedza
kubereka auditory, olfactory, gustatory nezvekufadza kuburikidza nesimba pfungwa,
izvo mune simba uye hunhu aizova nyama chete. Izvi akabudirira, kunyange pano,
asi pamwe chete nezvekufadza paganda, raakanga rinopa zvinotevera:
. "Musi paganda, zvinokwanisika nyore kwandiri, panguva iyo nguva
ndichazvirumbidza, kuzviitira nezvekufadza-machisi asi nokuti izvi zvakakodzera refu
Hurukuro kunzwisisa, ndinogona chete kumutsa manzwiro avo vanoramba kuti nguva
refu, zvakadai kupisa, inotonhorera, kudhinda; nokukurumidza pamusoro-richisvika
Ukuwo, sezvinoita punctures, cheka, ukapisa murwi zvichingodaro handigoni
kubereka; nekuti handina vabudirire, unoenderana anoona aimbova abrupto ari
zvakakodzera zvikuru kumutsa. aichimbova manzwiro, ndinogona kwazvo chero
ganda fadza, uye vanogona kuva akajeka kuti ini, kana ini kana kwete, noruoko
anofanira hinstreichen paganda nzvimbo, sezvo kazhinji kuita vanenge
vomunharaunda Hautempflndungen. "
Kuti nzira asi kunyange kunyange kurwadziwa kwazvo anogona kubudiswa
kuburikidza yainakidza kwazvo fungidziro kuva pasi akanaka ezvinhu, nokuti
hurukuro inotevera, uyewo yakadyidzana nokuda Meyer nyaya:

"Munhu yakadzidza kutengesa risati akandiudza (Meyer) kamwe, aiva mumwe

zuva akavhunduka pakuuya kwake kumusha achibva mumwe wevana vake vaduku
iroro aiva mumwe munwe pakati pamukova kusvinwa chete pamusuo wake mune
nguva panezvinotyisa akanga akanzwa nomusiyano marwadzo panguva kuMudzidzisi
pfungwa chete nomunwe muviri wake uye marwadzo vane 3 mazuva amusiye. "
Shure kwaizvozvo, ndinonyengetera kuna vamwe zvavo
mashoko. Lotze 6) rinotaura mavara pfungwa zvinoberekwa nendangariro nyore
Hauoneki, uye ini, sezvo chena uye Volkmann tiratidzike angegebenermaen
akanyatsorevesa saka; Asi kwete chete vamwe vanhu vane mashoko ini chete
zvakananga nezvokudzokera, asi kure kupfuura ruzhinji hwakawanda vanhu kuti
handina dzimwe nguva zvinombokunetsa nekuda ezvinhu chaiwo ichi, insured
pamwe chakazara chokwadi, nemumicheka zvinhu pachena achiri kurangarira
reproducer anogona. Vamwe akatsanangura vividness pakati nemumicheka
zvifananidzo zvavo ndangariro, semuenzaniso. Sezvo muraraungu, maruva, a sunlit
nzvimbo, kunyange noutano ruvara uye vakaramba kutenda kuti kwakadaro hakusi
kunaka zvichiberekana achiyeukwa kunyange. Hongu imi kuzvidemba ini kakawanda
yakajeka kuti ini anodonha zvavo Mavara pamwe nemazango rokuyeuchidza World
chikuru anotikurudzira kuti kutipa.
6) Munguva

yake munyaya mweya muna Wagner kuti Dictionary pamusoro. S.

169th
Very zvimwe zvinobva mukuru kana muduku kubereka mifananidzo zvakajeka
mundangariro, kubva kurutivi rumwe kusvikira kunokonzerwa chirimwa,
vachipupura, Magariro muchizadzwa kushandiswa pamwe pfungwa dzake
zvakawanda kunze nyika kana kuti Abstract navo, uye kupfuura ichi rinoshanda
kuoneka zvikuru apo Lotze 7) , White uye ini kuti.Kwandiri, ndinofanira kureurura
kuti ini hunongotaura kunyanya fadza ini kana anofanira kukurudzirwa kuona uye
kunzwa zviri kuitika kwandiri, uye dzimwe nguva vasina kuziva zvakanaka
anofamba, izvo zviviri bazi zvakasiyana chaizvo Nokuti ndine akaendepiko. Zvisinei,
Hankel, ane ndangariro zvikuru yakajeka saka mifananidzo kudarika ini, ajaira
yakapinza kunzwisisa kwokunze zvinhu zviri ziso, uye kunyange kana akabatikana
chaizvo panguva hurukuro dzake nyaya yake, anosuwa chinhu vateereri vake
madenderedzwa.Busch, umo pasi Ini vakabvunzurudza vanhu pfungwa mifananidzo
anoratidza nzira chokuramba vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara,
pachake anoti pfungwa nehanya nokutendeka uye zvakajeka kuti kubereka panzendo
dzake zvinhu angava, zvinoita sokuti, atova Youth vakasvinuka asi Uyai nokudzidza
disuse, aigona kuva akasimbiswa okurangaridza kwokunze zvinhu zvakare. Uyewo
kunosanowirirana chokuti vakadzi vane pfungwa kunze nyika iri kutarisana zvikuru
sezvo rose kupfuura vanhu, vakawanda saka neniwo akamubvunza, vanogona
kubereka zvakajeka uye mavara mifananidzo ndangariro nyore. Asi ini kunyora
Volkmann, zvandisingazivi sevasina pasina mubereko kuti mudzimai wake Gwaro
mifananidzo nemaune kugadzirwa vane blurry chaizvo uye rakachenuruka, asi aitika
dzimwe nguva ane zvinenge chinotyisa vividness pamberi mweya, saka mufananidzo
mwanasikana kure apo kuita mukadzi basa soro zvakajeka kuumba uye ruvara.

7) Pashure

mashoko pfupi zviri s. Mweya Item muna Wagner kuti Dictionary

pamusoro.
Zvichakadai, mafungiro yokufunga kunze zvinhu, zvinogona kudzoswa, riine
nokuda nyore zvichiberekana naro nechomukati; uye pamungawirirana haagoni zvose
tisvike habituation, asi zvinofanirawo chokuziva kusiyana negoho mumunda uyu
kutora nzvimbo. The anenge yangu runoenzanirana kweutera ndangariro mifananidzo
pana Volkmann kunotsamira asi pasina tsamba mumwe chete angoramba achitaura
abstraction kubva kunze kwenyika kana Ndinotenda nechekare kuti chijana ura
kudarika kunyange naye; uye asingadi kutarisirwa ndangariro zvikuru wakajeka saka
zvifananidzo, kunyange nharo kunyange zvishoma kubva kunze kwenyika abstracted,
sezvakaita neni wangu zvakafanana basa panguva Drobisch.
Muenzaniso Hankel uye Bush vake, uyewo mienzaniso iyo anotaura J. Mller
(phant. Gs 45. 82) kubva uye pashure Gruithuisen kubva umwe, nzira kudiwa
kuongorora kana vana, kufanana navakadzi yokungazodzoka kunze nyika
anotarisana, kuyeuka uye fungidziro mifananidzo nokusingaperi avhareji zvakawanda
vakasvinuka kupfuura vakuru; chete zvichava kazhinji zvakaoma kuita kuenzanisa
yakavimbika nokuyeuka pachako uye kuwana mashoko akavimbika kubva kuvana.
Musiyano, kana ndangariro mifananidzo vari vakawana nyore chete rakazaruka
kana maziso, vanofanira kuvimba yakasiyana kukwanisa Abstract pfungwa kunze
kwenyika. Where ichi hachisi kubudirira chaizvo, sezvo dzokunze zvinhu
kucharamba anokangaidza; apo zvichibvira nyore - uye ichi kuti vazvibate
zvakasiyana kunyange chete nomumwe ezvinhu - akafanana mukuru excitation
nechiedza kana zvichida tsika kuti tichiri kuona zvinhu nemaziso avo yakazaruka,
tarira pane favoring kuvamirira. Vakadzi sokuti kazhinji nyore kubereka namahwindo
pane pachena maziso mifananidzo ndangariro; Kanenge anofanira kuudzwa vamwe
vatatu Ini vakabvunzurudzwa pamusoro kunze mudzimai wangu, Chokwadi. bedzi
pashure aiona chaizvo pakuongorora, mune imwe pfungwa Prof. Ed. Zvisinei Weber
ariwana, sezvo Hankel uye ini, nyore kubereka pfungwa mifananidzo pachena pane
maziso.
Dzakasiyana maitiro vanhu vakasiyana uhwu ndohwenguva akayeuka kuti
kunyange apo vamwe vanhu vanosarudza zvinhu zvisipo nyore apo pachena pane
maziso, apo neizvi ichokwadi nezvimwe (s. Below).
Nokuti mukuru kana muduku kudekara pashure-nemifananidzo, kudekara
kugadzirwa ndangariro mifananidzo zvinoita zvikuru nyore chokuita. Drobisch ini Z.
B. vose kutarisa nyore chaizvo afterimages, asi Zvichakadaro ndangariro mifananidzo
yakajeka naye, ivo neni simba chaizvo, nenzira makamuziva muna afterimages
pamusoro Nachdauer runonyanya zvaanoda pakutanga zvakanaka kutotanga, uye
blunting runonyanya muyanzvi wechipiri kusiyanisa akaipa kutotanga uye zvingadai
chete zvinoda asi kunyatsoongorora kana vanhu pamwe siyana vakasiyana nyaya
nhamba yacho zvikamu zviviri, pashure kuongorora ukama chepfungwa mifananidzo
kumufananidzo chengetedzo nyaya zvose zvikamu wakaramba kunyanya.
Mubvunzo sei pfungwa mifananidzo nokusateerera fambisa musoro uye maziso,

sokuti kupindura chete panyaya chaiyo ezvinhu inoshandiswa kwavo uye

kuona. Kana vakaisa anofungidzira pakuendeswa, naivowo sokuti Busch uye
mudzimai wangu ruzivo, uye sei zvinoita kuti ini kunyange, kumira
makasimba; Zvisinei, kana musingadi nobwoni kuzozivisa wakaiswa, vanoita nekuti
umwe ndiye Tagara tichingoda kufunga kwavo pamberi pake, pamwe nzvimbo
musoro uye maziso asi kwete kuchinja nzvimbo yavo nzvimbo kwatiri, sezvo
zvirokwazvo kunooneka Drobisch kuti mashoko.
Pano rinofanira akatakurwa navanhu kwemaitiro kwenhengo dzekubereka nadzo
kunoitika fungidziro. J. Mller 8) inoti involuntarily vaparawo vasati varara uye
zvimwewo pakupera kwemaziso Halluzinatio-mashandiro, izvo vanotsanangurwa
zvakadzama pazasi: "Ndine pamwe namahwindo maziso hakumbofi nokuvadzidzisa
kufambira nemaziso akaita kudzvokora mifananidzo . " Iye anosimudza (38)
musiyano yavo panyaya iyi kuburikidza vakapfeka mifananidzo (od afterimages
pashure ndichibvunza chiedza pfungwa) kunyange zvakajeka akataura achiti:
"Change The ikapenya mifananidzo pamwe kufamba ziso spatial ukama hwavo hama
kuti muviri wedu pachedu, uye kufungidzira mifananidzo kuramba zvachose
anozunungusa namahwindo maziso nzvimbo inowirirana iri ukama pachedu nzvimbo
yedu kana vasingagari panokumwe womukati hwokuti nzvimbo yavo. "
8)

About tarenda Ges. ES 35th

Kazhinji, kuyeuka sokuti ndipo simba kana simba muzvinhu wokuratidzwa, uye
kuzvibata zvinoenderana mune dzimwe pfungwa dzine sezvo; Kanenge Handina saka
kure kuwana inoitika pachinhu ichi; asi pane zvimwe kuva vakadaro; zita rake uye
kuva wemifananidzo iri nyaya yakasiyana uye panguva dzose dzakadaro, ndiko
kubata mumwe-sidedness chete zvinhu vane pamuviri ndorwevaya chaiwo kutsinga
dzinouya nzvimbo kumubvunzo; chandisina saka kure vakarashika mukana. Ever
Ndine dzimwe nzvimbo kutsinga dzinouya vaiona chete wotaura uye
zvechipameso; uye zvingava kuongorora zvakadaro. B. noruremekedzo kuti auditory
zvaanonzwisisa chete kunyanya kana wakanaka okurangaridza. muenzaniso kurira
manzwi uye zvokuridzira zvose rinobatana idzodzo nenamo uye rokuimba.
The distension nzeve apo netsika dzakasiyana pfungwa inoita kuti kungova
mhasuru kunzwa, nokuisa anoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pfungwa
nhengo dzemuviri In kushandisa pfungwa involuntarily pedyo nekamba dzepanguva
pamwe basa. Mumwe anogona wobvunza marwadzo iyo tsandanyama ari distension
kuonekwa munguva rinonetesa wotsvakurudza anofanira zvakabatana? Pano About
vavanondipa ndinzwe akasarudza chaizvo mashoko; ndinoona Zviri haana kufanana
manzwiro kusungika mukati dehenya, asi sezvo voltage yose ganda romusoro ane
marwadzo zvakafanana uye kuramba kubva mukati kunze kuoma yose dehenya,
pasina mubvunzo kunotangira ane marwadzo tsandanyama ari ganda romusoro, izvo
blends chaizvo zvakanaka okuti, kunetseka, kunodaidza musoro. Mune yapfuura
kukuvadzwa ezvinhu apo ndaisagona kumira napaduku zvakatsigira pfungwa uye
vachiri hapana dzidziso akakwanisa kunyengedza ini gesprten tsandanyama

manzwiro vakatora yekudyidzana pakati ganda romusoro, kunyanya seri musoro,

panguva imwe kuedza pamusoro kufungisisa ane kukuvadzwa hunhu.
Kufanana neni, kunzwa zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona vakashandisawo Busch, wangu
mukadzi, uyewo Rte nevamwe kuti ini akarangana, contractionary; Zvisinei
Drobisch uye Hankel rwakakura. musiyano Izvi zvinoshamisa uye zvichida ongorora
dhigirii ayo pedyo.
Mune dzimwe Kazhinji nezvavanofunga Ndinoenda muzvikamu e), uye mudzokere
zvino mananara-siyana izvo vanoumba zvaibvira Transitional kwamadzimai
afterimages uye ziso zvokuyeuka, ukataura kubva imwe divi kana mamiriro ezvinhu
mamwe chete kana mumwe.
b) Erinnerungsnachbilder.
Tichifunga ndangariro mananara ndava nesimba kubva imwe chimiro
inoshandiswa, zvakafanana abstracted, pashure izvo vari zvakare izvo, sezvo
Volkmann ini chete kudaro anogona kuti vaunze zvikuru kusimba kuratidzwa, pamwe
hwakanyatsorwisa vakasiyana maumbirwo uye mavara; generating nenzira iri nyore
kuti munhu anobereka ndangariro mufananidzo pakarepo pashure duku sokuona
chinhu. People, Chokwadi, izvo zvibereko pfungwa mifananidzo nyore, ona hapana
Kunyanya mukana ichi yakachena pazera sezvakafanira; nekuti Drobisch kufanana
mudzimai wangu akataura kuti vaikwanisa sezvaakanga nyore uye zvakajeka nekuti
yakachena pfupi View kuagadzira yaizivikanwa ndangariro mifananidzo kwete
zvisingafanoonekwi zvinhu zvinenge; Zvisinei, neni sokunge Volkmann ndiye
mukana yakachena maonero unoshamisa zvikuru uye zvimwe zvakafanana panguva
munhu unobereka zvinetso zvakajeka mundangariro zvifananidzo. Uyewo Hankel
akaziva mukana yakachena zvibereko uye ndinoona kwete pasina mubereko, kudivi
yaingowanikwa ezvinhu izvi rwakakonzera achiita kuyeuka mifananidzo, iyo
ndichazokudana Kupfupika Erinnerungsnachbilder kuudza zvimwe. Ndinopa zita iri
nokuti vachaenzana anoona vanhu pashure-mifananidzo pakarepo pashure maonero
zvinhu uye tora navo zvijeke, kunyange vamwe vanhu (Rte) sokuti rienderane avo,
apo ivo sezvazvakaita ini, Volkmann 'uye Hankel 'n kumiririra, kutakura zvose
zvinokosha vatambi okuyeuka mifananidzo.
Ini kuwana Erinnerungsnachbild kana ini vamwe chinhu, chiedza kana rima,
mavara kana kwete, pari unopinza akacherekedza, ipapo pakarepo maziso angu kana
wegwende izvo okupedzisira ndinowana pano zvakatonyanya zvakanaka kupfuura
vokutanga, uye pakarepo, zvinganaka kunyange panguva meso mukuvhara kana
Wegwendens, kuyeuka mhando munguva kudaro vanhuwo nzira iri simba. ipapo
ndinoona mufananidzo kwechinguvana zvakajeka zvikuru pamwe mufananidzo uye
kunyange Ruvara chinhu vachinzi, sezvo ndiri kukwanisa haana kuwana zvinhu
chandakanga ndaona imwe nguva kare; chete nokukurumidza runopedzwa rayo
definiteness uye ruvara uye anoita zvatinosiita vagueness nzvimbo.
Hazvina pamungawirirana tinenge vafanorongerwa, chete chinhu asi aingovawo
kuona ino kuburikidza Nachdauer nemataundi afterimage, uye ini kunyange
akaramba pashure yokutanga asingafungi kuedza pfungwa iyi. Asi pane ezvinhu
mana, kuburikidza izvo kwandiri Erinnerungsnachbild yakadaro vakaenzana

ndezvokuti siyana uye chete simba, chaiyo kutarisana ndangariro sezvo ini kudaro
kubva vamboona zvinhu vakaenzana akamira zvavo afterimages.
1) afterimages, mumwe angadai vachera tifunge chinhu kana kwete (ona. Chap.
38). Kuti vawane musiyano Erinnerungsnachbild, ndinofanira zvakafanana kuwana
sechinhu vanhuwo ndangariro mufananidzo, pfungwa dzave rinotungamirirwa
panguva nyaya mubvunzo. The rakapinza pfungwa Ini Zugspitze panyaya apo
vakatarisa, zvikuru kukwanisa kwandiri pashure kuti ngapaonekwe
Erinnerungsnachbild; saka ndinogona kuwana hapana zvakajeka Erinnerungsnachbild
ane nzvimbo yose panguva kamwe, asi chete zvakawanda zvinhu, zvakadai somunhu,
ruva, izvo handigoni obudisa nharaunda yacho chinhu muna Erinnerungsnachbilde
kana handina kuona pfungwa pakarepo zvinokukanganisa vane cover pamwe; nepo
anotura pacharo muna chaiwo Nachbilde kwezvakatipoteredza involuntarily pamwe
nenyaya, mumwe angadai vafunga zvakaenzana nzeve kana kwete.
2) Kana ini vanhuwo Daylighting nezvenyu namahwindo maziso ari mutema
munda maonero, kana pachena kuti chinangwa chikonzero mutongi pamusoro nguva
imwe sokuona chinhu pamberi pangu, uye chii Ndinoona sezvishandiso receptively
vanyore, anoda chii zvinhu zviri pasi izvo ini anogona chinhu afterimage kuoneka,
saka ndinoona chinhu, ndinofanira zvikuru zvokuti Erinnerungsnachbild rinowanika,
zvikuru sezvo dzivirira pfungwa kwokunze pfungwa uye chifananidzo nechomukati
kuda kukonzera tichishingaira sepaya ndinoda kuti zvake ndangariro
mufananidzo. Uyewo ini kuzviona zvakanyatsojeka, ndipo Ndinoedza kuyeuka basa
iri kudaro vanhuwo nzira. Involuntarily Ini flex izvozvo ganda romusoro, sezvo ini
vanosarudza Kusaita mune rinonetesa wotsvakurudza (ona pamusoro).
Ini Uyezve, apo Erinnerungsnachbild akafa kana rava kujeka chii nokukurumidza
zvinoitika bemerktermaen iyoyo kudzokororwa, kunyange vane kudzikira
distinctness, ndiponesezve, kana ndinogara kusiya nokukurumidza kuita pacharo
kuderera ndangariro basa nesimba idzva.
3) Kunyange zvazvo ini afterimage chaiyo kusvikira zvimwe zvakanyatsojeka uye
kuzviita anooneka, kwenguva refu uye kugara ini ngadzirambe yacho, ndinowana
muna Erinnerungsnachbildern Pakuumbwa zvakanyatsosiyana. Vanoita pandakabuda
chete akakanda kukurumidza asi ngadziteerere zvichiita pfungwa chinhu hanya naro
zvakajeka zvikuru ndinoona sokunge, blunts pane refu nekuonekwa pakati
anotikurudzira kuti kuteerera, izvo chinodiwa kuti paumbwe Erinnerungsnachbildes ,
ukuwo pfupi mabasa freshest.
With ichi, zvinogona kuita kuti kana ndine Erinnerungsnachbild Z. B. nomurume
poanotema huni kana nokukurumidza vorschreitet, mukanwa, (dzaizova kufanana
nomuvezi anomiririra vanhu) apo ikoko Mafungiro uchifamba ini, asi kwete
kuratidza zvechokwadi kutamira, kubudikidza nguva keenest pfungwa kunoita
kusarudza kuti pakuonekwa mufananidzo. Asi chiitiko ichi hachisi zvachose
inonzwisisika, nokuti maonero inyaya zvive pfupi neni zvachose, ndingadai kuwana
Erinnerungsnachbild pachena sei nguva pfupi hapana kufamba kukuru kunogona
anoita izere distinctness mufananidzo here kutora nzvimbo.
Apo neapo imi mucharangarira kuti kunyange kana Disc pamusoro Thaumatrops,

kurutivi rumwe they. B. seshiri, pane imwe keji iri dzakapendwa pachishandiswa, ari
zvayaitenderera paguyo pakati minwe Axenfadens rotates nokukurumidza kumativi
aro dhayamita, keji uye shiri pano ziso vari zvaitevedzana anounzwa zvose
zvinobvira reductions, asi asi shiri sokuti kuzogara mumakeji, sokunge achibva
dzisingaperi uwandu mananara inongova chete (izvo rinowanika kupfupiswa ini rose
zvishoma) kwemubairo. Asi ichi zvinoenderana pano zvakanaka kubva kuti, pakaita
Kuchinja slowest apo kukuchidzirwa nzvimbo umo danda chiso ndiyo perpendicular
kuti disk.
4) The pashure-mifananidzo ndinowana kubva asingaiti luminous zvinhu zviri
vanhuwo daylighting nokuda Ini yechitema chinhu aigadzire Z. B. kwechinguva,
ipapo vhura kutarisa jena ivhu kana vorschiebe kwakadaro, kundipindura chinhu
hachisi yayo pachake, asi rwakakwana ruvara acharatidza pedyo Nachdauer
chinonyanya pfungwa mupfupi kucherechedzwa Zvisinei, nguva dzose kuratidza
Erinnerungsnachbilder chinhu yazvo ruvara pasina rwakakwana painoperera.
Pashure yapfuura kusiyana ini, zvisinei, kuti vayeuke pfungwa chine
Erinnerungsnachbild adjoins chaiwoiwo Nachbilde mikuru. Kana
Erinnerungsnachbild kuonekwa yakazaruka maziso rabuda neni, uye ndine
chinangwa kuiona, rambai muchigara Zvisinei kupinda imwe nhungamiro (izvo
yekubudirira kunokosha), pasina, kusimbisa patsva, saka anoenda ane nguva imwe
ziso chinamatidzwa kunze uko pari simba ndiponesezve, sokunge ndakanga
zvakasimbisa vavariro; Achiedza kuti ndinogona kazhinji kudzokorora
consecutively. Kuti kunyange kana izvi chinobata afterimages zvinoreva
ndiponesezve, ndine muna Pogg. XLIV, 528 anotaurwa; itai mifananidzo vamboona
zvinhu asi rinobatsira ini ziso muwedzero chinhu kumutsidzirwa yavo. Sezvineiwo,
hakusi achiipa munda kuburikidza maziso muwedzero kukonzera rumutsiriro muna
Erinnerungsnachbildern; nekuti pakarepo Augenaufreien kana padivi nechisimba
akashandura ziso anoita zvakafanana, asi mumwe chete pamungawirirana ura
pakuwanza excitation, iyo kunopiwa kufamba.
Volkmann, Ini aitaura zvakaitika izvi pamusoro Erinnerungsnachbilder 9) ,
anonyora kwandiri kuti ariwana zvikuru yasimbiswa; chete iye akacherechedza kuti
iye, zvinopesana zvauchaedza yakapiwa 4) rairatidza chokuita kuti vanhuwo
(kurikumbira yakareba Kuda kutamba) afterimages, izvi kwokutanga, akazviratidza
pamberi kuchinja mune rwakakwana ruvara, naiyewo chikuru ruvara, uye chokwadi
ichi hungasiyana zvichienderana munhu akazvimiririra zvakasiyana.
9)

Kusara zvandakanga atizve pashure Zvaanoona apfuura kubudirira Ange

muwedzero.

Mumamiriro vanhuwo ezvinhu, Ini akapiwa imwe nguva imwe sokuona chinhu
angegebenermaen zvachose hapana afterimage, kureva oneka pasina chinokosha
Makakatanwa okuyeuka basa mufananidzo. Munyaya inotevera, zvisinei ini
vanogona duku kuona mumwe ruvara ane Nachfarbe pasina makakatanwa akadai kuti
abate mberi, riri chikuru haina kuenzana, asi chiri asi rwakakwana ndokuupfugamira.

Ini tora munhu mutema chubhu nechomukati pamberi ziso rimwe, uye achatonga
pamusoro yechitema pasi, pedyo riri jena nechimwe. Ini kuvhara chete kwechinguva
maziso vose, ipapo kuzarura ziso, chubhu pamberi zvokuti ini Pari kuwa mavara
dzinokosha ziso uye pakarepo kutsausa chubhu iri chena background. Munguva
utetsa huru kuti ndine nokuda kuzviitira mananara, ndinoona, zvisinei kuti ndakanga
chete ndaona parizvino chinangwa mavara zvinokosha, asi pari zvino ari chena pavhu
Nachfarbe ichi chikonzero; asi nguva dzose rwakakwana ndokuupfugamira.
Zvichakadai, handigoni kubatsira Zvisinei, achiona kuti ini zvakanaka kuona
pakuonekwa Thaumatropes vari nemumicheka payo, kupendwa mifananidzo, izvo
chete simba kunogona kuva nyore Nachdauer pfungwa yacho. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu
vari pano kunze generating ari Erinnerungsnachbildes. Mifananidzo miviri
nechemberi uye neizvi divi Disc kuitika apo thaumatrope ari uchitsanya kuchinja
akadzokorora pamberi ziso, saka kuti zvaunofunga zvinogona kuwedzera
kumusoro; Asi Erinnerungsnachbild zvinoreva chimwe chete Kutarira inotengwa.
In zvose ndinofunga kunyange, panyaya pazasi e) nhaurirano vakawanda
kuwedzera kuti Erinnerungsnachbild wangu chete pamusaka zvakananga kuenderera
ziendamberi Nachbilde yacho, basa anopinda aendesa mufananidzo bhokisi ezvinhu
apo kuchine kuburikidza rokuyeuchidza mabasa inogona ini vabatwa; pashure payo
abuda atova maonero mumunda, apo pakarepo zvapfuura mufananidzo vachiri
rakanyorwa panguva kuedza pamwe thaumatrope pamwe kutevera maonero
mumunda pacharo.
Kana zvakadaro, zvingasava chisingatarisirwi kana iyoyi, iro anozviita neni
pashure ake chikuru nguva sechiratidzo mufananidzo achiita zvikuru somunhu
afterimage apo vamwe.Saka zvinoita sokuti pamwe Prof. Rte kuti nyaya, chairo
nyore afterimages zvachose pachena, asi unoberekawo zvishoma munhuwo
zvakajeka mundangariro mifananidzo, uye kubva mashoko akaita kwandiri,
ndinonzwisisa zvinotevera: kana ane chinhu chete parizvino envisaged, anozviratidza
kuna iye chete pari zvakajeka zvikuru ayo ruvara yepakutanga uye chimiro uye apera
nokukurumidza; asi anofanira kuva yokuzvidira kuedza kufunga izvozvo; asi, sezvo
avhara maziso ake uye anotendeuka meso ake, iye afterimage, kana iye kana
musingadi kuoneka, uye anoenda kana ukabvisa kubva zvakanaka munzvimbo
kunaka, saka Runoshivirira vose vanotaurwa zvavo afterimages. Akariwana kutsunga
sezvo Ndakatsidza zvakakodzera kuwana chikamu changu, kunyanya kudaro senguva
nzira kutora kuyeuka basa kubatsira kuona Erinnerungsnachbild. The Helmholtz
generating nzira zvikuru vakasvinuka zvakanaka afterimages 10) pachishandiswa
nguva imwe kunzwisisa ane chinhu, pashure kare maziso akanga yakareba akadzivira
pamusoro pangu asina yakakwana pachavo vachiriita, maererano Helmholtz vari
kuratidza chinonakidza pasina chinokosha Makakatanwa okuyeuka basa. Chaizvo
kusiyana izvi kunoratidzika kwandiri Erinnerungsnachbild kuhwina
kunyatsondifarira, kuburikidza neizvozvo kunyanya rinonyatsoratidza kuti iyoyi
zvichienderana munhu akazvimiririra uye ezvinhu pakati yezvakaita ndangariromufananidzo uye afterimage anogona-chinja.
10) Off.

Taurai 34th chechikamu: Versamml. ari naturalist eGermany Karlsruhe. S.

225th
Pashure wambotaurwa chinhu yakanga kare rakanyorwa zvachose pasi, ndakanga
chete aiziva nzvimbo muna Purkinje kuti mbiru kuti kuzviitira chiratidzo S. 166, izvo
zvinoratidza kuti zvakafanana vatambi sezvo ini kare vakacherechedzawo apfuura
Erinnerungsnachbilder. navo asi zvawo zita afterimages rayo aidzora Nachdauer
rokuti pfungwa ikapenya mifananidzo (izvo ndakanzwisisa pakati zvifananidzo)
akatarisana. Sezvo mashoko ake vari kunosimbiswazve nemashoko apa pamwe
rakatumbuka ruoko, rwakakwana chikamu, Ini vakavarega chaizvoizvo pano tevera:
"Ndaiwanzofunga kuti Blinzen ziso chiratidzo kwete chinovhiringidza, sezvo
Ndaifungidzira kuti panguva iyoyo ive rekunze kwaizoitika ndakawana Zvisinei.
pamusoro pedyo pakuongorora, kuti munda rakavhurika ziso nenhumbi dzayo
mwenje zvifananidzo kuramba, kwenguva pfupi nguva isati mupfungwa pashure
namafungiro avharwa. zvakanyanya dzikateerera ini nyore, kwete kukuru kwazvo,
rekunzwisisa mufananidzo, kuti .. yakareba sezvo ini anogona nameso angu
akavharwa pamberi pfungwa kuomerera afterimage uyu kusiyanisa zvakarurama
maererano nomufananidzo vakapfeka, iyo afterimage akasungwa chete
vakasununguka basa kwenguva refu, uye haarambi rekukwazisa kuda kunodzima, asi
zvinogona kukonzerwa chete zvakare; iye kudzvokora chidzitiro floats involuntarily
pfungwa pamberi, nokukasika uye anoonekazve nokuda chinangwa zvikonzero. "
"The topisierende zvinoitika mupfungwa, pfungwa kubatwa ziso, inoenderera
afterimage kunze tsika kumisa, sezvarakanga kwakaitika chaicho Onawo
stereometrically shoma mifananidzo anogona kumirira, uye kunyange vaisimbirira
apo uchifamba akashandura muviri wose afterimage nzvimbo yaro yepakutanga uye
nzvimbo. chete angafananidzwa mufananidzo musiyano inomirira chete hukawanika,
rine nzvimbo yaro chete muziso uye kunotevera mafambiro ayo. zviri liveliness
pamusoro afterimage zvakasiyana maererano musiyano pakati kwacho kuri.
zvikurukuru zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita riri kusimudzira
vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga basa nokuda kufadzwa doro kana narcotic
zvinhu, kana kunyanya kufarira chinhu; mune febrile nokufarisa ropa, kunyanya
muuropi zvinetso, chinowanzoonekwa yakawedzera kuti ineradicable zvinhu
sezvazviri iri chaiva nokubwinya mufananidzo musiyano anotarisira chave and
humour kuti arambe ari asthenic mamiriro refu uye haarambi dzichimhanya, zvikuru
akasimba ari. nhengo iri zvaiyambuka neupenyu. Uyezve, pashure-mufananidzo uri
zvakajeka uye chinangwa, ari pedyo ndiro nguva pamuviri ari mufananidzo, uye
mumwe nomumwe nguva hunotevedzana zviri kuramba zvichioma, zvakafanana
kuwana zvakafanana Kujeka zvaanoreva. The angafananidzwa mufananidzo
musiyano nyoro luminous zvinhu zviri nguva yokutanga pashure pokuona
vavhiringika nezvimiro zvishoma nezvishoma chete zvachose pamberi zvinoreva
nyaya anopa chete aisangova mucherechedziwo. "
c) mananara pfungwa okuyeuka uye maitiro mananara mwoyo pamusoro
kufamba.
Kana Erinnerungsnachbilder muchimiro yavakabatanidzwa kwandiri mupe,
zvinomiririra ane pamusoro-nechikwata kubatana pakati nomusoro-mifananidzo uye

pashure mifananidzo, izvo panzvimbo yokutanga anobatana okupedzisira, saka kune

rumwe ruoko anopa phantoms paiya inonzi pfungwa Narrows dchtnisses chimwe
sanduko chinhu ndechokuti Ukuwo panzvimbo Nachbil-nyika kubatana sezvo zvinhu
ndangariro. kureva, kumbira kuti ritungamirirwe kuteerera dema kusango maonero
kutorwa, uye havasi nhau kuchengera zvakasikwa uye nadzurudzo, dzakadai kuyeuka
uye fungidziro mifananidzo; simuka kwete inonyatsoratidza pfuurei yapfuura
nezvekufadza munguva pfupi pekufa sezvaiitwa afterimages vanomiririra asi
kudzoka nokuzvidira murima mushure ziso yakanga zvino refu kubatikana nezvimwe
kudzvanya muchiedza, uye haangoti obudisa pfungwa mira zvinhu, asiwo
nemafambiro.
Zvakasikwa vane mukana kugoverana zviitiko izvo nhengo pano kuti kazhinji,
kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro hazviwanzoitika zvinorondedzerwa 11) . Kare
chinozivikanwa kurondedzerwa ini nezvazvo rinobva Henle 12) apfuura. Iye anoti
kwaari, sezvo akanga ashanda mangwanani kwemaawa imwe tsinga uye tsinga
kuzvigadzira, pousiku, pakarepo murima uye kana vachidzipukuta ziso kana kuzara
kuti zvakafanana panguva vangakosora, Schnuzens zvichingodaro kupenya
mufananidzo kuti gadziriro vakaratidza ose mashoko ayo ezvinhu umo zvimwewo
pamwe mheni vangadai abatidza chinooneka munda nokukurumidza. Chiitiko akanga
parizvino uye involuntarily uye vasingagoni nemaune kunokonzerwa
zvakare. Saizvozvowo, izvozvo akazviratidza pane dzimwe nguva, apo akaramba
kwemazuva akawanda akanga vakaongorora flickering akaita sepombi
Branchiobdella, manheru, pasi tangle pamusoro shinda kuti kuyengerera pamberi
kudzikama ziso, zvakare flickering nemizariro, inopenya, Mavara, uye pamwe chete
vakasvinuka rippling chitsungo sezvo vakanga varatidza kwaari maikorosikopu.
11)

Rte yakandiudza sezvinonzi phantoms rokuti ndangariro kwaari kuti

vorgangigen Zvaanoona kazhinji kunyanya manheru kwakaitika kusvikira
ichisvota tavata.
12)

Casper kwakaita Wochenschrift. 1838. No. XVIII.

Similar (kunyange mune dzimwe pfungwa zvakachinjwa) Ini akatoita

akadzokorora zvakaitika, kunyanya unoshamisa, iyo vakarova pava paya muna
perennial photophobia munguva apo maziso angu wose tsinga kubva pathological
kugumbuka kutambura.
Ndichakuunganidzai zvandainyora pamusoro zvinotevera:
Kana Ndakakwanisa ari professorship mumuviri muLeipzig, ipapo rinobva
kuchinyanya Zvaanoona vakaitwa vane Gaussian midziyo panyama makabhati, izvo
zvinogona kuonekwa kufamba chena pamwero dema chishambwe mavanga uye
nhamba rworwendo munhu mutema rakakoshwa materesikopu uyewo matambudziko
ari yechipiri pakaunda vasere vari. Dai ndakanga aita izvi zvakawanika mumaawa
maviri pakureba, uye saka ndaifanira pashure chete kuvhara maziso ake kana
atumirwe akazaruka murima, ndakaona mutema shinda, kusanganisira chena

pamwero pamwe graduations vatema nenhamba zvose roga vari kutarisana munda
ngapaonekwe , dzinova rakakoshwa chete wakanyarara dzinotama kufamba nedanda
rechikero kuti akanga ari kucherechedza. Izvi Ini nezvinoodza kakawandisa
kakawanda vose akafukidza iyoyo rucherechedzo mazuva. Zvikwekwe uye shinda
dzaiva zvakanaka distinguishable (kunyange kusvika sezviri chokwadi), nhamba
kumbobvira saka zvakajeka kuziva kukosha kwavo. Luminous handina kumboona
zvitima. Kunyange maawa 24 zvakadaro munhevedzano Zvaanoona Ini akadzokorora
chinonakidza pana ose pedyo kwameso, pasina kuva kwangu chero zvikaita
kuburikidza kutarisirwa. Yakanga isingori pari, asi kwete zvishoma nezvishoma
kugara, asi akanga rave akamedzwa rima, chete dzumbunuka pasina kwandiri ichi
chingadaro musimba rangu.
Zvakafanana Fani ndakadzidza chokuita zvatakurukura chete hearings. Dai
ndakanga pashure yakadaro dzakatevedzana Zvaanoona manheru pamubhedha, uye
kunyange zvakawanda mangwanani apo vose rikanyarara, ndakanzwa pamusoro
allerdeutlichste (akaramba gehends) matambudziko masekonzi tidzivise yayo
chairwo namazariro, famba kana zvakavamba kuchinja wachi iri kamuri wakaramba,
saka ndaifanira pachangu vabvume kunyanya kuti hapana chikonzero zvokunze
chakadaro zvechokwadi chipo.
Panguva iyoyowo ndakacherechedza kazhinji inogara zvaanorumbidza multiplier
uko zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vatevere kubhejera pamusoro constituency tsono
chemuganhu nzeve; uyewo izvi kufamba tsono ndinoona kuzvibereka pachavo
kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana kupfuura kare.
Kunyange pashure kupora kubva photophobia wangu, zvakafanana mananara
vakadzokorora neni, muuye kunyange nhasi, kunyange zvishoma kazhinji pane kare,
dzimwe nguva pashure kwenguva refu mabasa, apo rinoshanda, kazhinji kudzokera
nameso avo chete zvinhu, zvakare 13) . Special mubereko asi sokuti zvinotevera
pakuongorora, chero bedzi kuti zvinoratidza kuti zvinogona chete, zvinhu zvikuru
mifananidzo yakasiyana pasina chinokosha kunetswa nekuti zvakafunga ndangariro
sezvakangoita vanhuwo ndangariro.
13)

A mienzaniso mishoma panyaya iyi, s. In wangu Centralbl. f. Natural

Sciences. 1853 S. 777th 780th

The 21 Febr. 1847 Ndakatarisa matafura nguva refu mitambo pamwe wandei
makuru kunyura. Firle (Borle, Tirltanze, von discs pamwe nembambo nepakati, izvo
zvaizovhara nenzira imwe gyroscope nokukurumidza kutenderera kusvikira muromo
chinyoreso) icho akadzingwa kuvaraidza vamwe, uye iye akatora chikamu
neapo. Chikamu chikuru vamwe masikati uye kunyange manheru kusvikira pashure
11 pm, ndakatarisa mariri, kuti vaswedere musimboti vakawanda inoratidzwa
kusanganiswa munhevedzano zvaakacherechedza.Pandakawana mukandisunga
kunorara, akazviratidza pakarepo nhivi yakavharwa uye akazaruka meso murima
mukamuri integer mitsara, kubva chimiro nevaya vandakanga aifanira kuitei,
dzevatema madzerere pasi dzesango, zvekuti I zvikuru zvichida aigona kuverenga,

kunyange havana kumbowana tinoshandisa zvikuru uye zvakajeka. Chiitiko akanga

usatsungirira, asi ndaigara nokukurumidza chimedzwe murima, chete kuti mumwe
nhevedzano nhamba Place. Pfungwa zvakare haana simba; uye kunyange ini akapota
mabhiri mumusoro wake achiri, asi hwava nenhamba vaiva chokuita kuti zvikuru
unhu chinhu kuonekwa kana kwete zviri akafunga. Asi chinoshamisa chinhu chaiva
ichi, kuti dzimwe nguva pane Zahlenphantasmen yacho phantasm ane kutenderera
Firls akapinda, zvisinei ini, zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita
takabatikana yacho, kunyange kune hanya dandadzo panguva masikati kana manheru
vafunga akanga kana ikozvino akafunga ini kunze insofar zvino chitarisiko
involuntarily akayeuchidza. Nokukurumidza yakanga ichi, zvino kuti Firl (vaiva
dzakasiyana kukura uye chimiro), yakabuda chinooneka munda, akatendeuka uye
akawira pamusoro; Sezvazvakanga zvakaita chokwadi. Pakuonekwa akanga
zvinonyatsoteerera kunyange kurukutika kupfuura Zahlenphantasma. alternation uyu
phantasms, asi iyo Zahlenphantasmen akazviratidza kakawanda rwakatora pamusoro
awa, kusvikira ini nehope.
Panyaya Henle zvakaitika Handina kazhinji ndakaedza involuntarily hwava pedyo
nokukurumidza kuzunungusa musoro kana nokukurumidza Zukneipen namafungiro
kana vibration kudaro simba nemaune omusoro kana muviri, ichi munyika
chinooneka mumunda uye zvakare kuderera mananara pamadiro kukonzera munguva
kwavakanga nokuti akaramba basa rineni zvinhu kakawanda akapinda roga; Asi
haana ndakabudirira. Sezvo shoma vakabatsira nemaune anyerere vibrations. Asi ini
mch fung kuramba kufurirwa vibration kwete zvachose, vasingakwanise kuziva
aigadzire. Zvakaonekwa kwandiri asi kuti mananara vari mubvunzo yokungazodzoka
zvishoma nokumbopota slamming pamusoro namafungiro, kazhinji zvishomanana
kwenhengo dzekubereka nadzo kunoitika twinkle chete kwakaitika pasina wangu asi
pamadiro kutevedza chete aigona kusvika zvakare. Uyewo mumwe anoyeuka ichi
(saka) anotaurwa Erinnerungsnachbildern zvakaitika.
Zvaizova chinodiwa kana mananara pfungwa ndangariro kuzviuru ivo chokuita
kubereka nemafambiro ari kurongwa nekuonekwa kuti kuedza. Pashure chii chave
neapo wakacherechedza, zvingaita sokuti havana kashoma kuti mungadai onawo
kuwana pakarepo mushure nekuonekwa afterimage ane zvinofamba zvinhu panguva
inonzwisisika Tentatively zviri pamutemo kuzununguswa; hungu nokuti vamwe
muchimiro kufamba, mubvunzo kare akasarudza. Apo, Chokwadi, kufamba
zvinoitika saizvozvo nokukurumidza kuti Nachdauer pfungwa anosiya nzira
anorondedzerwa ngapaonekwe vakazadzwa ichi- pamwe chiso pfungwa pane
chimwe, sezvo ari yemagetsi dzomoto, kukurumidza curving zimbe, Chokwadi vo
vanotora chikamu mune afterimage mufananidzo uyu; kana kune rumwe ruoko ziso
payo zvichifambirana kunonoka kubvongodzwa chinhu pamwe yayo inofamba, kuti
chinochengeta chete nemishonga wakaiswa sezvo isu, Chokwadi, hakusi chaizvo
sezvo sezvingatarisirwa pakuonekwa afterimage kuti ane muviri panguva zororo
vanobvumirana. Asi pane nyaya rechitatu, riri kuongorora kuti chokwadi chinoita
mufananidzo chinangwa zvishoma nezvishoma tama mhiri kunenge. rimwe chete
kuda, nokuti chikamu nechimwe kunenge ipapo anogamuchira pfupi pfungwa,
akadzokorora sangano, kana kuti simba zvikuru chiedza pfungwa kana kuti ibatane

zvose. Pano, sezvo nyore nguva zvinogona kupatsanurwa zvinotevera zviviri: l) kuti
chinangwa sangano nguva dzose anoenda imwe nhungamiro, 2) kuti kusimuka
pendulierend unozobatsirawo. Nokuti nyaya yokutanga kudzidzisa anotevera
chinangwa sangano subjectively kuburitswa munyika negwara; nokuti nyaya
yechipiri, regai chokwadi aripo mupfungwa ndangariro kunoratidza kuti sangano
kudzokorora pendulierende kuzviitira.
Mienzaniso Muchiitiko chokutanga, kuti nyore pachavo kupa mu vanhuwo upenyu,
kuti zvinhu munzira, anoonekwa kufamba achityaira pedyo motokari, sokuti
tisafunge ane pakatarisana kufamba panguva kusungwa, uye kuti kana mumwe
munhu akaramba nehanya Mangondo akatarisa kure pamusoro jecha nematombo
munzira, izvi zvinoita kuti kufamba negwara mvura kufamba. More chaiwo
zvaanorumbidza Fani iyi tiri chikamu chimwe ebani 14) , Ukuwo kubudikidza
Oppel 15) basa, uye vatorwa ndechokuti kutungamirirwa kufamba kunopesana
sezvazviri intuited muna kuzviitira Nacherscheinung, yave tichienzanisa chidzoke
pamusoro rwakakwana afterimage. Oppel, uyo akanyatsoongorora vakadzidza
chinonakidza uye kunyange tsanangurai ane midziyo nokuda yakachengeteka
kugadzira, anogovera zvinotevera 6 ezvinhu sezvo hwokuchengetedza kubudirira
kuedza kubva kuvapo.
14)

Pogg. LXXX, 287th

15)

Pogg. XCIX, 540th

"1) The vadzidza Sangano anofanira kuramba uye noruvara imwe negwara.
2) Unofanira yose ine zvakanaka yokutsanya, asi anofanira kuva saka kutsanya kuti
haikwani kuti ziso kusiyanisa dzakasiyana munhu kubvongodzwa pfungwa; - Ndoupi
Chokwadi hakunei paMhedziso, asi chete chisina kutsetseka velocity noruremekedzo
nezvenzvimbo ziso, kusanganisira ruripo kubviswa yokupedzisira kubvongodzwa
kubva chinhu.
3) Unofanira kuva akanaka chiduku - uchava zvakasiyana kureva paavhareji
zvimwe zvishoma, kazhinji kumusoro zvinenge kuti kuneta weziso (iyo nguva meso
yakasiyana) vanoonekwa.
4) Ziso rinofanira pano, sezvo panguva zvakazosunungurwa kutara chifananidzo
mira, kunyange (hama) akadzikama, uye haafaniri kuzununguswa nezita irregularly
nokuda anongoitika fambisa muviri kana musoro.
5) The yakanyarara fixated chinhu anofanira kuva zvakasiyana-siyana
zvakachinjwa nokuchinja ruvara kana shading zvikamu dzinongobuda varipo.
6) Vose kana kuona kubvongodzwa sevamwe mufananidzo ziso anofanira
ainyatsoshandisa kugadzira imwe pfungwa, uye nokudaro kuti ruripo irege nomuedzo
kutevera aimbova nyaya sangano kana kusatonzwa, kana pepa rehurukuro riri
zvinofamba mufananidzo pamwe neshure nokudzungaira. "

About wechipiri, kuti vauye vakadaro kufunga, nyaya zvichiri kushayikwa kuedza
zhinji kwazvo. Zvikuru wotaura Ini vakasundidzira chigamba chena pepa dema pasi
pamusoro yakagwamba nechando ziso neshure kakawanda; asi zvisinei ini nyore
afterimages uye mananara pfungwa ndangariro handina asi haana
mugumisiro; izvozvo akazviratidza chinhu.Sezvo zvishoma Ndakakwanisa
pachishandiswa stroboscopic discs kuwana Somugumisiro. The kuedza asi kuti
kwenguva refu chiedza pendulierenden simba nemaonero uye amendments
zvakakodzera, apo zvimwe anogona kuwana mugumisiro achizondishumira,
unorambidza ini mamiriro pameso angu, nekuti miedzo izvi hazvigoni kuva kudaro
pane unonetesa chaizvo.
d) kwenhengo dzekubereka nadzo kunoitika fungidziro uye mupfungwa 16) .
Pakati fungidziro kunonzwisiswa panguva neunyengedzi zvose vanofungidzira
zvose kana rinenge hunhu makomba kupepuka pfungwa nokuda Akanyengerwa
pasina chinhu chiripo pamusoro mazano yaro kwokunze chokwadi. A unopinza
demarcation kwayo yakawedzera soro kuti liveliness kuyeuka uye kufungidzira
mifananidzo rumwe rutivi, ivo mananara pfungwa ndangariro Ukuwo
haruzodzorerwi; asi fungidziro zhinji havasi nhau kuchengera chizvarwa sezvo
zvokufungidzira uye mifananidzo pamadiro akayeuka mifananidzo ndangariro, uye
vazhinji havana zvichiberekana slavishly apfuura ari aiva musoro mananara sezvo
mananara pfungwa ndangariro. Ava haisati kurapwa nezvimiro saka yokungazodzoka
pazasi kutaura kuti 17) . Pakati neunyengedzi kubudikidza fungidziro vakawanda
chero mhando kunzwisiswa Zvisinei vamwe, zvakadai zvingaitika pano, mupfungwa
uye fungidziro kure zvakasiyana kupfuura kunzwisisa zvinovadadira pasi
neunyengedzi, kusanganisira asi causal zvinhu zviripo, asi izvo zviri zvisiri
zvichishandurwa, zvisinei, imomo fungidziro rokunze causal zvinhu chitarisiko
nokusingaperi kushayikwa. It muenzaniso ane fungidziro kuti. Imwe nyaya iri here
ikoko, pamwe ruvara zvakaipa kana kunaka zvimwe kuonekwa Ukuwo rimwe
kuvhumuka kana muchiona chinhu kuti haasi ikoko
16)

The mabhuku fungidziro uye mupfungwa yakakura zvikuru, uye kwete

vanonetesa pano. Ndinogutsikana kuti zvizivikanwe neni zvinyorwa idzva
kutora yokungazodzoka anotaurawo kududza, iro ini, zvisinei, 4, 6 ne7
vanongoziva mushure madunhurirwa. Sezvineiwo, kwete chete kuita mabasa
ari zvepfungwa kusanganisira fungidziro zvose, asiwo asingaverengeki essays
uye mishumo nomumwe zviitiko:
1) Hibbert, nemadimikira kuti dzidziso zvipoko, AD Engl neWeimar 1825. 2) J. Mller, pamusoro tarenda chiso kuonekwa. , Koblenz 1826. - 3) Hagen,
pamusoro fungidziro. 1837. - 4) Griesinger, iyo zvokurwara uye kurapwa
zvepfungwa. Manch. 1845. - 5) Moreau, imi Hachisch and de l'kuzvibvisa
mupfungwa. Paris, 1845. - 6) Micha, Du dlire of nezvekufadza. Paris, 1846. 7) Szafkowski, Recherches Sur ms fungidziro. Montpellier 1849. - 8) Brierre
of Boismont, ivo fungidziro. Paris, 1852. - 9) Leubuscher, pamusoro
pemavambo fungidziro. Berlin 1842nd
17)

Zvaisazova hunodiwa kuti, kunze chimiro yaigara mumwe chaizvo

chakatodzana, randomly vanowanika muchimuka, vari Zvikamu a) ari

Connections akanga hurukuro kuyeuka mifananidzo, uye involuntarily
vaparawo phantasms izvo folgends ichakurukurwa kusiyanisa nemazita
rairatidza, asi vanoda sinkage kundirasha chose enzanirana.

Simple zviitiko fungidziro ndivo Masasaradzi pamberi, achirira munzeve, sezvo

ivo saka zvinowanzoitwa Kongestivzustnden kubudikidza pfungwa nhengo
hanya; asi vakagadzirawo mananara, kufanana nhamba yevanhu, kutaura unogona
zvavapo kubudikidza fungidziro. muduku uyu zvinosanganisira muchimuka yehosha
zhinji uye kanhi, ivo mananara Alpdrckens, aone zvinhu zvisipo pashure kudya
narcotic zvinhu, ivo phantasms kuti vanhu vakawanda vasati varara. Asi kunyange
mupfungwa utano vanhu, zvizere kutsinzina, pamwe yakazaruka maziso dzimwe
nguva dzakasimukira zvikuru fungidziro zvinogona kuitika, saka nhamba inoshamisa
zviitiko izvi mhando, izvo zvave yakataura, ndiyo huru kwazvo. Panguva iyoyowo
dzechokwadi, anofadza, anorayiridza uye azere akadzama akatsanangura nyaya iyi
mhando, rayo physiognomy dies nevamwe zviitiko zvizhinji kwazvo, akanzwa nyaya
aimbova nembiri bookseller uye munyori Nicolai, oga ari Berlin Monatsschr. 1799.
May uye bhuku philos ake okutanga. Abhandl. S. 58, et seq., Kuburitswa munyika
Hibbert kuti siginicha, asi ane chaiyo kubereka izvo zvaizoita pfuura ichi kuti
plugged miganhu zvakare.
Uyewo ndinoona kuti Connections kuna anorondedzerwa pasi a) mananara
wakadaro kusiyirira Halluzinationsformen sezvo panoratidza Nicolai'sche nyaya uye
izvo pasina mubvunzo nguva dzose chokuita mumuviri chirwere inoti mumamiriro
ezvinhu utano hwakanaka vakawanda kudaro zvaioneka fungidziro asati
akotsira 18 ) kutarisirwa, zvinganaka kuti kukwanisa kuita maererano chii ndinofunga
hapana nani pane obudisa tsvarakadenga, rakavakirwa introspection rondedzero J.
Mller kubva pabasa rake musi Gesichtsphantasmen pashure yayo zvikuru
zvinokosha.
18)

Imi muri pedyo nokudzidza Wet muna s. Zeitschrift. f. Anthropol. 1825. 3.

S . 166 zvi-, uye nokudaro substantially coincident rakarondedzerwa J. Mller
mu S inoti "On chiso tarenda mananara" muna 1826. S. 20 zvi- ...; saka kure
sezvo Ndinoyeuka dzimwe Abhandlangen pamusoro Maury uye Baillarger
muna Ann. Med. psychol., ane nzvimbo ndinogona tsanangurai haachipo, uye
pasina mubvunzo kakawanda kudaro.

. 34. "Zviri kashoma kuti handioni mifananidzo mannichfache wakajeka asati

akotsira nemaziso akavhara murima iri kutarisana munda kubvira mangwanani
pauduku Ndinorangarira ichi zvakavapo. Ndaiziva zvakanaka kubva chaiko kurota
mifananidzo kusiyanisa, nokuti ini kazhinji kwenguva refu asati kuenda hope
kufungisisa. multiples introspection Akandigarisa munzvimbo kuudza chitarisiko
chavo, vanorichengeta .... Kana ndinoda kuona izvi yemandorokwati mifananidzo,

ndinoona nameso angu akavharwa, zvachose dzokuzororera murima iri kutarisana

kusango nokunzwa kuneta uye mukuru akadzikama muziso tsandanyama ini
kunyudza ndimene zvachose nyama mamwe ziso kana murima iri kutarisana munda
pfungwa dzose, nezvaakatonga zvose ini Vasambosimuka, ndinoda ari akakwana
nerunyararo pakati. ziso sezvo yose muviri rusarura nechitarisiko nemaonero chete
kuchengeta chii vachaonekwa murima ziso sezvo zvinoratidza rwomukati
makemikari inoti mune zvimwe zvikamu.
. 35. "Zvino, kana pakutanga yerima munda maonero munhu chiedza makwapa,
makore anosundwa, kuchinja uye kuchinja ruvara kuchiri akapfuma, kuonekwa
panzvimbo nokukurumidza-shoma mifananidzo siyana zvinhu, pakutanga ari Mat
Sheen uye nokukurumidza pachena. Kuti chaizvo inopenya uye dzimwe nguva tiri
yechitema, hapana mubvunzo. Vanotanga, zvinochinja, kunomboitika kwazvo
kusvikira kumativi chinooneka munda ane vividness uye distinctness mufananidzo,
sezvo isu zvikasadaro kumboona kumbobvira zvakajeka kudaro kurutivi chinooneka
munda. pamwe kuchangotanga sangano meso vari kazhinji anyangarika kuratidzwa
kure nokukurumidza. Kune kashoma anozivikanwa nenhamba, kazhinji shamisa
dzemitambo, vanhu, mhuka, iyo handina kuzomboonana, zvakavhenekerwa Spaces
umo handina kumbovapo. hakuna napaduku kucherechedza mashoko akapoteredza
izvi mananara nezvinotaurwa ndaratidzwa pazuva. Ndave kutevera zvinhu izvi
zvakavapo kazhinji kwemaawa hafu kusvikira pakupedzisira Kubatanidza kupinda
zvandakaratidzwa hope.
. 36. "Kwete usiku chete, chero nguva zuva ndiri ichi anokwanisa mananara.
Vakawanda nguva yorugare, kure pahope, ndine pamwe namahwindo maziso
nokutambidzwa avo pakuongorora. Ndinowanza vanodzungudza pachangu kugara,
ivo kuvhara maziso kuti Abstract kubva zvose, saka kuoneka involuntarily izvi
muduku wangu noushamwari nomuzikamwi mifananidzo. kana chete nzvimbo
kwasviba, Ndinongova mupfungwa zvikuru chinyararire, pasina kutsamwa
manzwiro, handina chete kwete kudyiwa kana kutorwa spirituous doro saka dai ini,
kunyange pahope hakusi kufunga nezvechitarisiko chake zvechokwadi.
. 37. "Kazhinji yakajeka mufananidzo rinowanika murima munda nechaanoona,
kazhinji pachena pamberi nechitarisiko mufananidzo nerimwe zvishoma nezvishoma
murima chinooneka munda sokuti mufananidzo rwomukati matte yorubvunzavaeni.
Pakarepo mushure mifananidzo ....
. 39. "Handikwanisi pamusoro Zviri zvakasiyana, umo nguva iri phantasm
rakajeka Ndinogara pane nguva refu nemaziso ake akavharwa. All Ndinoda kumeso
pachangu, ndizvo munhuwo fungidziro, vakaisawo kukamurwa murima munda
nechaanoona, hazvina chiedza, izvozvo kunoita haana makemikari ari kutarisana
kusango, pakarepo chinoitika panguva tsitsi pakati tarenda uye chiedza tsinga,
pakarepo amire nhamba senyanga asina excitation nepfungwa. ari chinoshamisa
kamwe, hazvina kutanga kwokufungidzira vakaisawo uye ipapo inopenya . handioni
zvandinoda kuona; ndinogona chete yavasingazoshiviriri zvandakaona inopenya
asina kubwaira.
. 40 .... "Ndinogona kupedza maawa kufungidzira uye fungidzira kana unhu kuti

luminous chinoshamisa asipo, haana uyu kutanga kuwana akafungidzira nechitarisiko

simba kwandiri. Pakarepo chiedza, kwete kutanga Fremhvede kuonekwa
nezvandinoda, pasina itadze kuzivikanwa Association ....
. 41. "The nyore Zvakaitika izvi mananara a, kana ndiri kwazvo, kana pasina
Kunyanya mufaro dzimwe nhengo Panova mupfungwa kana mumuviri, uye
kunyanya apo ndakanga kutsanya. Kutsanya ndinogona kuunza zvinhu izvi
zvakavapo kuva zvinoshamisa kugwinya. handina kumbozviona ndichiparidza amwa
waini pamberi ....
. 66. "Handina vanogona kuunza pamwe namahwindo maziso, akapfakanyisa
tarenda mifananidzo nemaziso akaita kudzvokora mifananidzo.
. 147. "Saka zviri nyore kufungidzira yangu mifananidzo kuitika involuntarily, asi
ndine kunogona zvinenge kumbobvira randomly chamutsa imwe phantasm mamwe
chiedza uye coloring zvikuru nesimba. Ndakapedza zuva nehafu pachiitwa ichi kuda
murima. The pfungwa mifananidzo vaiva nguva dzose ane kuda kumhura Fantastic,
chii handina kukonzera, yaisakwana. Saka nyore Ndinoona kuzviitira mavara,
ndaisazombogona nokuzvidira dzvuku kuti andobata yebhuruu kumunda maonero
uye kugadzira "....
. 87. "Hope mifananidzo hapana kupfuura luminous phantasms kuonekwa aine
maziso ari Sehsinnsubstanz. Kazhinji vari yaakaita kuziva zvinhu sezvazviri yavo,
kakawanda zivo chete hope mifananidzo vanoonekwa. Munguva yokupedzisira
nyaya, hope mifananidzo kwete rakasiyana kufungidzira mifananidzo vasati varara.
In okuzvifunga zvaanorumbidza vasati varara, ndine kazhinji kushamiswa pakutanga
hope chaidzo. hope chaidzo, pamwe euthanasia pamusoro kufungisisa uye kuziva
zvinhu sezvazviri chepfungwa mifananidzo, ipapo anopinda nyore uye kupfuura
nekukurumidza kana rakundwa murima zvishoma nezvishoma romukati kuzviitira
varege kupenyerwa nokuvhenekera kwemashoko chinooneka munda. " (It Anotevera
epakutanga achiri muduku recirculation tere kuratidzwa ichi.)
Zvinotaurwa fungidziro vane hanya, izvo chokuita nehosha rinoti, ivo kazhinji
vanopfeka unhu nokufarisa tsinga uye vascular hurongwa, uye zvichida vari nguva
dzose muna Kongestivzustnde uropi kuti chikonzero. Izvi zviri nyasha pamwe
kwavo causal nguva, vamwe rinotevera zviratidzo, vamwe
mishonga. Ndinorangarira, kunze nyaya Nicolai kwakaita, ane zvokuporesa anosvitsa
ichi zvose maererano causal mavambo gwaro ravo ziendamberi kuwanikwa muna
fivha, mune dzimwe mhando noupengo, sezvo chidhakwa kupenga (rinowanzova
overachieving uropi pamwe venous ropa mushure rufu panzvimbo), pashure kunwa
kubva Narkotizis kuburikidza izvo kupomba inogona yakawedzera
charinombobatsira zvichingodaro Leuret uye Metivi 19) akawanikwa dzakawanda
zvaanorumbidza muna Salpetriere, kuti vose pane yokuvamba anopenga akanga
fungidziro vanotambudzika Avhareji zvikuru kakawanda kupomba; akanyanya
kakawanda kupfuura vari vanotambudzika pamwe zvokudarikidza. Asi neniwo
yakashuma nyaya apo pashure mukuru kurasikirwa ropa iro fungidziro vachiri
akaramba 20) .

19) Fror.
20)

Kwete. XXXVII, 137th

Brierre of Boismont p. 613th

Mushure Baillarger uye Moreau chinjikira nzvimbo aifarira aone zvinhu zvisipo,
pasina mubvunzo, nokuti ropa inoyerera zvakawanda kusvikira musoro; uye Pinel
rinotiudza mukusurukirwa mukadzi nenzvimbo fungidziro rokunzwikwa arega kana
akagara.
Zvifananidzo dzinowanikwa kuvhumuka ari kupenga uye vanofara inoti tiri, ane
mhando kazhinji anotaurwa zviri kuvimba zvakajeka pamusoro vaimbova
zvinoonekwa ezvinhu oupenyu uye mabasa, uyewo pfungwa kwokutanga muupenyu
vanhu, izvo sezvingatarisirwa zvose pacharo saka anoritsanangura kuti kuparadzana
yakaisvonaka tikwanise causal zvikonzero pamusoro fungidziro zvimwe
zvisingaiti. (Documents hnen muna Hagen S. 16 zvi-.)
Kubva mhiri, pane fungidziro, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kazhinji isina
kugadzirwa chiedza mananara; uye vakagadzirawo mananara kazhinji kutanga kana
navo, uchapupu kuti, tisingabatanidzi chinhu vasisanetswi fungidziro, mupfungwa
dzinayo unhu anofanira kuva kuvapo. (Ona. Hagen S. 253.)
Kazhinji, aone zvinhu zvisipo anoverengeka pfungwa uye ipapo kazhinji
vanobatanidza sezvo anoenderana nemitemo nokushamwaridzana.
"L'nekuonekwa parait avoir tabli, que ms fungidziro finden Sie rarement bornes
Un seul sens, tout the reconnaissant the vrit of fisi fait, Sur lequel M. Foville
insiste beaucoup, pamusoro peut affirmer, qu'en General ms fungidziro of Tel ou Tel
sens dominent of celles of Autres sens. C'est surtout dans ms zvirwere Aigues, qu'on
the Meme temps pour vanocherechedza plusieurs fungidziro runies .... Quand Il
existe pamusoro fungidziro of plusieurs sens, ces fungidziro ont ordinairement kesken
elles pamusoro rapports troits. ainsi pamusoro Pu remarquer dans l'nekuonekwa de
l'hallucin qui ms lchait murailles, parcequ'elles lui, paraissaient couvertes
d'maranjisi dlicieuses (voyez peji 139), qu'il the Meme temps pour l'odeur sentait
and the saveur of ces zvibereko. .... M. Baillarger ane apports l'nekuonekwa d'une
femme qui recut Un muhari of Fleurs of the Tete bv Le bruit, que entendit
immdiatement faisait fisi muhari they Se chinoputika the clats of Le kugadzira
nembambo tard ;. Elle sentait vingt fois ndima dia Le Meme zvakazobondera bv Le
entendait mme bruit. " (Brierre of Boismont p. 557.)
Kazhinji haana fungidziro zvachose kunzwisisa kubatana, uye Nicolai anoti z B:..
"Kana akaenzana wangu tsinga, saka simba kwazvo, pfupi detuned akanga zvokuti
taiti kufanana nenhamba vaigona kuonekwa, vakatevera pamwe neni zvinovadadira
izvi chero anozivikanwa mitemo rokufunga, yokufungidzira uye zvimwewo zvavo
kuwadzana pfungwa. "
The unyengeri aone zvinhu zvisipo, sokunge zvokunze zvinhu okunzwisisa
kwaizova varipo, zvingava zvikuru kana zvishoma zvachose maererano nemamiriro,
uye chero zvazvingava zvakakwana muzviitiko zvakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri pano
chero gradations sokuti kuitika. Vamwe hallucinating vanoziva avo ezvinhu uye

zvizere vanoziva unyengeri;Chaizvoizvo vanoziva phantasms sezvo phantasms, kuti

havana zvizere chimiro chaicho chero kuremekedza ari kuti, pamwe panotaurwa
ezvinhu chaiwo, izvo anoti kubva mhiri, kuwanikwe asingaenderani iri kamwe chete
zvikasadaro zvizere ezvinhu aripo.
"Ndaigona, akavimbisa Nicolai sezvo ndakanga nokusingaperi ari mukuru
akadzikama uye chikonzero, chero nguva akasiyana phantasms pamusoro mananara
chaiyo apo handina kukanganisa chimwe nguva. Ndaiziva chaizvo kana sokunge
kwandiri kuti musuo rakazaruka uye apo mukova chaizvoizvo akasvinudzwa uye
munhu chaizvo chakaitika kwandiri. "Akaonawo mavara zvishoma paler kupfuura
chokwadi. Saizvozvowo, mune imwe bhoneti 21) rakashuma nyaya.
21) bhoneti,

rondedzero analytique Sur l'Ame. Chap. 23 p. 426; Hagen kuti

Sinnestusch. S. 47th
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akasiyana. "Ini ndakaona akadaro
wakaporeswa vachirwara mhando urwu Esquirol, ndakanzwa saka sezvaakandiudza
ndinoona uye kunzwa." - "Kana zvaanonzwisisa vangu zvakaipa, akati pfungwa
vapristi mwoyo Foville, saka ndine chokwadi zvose mukandiudza ndine chokwadi
kuti ndinoona kuti Ndinonzwa."
Mumwe murwere akaudza Leuret 22) : "Sie DITS que Je ini trompe, parceque
damit NE baratos comprenez mashoko ces voix, que J'entends arrivent jusqu' Moi,
ms Je NE comprends baratos ndinoiitawo, que damit kupindura cela Se fait fisi, que
Je sais bien, C'est qu'elles arrivent, puisque Je ms entends: elles finden Sie ndidire
Moi aussi, que social voix distinctes, et Si damit voulez, que j'admette the ralit de
Vos Paroles, laissez-Moi aussi admettre the ralit of Paroles ;. qui ini viennent, Je
NE sais d'Dove, motokari the ralit pamusoro unes bv of Autres Est galement
inonyatsoziva dira Moi "
22)

Leuret, nezvimedu the folie. p. 203rd

Kunyange zvakadaro unogona kuona kwazvo kazhinji kuita sebenzi uye fivha
mabasa vanorwara kuti zvinoratidza kuti zvechokwadi vakanga tinovhiringidza
fungidziro sezvazviri.
Kune vamwe vanhu, pane huchiratidza kuti zviratidzo zvavo akanyangarika apo
vakavhara meso avo, nepo vamwe, kuti zvakanga zvakakwana kuti agadzirise
mafungiro ameso, nokuti kubvuma fungidziro. In vamwewo, zvakaita mutsauko kana
vakazarura kana vakavhara meso avo. Nicolai anoti: "Pakazosvika nzira,
akazviratidza kwandiri nenhamba nguva dzose uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyanasiyana, imwe pachena uye kutsunga, pandaiva ndoga uye boka, masikati uye murima
rousiku, mumba mangu uye dzisinganzwisisike dzimba Kana ini maziso angu. saka
taimbova nezvimiro kure, dzimwe nguva Vakagarapo kunyange namahwindo maziso.
asi zvino ivo vakagara kure, sezvo akazviratidza pashure avhure maziso pamusoro
forecasted nenhamba. " Dr. Crichton akabvunza akacherechedza 23) , "kuti murwere

kana vanotanga fivha kutanga dzichifungidzira, ita izvozvo chete kana kamuri
zvasvibiswa, kana vakati kuvhara maziso avo; ivo kurivhura asi, kana mumba
zvakanaka dzakavhenekera; saka teerera kufungidzira mberi, uye kazhinji vanoti
kunyange kana vachiita zvinhu yeuka kuti vakaona kuti vakanga nechokwadi
vakanga fantasized. " Wandei zviitiko umo akanyangarika pakazopera kwameso, ivo
aone zvinhu zvisipo, s. In Rte kuti Ophthalmol. Ini, p.193 u. Griesinger kuti
siginicha p.72.
23)

Hibbert S. 285 AD.

In dzinopesana zvokunze kutsinga dzinouya zvaanonzwisisa, ivo fungidziro

vazvibate zvokuti inogona kwakatsiva ezvinhu aya, kana vakutarisire kuti supersede
navo kana kugona kugara pasi navo.
Mushure Baillarger 24) Vamwe hallucinating anogona kudimburira fungidziro
dzavo kana vakatendeuka pazvinovaratidza zvokunze pazvidhindo; Zvisinei vamwe
havasi vanokwanisa. Naizvozvo, kazhinji hallucinating panguva pamberi chiremba
kurasikirwa fungidziro dzavo, izvo recur pakarepo pashure nokubviswa chiremba.
24)

muzana Schmidt vake. 1849. p.77.

Zvinowanzoitika ndezviya kuti kana phantasms rokufukidza ane hanya

background, ivo Zvibvisike Ukuwo, kana chinhu rakarova pfungwa vachimutsa
panguva pachena nzvimbo yavo kana chipingamupinyi kuona pachavo intercalates
pakati chiratidzo uye pachena nzvimbo wezvakaratidzwa.
J. Mller (. Phant gs 35) munyaya zvavo: "Vaya vakaona chii tarenda mifananidzo
iri wakasvinura mamiriro pamwe yakazaruka maziso, kupupura kuti munhu haagoni
pakuvatevera meso avo, ndiko kuti, kana ivo vanenge vari pakati ari chinooneka
munda vari coincident zvose zvinhu kuti kuwa mukati chinooneka akabatana
panguva abwendender kufamba kwemaziso. zvaanorumbidza iyi mhando ine
Gruithuisen (mbiru. z. Physiognosie S. 238. 259) yake uye nezvimwe ruzivo
vakawana. "
Mune chimwe chiitiko, mumwe Scott rakashuma muna s. Demonology, akanga ane
nzira akachenjera chaizvo murume, pashure vamwe yapfuura aone zvinhu zvisipo,
nezve marangwanda, iro zvechokwadi akanga asingakwanisi andobata, zvisinei
nguva dzose osimudza zvakare, zvakanga chete zvirongwa. "Ko marangwanda ichi,
akabvunza chiremba, iwe nguva dzose yeuka?" Murwere akamupindura
sokukumbira. "Saka kunyange zvino?" Zvisinei, murwere akapindura. "Uye apo
Munoionawo?" Pakarepo mujinga panhovo dzangu, uye kana machira vakasara
zvishoma rakavhurika saka anozadza marangwanda, sezvo ini ndinoona kuti chinhu
kubva .... Chiremba akamira pakati maviri semi-pasimwa maketeni mujinga
pamubhedha, vakanga nezvake panzvimbo akatora chitarisiko. Iye zvino akabvunza
kana specter achiri zvinooneka? Kwete chaizvo, akapindura murwere, nekuti yako

munhu ari pakati pake uye ini; asi ini kuona dehenya yokufa pamusoro papfudzi rako.
"
Mune imwe nyaya yakataurwa naDr Brach nyaya yakanga 12 gore musikana
okuberekwa. By kutya pamberi vasinganzwisisiki anohukomba murume ane tsvuku
chivharo, gnawing pamusoro pfupa, rimwe convulsive zvakaipa uye kazhinji
cheminyerekete zvakaratidzwa wakavhomorwa, zvakare sokuti murume ave
phantasm iri kana iye wakafamba kokutanga pamusoro phantom kana vaida kubata
naye, akapa nzira shomanana matanho kure naye. Dr. Brach akaita anenge 14 Mazuva
pashure kurwisa yokutanga anotevera kuedza: Akanga murwere kanoverengeka
zvomunhu kuenda kunorwisa parusvingo uye akazokumbira kana ivo kubata pamberi
pavanhu kusvikira parusvingo? Izvi handizvo zvakaitika; nekuti vakabvumirwa
kuuya pamusoro danho pamberi porusvingo, saka yaparara pakuonekwa. Aiva ivo
siyanisa kune gobvu pamberi pahwindo, saka pakuonekwa vakatiza panze
nepahwindo, akatarira mwana nepahwindo. Kana akabvumira kuvaona mugirazi,
saka havana kuona chinonakidza, asi ravo mufananidzo. Trat Mumwe pakati pavo
uye gwapa, maererano mashoko avo, murume akanga apo, saka iye akamuona
zvishomanana, insofar sezvo haina kufukidzwa akapinda kupindira munhu. Rakauya
Mumwe chete panzvimbo yacho simulacrum yakanga saka yadzima kuti chaizvo
nguva, asi akafungidzira izvozvo imwe nguva padivi. Kushandisa zvakakodzera
tsinga anodonhedza zvishoma nezvishoma ungaderedza ari tsaona convulsive uye
Phantom akatanga hapana uye munyoro. Chokutanga, dzvuku chivharo akanga
yeyero zvishoma nezvishoma kwakapera, ipapo pepa rehurukuro yose nhamba vaiva
kwakajeka, ipapo yanyangarika murume chete chiso, ngowani uye ruoko umo
achisimudzira mapfupa vakasara, ipapo akagara chiso uye ruoko kure uye murwere
chete akaona mapfupa uye chivharo naro dzaivawo nguva dzose chena uye
paler. Pashure 5 mavhiki, asi Mirage uye chorea aenda. (5 Med. Time. V. Teams f.
Heilk. Pr. No. 1837.)
Apo kunetsana nechinangwa maonero nokuongorora pamungawirirana kunyange
apo phantasms kuzviratidza siyana yakajeka kana translucent, apo ivo kuzviratidza
kuva mufambiro chakafanana zvino, zvakafanana nekuisa mufananidzo kaviri, z. B.
ane chitete, musi jira kushushikana kana Fonts vanowanika izvo zvino inoratidza
kuburikidza mufananidzo kaviri.mashoko akadaro Ndinogona kuwana zvakawanda.
The Cardanus aiita siyana maringi duku kuvapo akafanana rinobatanidza neketani
tsamba. "Zvinhu zvose zvakanga yakajeka, kunyange asina sokunge zvingava sokuti
hapana" (Hagen p.47). Mumwe akaona chitunha munhu dissected pamberi pake,
akatarira kuburikidza mufananidzo chete kuburikidza ane achiita
zvokutemera. (London with. Gaz. March 1843.) A chiziviso vamwe kuti aone zvinhu
zvisipo zvaiva vapenyu pamwe naye, zvikuru mweya yakanga wakaderera kana
kutambura mamiriro, zvokuti zvinhu chaizvo akanga asingaonekwi nechokunze
mukamuri. "Asi kutarisirwa yakanga vanopeputswa nokutsiurwa rudzi nesimba uye
akaisa basa, saka vakatanga phantasms kuva segirazi, uye zvinhu kutekenyedzwa
(zvinhu) akabvisa iye dai sokuti aona seri phantasms iri. akanga zvakanga zvisina
kuoma muduku, kuti umwe kana vamwe nenyaya kuda kuonekwa, nokuti phantasms
anyangarika rinenge sokuvapo pfungwa zvakasimba hune zvinhu kugadziriswa.

" (Hibbert peji 286.)

Sezvo rudzi Zvinoumba fungidziro pamwechete kwokunze nezvekufadza, ivo
neunyengedzi, kunzwisiswa mupfungwa yakaratidza, kushandisa, iro mienzaniso
yakawanda aigona kupiwa, asi izvi zvaizova pamwe chiya, mutungamiri pamwe
zvakare kure.
Zvisinei avo zvinoberekwa fungidziro kazhinji mifananidzo kutakura zvose mavara
zvenyika chaiyo, zvinogona asi vakakurumbira atova Meyer Zvakaitika yokuti
womukati kugadzirwa mavara kupfuura kwose uri 25) , uye vamwe vane ruzivo
pamusoro fungidziro aona , Nicolai akaona kuti ake achifungidzira akatanga kupera,
ruvara chete wokutanga rakacheneruka uye vatova nenhamba yose chena, sezvo avo
hurukuro vachiri vakatsunga kwazvo, uyewo zvakaitika musikana, izvo akaona
vasinganzwisisiki anohukomba vanhu kakawanda sezvo phantasm, akanga ari
zvishoma nezvishoma vachipinda kupora dzvuku chivharo tsvuku wokutanga,
zvishoma nezvishoma paler.
25)

chaiyo Drobisch (ona pamusoro) Zvisinei, hazvina kunyatsoti twasu neizvi,

asi inobata zvishoma mubvunzo mananara.

Brewster ane mharidzo kusiyanisa munhu phantasm ane chinhu chaicho, vakapiwa
kuti munhu anofanira vakasundira ane yeziso kuona kana mufananidzo miviri
kuchimuka, izvo zvinogona simuka chete ezvinhu ane chinhu chaicho. Asi
Paterson 26) ane mhosva apo munhu mutsindo phantasm pamusoro misha yeziso
vaifanira nekaviri pamwe nemimwe. Izvi hazvigoni kudaro kure sezvo pfungwa
doubling pacharo indisputably chifananidzo kaviri dzemoyo ndizvo Sloped anogona
kuita sezvo vakadaro apo kuvhumuka; asi neizvozvo yose mharidzo anooneka
kuvimbika.
26) Harare

with. Gaz. 1843. March.

Of kukosha kucherechedza kuti kwete Kashoma vanozivikanwa apo fungidziro

akajeka akatora nzvimbo, zvisinei, varwere pamusoro nyeredzi dema kutambura,
saka apo chikamu, ivo optic etsinga, vose akaratidza atrophied zvachose. A
kukanganisa zviitiko zvakadaro J. Mller, pamusoro phant. Ges. S. 31 zvi-. Zvino
Rte muna s. Ophthalmol. Ini, S. 194th
e) General zvinhu.
Kubva raora zvakaitika kuti akashuma ukama mupfungwa mifananidzo uye
pashure-nemifananidzo, uye pakati vaviri einschiebenden Transitional Links, mumwe
anopiwa sokuti kwemasayendisiti inova kuyeuka mifananidzo uye pashurenemifananidzo, por Se havasi vanotova zvakasiyana, kuti panzvimbo chete
psychophysical zvinoitawo kuti, maererano sezvazvakanyorwa rakafemerwa
zvakananga kubva mukati panze kana kubva kunze mukati, chifananidzo mupfungwa
kana afterimage, aichimbova akafanana gare gare mubumbiro-kurira, ekupedzisira
sezvo zvakananga maungira nemufananidzo chinangwa. Izvi zvakasiyana chimiro

firimu, inogona chokuita musiyano nesimba kusiyana mune nemanzwiro spontaneity

nokugamuchira, uye siyana omunharaunda pfungwa zvose zvakavapo sezvinotevera.
By chii dzomukati mediations kuuya Zvisaririra mifananidzo kunotangira
pangapindwapo zvokunze mune ndangariro zvivepo zvatinoziva sezvinongoitawo
chinhu, zvinoratidzika zvikuru zvakasikwa kuti vanofanira, saka kure sezvo vari
chete mukupera zvinokonzerwa zvifananidzo izvi, kusimba chete panguva akafanana
rambai kuramba mamiriro nhengo sechinhu repamusoro muganhu, uye zvinoita
sokuti kuoma zvinonzwisisika kuti ivo vari, asi chete chaizvo zvechigarire, kusvika
nyaya iri repamusoro muganhu pamwero, saka zviri pachena kuti mumwe chete
anogona kuzadzisa vakati papi shure kuramba sezvo ushe. Kana ivo asi dzokunze
mifananidzo sokuti kunyange nokure vivacity mune dzimwe nekuchinja inoti, saka
izvi chete zvokuti zvazvingava, sezvo kunakidzwa mamiriro umo muviri riri
chomukati recrescence, pamwe chete umo iye ari Up yatovapo, ndiye
chisingaenzaniswi.
Musiyano manzwiro spontaneity, chii yatinayo generating zvifananidzo ndangariro,
uye nokugamuchira nako isu nehanya afterimages nyore nevaya vanowanzomuitira
mweya mananara kuti unogona kuramba vari avo izvo zvikuru kuvimba mumuviri
urongwa, uye vakadaro izvo haina kunyanya racho, kupa simuka, zvichida achiita
achiumba mifananidzo ndangariro, kwete pachake kuti vateye chinangwa
mifananidzo yavo Zvisaririra kuti peji wechipiri apo peji rokutanga, uye. Asi zvisinei
ndinoona kujeka uye saka nechekare untenable, kana mabasa chizvarwa kana
anofunga nemifananidzo tibvise zvifananidzo pachavo munzira avo anogona Abstract
mberi mweya, havagoni husingaoneki munobuda mairi. Pasina vachida kudzokera
wakarwa maonero izvo zvinopesana nemaonero rinotsigirwa mweya rakakura
inogara hurongwa, vose zvavo, tine chikamu chedu kuyeuka ndechokuti
takakanganwa mufananidzo sezvo afterimage uye chinangwa mufananidzo
kuyengerera kana mupfungwa kana mumuviri munyika isina, asi chinokosha
zvokudya mukuru webasa kuziva rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinozvikonzera vakawanda
psychophysical muitiro vari vamwe. Nekuti zvakafunga zano uye tichifunga kare kuti
ndakati izvi sezvinotevera: tine panguva pfungwa mifananidzo kunzwa spontaneity,
nokuti ari chizvarwa kubva mukati yose wave zvakawanda vakasimudza nokuda
kukwidziridzwa rezasi nomubato sezvo harmonic; Ukuwo, zviri kugadzirwa
kunze; asi pamasikiro harmonic ndiye zvose kana chete. Zvichakadaro, ari musimboti
chinhu asati inosiya zviitiko apo yose chinozunguzirwa anowedzera arambe kubva
mukati kuunganidza harmonic somunhu chinozunguzirwa; ipapo iwe une, asi sezvo
zvagara huchakurukurwa, kwenhengo dzekubereka nadzo kunoitika fungidziro
chete; uye kunyange kuchinja pano vazhinji zvinogoneka, sezvataona, etc muna
Erinnerungsnachbildern, mananara pfungwa ndangariro.
Aikwikwidza pakati pfungwa mifananidzo uye afterimages Locality ukama
Kubatana, saka chinovapo kazhinji kubva yakashuma zvakawanika vari
kumutsidzirwa kujaira mifananidzo ndangariro kudziviswa nezvenyu yakazaruka
maziso kunze kwenyika uye namahwindo Nameso nhema munda zvaakaratidzwa uye
akadzora manzwiro pashure shure anofanira kuva, uye apo nemifananidzo ndangariro
kuramba simba, ivo vanogona kuramba gehends vachinzwisisa uye wakasara chete

abstraction kwakadaro kubva zvokunze pfungwa, zvakafanana, sezvo munhu

anofanirawo Abstract kubva pfungwa nzvimbo, kusvikira zvaanonzwisisa imwe ziva
kuti. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti munda chepfungwa mifananidzo vari nascent
ezvinhu chero ivo sezvo kuramba simba uye, uye munda mushure mifananidzo,
rinobatana nhema munda nechaanoona, vari mupasi mune imwe pfungwa iri uropi
siyana, sezvo siyana mabhora zivo pachayo.
Ukuwo imwe anowana kana munhu anoona afterimage muna namahwindo ziso
kana dema munda maonero kunyange ngadziteerere, iyo voltage ari kuteerera
manzwiro pashure zvikuru sezvo ukashandukira kunze nyika, sokunge iwe nameso
enyu asvinure zvinoonekwa zvinhu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mumunda mushure
mifananidzo uye dzokunze maonero anofanira kukurukurwa sezvo coincident.
Next muchawana, kuti kuti kufungisisa chinhu anzwike, Riechbares vane
ndangariro hatizi kujaira, pfungwa zvikuru sezvo anofanira kudzoka kubva zvokunze
pfungwa, kuti kufungisisa chinhu chinooneka pasina kubata munhu siyana nzvimbo
zvichienderana musiyano iri vakanzwisisa, vanhu rangarira, anoratidza; izvo
vanofunga kuti vose anoratidza mifananidzo kutora kwakatangira nevakawanda, iyo
zvinoreva mufananidzo yakasiyana munda, zvokuti pfungwa pakati minda maviri aya
sezvo pakati kutsinga dzinouya minda akasiyana angachinja pacharo.
Izvi kufunga hauzoti ndonda, kuti distension hanya, umo tiri kunobva pano,
zvimwe dzepanguva tsandanyama ngoni (saka); nekuti musiyano kubudikidza
dzepanguva kufara injini fibers anokurambai musiyano anonyanya kufara kutsinga
dzinouya fibers.
Zvisinei, The spatial zvakasiyana-siyana munharaunda rokuyeuka mifananidzo uye
pashure-nemifananidzo, ndiko kuti ave asina kuparadzana; asi zvose nzvimbo hanya
muropa pamwe chete organically, vanobatanidzwa pamwechete mukuru nexus
wouropi, anosima migumisiro kupinda mumwe uye wokushamwaridzana mabasa
mumwe nomumwe.
Pano chiedza anotikurudzira Kungodudzwa mabasa simba mumunda wenyika
nechitarisiko maonero; ari Fort Migumisiro dzayo anomunzwira kumunda pfungwa
mifananidzo mariri, mugoisiira kwatiri asingazivikanwi ezvinhu, kuti icho
wanamatira mukana kuchengera uye kushamwaridzana vane excitation pamusoro
kurukutika ndangariro nengano zvifananidzo. Asiwo, tinofanira maererano mananara
iyo kupa kuyeuka uye kufungidzira mifananidzo rukuru vividness, tenda kuti
evocation chepfungwa mifananidzo musango Fort migumisiro mune mumwe munda,
kuti hineinerstreckt zvinoreva mifananidzo, zvokuti chaiye pfungwa mifananidzo
mariri pamusoro pachikumbaridzo may, chero kuti pfuma yakadaro yokudua vatambi
vane chinangwa maonero uye afterimages uye kumbira chete kutungamirirwa hanya.
Musiyano ndechokuti mundangariro mifananidzo sezvavanokudza vakasvinuka,
uye zviri nyore zvinogona kuva dzakapendwa muna Black, izvo pakatarisana sezvo
rudzi akaratidza pakati pangu Bush sezvo Meyer zvichida yakafanira chete kuti
chokwadi kuti zviri nyore kuti pfungwa Black uyo pachake achiri chiedza pfungwa
yakaenzana vakawanda. Kanenge Ini kuwana dambudziko kana chisingabviri mune
zumalen ndangariro mifananidzo iri Black, muna kwazvo rwokuzvarwa Connex

kuitira kuti Black zvinondiodza ane pfungwa nani zvikuru kupfuura pfungwa
mifananidzo zvinoberekwa Black muna Abgezogenheit kufunga nezvacho. Ini
vachaedza nokunyora chete, saka avo lineaments rakachenuruka akadzimwa
zvachose mairi, Ukuwo ngapaonekwe muutera hwavo chairwo kana ini pfungwa
Black deducting chete vakanyoresa, anenge isingashandi. Apo, sezvo mugwenzi,
kuyeuka mifananidzo hunhu yainakidza kwazvo, kana muna Meyer, vari
dzinowedzerwa muviri kuchangamuka kukuru, chipingamupinyi ichi muropa anowa
kure, uye zvakafanana zvikuru sezvingatarisirwa, ndivo chete, kunyanya kutorwa
mumunda, apo chinangwa mifananidzo uye afterimages anofanira zvaizoita.
Kunyange pachena kupikisana kuti ini nevamwe panzvimbo chii chatinokoshesa
uropi apo kutarira mifananidzo ndangariro chikamu musoro, kushandiswa yangu
Zvisinei zvinoita sokuti vamwe kupfuura kana vaida Eyes Nzeve zvinongoshandisa
nharo siyana ukobvu pfungwa mifananidzo pamwe chete. Ini pachangu, kuyeuka
mifananidzo haana kuita kumwero yakadaro kuti chaizvo mupfungwa munharaunda
influierten kupinda dzakavapo zvigaro; asi ndiri achiomerwa kuisa akavabudisa
pamusoro dzakavapo rokutanga; sezvo ndakanga vachinetesa pamwe mabasa
zvatinoyeuka nezvetsaona, ivo kubuda, uye ndine saka nguva dzose distension hanya,
uko chokuita wotsvakurudza. Zvisinei, apo richakunda mifananidzo ndangariro simba
uye nguva, vanokanganisa pamusoro pfungwa nharaunda, kunewo chokuita,
chokwadi, akabatanidza voltage nepfungwa hanya.
Haugoni kuwana zviri Kungangova kuti basa iri pakutanga inovapo pamusana
chiedza kwokunze vari optic etsinga, uye chete ramba uropi propagates kubva ipapo,
kunyange kuramba machemero panguva pashure-mufananidzo ari optic etsinga uye
pfungwa zvaakasika apo kumusoro nyama vivacity vanowanda zvakare shure
Achitambanudzira kare, asi ichi hachisi zvazviri kusimba mupfungwa
mifananidzo. Asi localization maonero zvisingaiti kusarudza pamusoro anomutora
ino chaiyo Bhaibheri.
f) Vamwe okushora zviroto.
About mukurota, venyasha zhinji mashoko uye nezvimiro kuti unogona kufunga
yayo causal zvinhu, ayo kuchinja mune somnambulistic inoti zvichingodaro iri
diffused zvikuru ruzivo zvinhu asati 27) . Asi ndine kurega uwane mashoko pamusoro
kuwedzera chinhu, uye izvi zviri nani kubvumirwa sezvo Ndakadzora kubva
pakutanga kuti dzoga iri munda wose, uye aifanira kupa. Pano ndinoda bedzi ini
zvandakareva (chits. 43) pamusoro hope, wedzera mashoma mashoko okuwedzera ari
Connections kuna yapfuura.
27)

Pakati dzakapfuma nematambudziko vakanzwa Burdach muna S

physiology, III, peji 460 zvi-, uye zvimwe uyewo inotevera zvakawanda
mabasa, izvo Handizivi nedzangu maonero, chaizvo ariwana: .. L emoine, iwe
sommeil au pfungwa of vue physiologique, et
psychologique. 1855th Baillire. 410 Pag.

Maererano, muzvikamu a) izvi chitsauko chokwadi vaikurukurirana uye basa pasi

e) nhaurirano tine mukana, mamiriro ezvinhu psychophysical basa, inova pasi
chidzoke chepfungwa mifananidzo uye zvifananidzo izvi pachavo, chero bedzi
vachiramba simba, kunyange zvazvo asina vakarambana kuti asi kuti zvakasiyana
kufunga munda basa riri pasi kuzvigutsa mifananidzo, saka zvisinei kuti shamwari
mabasa muminda maviri nemumwe uye anogona kudyara migumisiro mune
imwe. Ndinofunga kuti uyewo mamiriro ezvinhu zviroto mumwe, kupfuura
wakasvinura upenyu ideational, aita nokurota hope yakajeka chaizvo asi
runoenzanirana zvichiratidza zviri zvoupenyu kutsinga dzinouya uye gwenya basa
pane ndizvo zvazviri vakasvinuka zvesimba vari varindi.
Pachakwo ine chinhu hakungagoni nguva oscillation ari psychophysical basa
muviri wedu ane spatial oscillation kana kweropa Sangano causally ukama
rakafanana sezvo tiri inoshandiswa kuwanikwa periodic mananara nenzira zvokunze
hunhu nzira; Naizvozvo kuti kuderera mwoyo pazasi pachikumbaridzo yepamusoro
huru nomubato redu psychophysical mumwaka hope Kazhinji chatinokoshesa
yakasiyana nzvimbo pane pamusoro pegomo pamusoro nevarindi, uye neizvozvo
coincident kukura kwebasa ravo chikumbaridzo kwazvo harmonics pamusoro
akaremberera hope pfungwa, mumwe, sezvo muka.
Dai zvisina kudaro, sezvo ini njanji yacho incoherence umo upenyu achirota pretty
Conceptual upenyu rinowanika uye vanotova akasiyana hunhu vaviri hazvigoni
kutsanangurwa.Kana mamiriro ezvinhu psychophysical mumwaka hope uye
kutsinzina kuva chete, saka muchiroto kwangu maonero, kungoziva munhu akaderera
mwero kuchinyanya vakabata, kuenderera pretty ideational upenyu aigona kuva, uye
vakaramba sezvinei kugoverana zvayo fuma uye wawo. Asi zvakasiyana:
"Usambofa anodzokorora (muchiroto) upenyu zuva ake kuita nemafaro, ayo
mufaro uye kurwadziwa, asi hope unodzima kuti kuchiparadza, kunyange kana wedu
wose ikazara chinhu apo yakadzika marwadzo pamusoro pedu. omukati
dzakabvarurwa, kana basa rakanga kwedu simba rokufunga yose Pazvivako
Hwaswedera, kunotipa hope kana chinhu mutorwa, kana iye anotora kubva
chokwadi chete nomumwe zvinhu acho mubatanidzwa, kana iye chete anoteerera kiyi
manzwiro edu uye kunoratidza chokwadi . Nokudaro, kunyange snooze mifananidzo
inenge kumboziva nenhamba, asi nhamba, sezvatakagamuchira anenge kumboona,
whimsical idzodzo uye zvitarisiko nyore kuwana akafanana munyika kunze kwenyika.
" (Burdach kuti Physiol. III, peji 474.)
"Kwete nyore chiyeuchidzo kurota Zvose zviri sokunge geschhe ikozvino, uye
usambofa rinozviti muchiroto anomirira chinhu kamwe tichinyatsotenda akasangana.
Chete akarota akadzokorora zvichida zvekufungidzira mifananidzo yenzvimbo
unokwanisa kuona, anozivikanwa nzvimbo zvachose zvisingawanzoitiki, uye ipapo
kwete pasina change. Just saka vanouya kwatiri zviroto hapana anozivikanwa nziyo,
asi panzvimbo itsva, ndiko kuti tiyeuke navo pashure pretty pane akarota nziyo, kana
kuti vari nguva nehope uye hafu-wakasvinura mamiriro ziva nepamuviri vakanga
Melody zvinogona kuonekwa nomunhu anouya pahope pamusoro. sezvo Nightlife
zvake nechekare akataura nziyo idzi, chokwadi kuti hazvina kuzivikanwa pashure

nehope. vakafanana hope, uye zvakare pfungwa iri hope dzake, izvo hatina zvachose
chaizvo asi anogona. Ko hope kubva chokwadi, iye anoda kunyepera. kazhinji, vanhu
Akaonekwa dzavo dzakare, kwete avo ezvinhu. nguva dzakasiyana havasi
kuvhenganiswa pamwe chete. Man zvisipo ari muenzaniso ukama pakati pamberi uye
pashure. "(About Mweya uye ukama hwake zvakasikwa, nevanhu yazvakaitikira
munyori. Berlin 1852. P. 209.)
Zviitiko kuti tinogona kuita varindi pachavo pamusoro kubudirira Kurega Onpfungwa chero nzvimbo zvinoratidza kuti kungoratidza pasi-kudzvinyirira pasi
zvikuru pachikumbaridzo tichitarisa zano redu, chete dhigirii, kwete mutsa uye
sezvairayirwa vanoziva upenyu kuchinja. The zvisingaverengeki zviito kuti isu kuita
munyika chavanoziva panguva pretty kuti isu kusuka Z. B., kukwezva, konzera
Zvisinei, tiri kufunga zvakasiyana, vose vari zvakafanana mupfungwa uye mweya,
ndiye musoro kupfuura vatinoziva kuita zvizere kuziva uye maererano zvakazara
izvi. Kwete kudaro zvatiri kuita zviri kurota fungidzira. Uyewo anogona kuti sezvo
akatsanangura zvishoma chokuti tinogona nokuda kwemamiriro nechitarisiko
pfungwa asisiri nezvatinovavarira kunze nyika uye saka titange nechomukati kuti
vatadze, zvikasadaro kunyarara usiku nokuvhara meso yaizoratidza kubudirira
chete; Zvisinei pakudaro pfungwa panguva kutsinzina inounganidzwa
saizvozvo. Saka, kana mano mwoyo vasingatsvi vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga upenyu pasi huru chikumbaridzo, asi kutapa pakati zvinofurira zvenyika
kunze kwenyika kwakakwanira kutsanangurira peculiarity pamusoro hope-upenyu
rinofananidzwa kutsinzina upenyu. Pane kungova mwoyo pamusoro psychophysical
basa pasi kuvhara zviri nechitarisiko pfungwa, zviri nani sezvo kana psychophysical
basa vakatama kubva uropi munhu ouchenjeri ari benzi;asi nokuti uropi vose kana
panzvimbo zvikamu uropi zvakananga chokuita uye sangano pachahwo coherent uye
wezvikamu kutevera, pane mukuru mupfungwa ukama mberi pakati.
Zvinonzi undisputed kuti Unorudzi psychophysical basa uye mashoko aro ideation
hakubvi chete hurongwa asiwo pamusoro elaboration iyo akamborara muviri wake
pasi wake simba, saka nzira iyo pfungwa, manzwiro mukuru, ane vakadzidza ndiye
nevanotonga uye kutevera kubva mumwe, kunyange chepakutanga ezvinhu akarayira
zvakasiyana pane ari mwana, ane kudzidza; hunhu wacho zvesimba asi kuti tine
ikozvino, kune chokuita yezvakaita Zvisaririra kusiiwa hwedu akare upenyu uye
kufunga. Zvino, chigaro chepamusoro ari psychophysical basa kudzidzisa varindi,
vaitorwa maererano pasi zvizere uye inobudirira simba ane coherent pfungwa upenyu
nevanhu uye nyika, kubudikidza amire ari psychophysical basa kunyange pasi
pesvedzero ichi uye maererano akaronga chigaro chacho. Kwete yambukirai zvigaro
ari psychophysical basa pakurara, umo chete Zvisaririra upenyu huno pazasi
pachikumbaridzo. Asi izvozvo neiko uropi yamapenzi, saka ticharamba enzanisa iye
cogent pamwe uropi nomwana kana savages, pamwechete kufunga kuti
zvinoenderana kuti zera munhu akadzidza nezvichaitika kwakadaro, kuti kuchinja
kubva varindi vari hope uye demgemer misha chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa
kukwirira psychophysical basa, ivo Zvisaririra iyo kutekenyedzwa uye ideation
kuyambuka sezvo hope mafungu chigaro itsva. By ikozvino vanosangana chero
nezvo nesangano dzidzo yakawanda pano, vanotanga kuva zvakaipa; kunyange

somwana kana Wilder asinganzwisisi zvaakanga vorerzhlt munhu mukuru kana

vakadzidza, untriftige inferences unoswedera uye unregulated fungidziro weaving
mifananidzo kwazviri. Kana, akafanana kana muchibuda muguta pamwe Migwagwa,
dzimba nenhamba imba nezvimwewo etc. vari hwavapo dzakabudirira renje risina
migwagwa;nokuti giya ndiye indeterminate; Chaioneka zvino pano, zvino pane
mutambo uri, asi yakarongeka iitike hunoguma. vaingova avhara maziso ake kana
muka, saka izvi zvakasiyana; kare basa zvikuru nenzira nechitarisiko psychophysical
basa anounganidza, inonyanya iri zvigaro zvine upenyu yomukati, muna kutapurirana
makwara pfungwa zvakananga, asi kwete iri imwe rwakapoteredza.
Sezvineiwo, kana kurota upenyu hama chechinyorwa looser, kwete musoro mwana,
sezvo wakasvinura upenyu, asi pane ake ukama yaingowanikwa mhando. Saka
hazvisi kusingawanikwi kana isu adzokere kunorara pashure zvenguva nehope, hope
rokutanga hope yechipiri vakaramba pasina painova pakati pfungwa pamusoro
takamuka interkurrieren, chero inoti pretty uye kurota upenyu vane akasiyana
yacho. Kunyanya iri kazhinji usiku converters, saka kuti vadzoke, sezvinoitwa chero
chisinga- kuti kwema zvezuva nezuva, mune imwe neimwe hope zvatinosiita upenyu
hope mhando. (Burdach III, peji 474.) Saka, munhu anogona kutungamirira nyore
kusvika muguta nemuruwa wose yakasiyana nzira youpenyu, uye mudzokere ari
kuchinja kubva mumwe kwaunenge kakawanda zvakafanana contiguous
kuupenyu. Impossible asi kuti ufambe kusvika chete kupi pamwe upenyu saizvozvo
kwaizova. Chii rinoshanda pano kubva umsiedelnden vanhu, chokwadi umsiedelnden
psychophysical basa kumunhu.
Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti nzira pfungwa muchiroto asina kusungwa saka
chikukutu nzira neizvozvo vakasununguka uye disorderliness asi kwete mhedziso asi
zvinogona kunzwisiswa chete hama, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu angaita kuti
zvimwe chaizvo zvikuru kubudirira muchiroto zvichibvira, sapamazuva pretty kuti
fungidziro dzimwe nguva pave chinhu kunyanya muzviroto, chii vangadai vasina
kukwanisa muna pretty. (Ona mienzaniso. In Burdach kuti Physiol. III, peji 469.) Izvi
zvakabatsira kubudikidza kutapa kubva kunze. The Kurota ndiye nyanduri uyo
anobvumira ake fungidziro rusununguko zvachose, uye vakarasika munyika
chomukati uye akarasika kuitira kuti chitarisiko chake ndicho chokwadi.
Regai dzokuonera vachiri kuita chimwe danho rekupedzisira. By kukwirira
psychophysical basa, vachiwedzera mumhuri dzenyu pachavo, panguva imwe chete
vakawanda rimwe, kutsinga dzinouya mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira asingasviki
nyore zvikamu anotendeukira kuna, iye achiri asi neizvozvo pave nokuwedzera
yomukatikati, apo kwaanoenda, pamusoro nguva pretty zvokuti psychophysical
mainshaft zvave kuuya pasi rose uye anoramba pazasi pachikumbaridzo; asi
yakawedzera panguva nzvimbo mukati maringe nguva pretty uye nenzvimbo ino
yava rumutsiriro pedyo. Uye saka zvingadarowo kuti kusaririra kana zvakanyanyisa
nyaya, ichi anoenda chaiye nehope, uye nokudaro, vakarambana nehope kubva zvavo
kutsinzina uye shure mariri ari kuenda, nehope itsva kunoitika kuburikidza nehope,
asi chii zvino aida kudzika ane saka hope of zvavo chigaro ichimutsa upenyu
inoenderana. Izvi zvinogona kuva kuda kuti somnambulism.

Kana somnambulistic varindi seanotora vanonzwisisa pane hope, ichi ringava

kubva asi kanenge wokumwe uye kazhinji vanhu vane zviratidzo rwomukati nyika
ndiko kutaura muchiedza chaipenya itsva kuziva zvichiongororwa pachayo kunyange
zvakajeka kupfuura tsananguro.
Ndinofunga mubvunzo vatiitire humwe kuedza inomirira mananara hope
psychophysically ari particulate mananara somnambulism. Kwete kuti aizorega tariro
psychophysics ndichapa panyaya iyi sezvo asi akarasikirwa umwe chiedza; kwete
kuti haana kuva mukuru kufunga pamusoro ikozvino. Asi kutungamirira chinhu
rakachengeteka, ichiri pamberi Vamwe mumunda ichi chikamu chokwadi sezvo
mitemo psychophysical inofanira nechokwadi, izvo haisati chokwadi panguva iyoyo.
Kurota pfungwa ingatakura hunenge munzvimbo rokunze tsandanyama basa uye
zvokunze nezvekufadza, ndiko, chokutanga, pakuti akarara kunowanzoguma kubva
zviroto kutama, Ukuwo, kuti pashure vakawanda mashoko akajeka hope mifananidzo
vachiri kuramba kunyange pashure pretty kupfuura afterimages, pashurenezvekufadza anogona. Vanoverengeka pachavo uye vamwe 'zviitiko zvakasikwa,
kutarisana, auditory, kunaka pamusoro zvipo yakashuma Gruithuisen muna s. Nokuti
Physiognosie uye Eautognosie 1812. S. 237 va-. U. 286, izvo Burdach muna s.
Physiology III, S. 465 uye J. Mller muna s. kwemaminitsi phant. akaita Ges p. 36
kuburitswa muchidimbu. Mienzaniso inotevera pachavo anoudza H. Meyer pamwe
mu s. Physiology tsinga internet p.309.
"Ndakaenda muchiroto ari murima, yakatetepa mumupata pedyo migero panze apo
mvura turbid uye dema ikatanga; pakarepo akasvika zvishoma chiedza yero mops
uye yandihukura nechisimba, kutyisidzira ini kuruma nguva dzose; Ndakarwa
zvakafanana nokuda ini, sezvo iye akakwakuka kumativi zvakare, vakadzokera
zvakare parutivi rwake, izvozvo Ndakamuka, yakanga mambakwedza zvikuru
inopenya kare, uye ndakaona vamwe nguva zvokuyeredza vakasiyana matema
afterimage Puggie pamberi pameso angu.
Imwe nguva ndairota munzanga; kuvhiringidzika akanga mavara uye varanda
vakanga vachimhanya pamwechete Teebrettern neshure; Ndakatora chete, izvo chete
agility guru pamukova akabuda, asi kufunga kuti ini ndapepuka, atova
mambakwedza, uye ndikaona refu nguva yerima mufananidzo muranda, uyo akabata
tea tireyi muna zvishoma pre-guda chinzvimbo, pamberi pangu ,
A iyoyi ndaiva mumwe Capuchin akanga akabata pfuti muruoko rwake.
Izvi pashure-mifananidzo akazviratidza kwandiri vose rima guru vane micheto
zvishoma Blurred. "
Zvadaro, anofanira uyewo musiyano mukuru pakati kwenhengo dzekubereka nadzo
kunoitika, nyore nyore kupfuura kupinda hope, aone zvinhu zvisipo asati akotsira
pamusoro randomly vanowanika Sinnesphantasmen Section a) chete inobva kuti
Mafungiro kubva zvigaro, izvo kukwirira psychophysical huru wepfumo pazasi
pachikumbaridzo varere zvinotora , izvi munzvimbo kutsinga dzinouya zvoupenyu
zvigaro zviri Summit pachikumbaridzo vari varindi, iyo yaimbova zvinogona kuitwa
kunyange panguva approximations kurara pachake. Izvi inotsanangura kuti avo

involuntarily fantastically dreamlike mifananidzo, kunyange kana vasiri zviroto

Zvisinei, kutamba munzvimbo wakasvinura upenyu, izvi takatsunga kuburikidza
kuchengera uye kusonganirana pasi mitemo wakasvinura mamiriro.

XLV. Psychophysical chamazuva uye

discontinuity. Psychophysical Stufenbau nyika. Point of
psychophysics dzinongoitika uzivi uye chitendero .
Sezvo vamwe pokutangira zvinotevera, pakupera mune tariro kure Verlie generating, nezvavanofunga hwandinoona kutevera vakawanda yakatarwa kuti
zvichabviswa rinotsanagurwa hinzuzuf-zvinotevera chokwadi panguva iyoyo uye
kupembedza, chiri zvakakwana vaifungidzira ambotaurwa uye akapa vaifanira kuva,
chero bedzi chokwadi kubvumira chero hapana mumwe dudziro uye utilization,
sezvo pasi ezvinhu ake.
The pfungwa dzechiuto uye Easy hwakabatana wenyama siyana, izvo siyana
mumuviri kunoitika mupfungwa pamwe yunifomu, Normal, kana zvinenge
nyore. Kana zvikasadaro: vanhu pfungwa dzechiuto uye Easy muri resultants
zvakasiyana-siyana mumuviri, muviri-siyana yunifomu kana nyore resultants.
The pfungwa dzechiuto uye Easy vari kure rusarura sezvo dzibatane pachayo
achiri unobatanidza munhu distinguishable ruzhinji, zvichiita asi kuziva kubatana
kana unobatanidza kuziva sezvo chinhu fanana Simple iri abstracted sezvo imi
kuomerera kubatana kuziva, kubatana pfungwa anogona kutsanangura imwe
pfungwa kana Zvisinei, zvachose nyore unosanganisira hapana zvinooneka ruzhinji
zvikuru, uye chete chingaita rinobatanidza, asi kwete zvakatonyanya unobatanidza
zvakawanda nyore ndiko nyore inzwi, ruvara, kunhuwidza manzwiro Grant
mienzaniso.
Untriftig kakawanda nokuvhiringidzwa chaihwoihwo Kujeka pfungwa ine nyore
yose kongiri mweya maturo zvandinofunga hypostatized achishandisa nyore shure
chaiyo mweya Chaizvoizvo.
Ndine nevamwe mirayiridzo nezvenhanho uyewo kutaurwa rechi37 chitsauko, kuti
mweya, mweya, Linking pfungwa nokuda kwomuviri co-menstellung uye kunze
chiitiko chaiva, kuyeuka chete yakatarwa (Chap. 37), sezvo vose modes kutaura zviri
ndeechokwadi kusangana, zvokuti anogona pano sakare kuva hanya chii munhu
anoda kushandisa.
Chokwadi, sezvo mhedziso yayo Ini tizvirangarire, uye umo mupfungwa
vanofanira kunzwisisa, marudzi anotevera tiri.
The fanana kubatana pfungwa iri chokuita krperli-ches rinoumba mamiriro; uye
zvikonzero zviri kuisa muChitsauko 37 (chigaro mweya), kubvumira factually kwete
ichi ionekwe inongova sezvo yokunze goko kungoti mweya chigaro. With mativi ose
uropi, tinofunga nyore, pamwe mungashandisa pfungwa vose retinas isu chete chete
kuona; nyore repfungwa kuti zvinobva masangano uropi hwedu pane chine chaizvo
urongwa; nyore chiedza kana kurira manzwiro hwakabatana pezvakaitwa matiri,
sezvo kwakamutsa uye kuvaraidzwa nezvinhu zvokunze Oszillationsvorgnge

kunyange pacharo sezvineiwo anofanira kuva oscillatory hunhu pasina tiri siyanei
kubva neimwe Pasika uye oscillations kuti. The rakanaka zvisingatsananguriki
dzakasiyana nyore kunhuwa uye kuravira nezvekufadza zvingadai psychophysically
kutendera inomiririrei, kana hatidi kuona nyore resultants siyana maitiro
ematongerwo umo yakasiyana ikwanise nomuvhenganiswa uyu.
Saka icho pashure pacho kuti yunifomu nyore vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga resultants kuvimba mumuviri siyana, saka zviri pachena kubva mhiri, kuti
havasi vose panyama ematongerwo, kunyange kana ndeye munhu coherent
vanozviriritira mumuviri gadziriro, anoenda pamwe nyore mupfungwa
wokurasikirwa. Kana kwezvipimo rimwe, inyaya kutenda, nokuti unogona kubvunza
kana pakupedzisira nyika yose kupa yunifomu mupfungwa wokurasikirwa; asi zvino
tisina zvichida hana chikwata ichi.
Chekutanga vose yaibvira kuziva nzvimbo yakasiyana siyana vanhu nemhuka,
zvisinei mitumbi yavo zvikamu zvayo vakawanda hurongwa vane zvinhu pfungwa
yatinoti pfupi zvisikwa. Zvadaro wakasiyana mberi mune munhu wose nemhuka,
akasiyana-siyana mabhora ose pfungwa, uye mumunda chiso uye Getastes uyewo
misiyano yakadaro vanoyeukwa nekusiyanisa zvakare vakawanda mawa
nezvekufadza vari kuburitswa.
Ever upenyu mupfungwa munhu wose uye mhuka hanya ane risingaverengeki mari
pamwe coexisting, pamwe anotevedzana distinguishable mananara, pasinei asi chete
yose mumuviri maitiro uye upenyu chokuita muna spatially uye panyama.
Nokuti Kupfupika, isu semashoko zviitiko zviviri kuti kusiyanisa kwavari ari pano
anosiyaniswa sezvo psychophysical chamazuva uye discontinuity. Chamazuva, muti,
kuchaitika kutoti hwomuviri zhinji isina kuroorwa kana nyore mupfungwa
wokurasikirwa, discontinuity, kana vari distinguishable vazhinji vakadaro. Asi insofar
sezvo kunyange distinguishable ruzhinji vachiri chairema wemauto ruzivo kana
kuziva Fani, iyo chamazuva ane mamwemazwi kuziva anovhara discontinuity chaiyo
mananara kwete.
Mumwe wemibvunzo chikuru uye mabasa ose psychophysics zvino kuziva
pfungwa maonero iyo nyaya psychophysical chamazuva uye discontinuity kunoitika.
Chii zvinoe- kuti zvipenyu zvakasiyana vane akarambwa kuziva saka zvakanaka
kwakabatana zvisinei miviri yavo mukuru hunhu kupfuura zvikamu pakati pavo, izvo
zvisinei zvinowirirana neimwe muviri kupinda rakabatana kuziva. Common pasi
chingataurwa pamusoro ukama zvikamu iri muviri kunonyanyisa
revanoshamwaridzana kupfuura zvipenyu zvakasikwa. Asi chii chinonzi zvikuru
noukama? Zvinoita vagadze hama kuti ive musiyano Mhedziso? Uye hachisi hunhu
rose uyewo vatambi ane yakasimba, achiri unlsbareren, unobatanidza, sezvo zvose
muviri mairi? Mibvunzo iyoyo inodzokororwa mukati neimwe muviri. Zvisinei, chii
izvozvo zvinoenderana, kuti isu zvinosiyana nemashoko siyana chiso uye
Tastnervenfasern siyana huru muchadenga, zvose zvinopinda kuburikidza chete
nokusanzwira, undifferentiated mapfupa; zvisinei asi zvakasiyana etsinga fibers
uyewo kubatana muuropi, sezvo nhengo imwe tsinga faibha pakati pavo? Zvakare
unogona kuita zvakawanda kubatana wevakabhuroka kutaura, asi zvakare

chakafanana pakaunda-mibvunzo inodzokororwa sezvo kumusoro panyaya yose

zvipenyu.
Zvinonzi undisputed kuti chinhu chiri chipo pano nokuda psychophysics, sezvo asi
hapana unopinza mhinduro anokwanisa, asi unogona kuva mukuru pfungwa
kumusoro tsime ichi, vari inoenderana chokuita iyo ukama pakati mukuru uye
akananga kuziva mananara muna 42 Chapter. yakatogadzirwa. Saka, ini tsanangura
chete kune zano rinoshandiswa imomo, chii chichava mufananidzo abstrakti Saka
zvinodiwa kupfuura anorimwa pachayo vakatsunga kubva rumwe rutivi, kubva mhiri
zvakadaro kujeka, sezvo zivo yedu chibvumirano mubvunzo.
Kana pakati siyana zvipenyu kunoratidza yakapindira kuti chamazuva ose
pfungwa, nemhaka iyo chinhu multiplicity chairo mananara nepedyo imwe mweya
chikwata; zvisinei asi zvipenyu zvose zvine chokuita ne mukuru hunhu mugomba
chete gadziriro, izvi zvinogona chete kunyorwa nayo kuti psychophysical basa kwete
forterstreckt pakati pavo saizvozvo pachisikirwo, sezvo mavari, kana nokuti vari
vakanga zvokunze hunhu, kana kunyange kare kwenyika ose huta Uyezve,
nokusingaperi kushayikwa kana kuti inowira pasi pachikumbaridzo, kunoitika pasi
nhungamiro imwe chete, kunze uko kumira psychophysical basa inomirira chete
kufadza udzamu pazasi pachikumbaridzo.
In ichi kuremekedza isu zvino chero hurongwa psychophysical basa, izvo
dzaibatanidzwa wemauto kana chikuru kuziva, mumwe mugodhi, chikuru mugodhi
anogona kumiririra kuti manhengatenga wavo mumwe muganhu, akapfuudza
chikumbaridzo, tiri kubatana mumuviri vose psychophysical enyika pachisikirwo
pamwe avo psychophysical discontinuity achichengetedza napo kuti kumirira kuti isu
nyora zvose mafungu akapoteredza; asi kwete pamusoro, asi zvinogona kwakabatana
pazasi pachikumbaridzo, zvichienderana zano iri: Pano zvinopa munhu , b , C

Utachiona matatu, kana kutoti psychophysical chikuru miseve rezvinhu zvipenyu

matatu asati, AB pachikumbaridzo. Chii chitonge kuchikumbaridzo nomumwe
chinozunguzirwa crests, chine chokuita pachako uye anotakura zvizhinji kuziva; riri
pazasi pachikumbaridzo kuti anotsaura chavanoziva kutsigira chavanoziva, zvisinei
richiri kwomuviri kubatana therebetween anoramba.
General: kana munhu psychophysical chikuru mugodhi kwakabatana pamusoro
wayo chikumbaridzo, saka anotora nzvimbo kubatana, ndiani mukuru kuziva pedyo,
ipapo anodzika kubatana kwakaita vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga mananara,
izvo akateerera zvikamu chinozunguzirwa izvi zvaiitika. Ukuwo, kana kwete, kana
anoenderana zvikuru mafungu chete pasi pechikumbaridzo, akabata kurambana ari
nechokuita kuziva kuburikidza ukama kuziva kuti pfungwa hakuwaniki ipapo. Kana
iri pfupi: huru kuziva zviri kuramba kana discontinuous, yunifomu kana discrete,
zvichienderana psychophysical huru miseve kuti vari pasi payo, akaramba kana
discontinuously pamusoro yavo pachikumbaridzo.

Under chete nemaonero sezvo nyaya vakarambana maererano nechitarisiko hunhu

Utachiona dzimwe nguva kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo Yasvika nyaya kunoitika
vanhu coalesced vane pfungwa isina ukama, akapa kuti huru nomubato kwavo
psychophysical basa iri pamungawirirana mukati mavo tsinga kana chete uropi
pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, nenzira vashoma kuburikidza saka muviri chokuita chete
pazasi pachikumbaridzo.
Zvaizoratidza zvakakwana, chinozunguzirwa yose ari , b , C ... kuti vauye zano,
saka kuti zvimwiro zvakasikwa trten kumakomo panguva imwecheteyo pamusoro
chikumbaridzo, vaizopandukira chete depressions iroro kupfuura pachikumbaridzo
chinoramba chinozunguzirwa chitima kuumbika, uye discontinuity pamusoro
pfungwa zvakasikwa aizosiya kupinda chamazuva. Hatigoni kuziva. Zvaisazova
wakakwanisa, vasundire pamwe makomo zvekuti mipata vakanga rakadonha, uye
makomo confluent pamusoro pachikumbaridzo; saka noungwaru sentient Utachiona
aizova yunifomu sentient muviri. Usingagoni akaziva pamadiro murume; asi iye
amene ndiye kuzadziswa kwayo. nebhande dzayo mbiri, kurudyi nekuruboshwe,
zvakabatana saizvozvi; kuratidza uye uwandu zvikamu Straltieres nedzimwe mhuka
divisible kuti nezvimwezve zvakadai anogona kwakabatana. Vanoda Chokwadi,
kungotaura kuti vaparadzane zvakare, kureva kuti vemabhuku hweunhu pazasi
pachikumbaridzo pakati pavo, naivo anoora huviri sentient venyama pachavo.
Kumisa pfungwa sei kumiririra mananara kudaro kuparadzana kuedza, I kugovana
pano zvimwe zvakawanika:
bhoneti kuti 1) kubva ake rondedzero "Zvaonekwa Sur quelques espces of Vhesi d'ea
douce, qui coupe ndima morceaux, deviennent autant d'animaux complets "pamwe.
1)

Oeuvres d'hist. Nat. T. I, 1779. p. 167 va-.

Bhoneti anorondedzera mhuka iri zvaakatadzisa kuedza ake, pasina nhoroondo

zvakasikwa mazita anoratidza nayo; Treviranus (the Ersch. U. Ges. D. org. BSN. I,
57. 59) anorondedzera nayo mavara Naide (Nais variegata kana Lumbricus variegatus
marara.).
p. 178. "J'avois partag Un pareil Vedi in deux mapati Je fis cette Operation of Le
3. Juin 1741. -. IMMEDIATEMENT aprs nokusingaperi mis ms deux moitis dans
une espce of cup of verre, De trois quatre pouces of diamtre Sur Un pouce ou
environ of profondeur Je NE ms perdis presque baratos of vue :. por remarquai, que
the kuratidzwa moiti, celle Dove tenoit the Tete, se, mouvoit comme l'ordinaire
yechibage CE qui ini parut bien autrement remarquable, C'est, que l. 'autre moiti qui
n'avait pfungwa of Tete, se, mouvoit presque comme Si Elle in avoit EU une Elle
alloit the chains they s'appuyant of l'extrmit antrieure of mwanakomana Corps; ..
Elle Meme with avancoit assez of vitesse On voyoit, que fisi n'toit pfungwa Un
mouvement sans nhungamiro, Un mouvement produit ndima une chikonzero
vogadzirisa, que celle qui fait the tungamidzana mouvoir d'UN Lzard aprs qu'elle
ane t spare Du tronc, mais Un mouvement Three-Volontaire. On l'observoit Se
dtourner the rencontre of quelque chipingamupinyi, s'arrter, puis Se remettre

ramper Lorsque ms deux moitis venaient Se rencontrer, c'toit comme Si elles

jamais n'eussent forme Un Meme insecte. elles Ne paroissoient, ni Se chercher ni Se
fuir. Chacune tiroit of mwanakomana Cote; ou Si elles alloient of compagnie Vhesi
Le Meme endroit la kuratidzwa dvanoit ordinairement the seconde. Corn celle-ci
NE jamais montroit mieux une musta of volont que lorsque Je l'exposois au
soleil; Elle htoit alors considrablement sa March. "
"Deux jours s'tant couls zvichienderana crus devoir mettre dans the cup Un peu
of terre and of lentille aquatique La kuratidzwa moiti NE baratos tarda s'y
enfoncer. Mais the seconde Se contenta of Se cacher kesken ms menues racines the
lentille: dans CE temps pour-l j'observois au Kumbonetswa of cette antrieur moiti
une espce of Petit renflement, une musta of bourlet analogue celui qui vient une
branche d'arbre dont pamusoro enlev circulairement une mugove d'corce: Je NE Le
distinguai baratos Si bien l'extrmit postrieure de l'autre moiti. Ce bourlet
sembloit lui, Donner ndinoiitawo of facilit dira ramper, Elle NE ndinoiitawo
paroissoit craindre autant Le frottement. "
"Le lendemain j'apperus the coupe of chaque moiti Un Petit accroissement
reconnoissable ndima the musiyano of couleur, qui tait l beaucoup ndinoiitawo
Claire, que dans Le reste Du Corps. Les jours tout suivons devint ndinoiitawo
musoro. Enfin au Kumbonetswa d'environ une . semana, chaque moiti fut Un Ver
complet La Tete qui avoit pouss the seconde, tait prcisement vogadzirisa, quant
the forme, que celle the kuratidzwa, et vaikwanisa mmes fonctions; bv the Nueva
tungamidzana of celle-ci, en tout semblable celle the seconde moiti; Le the they,
l'estomac, Les intestins, nezvimwewo s'toient prolongs dans l'une bv l'autre dans ;.
of nouveaux anneaux avoient pouss the Suite of anciens in Un mot, tout CE, que
Le Premier Ver faisoit chains, que d'avoir t partag, nos deux Vhesi qui in toient
provenus, le faisoient pareillement; Meme agilit, mmes achimupa Meme faon of
vivre, de Se nourrir ".
p. 241. "Tout cela, quoique mberi remarquable, NE l'Est baratos nanmoins autant,
que fisi, que J'ai kuchengeta of the semblables ndima, peu of temps pour aprs leur
avoir coup the Tete, Je ms Ai Zveushe, Soromoni Grand tonnement s 'enfoncer
dans the boue in Se muranda of leur Kumbonetswa antrieur comme d'une Tete,
nokudira s'y frayer Un chemin. J'ai Zveushe Le Ver no. 2. the Tab. II. ramper Le refu
Parois Du vhasi of verre, Dove Je Le tenois renferm, et Faire kuedza kudira at sortir,
quoiqu'il n'et, ni Tete, ni tungamidzana. "
p. 183. bhoneti akadzokorora pashure kuedza izvi kuitira kuti iye, kwete
akaparadzanisa mhuka chete muna vaviri, vatatu, vana, masere, gumi, gumi nhengo,
uye zvose kana zvinenge zvose, kuburitswa musoro nomuswe; kamwe kunyange izvi
zvakaitika aparadzane kupinda gumi zvikamu mhuka. About nzira mashoko penhindi
upenyu kusvikira kubereka asi hapana anopiwa.
peji, 191. Sezvo pfupa, kamwe chete Ossificao em vafambira mberi imwe
pfungwa, kukura chete panguva yavo kumugumo, uye bhoneti akawana papera
zvaanorumbidza, kuti zvidimbu yakakamukana mhuka chete rungs mativi, kwete
kutsivira womukati kukura kudzokera yapfuura kukura.

p. 218. "Mumwe anogona kupfupisa mhuka yakafanana kakawanda kuti musoro

kana muswe uye nguva dzose rinoshanda recrescence, asi havana kubudirira bhoneti
kutyaira pamusoro 16 kane mhuka chete."
p. 228. musoro nomuswe kana wavhara unocheka kuti muviri wavo, bereka
haana. "Je suis maintenant Si Nyengetedza que, ni l'une, ni l'autre of ces mapati NE
sauroient Devenir of animaux parfaits que Je Le regarde comme Un nePrncipe dans
cette matire, d'Dove Je crois pouvoir tirer cette nemigumisiro, que the mabviro of
kubereka NE baratos rigare dans tout Le Corps of ces Vhesi, ms, que Si l'pamusoro
fait the chikamu une kure de l'une ou l'autre of extrmit, qui soit moindre qu'une
LNEA bv emy la partying sans coupe Perira SE reproduire. " Kusiyana neizvi,
zvidimbu kuburitswa 1 / 2 kusvikira 2 / 3 mutsetse pakati izvi zviviri pfungwa
dzakatorwa mhuka icho chinhu chakanga chisipo.
The raora chokwadi chokuita izvi ezvinhu nezvezvakanga uye kuparadzana,
zvinotungamirira zvinotevera General pfungwa izvo zvinopinda zvakataurwa mune
rechi37 chitsauko pamusoro yokubatana chinamatidzwa uye kumiririrwa zvikamu
nomuviri basa mweya.
Kana psychophysical gadziriro rinoumbwa vazhinji dzakafanana zvikamu,
zvikamu, akabatanidza pamusoro vomukova, saka vanopa maererano ravo rakabatana
mupfungwa mutsetse zvakafanana kwemarudzi, aizokwanisa kupa umwe neumwe
pachake, saka rutsigiro chete simba, saka bedzi ivo zvakabatanidzwa pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo uye kupinda chete dzechiuto kuita mumwe nomumwe chete
kuderedzwa ukobvu izvo angawa zvadai pasi pechikumbaridzo, kana vari
vakaparadzana zvekuti havachisiri kwakabatana pamusoro pachikumbaridzo.
Kutaura zvazviri, izvi chete kutaura chokwadi kuti zvinochengetwa panguva
mhuka divisible kuitira kure somunhu anogona kupfuura kwomuzvarirwo
kududzirwa mashoko avo upenyu asati uye pashure weboka kushandisa. Chokwadi
chokuti dzakasiyana panguva vakadarovo vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga
simba kwakadaro asi kwete nesimba rakafanana kupa pachine mhuka yose, rinogona
akapedzisa kubva kazhinji rezasi simba mashoko avo upenyu, izvo zvinogona kuenda
dzimwe nguva kuti rufu, kuti akabudirira mune kutsiva adziviswa hafu kuburikidza
kubereka, iyo mhuka dzose vanokwanisa dividable.
Zvimwezvo kuti zvinodzidzisa kuedza zvakakwana weboka mhuka, kudzidzisa
kuedza vane kuchaitwa kana kuparadzwa chete uropi. Kutaura zvazviri, hemisphere
ose unozvipiwa pashure kuparadzana kana kuparadzwa mumwe, kana upenyu mberi
zvachose, asi chete kuziva, vane sezvo kuedza pamusoro Flourens mhuka, kana
mamiriro avo pfungwa iri kuongororwa maererano mitsara dzavo, uye
anofungidzirwa pathological nazvo vanhu akadzidzisa chete pamwe vakareruka
kurukutika pane kana rubatsiro nokuwirirana kunoitika, sezvo inogona akagumisa
zvimwe vatorwa zvakaitika.
Ferrus anoshuma vehondo, uyo akafirwa ne akamukuvadza guru chikamu
kuruboshwe parietal pfupa, izvo akavhomora akamboita atrophy pakati hemisphere
kuruboshwe kuti yakanga kunze kunoratidzwa wakakura mwoyo pamusoro

dehenya. General ichi vachiri akaratidza chete vivacity pfungwa, zvakafanana

zvakarurama pakutongwa kupfuura kare, asi akakwanisa zvedzidzo kutsvaka
havachaoni zvorudzi, pasina kunzwa vaneta nokukurumidza. Longet anoti mashoko
chiitiko ichi, aiziva achembera musoja, nzvimbo iri chaizvo mune imwe
nyaya. (Longet, yake Anat. Et Physiol. Du Syst. Huta. Ini, 670.)
Izvi sezvo mienzaniso inotevera zvakawanda kana zvishoma pathological
kudzokororwa, pamusoro Flourens aidaro pamusoro mhuka, vasiri kuvhenekwa
vanhu, uye zvinogona kushandiswa kuratidza kuti vari kushanda kuti vanhu nemhuka
panyaya iyi zvachose zvakafanana ezvinhu.
"Diemerbroek 2) rinotiudza musikana, iyo yose zvakarurama hafu uropi
yakaparadzwa nokuwa rinorema ibwe, uye umo kunyange maawa 36 vanoziva
remangwana kana zvinofunga uye sensorial hwakaratidza rakagadzikana. Yakafanana
nyaya anoudza Roloff 3) mukadzi sezvamakaropafadzwa imwe necropsy kuparadzwa
chinokosha pamusoro kuruboshwe hemisphere rakanga, apo kodzero hemisphere
zvakajairika, iyi munhu pfungwa mashandiro vakanga hazvimbotinetsi muduku ....
ive mukadzi akwegura, uyo akafa nemabayo, vakawana akasiya uropi gwindiri, asi
kodzero atrophied rinenge zvayo nomumwe wemigove, uye mukadzi uyu akanga
kumboshayiwa kuchangotanga chepfungwa 4) . "(Friedrich kuti Handb. 60.) Longet
anoshuma-gore 29 okuberekwa murume ane rokufunga hapana oneka yomuzvarirwo
darboten, dai rworudyi hemisphere yose cerebrum, kunze basalt mhanya
chinoshayikwa. (.. Longet, yake Anat Physiol bv Du Syst tsinga 1842. Ini, 669 ..) Neumann anotaura nyaya umo aiva bara akaparadza yose hemisphere, pasina achibira
pfungwa.(Neumann, zvirwere hwomunhu Koblenz 1833. 88 ..) - Abercrombie
rinotiudza mukadzi, umo hafu uropi yakanga zvazvichanyungudutswa ane
kukuvadzwa guru, asi, akagadzirisa chinhu kusakwana kuona zvose avo zvedzidzo
yesangano wakaitwa kusvikira yokupedzisira, ivo kuitira kuti vakapinda mumusha
ushamwari maawa mashomanana asati wake rufu fara kambani. (Abercrombie
kubvunzurudza, etc.) - Munhu akataura O 'Holloran, yaitirwa kukuvara yakadaro
musoro, kuti hombe chikamu dehenya kurudyi raifanira kubviswa; uye somunhu
suppuration simba zvaitika, paiva nerimwe ushamwari kuburikidza okutanga
yakawanda pus vane zvakawanda muuropi pachayo kure. Saka mazuva 17, uye
anogona akaverenga kuti vanenge hafu uropi, hwakakanyiwa nyaya, akanga
vabudiswa saizvozvi. Kunyange zvakadaro, murwere zvichachengetwawo zvose
nokukuyeuchidzai ake kusvikira nguva nemukuparadzwa kwawo, uyewo yose iyi
chirwere mamiriro ezvinhu ake pfungwa yakanga ichi- akanyarara.
2)

yake Anat. Lib. 111 chivharo. . 5

3)

Wet kwakaita Zeitschrift. 1825. Issue 3. S. 173rd

4) Bell,

muna d. Revue Medic. Dai 1831st

Ndizvo vaviri Hemisfrios Cerebrais chaizvoizvo mabhiza sezvinoita vaviri vari

mahanisi mumwe uye imwe motokari. Mumwe chokutyira bhiza uye ngoro anoenda

imwe nhungamiro mberi neepakutanga, hapana zvishoma mumwe, uye zvadaro,

unogona vanofunga zvakafanana zvisingakoshi nokuda kwemutemo chacho
zvose; motokari kuenda kunyange kana munhu anotatamura vaviri. Asi zvino iye
anomira achiri; uye apo vose vari motokari, havasi ikoko kumiririra chero kusiya
vamwe, asiwo kubatsira munzira; nokuti vakanga vaine kwavakarerekera kune
mumwe, saka motokari anoenda akaendesa, kana vamwe vachiri panguva iyoyo
nokukurumidza nokuti hwakasimba ngarurege bhiza, asi zvishoma refu.
Nokuti kutanga kuona anofanira sokuti gangaidzo zvechokwadi kuti kunyangarika
kana kuparadzwa yose hemisphere wouropi kunowanzoitika nzira vanoziva
remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu sezvo zvishoma kana kwete kuvamirira
Zvisinei, kukuvara duku zvikuru pane rumwe rutivi kana kwete zvinoenderana
kukuvadzwa kumativi maviri uropi kazhinji kukonzera vachivavhiringidza zvikuru
mairi. Asi uku nyore rinotsanagurwa kubatana, umo basa hemispheres pakureva
kwavo pfungwa kuita uye kunogona akatsanangurira chete chete kushandiswa
mufananidzo. Kana mhuka kana chirema iri pamberi motokari mabhiza maviri
yomunzvimbo kukuvadza, saka mhinduro nemamwe riri nokushushikana nokuti
vanogona kungova kudhonza chete pachiimbwa; izvozvo zvaiva mhuka kana chirema
zvachose, saka kuteerera nezvainetsa, uye kunongova nenhumbi simba; Naizvozvo
wakapikisana vamwe chirwere chepfungwa yaigona zvakafanana ukazvikudza
nokuda kugura chikamu uropi, sezvo Anosimudza zvimwe matambudziko
anokonzerwa kudimurwa ari chakaremara chikamu, kushanda pasina ngozi kuupenyu
aigona kuva akasiyana run.
Zvichakadai, hatigoni kuita zvechisimba uye rudo zvinogona kuitwa zvakare
zvokunze kana womukati akazvimirira edu ezvinhu kuda. Saka zvimwe muduku uyu
haana nguva nenguva nyaya kuti kupenga rinomira pfupi asati afa norufu, anoparadza
nehosha zvikamu uropi anokonzera kuburikidza chokuita yavo nyonganyonga utano
upenyu zvedzidzo pamberi utano. Zvekare, izvi chaizvoizvo tsananguro izvo
Friedreich ane Handb. D. Gen. Pathol. ari psych. Krankhh. S. 497 mamwe nyaya
yakadaro aunganidzwa, here.
More zvakananga, zvimwe zviitiko zvinoshamisa zvinogona pano kuwanikwa apo
maronda kuuropi nokurasikirwa kwouropi fuma sokuti kunobetsera
ungwaru. Kunenge chaizvo kuti zvinobatsirei ionekwe iyi nyaya kubva pfungwa
yakafanana, kurasikirwa kuti trepanning kutoti kureva zvinoderedza kwouropi fuma,
ane muedzo zvakaomarara kuti uropi zvichida kutambura kare, aigona kuderedzwa
kwazvo, zvinganaka kanganisa kwepfungwa fakaroti , Kutaura zvazviri akatambura
vanhu maari kubudirira ichi kunobatsira raicherechedzwa nokurasikirwa kwouropi
fuma, kare kuti nemusoro, wekutsumwaira kana dreamy Chaizvoizvo, chii zvose
aigona chaizvo zvakanaka kuvimba mumwe anodhinda pamusoro uropi.
Ndine 4 nyaya yomumwe pano akawanikwa, mumwe ane Nat muna Nov. Act .. cur
there. II, 364; mumwe kuchamhembe-americ. ja. surg. Journ. 1830. Jan.
p. 213; chetatu muna Carresi selecta, Siena 1830. Dec IX; chechina muna
l'Institut. 1836. kwete. 134 nezvokudzokera.
Zviri nyore kuti akuregerere, sezvo nyaya pokuparadzwa uropi chokuita cleavage

hwemhuka. Kana chete divi mapazi eumambo psychophysical gadziriro shure kana
pedyo nepedyo, ndiyo chete musiyano vasingakoshi, uye kana breakaway chidimbu
raparadzwa kana kwete, uyewo hanya ndakapona. Pane chete musiyano inogona
kutora nzvimbo yakazara kuparadzana yose ezvinhu nenzira vaviri uchirarama, vanhu
havana sezvinoitwa nemhuka vanozvininipisa. Sezvineiwo zvose zviitiko vanobvuma
kuti asati kukamurwa ndibate zvikamu zviviri chisikwa rimwe, uye kubatsira vari
mupfungwa kuita, asi vanogonawo kuva chikamu kurasikirwa mumwe, uye angori,
asi simba, kuita mupfungwa sezvo ipapo kare.
Zvavaibvumirana kuti makemikari kubatana zvikamu pachavo mumwe ezvinhu
kuti vachengetedzwe mumwe nomumwe mupenyu, uye saka uyewo nokuda
kuchengetedza ari psychophysical basa pamusoro pachikumbaridzo mairi, kupa, asi
zvisikwa yepamusoro yokubatana kwakadaro akasimba zvikuru kupfuura varombo.
Vaigona vose nebhande ose aparadzane iri longitudinal centerline vanhu kunyange
vachiri kurarama, kuti psychophysical mabasa achiri kuramba mbiri nebhande
pamusoro chikumbaridzo, saka Dai isu Hapana mubvunzo chete uyewo doubling
womunhu ive mweya mhuka Nokuparadzanisa laterally tsamba uye mumiririri
nebhande anogona kuzadzisa kana tiri kubudirira navo mhuka Nokuparadzanisa
anotevedzana wezvikamu unoenderana zvikamu vaikwanisa.
Asi zvingava simbe zvikuru kufunga kuti nebhande maviri yakakamukana vanhu
vazvibate vari kurarama, sezvo nyaya haigoni akaziva. Zviri pamungawirirana
vangadai pamwe chete mamiriro pfungwa, zvakafanana zvokushandisa, ruzivo,
ndangariro, zvakafanana kuziva panguva pakutanga, asi maererano, sokunge vari
ezvinhu akasiyana, ichishanduka zvakasiyana.
Kunoratidzika saka kure kuti vave nokurasikirwa chii chinoumba unofanira
muchidimbu Kubudirira ari fission kuedza panguva mhuka vakaderera. Zviripachena
simuka mweya miviri kubva kuburikidza akaparadzanisa muviri, pamberi akaturika
mweya pamusoro. Saka, muitiro hazvirevi sokuti kupfupikisa kudaro pane kuti
mweya yakadyidzana muviri nepakati. Asi pfungwa Kujeka mweya kubvumirana
nazvo; uye ndine kare (chits. 37) ambotaurwa, sezvo yave chikamu nzwisisika iyi
pfungwa View kubva nyore mweya nezvigaro kunge Akasarudza, panzvimbo weboka
mweya kubvuma kuda mweya mutsva mukati imwe yoga nebhande, asiwo akaratidza
chii chinonditadzisa vaanoona kuti kuwedzera kuti.
The ndechokuti hazvina kukwana vane chaihwoihwo muchikwata che nyore,
zvinokosha ezvinhu pasi iyo mweya unogona kuuya kufukidza. Saka nyore uchida
kuzodana mweya, ndiko asi vamwe kuti kusimba kwavo kuziva kuwedzera uye kuti
kuderera, achiuya pasi hafu, uye kuwedzera kune kaviri, uye angawa zvachose pasi
zero. Zvadaro, mumwe anogona kungoti uye Actual inopinza chinokosha
munoti; mweya kaviri panguva akatsemura muviri nechipi, akaparadzanisa zvikuru
pashure, asi mukana kuramba yaitsiva kuchinyanya kurasikirwa nomumwe ave
kutendera kubviswa, kana kubereka vana akaendesa yavo yakakura zvakakwana.
Kungavawo nyaya kuti vaviri vakaparadzana zvikamu kungotaura pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo chinoramba, vamwe zvachose anodzika pazasi payo; ipapo chete
mumwe chinopukunyuka; saka kana iwe vakagura chimedu uropi; kana kuti zvose

pakutanga pazasi pachikumbaridzo kuwa takaparadzana, asi kuti zvishoma

nezvishoma agomukazve nezvazvo, ipapo anopinda yoga kuziva chete pashure imwe
nguva; kana kuti vose kuwira zvachose pasi pachikumbaridzo; kana kuti apo vose
dzakasiyana vakasiyana psychophysically, kunaka mamiriro hana yoga zvikamu
zvakasiyana kuda.
Under Ndeupi siyana zvichibvira zviitiko murimi achirima uye dzakawanda
dzakabatana kuedza kuitika kana musoro pasina muviri, kana muviri usina musoro
nokuda dzakakwirira makirasi mhuka uye vanhu vanongogona kunzwa dzimwe
nguva ndivo nyaya kutevera nhaurirano muChitsauko 37 irege kutsunga pamwe
chokwadi. Tinoziva kure kana kana psychophysical kufamba pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo chero zvipenyu zvinogona kuwedzera munzvimbo musana,
kunyange kana vachigona kuwanikwa kubva musoro kwapera wakatsaurwa, asi chii
misiyano kuvapo sezvo pakati makirasi akasiyana mhuka; mukana siyana dudziro
uye saka ingeniously vari salaried kuedza uye pamusoro makarima kurukurirano,
saka ichiripo.
The fission pezvakaitwa izvo chaizvo kuburitsa mufananidzo mweya mugumisiro,
akanzwa kuberekwa murume nemhuka yepamusorosoro. doubling ichi chete anouya
pano kwete nokudaro kukwanisa kuti vaviri subsystems yakafanana chokuita
pamusoro pachikumbaridzo, vakatsaurwa, asi kuti yakadaro pazasi pachikumbaridzo,
nhengo mwana anosiiwa zvakadai pamusoro chikumbaridzo, uye kupatsanura
kunoitika kunyange pamusoro pachikumbaridzo. The zviwane Chokwadi pakati
ezvinhu, anogona kusimudza mumwe kune disponiertes maitiro pamusoro
chikumbaridzo, sezvo rumutsiriro kunoratidza pahope, saka tasvika mwana, pasinei
naye kupatsanurwa hukama amai upenyu mamiriro abviswa, asi akakwanisa muka
chete kuparadzana uku. In mhuka dzakaderera runotsiva kubereka kuburikidza
nevachiri pamwe nokuzvidira weboka yose muviri pamusoro chikumbaridzo, uye
musiyano pakati vaviri nyaya hereinafter vo vasina hunhu Mhedziso.
Saka zvakawanda zvakataurwa ezvinhu psychophysical chamazuva uye
discontinuity huru kuziva kuti spatial ukama. Asi ikozvino pane kuchiri chamazuva
huru kuziva kubudikidza kutsivana nguva, izvo zvakafanana Fort Kuchengetedzwa
chokuzivikanwa kana kubatana hachina panguva achimhanya anovamba
chechinyorwa munhevedzano anotevedzana mananara munyika iyoyo mweya
mumwe nomumwe zvikurukuru. Pano ungawana zvichishamisa kuti pfupi
achideredza huru nomubato varere pazasi pachikumbaridzo hapana zororo kwakadaro
chamazuva huru kuziva zviri munhu zvinokonzera, sezvo spatial kunyura pazasi
pachikumbaridzo pakati vanhu, nokuti zvinopesana ose itsva Paanomuka itsva kuziva
zviri chamazuva tsaru kunzwa. musiyano uyu unogona kunyorwa pamwechete
mukana kuti oscillation neimwe pfungwa psychophysically kushanda ichi- rinoramba
pambiru pacharo, nepo spatial chamazuva pamusana, mabasa kwakaita sayenzi
chaiyo uye zvakakodzera kuti statuierenden atomistic nemafungiro kwenyaya pa Se
haina kuitika, saka, saizvozvo kure chamazuva ose nomubato pamusoro
pachikumbaridzo zvinogona chero mubvunzo, sezvo hurongwa inoramba
psychophysically kuita kumusoro pachikumbaridzo haisi kwedzimwe nevaya pazasi
pachikumbaridzo, ramangwana kuti kunyange yakarurama kutsunga vamwe

mapfupa.
Kungofanana chamazuva huru kuziva iri kuvhiringidzwa panguva kubudikidza
kunyura ari psychophysical chikuru nomubato varere, izvi zvishoma zvakaita yezwi
nyaya yakasiyana zvachose, uye kuchinja Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu zvakaita sei
experientially saka kunoratidza kuti nhengo akaramba gehends akavandudza pedyo
kugayiwa kwezvokudya, uye mutumbi mutana zvavo zvose zvimwe uye
zvakabatanidzwa nedzimwe mhando zvinhu iri kana mwana pasina chamazuva huru
kuziva neimwe nzira akambomiswa. Ever muri, sokuziva tinogona kuita zviitiko
pamusoro chete nzira anozivikanwa kuti continuum iri vanomboenda chavanoziva
nomweya rinonyura kupinda hope, asi kwete waive Mweya chamazuva akare kuziva
chokuita pashure neimwe chisinga- kwakafanana tsaru, uye hurongwa kwemashoko
itsva kwokutanga kuziva mberi anoramba zvakafanana.
A ezvinhu ine iyi. Mweya unogona kuchinjirwa nenguva kosi chaiyo ezvinhu
nokuda zvinhu uye chimiro zvakasiyana zvachose; asi regai tisangosiya; asi zvinhu
zvitsva kuti Zvisinei kupinda yekare psychophysical hurongwa, akare kupukunyuka,
sapamakore kugayiwa kwezvokudya zvishoma nezvishoma kuitika, kana mutana
psychophysical Sangano anofaniramuna continuo musi Plant panyaya itsva, pakarepo
chinoitika pamwe kuchinja pfungwa.
Izvi zvinoteverwa nokusuma mhedziso inokosha inogona nevamwe. Pfungwa yokuti
tine aiswa kuchinja upenyu mune ramangwana dzimwe mapuraneti, zuva, kana
denga kure, kureva kuti upenyu hwedu rokufunga dai kubva kuvaka pamusoro apa
pane vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga upenyu, haana pasi. Asi kana pane
ramangwana varambe kuvapo, vanogona chete dzinotaura ngaasimbise kuti huru
nomubato yedu psychophysical ezvinhu edu chikuru kuziva kunobva, zvikamu Pasi
yezvinhu, apo zvino aisa, kana apo zvino akapfuudza pachikumbaridzo , mumwe
mugove kana kure chikamu ino pamusoro kupinda continuo izvo zvokusarudza
kukurukura Zvisinei, haisi nzvimbo pano.
The chamazuva uye discontinuity ratios, iyo huru miseve stattfin kuti, zvinogona
kudzokororwa harmonics ayo, uye pamusoro payo mutsauko uye nevasiri kusarura
vokuitirwa zviri pfungwa, kushamwaridzana ake. A chikuru mugodhi ari kumusoro
huru chikumbaridzozve AB ukama, asi anogona kutakura harmonics pazasi
chikumbaridzo chavo A 'B' kwakabatana;maererano zvinotevera vanoronga: 5)

5)

zano iri unomiririra muunganidzwa harmonics pamusoro pachikumbaridzo

muimba imwe nhungamiro pamwe kuunganidzwa kwemari Sub-miseve, iri
abstracted kuti harmonics anogona zvakafanana zvakanaka kupfuudza nokuda
kufamba vari pakatarisana sezvo imwe nhungamiro pamwe Sub-mafungu

vomukova; chinokosha hachisi.

Kuti harmonics zvose munhu , B, C ... pamusoro chete chikuru chikumbaridzozve

chokuita chikuru mugodhi, kuronga navo uye pasi chete huru kuziva, asi kuti vari
zvakare discontinuously pamusoro yavo chikumbaridzo, vanogona kusiyaniswa
mukati ichi chikuru kuziva.
Kunyange apfuura (Chap. 34) ndakatora maonero ichi nharo pachinhu rakakura
nezvekufadza. With kukuru, sapamazuva zvenzwi, distinctness aigona
ngariremberere kubudikidza zvinoitwa hanya naro.
Kana enderana fibers ari kunenge chete kupa fanana manyawi, kwete maviri, kana
vose uropi hemispheres nguva dzose tibatane pfungwa imwe chete, saka ivo, kuti
mabasa anofanira chokuita kwete chete kune huru chikumbaridzozve, asiwo
pachivivo chokumusoro mavari.
Hazvina nharo, kuparadzira vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga simba huviri
vakaenzana nebhande wouropi munhu nemhuka yakakwirira, uye ruzhinji shure
mumwe kana symmetrical nezvedzidzo akarayira zvikamu zvakafanana mune mhuka
dzakaderera, avo zvinokosha teleological kukosha, uye naizvozvo icho muenzaniso
kune zvisingaverengeki akawedzera mienzaniso dzatinogona kuwana muviri ari
mudziyo kuti muduku zvinogoneka expence mari, kufadza kuita kunoitwa, uye
pamwe chete kunoreva vazhinji zvinangwa anonziwo kuzadziswa.
Nokuti chivako ichi kamwe nokuzadzikisa chinangwa kuti kukuvara havagoni
kusarura nyore kuvimbika rokufunga chikamu kumiririrwa uye mhuka dzakawanda
kunyange aida pakati apiwa nekuripira mumwe ikoko; richiwanika chechipiri
kwemhuka dzakaderera somumwe nzira kuva kuburitswa mweya, achivaita rechitatu
mazano kuti dzinokudziridzwa muchitsauko 21, zvinokwanisika kuita psychophysical
basa yakawanda pamamiriro yakawanda, sokunge pfungwa kana chiduku nzvimbo
waizoshanda inonyanya, kunyange chokwadi kuzvitutumadza kuti haisati vakaedzwa,
kuti ichiri kushanda discrete pfungwa sentient zvinhu nokuti vari continuo kuramba
sentient musoro.
Ngativhare nezvavanofunga kuti takaita kuronga yedu ichi uye dzakamboitika
guru, asi vamwe nezvavanofunga zvikuru kwaigara zvisikwa iyo angabatsira
pavanoparidza nevaya chinotevera, kuti vaite pamusoro guru kukosha psychophysics
ane kufanoona ,
miseve dzedu huru pamusoro izvo kunobva chikuru kuziva kwedu, makatakura
miseve iri akaremberera hunokosha mananara edu zvaiitika. Asi haagoni
inokurukurwa sezvo harmonics ane makuru chikuru mugodhi tinonyanyoitira
nemafungu? Panyama, ndivo chaizvoizvo, wadii psychophysically? nekuti yose basa
kuti pano hurongwa runoratidzwa pasi Zano wave guru, nokuti izvo zvinoitwa enyika
zvisikwa munhu makemikari zviri sezvinoita diki harmonics; uye mabasa wacho
hurongwa ndiwo muviri nyika zvakare chete harmonics ari mukuru Zano kufamba
muzvarirwo yose. The hierarchical mamiriro, inoramba mukati, nesu anoramba mberi

isu.
Zvino, kana harmonics vari matiri, umo distinguishable mananara pfungwa
yakarembera matiri, chete discontinuously pamusoro wayo chikumbaridzo, asi
akaramba pamusoro yedu huru chikumbaridzo, havasi huru miseve iri iyo kunobva
chikuru kuziva kwedu chete intermittently pamusoro wayo chikumbaridzo, asi
akaramba kuva kwakadzama chikuru pachikumbaridzo? Izvozvo kutakura kuti chedu
chikuru kuziva achiri mamwemazwi ndechokuti zvedu zvakaenzana zvinosanganisira
sezvo wayo chaiwo features, akafanana needu yayo kutendeuka peculiarities ayo
kunosanganisira.
Mhedzisiro pakunambwa ichi inotungamirira nemaonero ari ubiquitous zvakasikwa
vanoziva Mwari, umo zvose mweya kurarama uye kufamba uye tiri; sezvo mazviri,
nemiviri yokudenga kugara kweMweya, nomumwe intermediates pakunamata pakati
pake uye isu, izvo creaturely midzimu chaizvoizvo kwakabatana sezvo yunifomu
kusakara sei vadzoke, vanotsigirwa mumweya naMwari, uye sezvo creaturely mweya
kuwanazve pfungwa yavo matunhu ichi vanopfeka manzwiro avo chaiwo
pachavo. maonero Izvi zvinogona kugadzirwa mberi uye vaitsigira pachishandiswa
ringanidzo uye ukama izvo kubvumira kare achiita munhu pachake benching.
Izvi zvinotora maonero edu acharamba kuvapo pashure pokufa kubva kumativi
anoverengeka ukama. Kunyanya pedyo ndiye zvinotevera pfungwa:
Kana chifananidzo mupfungwa dzedu, pasi harmonics, pashure pokunge wataura
vakarega ziso ichiri kunosiya Erinnerungsnachklang kuti vanopinda mamwemazwi
uye yakakwirira hwaJehoshafati kuyeuka uye pfungwa mukuru kana chikuru kuziva,
tingafunga kuti chinhu tsamba nokusangana tinonyanyoitira miseve chero kuti vari
pachavo harmonics pamusoro yakaderera chikumbaridzo, uye kuti dzedu saka
pashure rufu kupinda yepamusoro hwaJehoshafati muna Mwari womudzimu.
Kunyange maonero ichi inogona kugadzirwa mberi uye vaitsigira pachishandiswa
ringanidzo uye achinzi iro rinotaura upenyu hwedu munyika ino. Asi ichi
zvakafanana kuti ikozvino nani basa rwokuzvarwa uzivi uye zvechitendero maonero
zvakasikwa, sezvo nyaya psychophysics, rinogona kupa chete pfungwa kuonana kuti
pashure zvavo varipo ezvinhu chete.
Pakupedzisira mumwe anowana maonero aya mubhuku rangu "Zend Avesta, kana
zvinhu zvokudenga uye humwe upenyu sokuona maonero zvakasikwa." 3
Teille. 1851 uye mapfupi munyika itsva "On Mweya Mubvunzo" pa1860
kunoenzanisirwa.
Mavambo muti magetsi Fonts yokutanga pachavo chete maererano
Contribuu a millorar la traducci
nezvavanofunga yakanyorwa avo dzakabudirira; uye saka chokwadi zvingava kuti
anodzoka munzira yavo kudzokera maonero akaratidza ikoko.

Text original

XLVI. Mubvunzo yezvakaita ari psychophysical kufamba.

Hatina kukwanisa kubata anokosha nyaya kwomunyika psychophysics kusvikira
zvimwe, pasina kudikanwa mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ari yezvakaita psychophysical
sangano pane anobvuma kurovedza, mukuru ezvinhu kurovedza muviri, saka
kufanana asi mhedziso mubvunzo zvayo Nature sejaya zvakadzama muna mashoko
mashoma.

Mubvunzo runoparadzanisa vanotova huviri:

1) Ko chete kuita kufamba imwe substrate ari vanoziva remangwana kana
zvinofunga?
2) Ko kuita vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga munhu chete chaiyo mhando,
urongwa, chimiro inofamba?
Zvino chii maererano mubvunzo wokutanga, sezvo imi kuyeuka, uye vane zvizhinji
pfungwa yacho vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga pasi akaratidza zvakakwana
chaizvo substrate iyo chete nechinangwa chete aite vanhu vanoziva remangwana
kana zvinofunga chaicho kufamba pasina kushandisa chero anozivikanwa chaiko
substrates vanozivikanwa anogona, uye une ichi substrates zvichida akagadzirisa zita
huta Eteri.
zvichida chikuru Chikonzero ichi ndiye makatenda chero anozivikanwa chaiko
yomuchipatara kana substrates kuva vatakuri psyche; chete haaoni, chii chinhu
mumuviri mumiririri isingazivikanwi, inofanira tichiita zvakasiyana kunyange pakati
mumuviri nzvimbo, nezvaaigona zvakawanda, pakwakanga ake mupfungwa
nezvitsinga zororo. Asi kana munhu achida kuchinja kubva akatevedzana zvinooneka
vamiririri kumarudzi, mumwe anowana saka zvose murima mune shoko, chii
chinoratidza kana mumuviri kana zvendangariro, uye inosiya chinokosha chinodiwa
psychophysics pacharo, iro riri kuti mupfungwa kuchinja mutemo chaiwo
akarondedzera; ivo vanovimba zvirokwazvo factually pamwe zvakadai; Achibuda
seri substrate ari munzvimbo hyper chaiko saka anoita chinhu kunze isu kudhonza
dhende kubva pasi petsoka dzavo, izvo isu tine.
anoramba pamungawirirana pasina kuwa pamusoro rwevanhu chaizvo maonero,
sezvo tine akamisa pamukova basa iri, chinhu hazvitaurwi, uye chero zvazvingava
mumunda psychophysics pacharo, vanoomerera chete yechokwadi zvinhu, kwete
rinotsanangura Royal muna sei nokusingaperi muviri substrate kuburikidza kungava
nzira yake kutamira rutsigiro, zvokunze stimulator saka bedzi pfungwa mananara; asi
Erklrlichkeit haina vachiwanda, asi chakavanzika chete kunowedzera kuti
chakavanzika zvikuru, kana tichida zvokuzvigadzirira simbi dzomuchina mutsva
mumiririri chaiko sezvo chawo, pasina nokukwanisa tsanangurai chii kuti akakodzera
pamberi vamwe kuita kudaro, uye pasina chimwe chikonzero kuti kuvapo kwayo,
sezvo vaifanira kutsanangura haina ichazivikanwa asi explainable.
Tinoona humwe: sei yaingowanikwa nokuzvikudza huta Eteri wakauya tsinga, uye
sei iye kuvasiya rufu kana haisi vakawanda kufambiswa pamusoro tsinga uye
zvipenyu zviri nokusingaperi kugadziriswa? Vanofanira ichangobva akasika nyaya
iye wokutanga, kana rokupedzisira zvichipfuura? Ipapo haizorambi chaiko.
zvinetso zvose izvi zvisipo, kana munhu achipfeka kuti kufamba chete vakawanda
Eteri, riri kupararira kuburikidza zvokunze zvisikwa sezvo kuburikidza zvipenyu
zviduku zvinogona kutakura pasi vamwe, kuzadzika Utachiona edu, mamiriro
manyawi, mukuru mananara zvaiitika. Zvakare, pamwe ichi ndiyo maonero vazhinji
vaya nokusingaperi vane maonero akajeka panyaya idzi.
Yokungazodzoka kutora chinhu imponderable mumiririri pamberi ponderable

substrates kutaura izvi, tinogona kuva anokonzerwa pfungwa dzinotevera.

By ruzivo, isu tinosungirwa funga tsinga sezvo huru pachoto yedu nepfungwa
mananara. Zvisinei, umhare ndiye asina akakodzera, zvakafanana fambisa ponderable
sezvo ropa kunoitika mutsinga dzedu, vachibvumira Zvisinei, hapana kunotadzisa
kugamuchira chero kufamba ane imponderabeln chokurapisa mairi. The excitability
yose tsinga nemagetsi, vamwe nechiedza uye nokupisa, kunoratidza kuti kunakidzwa
kufamba mutambo wo Imponderabeln pachayo chokuita imponderable; ivo mananara
hove yemagetsi uye Dubois'schen kuferefeta kuitika kubva kumwewo vakawedzera
vanotsigirana. Kunyange tsinga kungowanikwa somunhu chinamatidzwa ari netsinga,
iyo inotungamira droppable mvura, uye zvokufema gadziriro, iyo mhepo zvabuda
apo tinotenda izvozvo yekudyidzana kwatemwa darzubieten ari nzvimbo nokuda
kufamba ane imponderable mumiririri.
Kubva mhiri Zvisinei, munhu haafaniri kuregeredza chokwadi kuti samolecular
vibrations pamusoro ponderable sezvo zvishoma kunze kuburikidza hunhu etsinga,
sezvo imponderable, uye kuti mune kwegadziriro ponderable uye imponderable
zvikamu kwete zvakanaka vanogona kuitika vibrations ane, pasina zviya takura
vamwe; kuti kwaizvozvo tsinga kunogona kushanda pasina rubatsiro mudunhu
haachipo, uye kuwedzera basa rayo chinhu kuwedzera basa kwemutariri uye
pakudaro inotarisirwa maitiro makemikari presupposes umo zvakakodzera zvikamu
ponderable kwikwidza; Pakupedzisira, kuti yezvakaita mikana yakawanda
yokukurudzira asarudza chinhu manzwiro rinogonawo inovapo pamusana
yokungoitawo uye mushonga mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira; uye zvinokwanisika
chete kuisa kuburikidza kufamba imponderable vamiririri ari weighable sezvo
ponderable kutamira nevasori ari imponderable huchiitwa.
Ndinotenda, naizvozvo, kuti varipo mukurarama hapana yairwirwa zvikonzero
kubatanidza basa tsinga zvarwo, uye saka uyewo psychophysical basa kwayo yoga
kuti imponderable.Asi Dai imponderable nevasori batsiro, mungafara zvakadaro
zvichida kuti havaZvioni izvozvo achishandisa peculiarity nenhumbi dzavo, asi bedzi
kufamba kwavo netsika, insofar kana oscillations sezvo kutsanya vachiri
nokukurumidza Sangano reproductions munzvimbo ponderable kuzivikanwa
imponderable. Chokwadi chokuti kubva psychophysical zvokuvamba Masvomhu
gobvu anonyangarika uye chete inofamba wehurumende vakagamuchira (T. II, chits.
16) Kutaura zvazviri, dzakakodzera chaizvo kutsigira nokufungidzira kwokuti
zvichikosha zvachose, chete pamusoro mamiriro inofamba mumunda uyu. Uyezve,
mukana hachisi kuramba kuti ponderable uye imponderable zvinokuvadza avo
okupedzisira zvinhu regai vanosiyana, uye kudzikama kusawirirana kwavo chete
nezvirango paungano uye kufamba pachavo.
kutsanangura zvekungofungira pamusoro pfungwa idzi,
hazvaibatsira; zvakatikwanira kuti akayeuka yaaizova. Chero zvazvingava, kunyange
imponderable zvinokuvadza zvinofanira kuramba munhu akasarudza ukoshi nokuda
mupfungwa mananara nokuda kufamba kwavo netsika, vanhu ponderable acharamba
kuramba zvinoreva chinokosha nokuda sangano hurongwa, mauri chimiro sangano iri
akatsunga. Uye zvechokwadi achaita mune ramangwana vakawanda akarongeka

shanduro zvose sangano uye sangano, regai pasina mumwe kunzwisisa uye kubata.
Pashure mumwe maonero tinogona uchikoshesa substrate pamusoro psyche
chinoramba akapararira munyika uye dzaibatanidzwa zvavo masimba kuti hurongwa,
uye mubvunzo wechipiri anosangana isu zvino ndewekuti vanoziva remangwana
kana zvinofunga kuti imwe mhando chete, urongwa, anogona kumisa chimiro
kufamba.
Sezvo tichiziva kuti kufamba kuti chaizvoizvo dzakakodzera kutakura mananara
pfungwa, asi vanofanira kubatwa chete pasi mumwe mwero akachangamuka, zvokuti
kuziva runopedzwa; saka kunotipa neizvozvo sezvingatarisirwa mukana ndiro
kwazvo kuziva, kusanganisira kuvapo uye asiri kuvapo ndowenyu, zvachose chete
uwandu, kwete kuita asi zvichienderana kunaka psychophysical basa, ichi asi chete
pamwe kunaka mananara pfungwa ukama akaisa.
Zvadaro, chero kufamba achida, chero chimiro uye izvo substrates naivowo kuitika
apo. ivo nokukurumidza yavo kana rokutanga kana kuti rechipiri kuitira (uko pakati
30 uye 32 mushure chitsauko ndiyo sarudzo), kukasapfuura imwe ukoshi, mupiro
kuziva kuti ari kupa vamwe zvinhu zvedu kana kana neimwewo ruzivo; uye chero
Pamabasa oushumiri inofamba, kureva, co-kugadzwa uye kutevera-up of
nokukurumidza nguva vakakwanisa kutakura vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga
chakajairika pamusoro akabatanidza chimiro apo kuuya chimiro ichi nguva pamwe
chete kupfuudza imwe kukura ukoshi.
Nenzira yakadaro kuti ndimbokuregai yatinofema mashiripiti, uye zvemidzimu
quality, izvo chete ichi kana kuti akasiyana oushumiri muviri kunofanira vakwanise
kuita pfungwa, uye ari mukuru, kwete chete particulate vanhu nemhuka kushanda,
psychophysics zvichibvira nenzira yakakodzera mupfungwa, sezvo tine Kazhinji,
ichiri kushanda munyika wefizikisi yose uye hurongwa. Tichakurukura kuongorora
mitemo psychophysics muvanhu uye vanogona hwakatamisirwa nyika. Vanoziva uye
asingachazivi munyika vaviri vachange chete zviitiko chete payakavakirwa, riri
kusarudza kuti ukama hwavo uye hwavo yokuchinjira mumwe.
Yakadaro nzira harizosunungurwi akaratidza zvikasadaro kupfuura kupiwa
kugutsikana kwakakwana mune dzakabudirira psychophysics.
Izvi uchapupu handigoni kumhanya ikozvino; asi ndinotenda kuti kuchatungamirira
kufambira mberi psychophysics pachavo, ane kuedza kutanga Ini hwepedyo tarisiro
iyi kure.

Historical uye zvimwewo.

XLVII. Historical.
Facts vari zvoupenyu psychophysics yakaonekwa kubvira panguva yakare, uye
hakuna munhu ungagona kutaura imwe pakutanga dzidziso iyi saka kure. asi kana ini

ndirege kudaidza munhu wokutanga zvaizoita nhamba dzakadaro chokwadi,

kukabatanidzwa, uye akawedzera kunyange zvakadaro chokwadi itsva yakadaro
akapoteredza kuti psychophysics kwave dzine simba kupinda nzira dzokuva cohesive
sayenzi chaiyo, saka muzive ini wekubhabhatidzwa Eh Weber zita, iro rine kwete
chete nokusingaperi raiva rakayangarara rukuru zvakajeka uye mukuru generality
kupfuura munhu pamberi pake kuti pano munda nokuda kuyerwa vorliege asi uyewo
pfungwa iyi mukuru kumwero uye zvikuru kubudirira pane munhu asati akaunzira
ndiriite. Kunze kuwedzera psychophysics vakawanda chaiwo chokwadi, isu
chikwereti naye rokutanga panguva iyoyowo zvakajeka uye mamwe mashoko
mukuru psychophysical bumbiro pamwe experiential nerusimbiso, uye vakabudirira
uye zvibereko implementation ane nzira nokuyerwa nehanya nokuda zvinenge
madenderedzwa ose manyawi, izvo kutsunga mutemo uyu pachayo chakakonzera.
kuferefeta ake vari pamwe yake Programmata collecta, Fasc. III, 1851, pamwe
inounganidzwa kwazviri uye kazhinji ndokumonereka (ikazobudiswazve kubva
Wagner kwakaita vasiri Dictionary) uyo rokuremekedza iri zvikuru zvokutadza
rakamanikana nokuti kugutsikana kwavo basa rake pamusoro vaonane uye vanhuwo
kunzwisisa. Vamwe zvokuwedzera zvinogona kuwanikwa nezvokuonekwa Saxon.
Societt, 1852, peji 85 zvi-.
In saka kure sezvo nokurondedzerwa kwayo uye bvunzo psychophysical bumbiro,
andinovenga akanyudzwa zita rake anoreva, vakaudzwa neni muChitsauko 9, uye
chaizvo nokuti akadzorerwa inofanira ekare nokucherechedza kuti kutsunga mutemo
uyu, kunyanya sezvo Bouguer, Arago, Masson, sekiristaro kuporeswa, zvose izvo
chokuita nemaonero omumwe chiedza, rave akafunga zvizere. Anofanira zvino
kuwana nhoroondo rakakwana psychophysics kupiwa mazita akawanda kudaro
ritaurwe, izvo vachabatana nokutsvakurudza chinokosha munzvimbo
psychophysics. Uye zvimwe pakati achangobuda vatsvakurudzi kazhinji
vakabvumirana Helmholtz pamusana wayo vazhinji akachenjera bvunzo uye
zvinokosha matongo munzvimbo yechiedza, ruzha, tsinga kudzidzisa Dubois zita
rake kupfuura zvose nokuda pazvidzidzo zvake kupayona yemamiriro ari huta mauto
hurongwa yemagetsi pedyo zvapedzisira kuferefeta apo kushandisa iye zvino chete
physiology, asi kamwe kunofanirawo pakati inokosha magwaro yomukati
psychophysics. By pacharo, zvisinei runyoro urwu yokungazodzoka zvinoreva
mupfungwa Malehre, ndichaita manika ndomene folgends zvakaita iwoyo
akaritangira, yakakonzera pacharo uye asarudza vadzore kunan'anura pedyo.
The experimental neizvi chete panyaya iyi, akarongeka kuburikidza vaongorori
Bernoulli anotaurwa atova okutanga kusvika chikamu chokutanga gwaro rino
(Laplace, Poisson), Euler (Herbart, Drobisch) Steinheil (Pogson) ndiko kuti vayeuke,
chero bedzi ndiye zvose akarongeka basa nazvo mupfungwa uye mumuviri hukuru
zvinesungano mukati zvinoreva mutemo Weber kwakaita, kare kare yakasimbiswa,
Bernoulli pamusoro kutsamira pamusoro rombo morale pamusoro upfumi
nomuviri, Euler panyaya kutsamira pamusoro manzwiro pamusoro nenamo pakati
frequencies, Steinheil mashoko nyeredzi hukuru chinogona kushandurwa manzwiro
hukuru pamusoro photometric tsika nyeredzi.

The Bernoulli musimboti maererano kuvimba kwakaita rombo

morale pamusoro upfumi nomuviri, kutanga muna 1738 J. yakaitwa Bernoulli, ndiye
Th. I, peji 236 kukurukurwa, uye ayo mutsivi, izvo Bernoulli mariri Laplace uye
Poisson akawana pfungwa kumbovapo.
Zvimwe kufanira, nhungamiro iyi pano psychophysics hazvibatsiri kuwana. Asi
chokwadi ine zvakakwana vakawanda chimiro awo akaisa. Nokuti upfumi
morale rinoreva asi, sepakutanga vaisimbirira, munguva ichangopfuura hapana
kupfuura mufaro kuti mweya dzokunze zvinhu zvenyika, kuti pfuma
nomuviri zvinoreva kuti kubva pasina mufaro ichi, uye vaimbova kunotora saka yose
nzvimbo ari kutekenyedzwa, yokupedzisira iyo anotikurudzira ane; uyewo
ndiyo pfuma morale zvikuru mune imwe pfungwa imwe Zvaiitwa Makorokoto
nomuviri kubatwa Bernoulli, sezvo tinoremekedza kutekenyedzwa pamusoro
anotikurudzira, uye murairo chete, izvo zvose zvakabatana.
Vakatsunga Zvaiitwa nedoro pamusoro kutekenyedzwa zvenziyo zvikamu zviri
ratios pakati frequencies kubudikidza Euler ari yayo Tentamen novae theoriae
Onesimo. 1739th p. 73 zvakaitika, saka chete rinenge gore rimwe zuva pashure pane
paumbwe Bernoulli Principes. Gare gare Herbart 1) rinopfuura zvisinei Euler
yakafanana pamuviri zvenziyo zvikamu, uye ichi wokupedzisira
Droblsch 2) zvakavakirwa kwete chete pane Mutsva neimwewo nzira, asiwo
kufarirwa yakafanana kakawanda akasimbisa uye mimwe evolutions kunge racho, isu
mumwe ndeupi dzinonakidza T. II, chap. Wati 30 kuburitswa pasina kuferefeta izvi
saka kure akawana zvakakodzera kutarisirwa.
1)

Main pfungwa metaphysics. Gtting. 1807. . 14. Mabasa III, 46.)

2)

Abhandl. pamusoro Jablon. Gesellsch. 1846. p.109 uye Abhandl. d.

Madz. Sachs. Gesellsch. 1852. Bhuku IV 1. (Pogg. Ann. XC. 375.)

Dzaibatanidza akatisiyira magnitudes vane photometric intensities renyeredzi

pedyo theorem basa iri kuzvitonga mumwe nokuda Steinheil 3) (1837) uye Pogmwanakomana 4) (1856) kwete zvose zvakananga mutemo Weber wacho, asi
kufanana experiential hwakagadzwa pachinzvimbo vane geometric nhevedzano
photometric intensities nyeredzi kuti svomhu kuchiita hukuru.
3)

nhengo Nokupenya kuyerwa muna Abhandl. ari baier. Akad. 1837. Volume
II, peji 22.
4)

Notices woumambo ezvemuchadenga. Soc. 1856. p. 14, hereinafter

nezvokuonekwa Saxon. Soc. 1859 S. 68th

Paumbwe theorem basa nokuti ukama idzi vakati zvose vanotsvakurudza

zvechokwadi haana kuitwa mukuona mupfungwa nechiyero, asi zvichienderana
akadzorerwa particulate maonero; vanga uye kubvira ipapo uyewo haana pahwaro

mupfungwa yakati sandara, izvo, nyore nyore rinotsanagurwa yezvakaita kuongorora

uye nyaya kaienda paumbwe basa iri.
Saka zvifakazira kuti kana theorem mashoko nokuda kutsamira pamusoro rombo
morale pamusoro Makorokoto nomuviri parizvino kukurukurwa pasi mukuru
pfungwa Maprinzipe anogona kunzi akaziva izvi zvinofanira nechekare
makasimbisa kubva rumwe, asi akakoniwa takarurama nokuti.
Kuyera maonero zvenziyo zvikamu maererano pazviri ratios ari frequencies, aigona
nokusingaperi kuva chikonzero Chokwadi, sezvo kutekenyedzwa zvenziyo zvikamu,
chaizvo vamwe mupfungwa variables, chiyero chavo chave kuva; Hapana asi
pachivanze umo masendimita kare vakatsaurwa, kuti ayere neimwe chete vachitarira
kupi havasi kuparadzaniswa.Pane kuti saka aigona kuita pano kutsvaka nechiyero
rokufunga panyama chete, zvakanga chete kuwana nechekare vakazvimiririra kupiwa
mumuviri uye mupfungwa pamwero mumwe. Saka basa Euler Chokwadi atorwa
kupfuura chii asati achipinda ukama ichi, mushure zano ezvinhu manyawi, rinoti (p
72.): "Eks kwakabva intelligitur, intervallum ita esse definiendum, UT gara mensura
Disc Rimini Inter eirra acutiorem bv graviorem ", uye kuedza kuratidza pachake
yakazvimirira nokuongorora vibration ezvinhu kuti vakaverenga paakaziva zvikamu
pakati manotsi ane uye b, b uye C kuti zvikamu pakati imwe uye C anogona kuiswa
vakaenzana.
Uyewo Herbart uye Drobisch kuti kunyange pakati akarongeka ukama pakati
kutekenyedzwa pakati zvikamu uye vibration ezvinhu kushandiswa, asi pasina
vachitsvaka nechiyero wokutanga chete uye vanoshandisa ukama ichi ravo
akarongeka wezvepfungwa tichitarisa mupfungwa chiyero; asi vanofanira evolutions
pamusoro Drobisch yaisanganisira zvose zvinogona akapedzisa dzidziso zvenziyo
zvikamu zvikurukuru kubva ukama ichi.
mupfungwa, zvakadini zvokuridza zvikamu, ndizvo zviri zvikamu zviri akatisiyira
magnitudes. The vakadzidziswa Ziso vanoongorora nyeredzi yakanga akwanisa
kuona, maererano nomumwe kunze zvikamu izvi kunyange pasina chokuita
runotikurudzira photometric ezvinhu; Yakanga kwete kuwana nechiyero omumwe
chiedza, asi ukama wayo chete kuti mumuviri miganhu kupiwa nevamwe uye
kushandisa chepakarepo nokuda asitironomi; uye maererano akawanda nenzira, kuti
mumutsetse wacho akatisiyira magnitudes, kutaura ukama ichi vakatotora
hazviwanzodaro pfungwa, sezvo vaifanira kunge zvakadaro, zvinoreva
kutekenyedzwa chiyero vangadai aida kuti chero kuti akatisiyira magnitudes rovira
pashure, ukuwo photometric intensities wedzera.
Zvadaro, mumwe angati kuti dambudziko iri mupfungwa divi akanga
zvazvichanyungudutswa mupfungwa yapfuura pane akabvunza, kana mhinduro
yakanga kare zvaisanganisira ari mashoko theorem mashandiro kuburikidza akati
vatsvakurudzi.
Kusvikira zvimwe Chokwadi, chete; nekuti kamwe agadzirise aireva Kungopinda
mashoma shoma nzvimbo, pasina nezvavanofunga uye mashoko izvo zvaida
kungotaurawo akabvumira; Chechipiri, mushonga yakanga yakavakirwa nyore uye
zvinongobva mutemo Weber pasina chokuita zvinorambidzwa kupfeka chete, uye

pasina generalizing pfungwa naivo zviitiko apo murayiro hairevi; Third chaiva,
nokuda kwokushayiwa nehanya Chokwadi anotikurudzira uye differential
chikumbaridzo, nechiyero wakapiwa anongozviunganidzira manzwiro akasiyana,
kwete Mhedziso nezvekufadza uye vachinzwisisa kusiyana, pashure kungotaura
mutsauko payakavakirwa, kwete nekuyera payakavakirwa uye
Unterschiedsmaformel ndokumisa; uye Chechina tisina maonero uchatamisa mwero
kana Maprinzip kubva rwokunze yomukati psychophysics uye neizvozvo
zvinokosha kufunga kuti izvi pacharo.
Maererano Ukama izvi, uyewo kutsunga zvakarurama uye kuwedzerwa
psychophysical dzakaenzana nzira, ndinotenda kuti psychophysics kwave
rakatsaurirwa muna gwaro rino;pamwe kuwedzera uku, yakawanda tariro itsva, asi
panguva imwe chete matambudziko matsva yakabuda, izvo akarwisa muchidimbu
pano, sezvo zvepakutanga maumbirwo manzwiro nechiyero, kuferefeta panguva iyo
zvemukati chaiko kusiyana kunobva nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana kutsinga
dzinouya nzvimbo, mufananidzo zvimwe chikuru ezvinhu yomukati psychophysics,
asi vachiri kure rakazara mhinduro.
Zvadaro, kunenge kupa vamwe kufarira uye kunyange dzimwe pfungwa mugwaro,
kana ndichidana zvishoma pedyo pamusoro uye kuchinja, kuisa kuongorora yose iyi.
Kutanga kuenzanisa: ngatiregei kufunga munhu anomira pamusoro tenderera
arikunze; anotsvaka chimwe chinhu, izvozvo idanho kure kwaari; asi iye anomira
pamwe musana wake uye anoenda rose refu denderedzwa kusvikira pakupedzisira
akazosvika pashure tikurire matambudziko mazhinji chinhu ichi nekushamisika
anoona kuti aifanira chete kutendeuka kuti vave vakaenzana, uye zvechokwadi asiri
zvikuru chete kuti nazvo kupfuura akafunga pakutanga. Izvi zvakaitika kwandiri
ubanguranyika ari mupfungwa divi. Asi ndinogona nzira ndasvika kwete
kudemba; nokuti iyi nzira Akandigarisa kuziva zvizere zvinorehwa Maprinzips chii
pfupi nzira kubva mutemo Weber uye Euler kwakaita inonyatsoita zvaisazova
kukwanisa zvavo mupfungwa Maprinzipe. Kusvikira ipapo ndaifanira kudzokera
kusvikira payo anotakura mberi.
Kubva panguva yakare, nemaonero pamusoro thoroughgoing kubatana pakati
muviri uye mweya wakayeriswa uye ichi achifunga muchimiro miviri bhuku rayo
chikonzero hwakanaka, sezvo ini akataura muchitsauko 1 gwaro iri zvishoma
chakazvisuma kwandiri panguva kunyorwa siginicha (Zend-Avesta ), iyo
yakavakirwa maonero ichi, basa iri kuwana kushanda ukama pakati modes mbiri,
kana nemamwe mazwi, mune runoenzanirana nenzira, sezvo wefizikisi, iyo vajairira
reshiyo of Kure-uye kusimba chiedza, kukwirira kwenzwi uye loudness dzokunze
kurwara asarudza sezvo chete kuziva revadzidzi zvirwere uko kutekenyedzwa
chokuita zvakananga.
Chokutanga, pfungwa kutungamirira kuti quantitative ratios kutoti wefizikisi anoita
mamakisi ose quantitative ratios kuvimba, uye pasina kunyange vane pfungwa
yakajeka rwakadini mupfungwa variables, Pakutanga ndakafunga kuti, kusimba
kwebasa chepfungwa wakakonewa zvichida kuchinja simba kwavo zvinozvikonzera
kurovedza muviri kuti ini anshe nechisimba yavo mhenyu sezvo akayera, enda

zvinoenderana nezvaanowana. Pfungwa iyi ndakanga akatakura famba neni refu; asi
havana zvakatungamirira chinhu, uye ini vakavarega pakupedzisira kuita. Gare gare
rakauya kwandiri zvimwe zvinokosha ukama pakati muviri uye mweya uye pakati
hwakaderera uye yakakwirira mweya kuburikidza ukama pakati svomhu progressions
pamusoro rezasi uye yakakwirira kuitira schematically kutsanangura (ona Avesta II,
334) .; nechikonzero ichochi vakandomira, mune zvakawanda zvinhu zvakatonyanya
yakakodzera geometric dzakatevedzana. Pfungwa Pavanotsiva inongova schematic,
zvimwe zvinhu akatsanangura zvakanaka, asi kwete chaizvo achirova mufananidzo
kuhwina kutaura zvinonyatsorehwa kutsamirana pakati mweya nomuviri,
akakurudzira ini iyi pamusoro zvakare; Asi zano geometric dzinotevedzana ikozvino
akanditungamirira (October 22, 1850 mangwanani pamubhedha) pedyo zvishoma
kujeka kufunga pamusoro maererano kuwedzera muviri simba mupenyu,
kana , kana SS ndiro simba mupenyu, mwero michero nechokuita zvedzidzo kuti
zvikuru. Saka ichi magumo zvakaitika kwandiri kuti kana kinetic simba muviri
zvinogona akafunga akabva kuburikidza akapedzisa kwavo mhedziso Zuwchse
weumwe kutanga tsika, uyewo zvimwe mweya zvichaita kuwedzera maererano
Zuwchsen kurovedza muviri yavo akarondedzera, mupfungwa umbirimi chinokosha
Mhedziso Zuwchse pfungwa kunganzi, izvo ndezvaJehovha maererano Zuwchsen
papeji mumuviri. Iri raiva chinokosha payakavakirwa uye, sezvo chinhu chinokosha
kwayo nokuyerwa fomura pakarepo. Sezvo wokutanga nokusimbisa ndakaona imwe
chete kuti chisimbiso pamusoro omumwe chiedza ruzivo ose unotadza inoponesa
mumuviri chiedza anotikurudzira peri kupiwa Zuwchse kuva akanzwa kusimba kuti
mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti uchisimba mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira
ivo simuka, pasina changu kunyange chaiyo okuti izvi chokwadi mumutemo Weber
vaiziva, riri zvinogoneka chete unopinza ekuedzwa pamusoro fomura. Asi zvaiita
kwandiri ichi pakutanga kwazvo kazhinji kuva vakabata nokusimbisa panguva,
ndinobvuma, kuvhura Zvaifadza maonero; uye nhasi ndaona maonero ichi pamberi
pangu pashure kunyora ichi chete danho duku wabatwa munzvimbo, yavakanga
akazarurwa.
Pakutanga ndainetseka ndechokuti kutekenyedzwa pashure nokuyerwa
inonyatsoita Y kare asi haazombotaurwi sezvo kinetic simba , izvo zviri, kusvikira
ini waimiririra izvi zviri mananara hope uye asingachazivi manzwiro uye neizvozvo
itsva unoshamisa zvakataurwa fomura akawana kuti kutenda kwangu muna pakukutu
uye kubereka iwoyo yekudyidzana kunosimbiswa. Nokuti ichi Ndakayeuka kubva
bhuku pamusoro Drobisch (1846) kuti Euler, Herbart uye Drobisch vakanga
zvechokwadi rinosvika kwete kuchinyanya kubva manzwiro, asi nokuda chitsama
manotsi kuti substantially basa rakafanana, kuti dzandakanzi vanotungamirirwa
nezvavanofunga avo, uye kana kare vose akazviratidza kwete zvakafanana, saka
pashure zvose, kwakanga rutsigiro torque mairi, achiona kuti kukwirira zvenzwi
unosanganisira quantitative kamwe. Vagari pasi kwayo uye simba pasi basa
rakafanana ini kuchengeteka uye voruzhinji akazviratidza achichengetedza
anotowedzera kumukomborera zvakafanana.
With zvose 'kosi hapana mupfungwa nechiyero waibva; asi yose kuona akatambura

zvikuru kubva kushaya unopinza unokosha pfungwa nokuda nepfungwa

divi. Ndakafunga kuti Zuwchse manzwiro kuenda hama Zuwchsen mupenyu
rehondo psychophysical kufamba kana anokurudzirwa anotikurudzira
Proportional; asi izvo unoratidza pacharo, saka chii nokusingaperi ndizvo chete
rinzwisiswe kuti vari kuenda kwavari zvichienzanirana, chero tisinganamati asi vane
pfungwa pakafunuka; chii rakavakirwa yakadaro kubvuma Masvomhu
uye

chero izvi handizvo?

In rakamiswa basa nokuda vanofanira kudzika Euler nevateveri vake dambudziko

iri haana kutarira, nekuti vachiri regai chipo yakatsviriridza. Euler kwakaita fomura
haringorevi paMhedziso pamwero mukuru manzwiro, asi panguva imwe chete
kusiyana, kwete simba, asi nokukwirira; kusiyana kwokukwirira kwenzwi asi vane,
Sezvambotaurwa, akasiyana zvikuru pachinhu ichi kubva kusiyana rakasimba, avo
zvinokosha dhigirii pachayo; hapana chokwadi kuti musiyano pakati kutekenyedzwa
kubva imwe pasi pasi mumwe ndiro kukura, uye kushanda Zolle ichi zvokuridza
pamwero pamwe pedzimba dzaro rakajairika kune vose. Naizvozvo, zvakanga
zvakakwana kuti Euler, kuratidza kuti vakaverenga paakaziva zvikamu pakati
manotsi ane uye b b uye C kuti zvikamu pakati imwe uye C hazvigoni
rinoringanidzwa kuvimba rakananga chiitiko nomumwe, vachimuenzanisa
zvinoitika. Asi chii chakaitika wakatambudzika apo zvakanga zvakakodzera kutora
akakodzera ukama nekuda kusimba kwezvido kutekenyedzwa iri vanoti kupembedza
chiyero chete, izvo havasi kupfeka self contained, muukama ichi? Kuferefeta
Steinheil nezvemweya akatisiyira magnitudes ndisingazikamwi kwandiri, uye
ungadai zvishoma takatakura michero pano, sezvo zvakanga zvisiri vachishandisa
mutemo, sezvo riri pakokorodzano pamusoro chepamusoro, uye akatisiyira
magnitudes, aibva hakuna uchapupu kuti mitemo psychophysical
zvinonyatsobatana;akadai nekristaro kuporeswa kwanga inonyatsoita rayo harina
kuvira mutemo Weber mune ukama.
Chinokosha payakavakirwa uye kuyera inonyatsoita kana atosarudza, saka kutaura
aiyangarara mudenga.
Kubva pakutanga wandaitsvaka zvino kuoma nokutevedzera nehanya
tinosangana. Kuderera Nokuzowedzera kuwedzera, kuenzana nguva pamuganhu ari
manzwiro munzvimbo zvinogona kuongororwa, pasina vachiri kuva mwero kunzwa,
asi Masvomhu yedu inosanganisira mhedziso maererano zviitiko zvakadai kuti
kutekenyedzwa kanonyangarika panguva anokamuka anotikurudzira tsika uye
yakakwirira kubwaira mumatunhu kuti kupiwa Lovely kukura zvishoma
inokura. Zvino Kunopiwa kuti mhedziso aya Masvomhu vasina mwero manzwiro ari
ruzivo zvinosimbisa tinogona kuva chipimo Masvomhu izvi pachavo nokuda
wemauto nokushandisa muukama avo pachavo chete pasi mamiriro zvakarurama,
kureva zvakanaka isu orienting mu ruzivo, ndeiya yakaita ukama anogona kutora
nzvimbo pakati anotikurudzira uye manzwiro ari Masvomhu. Naizvozvo,
sezvandambotaura, chete inokosha, kucherechedza bewhrbaren kare measureless

migumisiro Masvomhu uyewo zvinobvira uye zvichiita humwe kuwedzera kuti

Saizvozvo ndeiya yakaita ukama pakati anotikurudzira uye manyawi, izvo
chinosanganisirwa zvokuimba nokuda akataura munhare.
Kunyange iye zvino Ndinobatisa maonero iri rinonyanya kwete impermissible, asi
vasina naye sei ndinofarira kureurura tinoshandisa yandakapikira pakupedzisira (Ch.
7, 17, 31) iri nhandare kwepfungwa chipimo vanofunga kuburikidza richisuruka
kusvika rucherechedzo kuenzana nyaya duku manzwiro kusiyana siyana dzenyika
anotikurudzira pakafunuka kuti ariko; uyewo vaiva bewhrbaren kare pasina chiyero
mukuru mhedziso yacho Masvomhu kudaro kure kuratidzirwa mutsa rinotsigirwa
sezvo nyaya zvakakwana.
Zvichakadai, ndatuma pashure nyaya yakanga saka vaenda 1850 ari Prof. W. Weber
muna Gottingen ane memoir pamusoro kukumbira mutongo kuti apo ini kuziva achiri
guru chaizvo urema mune pfungwa uye aurayiwe kuramba asi akaratidza tariro kuti
pfungwa kuti "kufara" kuva.
Hazvina pamungawirirana hamungavatongi kuverenga pasina mubereko uye
kudzidzisa ndima mhinduro yake, razova yairwirwa ndoga kumarudzi mberi
kuferefeta.
"Zvinondifadza (akanyora pasi yechi12 Dec. 1850) Ndinofara dzakavanzika
kuverenga basa rako, uye ini mugoisiira ini mubvunzo zvikuru undecided chii
pfungwa dzibudise basa kune vamwe uye kufunga kunyange zvishoma kuongorora,
sei sayenzi kure yatichawana nani nokuda zvikuru. Ndikarinzira kuda kutaura chinhu,
ndinoona inokosha pfungwa yose rinoitwa nemazvo uye ainzwisisa, asi ndinoda asati
ruoko vachiri kupfeka zvinokunetsa kuti avaidze inofara. pakati kufara
Ndinonzwisisa zvinoti, . kana pfungwa rinobatana kuwanikwa zvinhu zvitsva kuti
vane chaiwo mimba anokwanisa uye redound pfungwa kuti rutsigiro chaiwo pfungwa
chinozunguzirwa yokuti chiedza, sezvo vaiti Euler, ndinodana akachenjera uye
zvakarurama, asi haana kufara; pfungwa dzakafanana zvakanzi kuburitswa kubva
Fresnel uye kwaipindirana kuwanikwa kukanganiswa mananara, ndinodana kufara. In
vamuri nzvimbo, kuwanikwa kwakadaro zvinhu angava Aizoshandisa, asi
zvichigona, sezvinoratidzwa huripo chokwadi, z. B. kuti wechishanu nechechina pasi
pasi complementing zvikuru rechitatu uye kuduku retatu cheshanu chaizvo kuti
kumira yakazvimirira vose yakavakirwa acoustic dzidziso pamusoro pakarepo
kutekenyedzwa yose inzwi. nokuda kwakadaro chokwadi, nezvavakatadzisa
vanotsigirwa chete, pfungwa idzodzo tora akamira chaizvoizvo zvakasimba
nesayenzi. Sezvo iye zvino asi Euler vakatanga pfungwa yokuti chinozunguzirwa
dzidziso pamberi avo kunyanya kutsigira Fakta templates sezvo imi ndiko kukura
nepfungwa dzako uye kushandiswa yaivapo mvumo kutsigirwa yenyu! Zvisinei,
kubudirira chaiko, inoenderana nokuti muri rombo zvakakwana kuti nokukurumidza
vanotsigira Fakta idzva vanozviwana. Chero bedzi izvi handizvo zvazviri,
kugadzirwa pachayo inofanira kuchengetwa mamwemazwi. "
Akarova nokuda cogency ava zvinosiyana njere rakadzika anoti panguva iyoyo ini
Kugutsikana pachangu, zvachero uye zvishoma kugovana kuti pfungwa iri Fonts iyo
haisi hunhu okuongorora chaiwo vakataura 5) , asi akanga achitarira kubvira nokuda

Faktis izvo W. Weber zvakarurama vanokurudzirwa kuti pfungwa anofara kukwanisa

kuwana nguva pasina yakadaro. Pakupedzisira Ndakayeuka sezvo dzinokosha
anoedza zvakanyatsorurama ekuedzwa vekare mhosva pamusoro vaguer
nezvavanofunga, iyo nzira
iyo pokutangira nechiyero chinoumba unokosha
inonyatsoita kuti kuedza kuva nechiedza, izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa
chinoenzanisirwa Chapter 9; nekuti yandakagadza nokukurumidza zvinoenderana
uremu miedzo, makanditevera kubatikana kubva akawanda; Ipapo ndakaona kuti chii
ndakanga ndichitsvaka, uye vakatenda kuti chete vaishanda vashanda nesimba
yandinofanira kare akafuratira zvakajeka dictum uye experiential uchapupu mutemo
kuti chinyi achiita kwandiri, nokuda munin'ina uyo akandipa avo Wink , akanga atova
kupa kuti zvimwe; rutsigiro Volkmann, uye Fund pamusoro Masson'schen oedza
Mugumisiro Kuongorora kufungidzira akatisiyira magnitudes, parutivi kuwedzera
kusango experiential nerusimbiso noMutemo Weber, uye kufunga munhu
vakaregeredza Date hwezuva nezuva ruzivo, umo akarembera zvose kurutivi mweya
usiku, ane asipo mukwanisi ari experiential magwaro kunowana, izvo zvaiita kuti ini
zvakakodzera kusimbisa psychophysical nechiyero basa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kuti
kusimudzira nzira nezvakaipa nyaya uye nzira ichitaurwa kukanganisa
psychophysical kuyerwa nzira uye kushandisa sezvo vakadaro, uye neizvozvo
kuvandudza nzira mamwemazwi zvinotaurwa experimental mapepa vakabudirira.
4)

Avesta II, S. 368th

Want zvino kuvaringana iyi nzira rakaoma kuti pfungwa mupfungwa divi kuti
"kufara".
Sezvaunogona kuona, yaiva ndima kaienda chepfungwa Maprinzipe, zvinopesana
neizvi, kupfuura ndokuputsa mharidzo yake pano. Yaiva chikamu chomukati
psychophysics, uyo akapa wokutanga chiitiko, uye chokwadi chacho dzokunze
psychophysics vakanga pakutanga kungotaura kutendera chikamu kutsigira vaya
chokuita. Pano goho nechemberi akatorwa kubva dzokunze psychophysics uye chete
pakupedzisira nhanho shomanana yomukati psychophysics apfigirwa mariri. The
chinhu akatendeuka pakutanga haana kubva pfungwa nderokuwana mupfungwa
yakati sandara, asi kutsvaka kushanda ukama pakati mumuviri uye zvendangariro,
izvo zviri pamutemo dependencies ayo anomirira vechokwadi nhasi.Heuno
mupfungwa tinosiyana yakawanikwa nenzira iyi, zvakaitwa kuti kutsigira dzidziso
ukama ichi, chiri mubvunzo ndima zvikuru zvakakodzera uye zvikuru cogent.
Saka Ini dzikaruma nemhanza aifanira kutora ndima iyi kubva pakutanga, saka
zvishoma ndakabudirira, nezvinokosha pfungwa chete fanana kutanga kune mwero
zvakajeka uye uchapupu kuunza, chinenge chikamu chikuru chimwe chete pano,
sezvo ndinovimba, aripo, uye kashoma munhu nehanya nayo zvitsauko zvakawanda
gwaro rino, sezvo zvikuru nesimba uye makeover akaita airavira. Ikokowo ndichaita
womuMutemo zvinhu.
Dudziro zvakanaka uye kunaka chiratidzo chepfungwa Dziri vanoziva uye

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

asingachazivi vakapa zvishoma somunhu zvakafanira, uye saka ndaitenda pakutanga

kuti kutora ave kazhinji zvinoshanda. Asi mukuru kana kutekenyedzwa misiyano
hakukodzeri dudziro ichi; uye izvi zvaiita kuti ndive akavimbika akarongeka
kusaenderana kukuru kuti asi, ndinotenda, muna nhaurirano yechi23 chitsauko
anoratidza vakasimudza zvachose. - Long zvakandishatirisa kunyara kuti summation
rekuva nezvisingafadzi kuziva tsika zvakasiyana pfungwa, Spaces kana nguva
unusable migumisiro Zvisinei, zvinogona kuitwa kuti summation rekuva uye kunaka
netsika pachavo. Asi nhaurirano rechi20 chitsauko anoratidza, changu maonero
zvakakwana pachena kuti izvi zvakadaro zvachose mariri rinowanikwa panzvimbo iri
anozivikanwa nzira kushandiswa wemasvomhu kuti iwe pachako kuona shongwe
applicability yavo mafungiro variables mairi. - Kuti kwekuwedzera tide kutora
zvakasiyana chaizvo, sezvazvakanyorwa accrues ari kuitika pamusoro chete pfungwa
kana imwe pfungwa, nyaya yokutanga pane kukura pasi Logarithmuszeichen,
wechipiri kana logarithm ari kukura, ane ini chete pashure maturo kuita zvakawanda,
iyi kuunza mutsauko kuti zvijeke, dzawanikwa (ona. chitsauko 22). - Mumwe
mupfungwa uye wakarebesa nguva ini dzinovhiringidza zvakawanda kuti
yakanyangarika zvachose kunyange kosi kwokudzvinyirira basa iri, asi akava chete
sezvinei hapana nouchapupu simba pamusoro yapfuura chitsauko, chaiva chokwadi
ini, mushure mharidzo muna 22 Chapter. zvichida zvikuru sezvingatarisirwa
achioneka kwete kuti musiyanise manzwiro kusiyana zvachose mupfungwa uye
vachinzwisisa kusiyana pachena aiziva pasina kusiyanisa kukosha musiyano
pachikumbaridzo yakaramba kujeka, uye Unterschiedsmaformel haana chokwadi
kumisazve kuwedzera musiyano fomura. In zvepakutanga urongwa pfungwa divi uye
huru muzvitsauko yomukati psychophysics Handina kazhinji kumbozununguka
papfungwa dzinokosha, uye handigoni kuzvirumbidza wokuva yakapedza zvose
arege pano; anofanira kubvuma kuti chete pfungwa kunyorerana anopiwa ino kuti
rakanyatsorurama, mamwemazwi uye hwakachengeteka zvakawanda zvakawanikwa
zvinopesana.

XLVIII. Yokuvirisa.
a) Kuwedzera noruremekedzo kuti wakatangwa muChitsauko 30 kutongwa.
The wakatangwa muchitsauko 30 muedzo Pakusarudza kana akafanana uye
zvakaenzana vanorwara hungiso maviri anokosha kwazvo kuenzana panguva
dzakasiyana voltage uye naizvozvo namo, Handina kubva akanozvibatanidza; asi
zvinosuruvarisa hapana mubvunzo kubudirira. asi Ndinobvumirana musimboti payo,
nokuti pamwe nevamwe zvinogona vakayambuka bust kuedza ava nani basa miitiro
dzaro.
Pamusoro monochord yeko mumuviri Cabinet, izvo, vaifungidzira Professor
Hankel, zvandakaita vakazvipira kunyanya kuonga rubatsiro mune kuedza izvi
nokuda akadzvinya vakanga 4 simbi Tambo, vaviri chete hunhu, parutivi
akatambanudza yakatambarara. The unabridged vibrating pakureba kwayo kwakanga
vose 1,52 metres. Vaviri, pamwe D (mutete) kuti akasarudzwa, akanga pedyo 0,4
Mill., The vamwe vaviri, pamwe D (gobvu) kuti akasarudzwa, pakati 0,7 uye
mamiriyoni 0,8. Ukobvu. Zvose parukungiso d sezvo D kwambova 1 pasi pasi

kupfuura rumwe ruoko.

The vanorega vaviri yezvaiva zvakafanana yegwara Tambo zvakaitika dzimwe
kuedza kuburikidza zvikurukuru akaita-up kufanana nenyundo dzendarira, izvo
zvinoderedza akaparadza zvemunguva yakakwirira pamusoro tambo zvose uye
akabata musana Pralle noruoko vaiva 1) ; vamwe, maererano zvinotaurwa Volkmann,
expediently nokuda balls izvo yakayerera kubva nokushapira pamusoro parukungiso
maiiswa parukungiso uye Akasvetuka kubva pacharo. The Kurwisa zvakaitika mune
imwe nyaya zviviri, chitsama agumise mainjisi mashoma, daro iroro kubvira
kumugumo une hungiso vose.
1)

Unofanira kupetura muna reganda, apo akazviratidza pashure

yavaizofanoshandisa kuedza, pokushandisa mabhora tinyanye rayirika.

The sando vaviri vaiva chete Racks pane imwe mugumo monochord, kufanana
nevamwe uye imwe nhungamiro pamwe parukungiso zvakabatanidzwa, saka kuti
mugumo monochord vakarwisa kure kune longitudinal zvataurwa vaviri masendimita
pamusoro chete. The muna Brette akaidzikisa, kungoreva yakafanana, maiiswa
vaivawo kune longitudinal zvataurwa parukungiso, zvakaipa pamusoro pavo kuti
Lngsaxen maiiswa maererano tambo kure, vakatasva pamusoro monochord, zvokuti
rezasi kuguma waro wakange amuka chete zvishoma pamusoro parukungiso. Simba
chemabhazi agare nyore kupfuura achishandisa, yakasimbiswa pane imwe
pakukwirira pakakwirira, iro waidzora sando kubudikidza obliquity pakati maiiswa
uye pfungwa pazviri unorega bhora roll. The parachutist balls dzakatorwa
mumucheka pasi.
The nenamo pamusoro parukungiso akanga akatsunga nokuenzanisa ane Tuning
nemisero, iyo (yaiva pakati mudonzvo mitsetse) kamwe kupendwa b akapa. Of
parukungiso dzvakadzika kubvumirana vachigurisira kusvika 1 / 8 chaizvo nemisero
dies yakanga unabridged 3 octaves; kubva parukungiso D akabvuma kuti
kwakadzama vachigurisira kusvika 1 / 9kusvikira 1 / 10 maererano nemisero.
Zvino akaonekwa Tambo unabridged d vaviri pamwe nenyundo sezvo huni uye
dzenzou balls manyoro yakatenuka maiiswa kusvikira mujengachenga, muprista
tambo iri simba overweights pamusoro zvakadzika, yakabuda hwakanyatsorwisa
unsung pamusoro; akanga ari kufuta, zvose pedyo simba matauriro, sezvakunoitwa
kure uye, kana zvakakodzera, kukwana kuvhara nzeve kubudikidza yakadzika inzwi
rakanga chete zvakaneta kana kunzwa kana mukuru achiri pachena.
Kunyange unabridged tambo D vari preponderance kwemupristi tambo iri pedo
nokure akatora nzvimbo kunyange chete kunyange kurega kupfuura kuedza pamwe
tambo Drakaiswa. Asi musiyano waiva Zviri zvishoma nokuda kwangu sezvo
mitongo vamwe vaiona zvose, zvokuti rakanga kunge achifunga angadai
kunyangarika panguva yakakodzera pakukora parukungiso. Asi zvakanditorera ichi
chero nadzurudzo muna ukobvu. Nokuti apo zvimwiro zvaiva steeper, zvokuti bhora

akakungurutsa kubva pamusoro kuguma parukungiso rukuru simba, kusiyana

nesimba pakati dzakakwirira uye vakaderera tambo yaiva zvakawanda. Ikokowo
akabvuma kutongwa mumwe machisi nezvangu.
Chine zvino, apo vari yapfuura kuedza, kuti rurege mukuru uye vakaderera tambo
akanga akaenzana kurwisa une hungiso vose D akaita zvakasiyana kuti matauriro
akazviratidza pamwe chete kusimba kana panzvimbo musiyano
zvakawanda. Ndakamira shure chipingamupinyi saizvozvo midziyo kuti ini
zvakafanana ndisingagoni kuona inzwi asi rakanzwikwa zvakasimba, uye conokucherechedza kwakachinja kukwirira raakatorwa varipfurunyura vakaburusira
balls, saka refu kubva Tambo tozozviona ndini acclamation wangu akatsanangura
musiyano iri kusimba zvakawanda. Pano, akasimbisa yapfuura mugumisiro. Zvisinei,
In zvinyoronyoro yakatenuka maiiswa, saka zvine mwero simba Anschlage,
dzenyanga dzenzou bhora ndatomhanyira pasi pamwe yose pakureba chake
muchimwiro kusvikira yakaderera dzaigara tambo, vakamhanya pasi kudunhu
matende chete anenge achitevedza hafu, kuwana musiyano kuchinyanya
zvakawanda. In zvikuru steeper nenzvimbo maiiswa, musiyano waiva zvakawanda
apo bhora akamhanyira hungiso vaviri yose pakureba maiiswa; hongu zvakaonekwa
kunyange zvinoda zvakadzama tambo zvino zvishoma pfupi nzira. Vose vari
zvinyoronyoro yakatenuka sezvo pamawere, kuedza wakadzokororwa kaviri chete
runoenzanirana nemigumisiro. Vaiva asi akasiya rwakapetwa pasi kubva pasi
kwazvo, zvakafanana nokuti vose Tambo pfungwa maiiswa, mabhora vari kumawere
yakatenuka, saka kusimba mukuru tambo akatangazve Zviri vakafuta. Mujinga
zvimwiro vakakundikana usaruyera; asi kuburitsa wavo aigona kubatsirwa nokuti
Mhedziso mashoko kubva kuedza izvi hazvina kubuda.
A mucherechedzi yechipiri akandibvunza panguva iyoyo kusvikira chiedzwa
ino. Pano, vatorwa chinhu ndechokuti vose vakasara pamatunhu kurira
hwakanyatsorwisa zvikuru kupfuura ini zvinofungidzirwa, pasina chakasara, muprista
matauriro achiri akazivisa panguva padanho Ndakawana musiyano kuchinyanya
pakati mukuru uye vakaderera inzwi zvakawanda nokuda kwazvo, uye kunyange
akaratidza apo ndine yakadzika matauriro zvishoma zvikuru yaiva yakakwirira kuti
chinhu kunyanya akatsanangura. Kunyange musiyano uyu mafungiro achiri mune
dzimwe neapo nokuedza zvakare. Sezvineiwo, aiva musiyano kubudirira pakati
parukungiso D uye D uye musiyano pakati munyoro uye kumawere yakatenuka
maiiswa imwe chete mupfungwa sezvo ini nevamwe kupfuura mucherechedzi.
Kuti zvino akasimba Mhedziso Anschlage rezasi tambo kunotanga nekaupenyu
nyanyisa kuti tisanzwe, sezvo uchapupu hwokutonga transferability pakati
vakaedzwa muumambo chiedza manzwiro Helmholtz theorem no (T. II, chits. 30)
aigona kunzi kune mitinhimira. Chete ipapo dai nokuda attenuation nokurira
achishandisa kure uye nzeve kuvhara mukuru matauriro anofanira kunge runonyanya
zvakare, izvo zvechokwadi aisagona kutaurwa. Zvakafanana anotaura kutevera
ezvinhu pamusoro maonero ichi.
Sezvo zvakatowedzera ukobvu ari kumisa chikamu yenyanga dzenzou bhora
kunoderedza ari preponderance mukuru matauriro uye pacharo rakanga zvakawanda,

saka mumwe angadai akafunga kuti mukutsinhana yenyanga dzenzou bhora ane
mhango rabha bhora, kunyanya kana fu pasi yakaderera pfungwa, nemhaka simba
vanorega, ari pano chinovapo yakakwirira matauriro yakatokura preponderance
aifanira kuuya. Asi zvakaitika nevakomana pano zvisingatarisirwi yakadzika
matauriro Zviri kufuta, zvichienderana yangu uye zvose vamwe vaiona
zvandakatonga.
Mukaha rabha balls vaizoita sezvo vanopa chaiyoiyo ruzha, ati vakawanda pachii
kuedza izvi, kana vakanga kuwana pasina kumusoro musono. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoita
kuti achiumburuka pasi kunyatsoti akafanana rinokundikana mumiedzo nomumwe
kana atova akarurama ataurwa mupfungwai vakawanda kubudirira zvachose
mubvunzo.
Naizvozvo kwakaitika, zvichienderana pakukora parukungiso, iyo nokutamba
simba, mashoko ari abutting muviri nokukurumidza mukuru, dzimwe nguva
yakadzika inzwi kubva kufutisa, zvokuti kunyange fungidziro yakaramba imwe
nhungamiro pamusoro achida mugumisiro. Change kufuta airatidzika ainyanya kuva
nokuti kuti, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ari tambo uye nechivharo
dzinobvumirana nani kana kuipa peiko, muduku kana mukuru chikamu simba
mupenyu havambozivi unoitirwa inzwi muchiridzira ruzha inoshandiswa.
Handina ambotaurwa chete neidzo pamwe unabridged parukungiso, kuedza akanga
kuburitswa kwazvo; asiwo siyana kuedza vave, wakaatapudza nokuda zvinoderedza
ane nevakawanda dandemutande, mushandi Tambo, asi zvakaenzana zvichienderana
nokuchinja ezvinhu ndokuteerera shanduka nemigumisiro. Zvino zvirokwazvo
ndinotenda kuti munhu anogona kubvisa zvakatowanda ruzha pamwe kunyange
kunyatsofunga vaurayiwa apparatuses, asi zvingava zvakaoma kuwana
rakaisvonatswa mugumisiro.
Ndakafunga, pane kurwisa parukungiso ane vachiridza pachishandiswa chitambi
kuti achapfupiswa nenyere pachishandiswa ane mhepo Rwizi kugara simba
kuedza. Asi sezvo nenyere asisiri pavanobvunzwa vachigurisira pamusoro mumwe
muganhu, zvaiita kwandiri, kuti kwaizova kutarisira runoenzanirana kuoma pane
parukungiso, chete yakasiyana chimiro, pano.
b) Uyezve vamwe vari psychophysics-kurova kuchangobva kuferefeta
pamusoro Helmholtz.
The richangobva kubudiswa wechipiri penyaya vasiri optics kubva Helmholtz
kuferefeta, vakasvika kwandiri, kupfuura 22 machira ane rino yaiva anodhinda,
kusangana multilaterally pamwe zviri gwaro rino, pamwe coincident, pamwe
haungatani kutsauka; ruripo maererano: 1) mwero okunzwisisa nechiedza; 2)
anofunga kukurudzira Fani umo rinosiyanisa; 3) rinokosha Optical
pfungwa. Ndinogona kuisa uremu pamusoro pfungwa chibvumirano Indes simba
zvakakodzera kwazvo Helmholtz, hazvina akandidyisa panguva imwe chete kutora
zvishoma pedyo pachena kana chaicho pfungwa musiyano.
Pfungwa yokutanga Kubatana, saka chokwadi vane zvimwe zvavasingakwanisi
mutemo Weber panguva yakaderera chaizvo uye yakakwirira kwazvo nhanho

kokubwinya, andinovenga munyaya yokutanga chikamu, uye kuwedzera

zvadzinoitawo pane giredhi anosvikirwa; akaratidza kana kupfuura zvazviri, kana
murayiro zvikuru kujeka panguva miganhu, saka zvingasava chaizvo pakati
mamakisi. Saka refu, zvisinei, mukati papi zvavo maziso vanoshandisa kutsaudzira
haana akanzwa, akanga asina chikonzero kukurumidzira, padzimwe kana
amendments vanofanira kuiswa papfungwa kuti mutemo zvokuimba vanhuwo
kushandiswa, asi aigona kuva rakada kuti vanopa zvakadaro , kugutsikana, sezvo
chakaitwa muna mwero kushandiswa ne Steinheil uye Pogson panguva kukura
nyeredzi inofungidzira Masvomhu, ndakaisa mu, T. I, p.139, akanyorwapo
akadhindwa maviri pedyo ukama hwavo kuti mutemo Weber wacho. Kutaura
zvazviri, zvisinei, ane iri ichangopfuura zvaanorumbidza pamusoro Bouguer, Arago,
Masson, sekiristaro kuporeswa, Volkmann, yangu, uye yakatsauka kubva mutemo
Weber kwakaita asina pana nyeredzi saizi inofungidzirwa panguva zvenguva nhanho
kubwinya sezvo akanzwa, chii kuchengeteka kumbofungisisa pano chaizvoizvo uripo
kwenzira nokupenya mumatunhu anofungidzirwa musoro mutemo. Zvichakadaro asi
handina ari wangu bhuku rokutanga S. 513 f., Uye ichi Gwaro T. Ini, p.162 chiitiko
Herschel kuti mamwe kutsvakurudza akatungamirira invitingly, izvo zvaiita kuti
aratidze kuti chisingakoshi nokuda ruzivo meso pasi dzimwe anomalies uyewo
zvichida aigona kubatwa, izvo vasiri kuoneka mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu; uye
ndiye unoenda zvino zvikuru chokwadi Helmholtz kuti kuferefeta itsva mumabhuku
ake vasiri optics S. 309 va- yechipiri. inoratidza kuti, sezvo mupfungwa
matambudziko kuti muganhu mutemo unofanira kutaura kuti pakati, pane kugara
hama utetsa kunoda murayiro Weber wacho, mupe vaifanira ari hama nehanya
womumwe umbirimi; Zvisinei, mutemo wacho Weber kuti "ikafanana rakada
yokutanga chokwadi chinoramba," sei Helmholtz akaratidza pacharo.
Kana ndisiri kukanganisa, ndicho chikonzero chokuti Helmholz akaita
padzakacherechedza yakatsauka kubva mitemo pakati miganhu, apo haisati
kuzivikanwa vazhinji zvapfuura vacherechedzi zita rakanaka, chokwadi chokuti iye
nokusingaperi padzakacherechedza duku kusiyana muchiedza, ari kuona kusvikira
ikozvino zvave, nokuti ruduku detectable musiyano kunosiyana-siyana naye
pakati 1 / 117 uye 1 / 165 kubva umbirimi; panguva yapfuura zvaanorumbidza vari
kuongororwa chete mutemo 1 / 64 kusvikira 1 / 100 vakaratidza, uye-soro
Specification, zvinotora nzvimbo zvachose, maererano Arago 1 / 131 (cf .. T. I, peji
172). Zvisinei, chinhu, kana asina zvakakodzera pa se, asi dzinongoitika kubvuma
kuti, apo duku kusiyana chiedza vachiri kucherechedzwa, kunyange zviduku
misiyano pakati chiedza kusiyana dzichiri vachinzwisisa; uye saka nyore kumboadya
kuti, apo ziso kana nzira hazvikoshi nehanya pane pamwe Helmholtz, iyo rakada
murayiro rinowanika zvikuru akatiita, iyo asisiri akazviratidza yakakwana naye.
In Zvinotaurwa Zvisinei, mubvunzo pano zvaizoita chete kuva inokosha kana
chinokosha anomutora Mutemo Weber chiri kurwiswa zvakadaro nenzira Helmholtz
wacho kuferefeta, kuti zvarakasiya pakati okumusoro muganhu, pane kuti pfungwa
yakaratidzwa neni zvikonzero anogona, vari pahukama kutekenyedzwa anofanira
kutsvaka kutama pacharo. Izvi zvechokwadi handizvo; asi, vanogona kuva zvachose

mune iyi kufambira mberi ini akatsanangura nyaya yacho. The 163,165 akaratidza
neni T. I, peji pezvikonzero kutsauka pane okumusoro nemiganhu havasi inongova
zvokufungidzirwa, asi hapana muduku ndeechokwadi kupfuura misiyano
pachavo; Uyewo kungava kwazvo kashoma kuti kuti kunzwisisa chimiro mutemo,
rave akazova Helmholtz kodzero yakazara vari nzira; ndiko kuti aasina pamwe
zvarakasiya kwatemwa, vanofanira kuva mutemo sezvo inokosha.
Sezvo ini zvino kureva yake kunyora panyaya experimental chikamu Helmholtz
kudzidza, ndinogutsikana pano kufambisa Masvomhu zvaakanga yaiitawo basa
pakugamuchira zvarakasiya kubva mutemo Weber iro iri mutemo Weber wakachena
anotaura; uye ini ndiri muna kushandura tsamba pakunzi, uko kazhinji kushandiswa
gwaro iri.
Our inobva wakachena kunyatsogona Weber mutemo fomura

apo manyawi, ari anotikurudzira, K munhu pakati iri kugara

akazvimirira. Azvidavirire nokuda pasi yomuzvarirwo kuchiiswa Helmholtz (sezvo,
Sezvineiwo, kunyange neni pamusoro 35th uye 31 zvitsauko aita) kuti kuti
dzose 0 kwakawedzera kukosha chiedza anotikurudzira, uye kuti chikonzero
kutsaudzira kuti top rinoisa dzose K pamusoro hunotsamira kuburikidza
nokugamuchira apo b kusuma guru kwazvo. Izvi zvinopa sezvo chinokosha
payakavakirwa noruremekedzo kuti miganhu panzvimbo apa:
kubva pazviri anotevera kubudikidza kusangana:

uye zvadaro vaifanira ukoshi nehanya kunotevera.

The zvinoderedza pamusoro
founds vanoshanyira kuti kupikiswa
pamutemo pamutemo, kunyange hunhu rokumusoro muganhu kuti neuter kwete
zvachose wechokwadi, dzikapfeka nyore kushanda chimiro , kana munhu ane
kumira sezvingatarisirwa, chero bedzi vanounganidza mananara hapana chaiyo
kupokana. Ini, aikwanisa chete wedzera kuti Helmholtz inonyatsoita kuti, mwero
omumwe chiedza kuyera maonero dzokuteerera musiyano transferable sokutinhira
zvokuimba pamusoro Steinheil uye Pogson kunyange kutanga musiyano
pachikumbaridzo ari mune rechi24 chap. akati, nzira hungada.
Zvakajeka Ini kucherechedza kuferefeta nezvokukanganisa Helmholtz mberi
psychophysics inowira vaongorori izvi kwazvo munzvimbo dzine dzidziso chiedza,
uye haigoni ungazodeizve kuti vawane zvakawanda nokufambira mberi mberi

kwakadaro pamusoro kutsunga uye kukura. Asi kana mutinhimira vasvika kwandiri
pamberi chitarisiko okuongorora ake kuti Helmholtz akanga vakarwisa akarongeka
nokuda psychophysics vangu zvirimo, dai ino zvimwe chete kusanzwisisa nhema,
izvo ini, By yapfuura uye chii saka ini akasimbisa pamusoro chinangwa mumashoko
okutanga kusangana munguva yemberi chishuvo; Kanenge Ndinogona kuona
nhoroondo yake chinhu mhando. ipapo chete aizova nyaya kana chikuru anomutora
mutemo Weber kana vakanyanya mukuru Maprinzip pakwakanga kunyora izvi
kunobva okupedzisira pachisara aizonzi kupinda mubvunzo; Asi ndinoona Helmholtz
kuti kudzidza, wokutanga of facto kuziva nheyo iyi kunobva chishamiso
chipimo; nekuti kana atova vakasimbirira akakodzera Masvomhu adarika, hamuna
kugadziriswa pavo zvinoreva ichi.
The Pfungwa yechipiri zvinoreva, nokuti kutekenyedzwa dzidziso zvachose, uye
akarongeka pakurapa kutekenyedzwa kusiyana mubvunzo kukosha ndechokuti kana
kukwidziridzwa pazvidhindo yakavakirwa Kusiyana neizvi kunongoratidza pamusoro
nhoroondo mutongo kana kuti kunatsiridza pamusoro nehanya. Ini akatsanangura
pachangu muchikamu ichi nokuda yechipiri kurapa (Chap 24.); asi vanoona kuti
Helmholtz akatsanangura pamusoro kukurudzira mananara vari mawa Kusiyana
nokuda vokutanga kudzidza yake itsva (S. 392, 406, 414). Zvikonzero rangu maonero
kuti kunyange iye zvino dzinoita kwandiri overweights, zvinogona kuwanika wangu,
akaratidza mumashoko okutanga, akatungamirira kukurukurwa kusiyana manyawi,
izvo ndinogutsikana kureva pano, pamwe Handimupinduri kuti kubudikidza kuedza
uye nhaurirano Helmholtz asi chinokosha kubatanidzwa chiito chokutonga nani uye
vakaedzwa zvimwe pamwero kupfuura kubva.
yomuzvarirwo ichi chaiva panyaya Pfungwa yechipiri pamusoro pangu zvose
zvikuru kugamuchira musangano noruremekedzo kuti wechitatu Helmholtz. Pfungwa
yokuti tisingazvinyeperi nyore ruvara mwaranzi asi kuzviitira ziso ruvara
muvhenganiswa
(T. II, peji 301), ndakava, zvisinei zvakakodzera
Contribuu a millorar la chikonzero
traducci
zvakaonekwa kwandiri kubva akasiyana dzinoita, asi kumbozviti kuchera pasina
kumbozengurira; chete pfungwa ndawanira panze, pamwe chete nevangu concordant,
aimiririra nemaonero kubudikidza Helmholtz, uye rusununguko yakawiriranwa
inotungamirwa kunofanira kubatsira kuvatsigira. Zvisinei, The muchimiro pasi iyo
Helmholtz chete wakadzikwa (pamwe vasanyanye Young pfungwa nhatu mhando
tsinga fibers, izvo kuonesesa hama mavara matatu chikuru), anosiyana zvikuru kubva
umo ndine imwe akapinza mberi; asi kutsaudzira uri mukati bvumidzwa nzvimbo
umo fungidziro vanofanira kupedza dunhu kuitira kuti kupopotedzana pamusoro
anenge musoro, nokuti asati ruoko kwaizova kusarudza zvokutamburira. Asi iwe
richakurumidza kuziva kubva akapoteredza, izvo anditungamirira nzvimbo chimiro
uye ndichiri kukwanisa vakabatisisa payo; nepo ndiri kure kure, kuona maererano
ichi uchapupu.

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