Reaction Type General Equation Concepts Most active 1 [rer Aluminum: Manganese Zine Iron ickel in Lead Copper Silver Least Platinum active VW) Gold HALOGENS Most Fluorine active Least active Sublevels Number of (types of orbitals) | orbitals related present to sublevel new 4/4 ES = vn Number Name | Symbol | Allowed Values ed 6s 8d principal positive integers (1,2, 3, etc.) | orbital size and energy WA ‘orbital-shape| I | integers from 0to(a—1) __| orbital shape Je 1p magnetic ‘my _| integers from —Ito +1 orbital orientation spin Mm, 4 or + electron spin directionGenerally decreases a s Generally increases —> vg | Postwvelons decrease a —>- oe é g 3 2| B “Trends in Atomic Radit & & wath & Trends in lonic Radi ‘Trends in First ionization econ ofncrasing electron affinity diteton of increasing sloctronsatvty sitetion ot iroton of incroaeing increasing kein elocronogatsity © ‘ones in octronatnity (© ‘ronds in slocronogatity Electronegativity Values in Paulings increasing electronegativity eee electronegativity < 1.0 1.0 > electronegativity <2.0 [2.0 = elecronegativity <3.0 [9 3.0 = electronegativity <4.0 Decreasing electronegatvity 3 lee seyLit, Na‘, K*, NO; ,CH;COO,, | soluble Ca(ClO;)2 Rb’, Cs", NH, clos is insoluble 2 CO.*.PO;-, | insoluble | BaO and Ba(OH), os 0r are soluble. Group 2 sulfides tend to decompose. 3 cr, Br soluble a [Be GS insoluble 3 | Me Cue, za, [So soluble Fe™, Fe™, AD* cyanide HPO, | dihydrogen phosphite (CH,COO- [acetate H.PO,_| dihydrogen phosphate (clo- [hypochlorite ‘MaQ,- | permanganate Clo; _ [chlorite nitrite Glog _|ehlorate NO, _| nitrato Glo; | perchlorate oGN- | cyanate HCO,-__ [hydrogen carbonate HS~_| hydrogen sulfide so, _ [hydrogen sulfite On| hydroxide HSO,-__ [hydrogen sulfate thiocyanate [carbonate peroxide oe loxalate SOF silicate Cr, [chromate S0,* | sulfite (Cr.0,2-_ [dichromate 80, _| sulfate HPO,* [hydrogen phosphite 8,0, | thiosulfate HPO. [hydrogen phosphate arsenite phosphite oe arsenate: Poe phosphate ooo ‘hypo ite | x-2oxygenatoms ite_| x1 oxygen atoms ate_| x oxygen atoms por ato | x4 1 oxygon atomsetc Mathematical expression (ee uss ‘mass/volume percent (m/v) mass of solute (g) ‘Numerical Tolume ofsolution ~ 120% value of R ‘mass/mass percent (m/m) mass ofsolute(@ooy, 0.0821 mass of solution (g) ‘volume/volume percent (v/v) volume of solute (ML) yay, 8.314 volume of solution (mL) illion (ppm) of solute (g) mg, oa paris per million (ppm mass of solute ( ° Tmass of solution gy 10 | “Zit H20] a poe ‘paris par billion (ppb) mass ofsale x0 | 2 into po tes Taass of solution (g) fomenion molarconcentration (moV/L),C | molofsolute ty tte a Gol Relationship factors Molarity ‘volume of solution, V" Vv To 11=02390ca_ | Sa5car Molality moles of solute HyO% ay + Crap strongforces weak forces Pol iipole-tpte|—Dbperson | between ions [between molecules |betwean molecules (intramolecular) |(intermolecular) _| (intermolecular) usually solid [liquid or gas liquid or gas (can also be solid) NaCl) [CH,CH,OH(g, HCl |C3Hi2g CHyo, COxia] Phase Diagram for H20 Critical point AS 21775 i g re Melting g SOLID ‘UQUID a Freezing 100.00 373.99 Solubilities as a Function of Temperature Temperature (C*) 100 ] CaCl, Se 0 = 80 Solubility of Cor = 4 in Water at 1 atm 2 8 2 60 7 3 0 Kel Z6 5 g5 2 40 Sa > Nacl nad Kalo, 3 3° B2 10 Ce{SO,), 1 oO ° 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ‘Temperature (C)|. A pure element has an oxidation number of 0. Rules for determining oxidation numbers Rules Em Na in Nag), Brin Brug, and P in Py) all have an oxidation number of 0. 2 The oxidation number of an clement! in amonatomic ion equals the charge of the ion. ‘The oxidation number of Al in Al* is +3. The oxidation number of Se in Se is—2. 2. Tho oxidation number of hydrogon in its compounds is +1, excopt in ‘metal hydrides, where the oxidation number of hydrogen is ~1. ‘The oxidation numbor of H in H,S or CH, is +1. Tho oxidation numbor of H in NaH or in CaH, is -1. 4 The oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is usually -2, but there are exceptions. These include peroxides, such as H,0., and the compound OF. ‘The oxidation number of O in Li,O or in KNOs is-2. In covalent compounds that do not contain hydrogen or oxygen, the more electronegative element is, ‘Tho oxidation numbor of Cl in PCI, is . The oxidation number of $ in CS, 2. the charge. Polyatomic assignod an oxidation number that v ‘equals tho nogative chargo it usually] has in its ionic compounds. The sum of 6 The sum of the oxidation numbers _| In CF,, the oxidation number of F is —1, ten ofall the elements in a compound | and the oxidation number of C is +4. numbers iso. G4) +4b1)-0 equals the ; haa: ; charge 7. Tho sum of tho oxidation numbors._| In NO.", the oxidation number of O is ae of all tho olomonts in a polyatomic | -2, and tho oxidation numbor of N is 42. ion oquals the chargo on tho ion. (43) +202) --1 Eee POS | Onion Retcton Electron | Atom lose] Atom gains transfer | electrons | electrons Change In| Increases | Decreases oxidation number Function | Reducing | Oxidizing Neutral Conditions| Name | carbons | molecular formula | Ceo en ane tence CH, ‘methane | 1 ‘Compound type formula | Functional group ethane [2 | GHACH, alkane none propane propane | 3 | CH,CH.CH, N butane [4 | CHS(CH).CHs | | alkene ae propene pentane | 5 CHs(CHa)sCHs hexane | 6 CH,(CH).CHy alkyne —c propyne heptane | 7 | CHACH)sCF Halocarbon ROX=ECL,8,) | — Halogen cctans | 8 (CH,(CHs)oCHs Alcohol R-OH Hydroxyl nonane | 9 ‘CH(CH2)7CHs Ether R—OR’ Ether decane [10 | CHs(CHJsCHs ‘Amine RONH, ‘Amino ‘Aldehyde ° Carbonyl i *=C-H Ketone Carben| ° yl 1 RoC—R Carboxylic acid °. Carboxyl *—C—0H Ester 9 Ester *—C-O-R ‘Amide Ou ‘Amido ii +=CoN-R ‘adoition of HX or Xp addition of H.0 condensation hydrolysisAmino acids Baresi cain Amino group {H3N —C—G=0H Carboryl group Chy— NH Hydrogen stom HO ch, T a 7 i i i i HN —C—OH H,N—C—C—OH H.N~C~¢—OH H)JN—C—C—OH HO HO HO HO Glycine Serine Gysteine Lysine OOH OQ NH; Nw ° Cc i T CH, CH, i? T? tte T i i is i HNTC—G—OH HAN ~€—C—OH HN C—G— OH H,N—C—C—OH | i | ri HO HO HO HO Glutamic acd Glutamine Valine Phenylalanine ee eee cd Summary of Radioactive Decay Processes ‘Amino acid | Abbreviation] Type of radioactive Change in Change in Alanine Ala decay Particle emitted | massnumber | atomic number ‘Arginine Arg ‘Asparagine ‘Asn Alpha decay $He Decreases by 4 | Decreases by 2 Aspartic acid ASP Beta decay ie No change Increases by 1 osene os Positron emission e No change | Decreases by 1 Glutamine Gin Electron capture | Xray photon | No change Decreases by 1 Glycine Gly ‘Gamma emission ey No change No change x His Isoleucine lle Leucine leu Tysine ys Methionine Met Phenylalanine Phe Proline Pro Serine Ser ‘Threonine Thr Tryptophan Tp Tyrosine Tyr Valine ValKey Equations and Relationships mass # density: eneny volume density = * conversion between °C + 273 = K ‘temperature scales: K — 273 = °C * law of conservation of mass Massreactants = Massprocucts + Deter the number of protons and electrons number = number of protons of electrons Atomic = number © Energy of a quantum: Equantum = Av * Energy of a photon: Eproton = he + number of representative particles — number of moles x + number of moles = number of representative particles x number of grams * mass = number of moles x Tmole 1mole + number of moles = mass x —_,1 mole __ number of grams percent by mass = ‘+ molecular formula + percent error: percent error — —_STr accepted value ~ ‘slope of graph: slope MaSSclement + percent by mass — MaSSccmpound + Determining the number of neutrons Number = of neutrons mass — number atomic number * Energy change of an electron: AE = Enigher-eneray orbit ~ Ftower-enaray orbit 6.02 x 10 representative particles 1 mole 1 mole 6.02 x 10 representative particles mass of element mass of compound «100 (empirical formula) + moles of known x Moles of unknown. _ moles of unknown moles of known . actual yield (from experiment) theoretical yield Grom stoichiometric calculations) * 100 = percent yield * Kinetic energy: KE = V2mv2 + Dalton’s law of partial pressur © Graham's effusior Rate, __/ molar mass Rate, V molar mass, + Py t+ Pst ...PhPV; _ PaVo qh Tt * Ideal gas law: PV = nRT * Boyle's law: PV, = P)V2, constant temperature = Combined gas law: 6 aM Ve Charles's laws =" = 72. constant pressure + Finding molar mass: M = BE * Finding density: D we Pi + Gay-Lussac’s law: 7 = 72, constant volume 1 * Henry's law: x = 2 © Molarity-volume : MyV; = M2V2 + Percent by mass = Mass of solute. 499 + Molality (m) = _-moles of solute logram of solvent Pa __ Pe Xe nat ng % Nat Ng volume of solute, 499 volume of solution '* Mole fractions: * Percent by volume = moles of solute * Molarity (M) = Tiers of solution * Boiling point elevation: AT, = Kym '* Freezing point depression: AT; = Kym eqecxmx aT © AGotem = AH, TAS, © AHfn = ZAHP(products) — ZAHP(reactants) it * Average rate = “1uantioy © Rate = kIA}IBy? * Rate = KIA] x, -{osDF ea APE + pH = log [M1 * pH + pOH = 14.00 * pOH = —log [OH] + K, = [HOH] * Potential of a voltaic cell Efoy 9 = (Initial amount)($