Wind Loading - 966

IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES
WIND LOADING FOR SIGNS TO BS EN 12899

PHASE 2 REPORT
Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd.

Queen Victoria House
Redland Hill
Bristol
BS6 6US
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Title:
Implementation of Eurocodes
Wind Loading for Signs to BS EN 12899
Document No.
Final Version
Originator:
Client:
Parsons Brinkerhoff Ltd.

Queen Victoria House
Redland Hill
Bristol
BS6 6US
Highways Agency
City Tower
Piccadilly Plaza
Manchester
M! 4BE
AUTHORISATION
Prepared
by:
Tony Harris
Checked
by:
Kelly Croke
Approved
by:
Tony Harris
Associate
Assistant Engineer
Associate
Signature
Date
Signature
Date
Signature
Date
DISTRIBUTION AND REVISION STATUS

Date
April 05
Draft for Comment
April 05
Draft for Comment
Sept 05
Final Version
Copy No.
Issue
Description
A
B
C
Issued to:
Highways Agency Task Sponsor
PB Record Copy
Copy number:
1
1
Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Parsons Brinckerhoff, in association with their specialist sub-consultant Flint and Neill Partnership, were
originally appointed by the Highways Agency to undertaken a review of BS EN 12899-1:2001 and provide
UK specific advice on loadings to be used for the design of traffic signs in the UK. They were
subsequently engaged to provide guidance on planted sign foundations and establish the scope of
possible further guidance on the design of concrete foundations and also review the Phase 1 Report in
the light of the production of a draft revised standard prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) and associated National
Annex.
The results of the main study are presented in the body of this report with proposals for the text of a future
advice note presented in Annex A. Example design calculations have been prepared and are presented in
Annex B.
A series of trial calculations have been undertaken in order to assess the likely effect of the introduction of
BS EN 12899 on the design of sign supports. The calculations do not cover the design of the signage
itself or its attachment to the supports. A summary of the results of these calculations is presented in
Annex C. The calculations show that wind loading governs the design of the sign supporting structures for
all the configurations considered. Two loading classes are recommended for the design of signs in the
UK, one applicable to England and Wales (WL7) and another to Northern Ireland and Scotland (WL9).
WL7 results in design loads 7% less than that specified in the existing standard and WL9 leads to a 7%
increase. The effects of the changes will therefore be regionally based with the majority of sign designs
falling into the lower WL7 grouping, however the minor reduction in load effects is unlikely to have a net
effect on the sizing of sign supports. It is therefore not anticipated that the net effect on the cost of the
provision of signage within the UK will be significant. It is however clear that significant cost savings can
be realised by designing signage supports for site-specific wind loads where signs are sited below the
proposed limiting altitude.
A supplementary report on foundations is included in Annex D.
A summary of recommendations for the further development of the National Annex to prEN 12899-1:
2005(E) are presented in Annex E.
CONTENTS
1
2
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................1
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................1
2.1
Standards ..................................................................................................................................1
2.2
Information provided by the Highways Agency ....................................................................2
TASKS...............................................................................................................................................2
3.1
Selection of Design Wind Pressures ......................................................................................2
3.2
Identification of Exposed and Sheltered Areas.....................................................................6
3.3
Deflection Classes....................................................................................................................8
3.4
Advice on loading other than wind loading.........................................................................10
3.5
Example calculations .............................................................................................................12
3.6
Trial calculations ....................................................................................................................13
3.7
Foundation study....................................................................................................................15
3.8
Review of Draft National Annex ............................................................................................15
CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................18
APPENDIX I LIMITING ALTITUDES AT STANDARD WIND LOAD CLASSES TO BS EN 12899-1

ANNEX A RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TEXT FOR INCORPORATION INTO A TA ADVICE NOTE
ANNEX B EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
ANNEX C SUMMARY OF TRIAL CALCULATIONS
ANNEX D SUPPLIMENTARY REPORT ON FOUNDATIONS
ANNEX E RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DRAFT NATIONAL ANNEX
INTRODUCTION
Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) and their specialist sub-consultant Flint & Neill Partnership (FNP) were
appointed by the Highways Agency (HA) to provide advice on the loading of traffic signs designed in
accordance with BS EN 12899-1:2001. Our Phase 1 Final Report summarised the tasks undertaken
under the Phase 1 Study and provided text for incorporation into a TA advice note for the design of traffic
signs within its Annex 1.
In the interim, a revised version of BS EN 12899-1 was published (as prEN 12899-1: 2005(E)) and a draft
National Annex for this standard was prepared. PB and FNP were subsequently re-appointed by the HA
to review their earlier work against these new documents. This report incorporates the Phase 1 Final
Report and amends it to reflect the results of the Phase 2 review. The key elements of the Phase 2 study
were:
Review the Phase 1 Report considering the latest draft of BS EN 12899; additional wind load
categories have been added and it may be possible to better reflect current designs carried out to
BS 873;
Amend the requirements relating to loading/deflection to reflect the difference between standard
and passively safe sign supports;
Review the structural requirements set out in the draft National Annex and provide
advice/commentary.
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1
Standards
BS 449: Part 2: 1969: Specification for the use of structural steel in building.
BS 873: Part 1: 1983: Road traffic signs and internally illuminated bollards. Methods of test.
BS 873: Part 7: 1984: Road traffic signs and internally illuminated bollards. Specification for posts
and fittings.
BS 6399: Part 2: 1997: Loading for buildings. Code of practice for wind loads.
BS EN 40-7: 2002: Lighting columns.
lighting columns.
Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite
BS EN 1995-1.2: 2004: Design of timber structures. General Common rules and rules for
buildings.
BS EN 12899-1: 2001: Fixed, vertical road traffic signs. Part 1: Fixed signs (incorporating
corrigendum No.1)
CP 118: 1969: The structural use of aluminium.
BS EN 12767: 2000: Passive safety of support structures for road equipment requirements and
test methods.
prEN 12899-1: 2005(E): Fixed vertical road traffic signs. Part 1: Fixed signs.
CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972: Basic data for the design of buildings. Wind loads
ENV 1991-2-4: Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures. Wind actions.
prEN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1: Actions of structures General actions Part 1.4: Wind Actions,
dated 2004-01 (to be known as BS EN 1991-1-4).
TA 89/04 Use of passively safe signposts to BS EN 12767.
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4, Draft 4.5, August 2004
Page 1
2.2
Information provided by the Highways Agency

Traffic sign example dimensions (sign sizes 01.xls)
prEN 12899-1: 2005: National Foreword and National Annex (undated)
TASKS
3.1
Selection of Design Wind Pressures
Advice was required on the selection of a wind load class, in accordance with BS EN 12899-1 using the
provisions of BS EN 1991-1-4, the Eurocode on wind actions, covering the majority of the UK that could
be applied to the design of traffic signs. BS EN 12899-1: 2001 contained seven wind load classes whilst
prEN 12899-1; 2005(E) contains nine wind load classes. These are reproduced in Table 1.
BS EN 12899-1: 2001
prEN 12899-1: 2005(E)
Class
Wind Loads1 (kN/m2)
Class
Wind Pressure (kN/m2)
WL0
No performance
determined
WL0
No performance
determined
WL1
0.40
WL1
0.40
WL2
0.60
WL2
0.60
WL3
0.80
WL3
0.80
WL4
1.00
WL4
0.90
WL5
1.20
WL5
1.00
WL6
1.40
WL6
1.20
WL7
1.60
WL7
1.40
WL8
1.50
WL9
1.60
Table 1
National climatic information for use with BS EN 1991-1-4 must be obtained from the appropriate National
Annex. Work proceeded using the draft listed in Section 2.1. At the time of preparation of this report BS
EN 1991-1-4 had been published but the UK National Annex to this standard was still being prepared by
the BSI B/525/1 Working Group 2 committee. Work proceeded using the draft listed in Section 2.1; it is
understood that a draft for public comment will be issued early in 2006.
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4 requires determination of the following parameters in order to
calculate a site wind speed.
1
Note that BS EN 12899-1:2001 incorrectly labelled wind pressure as wind load. This has been corrected in prEN 12899-1:
2005(E).
Page 2
(i)
Wind direction (to apply a direction factor to produce a site wind speed with equal risk of
being exceeded from any direction);
(ii)
Distance from the site to the sea in the wind direction (to account for the effect of country
terrain on the mean wind and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer);
(iii) Distance from the site to the edge of town, for sites in town terrain (to account for the effect
of rough terrain immediately upwind of the site on the mean wind and turbulence in the
atmospheric boundary layer);
(iv) Site altitude (to account for increases in wind speed due to large scale gentle topographic
features); and
(v) Site topography (to account for acceleration of flow by local significant topographic features).
In order to derive a wind pressure applicable to the design of road signs for the majority of the UK, it is
necessary to make a number of simplifying assumptions. These assumptions will ensure a conservative
result provided the design wind pressure is applied correctly to appropriate sites. The assumptions
adopted may be summarised as follows:
Information provided by the HA indicates that traffic signs in current use are no higher than 9 metres.
Hence, the design wind pressure shall be calculated at 9 metres above ground level. It follows that this
approach is conservative for signs where the centre of wind loading is less than 9 metres above ground
level.
The wind direction shall always be taken as 240 ETN as this is the prevailing wind direction in the UK
and the corresponding wind direction factor of 1.0 applies. Note that the direction factor for other wind
directions is always less than 1.0.
When wind passes from the sea over land, the rougher terrain modifies the variation of wind speed and
wind turbulence with height. In general terms, the wind speed reduces and the turbulence increases; the
net effect of these two contradictory factors is to reduce the dynamic wind pressure. With increasing
distance from the coast, the effect of the surface roughness of the sea diminishes until the wind speed
and turbulence profiles are in equilibrium with the country terrain. Changes to the wind speed and
turbulence profiles start at ground level and grow upwards through the atmospheric boundary layer.
Thus, for short structures, the wind appears to be in equilibrium with country terrain within several
kilometres of the sea.
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4 already simplifies the treatment of the roughness of the
ground surface by only including a country and town category. In nature, there is greater variation, for
example, from mudflats, to farmland, to woodland, to domestic housing, to cities. Also, the UK National
Annex only includes the transition from sea to country (to town). In practice, other sequences will
occur although they are unlikely to result in higher design wind pressures.
The transition from country to town terrain has the same effect as the transition from sea to country
terrain; wind speeds reduce and turbulence increases with the net effect of a reduction in the dynamic
wind pressure. Hence, the effect of town terrain shall not be included in the calculation of a wind pressure
applicable to the majority of the UK.
The UK National Annex includes a wind speed map for the UK, corrected to mean sea level. An altitude
factor is then applied to the wind speed for a particular site and is given by the expression (1 + 0.001)
where is the site altitude (in meters). To enable the derivation of a wind pressure applicable to the
majority of the UK, a limiting altitude shall be set which incorporates the majority of conurbations and Aclass roads and above (the majority of expected traffic sign sites). The design wind pressure shall be
applicable below this limiting altitude. It should be noted that specifiers and designers of traffic signs will
need to know the altitude of the proposed site. This information is readily available; for example the
Page 3
Ordnance Surveys Get a Map service (www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap) will provide a

map of a 4km square with altitude contours at a scale of 1:50,000 centred on a place name, postcode or
grid reference.
A review was undertaken for each county, council and unitary authority in the UK. The greatest basic
wind speed at mean sea level within each county / council /unitary authority was identified from the wind
speed map in the UK National Annex. A limiting altitude was set to include the majority of expected traffic
sign sites across the UK; the peak velocity pressure at the limiting altitude was then calculated for each
county / council /unitary authority.
The different classes of wind pressure given in Table 1 above are equivalent to the peak velocity pressure
given in equation NA3 of the UK National Annex. Peak wind load has units of force and is obtained by
multiplying the peak velocity pressure by the projected area, the appropriate drag factor and the
appropriate partial safety factor on wind load.
As a result of the above review, it was concluded that use of a single wind load class for the whole of the
UK would be unduly conservative. Thus, it was decided to recommend different wind load classes for
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. As the underlying wind loading provisions in BS EN
1991-1-4 and the draft UK National Annex have not changed since the issue of the Phase 1 Final Report,
it is considered that the peak velocity pressures previously calculated should still apply. However, it can
be seen from Table 1 that the names of the classes need to be amended. This is summarised in Table 2.
Wind Load Class

prEN 12899-1:
2005(E)
Peak velocity
pressure
(kN/m2)
Limiting
altitude
(m)
WL6
WL7
1.40
250
Northern Ireland
WL7
WL9
1.60
250
Scotland
WL7
WL9
1.60
250
Wales
WL6
WL7
1.40
250
Country
BS EN 12899-1:
2001
England
Table 2
It should be noted that these pressures do not apply to exposed areas or sites with significant local
topography; these cases are discussed in Section 3.2.
Other limitations must also be applied to account for regions of the UK with high wind speeds and high
altitudes. In England, the Isle of Man should be wind load class WL8 with a limiting altitude of 250m. In
Scotland, the peak velocity pressure at the limiting altitude of 250m exceeded 1.60kPa (for WL9, the
highest class in BS EN 12899-1) in the following Councils:
Western Isles
Highland
Argyll & Bute
Shetland
Moray
Perth & Kinross
Orkney
In these Councils, a wind pressure of 1.60kPa corresponded to a much lower site altitude than 250m and
is lower than a significant number of expected traffic sign sites. Thus, in these Councils, it is suggested
that wind loads are calculated by direct application of BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex.
Page 4
Comparison between the wind speed maps in BS6399: Part 2 (the current lead UK wind loading code)
and the UK National Annex shows that design wind speeds in Scotland have increased, with the greatest
increases in the north. The wind speed map in the UK National Annex may be considered as statistically
more reliable, as it has been derived from 30 years of wind speed measurements, whilst the map in
BS6399: Part 2 was derived from only 11 years of data.
It is important to understand the conservatism introduced to the design process by the adoption of a single
wind load class for each country within the UK. This is illustrated by the histogram for England in Figure 1
below.
England
Histogram of peak velocity pressures
at a limiting altitude of 250m or below
20
18
100%
90%
Frequency
30%
20%
10%
0%
1500
40%
1400
1300
50%
1200
10
1100
60%
1000
12
900
70%
800
14
700
80%
600
Number of Counties/Unitary Authorities
Cumulative %
16
Peak velocity pressure (kPa)
Figure 1
It can be seen that one location (the Isle of Man) falls above the wind pressure of 1.4kPa corresponding to
wind load class WL7 this is dealt with as a special case. One county (Cornwall) has a wind pressure of
1.4kPa at the limiting altitude of 250m. All the remaining counties or unitary authorities have wind loads
of less than 1.4kPa at the limiting altitude of 250m or below.
Some designers may wish to take advantage of this conservatism. Thus separate tables have been
prepared, giving the limiting altitude at which the wind pressure is 1.4kPa for England and Wales and
1.6kPa for Northern Ireland and Scotland. These are presented in Appendix I; it should be noted that
they have been rounded down to the nearest 10 metres.
For example, a designer of a traffic sign for a site in Hampshire with an altitude of 100m could simply
decide to select a standard sign designed for a wind pressure of 1.4kPa as the site is below the general
limiting altitude of 250m for England. Alternatively he could look at the data in Appendix I. This shows
that the limiting altitude corresponding to a wind pressure of 1.4kPa in Hampshire is 400m. This is
comfortably in excess of the limiting altitude of 250m set for England. Thus, it may be worthwhile
Page 5
calculating the wind pressure at the site using BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex. This would
give a wind pressure significantly lower than 1.4kPa which, when considered with other design criteria
(e.g. deflection), may result in a more economic design.
As a second example, a designer of a traffic sign for a site in Cheshire with an altitude of 300m would look
at the data in Appendix I. This shows that the limiting altitude corresponding to a wind pressure of 1.4kPa
in Cheshire is 340m. The site altitude falls between the general limiting altitude of 250m applicable to the
whole of England and the specific limiting altitude for Cheshire of 340m. Thus, the designer knows that a
sign designed for the standard wind pressure of 1.4kPa would be safe.
As a third example, a designer of a traffic sign for a site in Neath Port Talbot with an altitude of 330m
would look at the data in Appendix I. This shows that the limiting altitude corresponding to a wind
pressure of 1.4kPa in Neath Port Talbot is only 280m. Thus, the designer would have to calculate a
higher wind pressure at the site using BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex.
3.2
Identification of Exposed and Sheltered Areas
Advice was required on the identification of both exposed areas (including other locations) where full wind
calculations are required for safety, and sheltered areas where significant economies may be made by
calculation to BS EN 1991-1-4.
It should be noted that exposed sites have been defined in HA Departmental Standard BD26/04 (for the
design of lighting columns) as follows:
Sites at high altitude, above 250m;
Sites closer than 5km from the coast; and
Sites subject to significant local funnelling.
The first two of these categories shall not be adopted for traffic signs. The matter of site altitude has
already been discussed in section 3.1 of this report and is addressed in the recommendations for design
wind pressure given in section A1 of Appendix A. Proximity to the coast is of concern in the design of
lighting columns as they are predominantly of circular cross-section. Under smooth, laminar flow
conditions they can be prone to aerodynamic instabilities giving rise to significant dynamic response. This
is not considered a significant issue for traffic signs where the predominant area presented to the wind is
a flat plate.
Sites subject to significant local funnelling remain relevant to the design of traffic signs. As an example,
funnelling can occur in valleys where the windward end is wider than the rest of the valley. Wind along
the axis of the valley will be accelerated by the reduction in volume as the valley narrows; if the valley is of
constant width, then the flow will not be accelerated. In valleys where local funnelling of the wind occurs,
the design wind pressure shall be multiplied by a funnelling factor that shall not be less than 1.2. It should
be noted that high motorway embankments might form a similar topographic feature, resulting in
funnelling.
A further category of exposed site needs to be included. This covers sites where local topography
accelerates the flow (note that the altitude factor discussed in Section 3.1 only allows for gradual large
scale changes in altitude). This category is also required for lighting columns and is included in BS EN
40-3-1: Annex B (to which BD26/04 refers).
For consistency with the other recommendations in this report, it is considered that the provisions for
topography given in BS EN 1991-1-4 should be adopted, rather than those in BS EN 40-3-1. It should
also be noted that topography is called orography in BS EN 1991-1-4.
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4 states that the procedure given in the Eurocode should be
used for sites that lie within the shaded zones shown in Figure NA2. Outside these zones, the effect of
Page 6
topography (or orography) need not be considered.

information:
Figure NA2 is reproduced in Figure 2 for
Figure 2
It can be seen from this figure that topography (or orography) is only considered significant where the
upwind slope is greater than 0.05 (this is approximately equal to 3). Increases in wind speed resulting
from a change in altitude due to shallower slopes are covered by the altitude factor (refer to section 3.1).
Advice was also required for sites where full calculation of wind loading to BS EN 1991-1-4 may give
significant economy. It is considered that the greatest economy may be obtained where:
The specific limiting altitude for a particular county, council or unitary authority is significantly
greater than the general limiting altitude of 250m;
The specific site altitude is significantly lower than the general limiting altitude of 250m; or
The distance to the centre of pressure of a sign is significantly less than the value of 9 metres
used in the derivation of standard design pressures.
These matters have already been addressed in Section 3.1 and Section A1 of this report.
Reduced wind pressures may also be calculated for sites in town terrain (note that the standard design
pressures were derived in country terrain). The rougher town terrain has the effect of reducing wind
speeds and increasing turbulence with the net effect of reducing dynamic wind pressures.
In town terrain, the effective aerodynamic ground plane will be displaced upwards by closely packed
buildings. The aerodynamic ground plane is the height above ground level at which the atmospheric
boundary layer starts. Wind pressures calculated by BS EN 1991-1-4 apply above this height. The region
between the aerodynamic ground plane and ground level is called the interfacial layer. The wind still
flows within this region, but in many directions so that the total net flow is zero. Local flows in the
interfacial layer will be channelled and funnelled by the layout of the buildings. This is a complex situation
and no specific guidance can be given to provide economy in design (however, it is considered that the
country terrain standard design pressures provide a safe basis for design within this region). BS EN
1991-1-4 provides design wind speeds within the interfacial layer in town terrain by assuming a constant
value from 10 metres above the aerodynamic ground plane down to ground level.
Page 7
The height of the aerodynamic ground plane is typically 80% of the average height of the buildings and
thus it can be seen that the majority of traffic signs will fall within the interfacial layer. The effect is
illustrated in Figure 3:
Wind direction
ABL
wind
profile
Aerodynamic ground
plane
Local flow
between
buildings
GL
Figure 3
3.3
Deflection Classes
Advice was required on the selection of suitable deflection classes in BS EN 12899-1 for application in the
UK. Additional advice was sought on appropriate requirements for more flexible passively safe signposts
in aluminium or fibre reinforced plastic.
Historically, BS 873: Part 7 required that, for steel and aluminium posts, The horizontal deflection
measured at the centre of the sign shall not exceed 1/40th of the distance from the centre of the sign to the
ground when either the face or the rear of the sign assembly is subjected to a uniform pressure of 1kPa
2.5%. It should be noted that a slope of 1/40th is equivalent to a deflection of 25mm/m. Furthermore, it
follows that this is a hypothetic deflection as it is linear (it is simply the slope between the base and the
point under consideration); in reality deflected shapes will be curved.
It is understood from the HA that there have been no reported problems with the application of existing
requirements for the horizontal deflection of traffic signs and they have resulted in satisfactory
performance. Thus, the intention is to select a deflection class from BS EN 12899-1 that gives a similar
level of performance.
As set out in section 3.1, it is proposed that the majority of regions in England and Wales will use wind
load class WL7 with a wind pressure of 1.4kPa. Similarly, Scotland and Northern Ireland will use wind
load class WL9 with a wind pressure of 1.6kPa. Furthermore, prEN 12899-1: 2005(E), clause 5.4.
specifies that The wind load for calculating the temporary deflection shall be based on the wind loads
multiplied by 0.56, and no partial action and material factors are applied, reflecting the fact that
temporary deflections are based on a one year return period load event.
Thus, the wind load for calculating temporary deflections in England and Wales becomes 0.784kPa (= 1.4
x 0.56). Similarly, in Scotland and Northern Ireland the value becomes 0.9kPa (= 1.6 x 0.56).
Page 8
As the wind loads for calculating deflections to BS EN 12899-1 are lower than those historically used in
the UK, then the deflection limits should be reduced pro-rata. Thus, in England and Wales, the deflection
limit for bending should be 20mm/m and in Scotland and Northern Ireland should be 22.5mm/m.
prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) contains seven maximum temporary deflection classes for bending and torsion;
they are reproduced in Table 3 below:
Class
TDB0
Maximum temporary
deflection bending
(mm.m-1)
No performance
determined
Class
TDT0
Maximum temporary
deflection torsion
(degree.m-1)
No performance
determined
TDB1
TDT1
0.02
TDB2
TDT2
0.06
TDB3
10
TDT3
0.11
TDB4
25
TDT4
0.29
TDB5
50
TDT5
0.57
TDB6
100
TDT6
1.15
Table 3
It can be seen that the closest class is TDB4 with a limit of 25mm/m. If this class were adopted, it would
represent a relaxation of current requirements of 25% for England and Wales and 11% for Scotland and
Northern Ireland.
The HA has already set deflection requirements for passively safe signs meeting the requirements of BS
EN 12767; these are currently defined in Departmental Standard TA 89/04 as 1/25th of the overall sign
height for a uniform wind pressure of 1 kPa. This is equivalent to a deflection of 40mm/m. However, this
limit needs to be adjusted for the reduced wind pressure to prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) for calculating
temporary deflections, giving a limit of 31.5mm/m for England and Wales and 36mm/m for Scotland and
Northern Ireland.
Again it can be seen that the closest class is TDB5 with a limit of 50mm/m. This would represent a
relaxation of current requirements of 59% in England and Wales and 39% for Scotland and Northern
Ireland.
Thus, to achieve the same requirements as currently used, the parameters given in Table 4 should be
adopted:
Sign Class
Uniform wind pressure
Deflection Class
Not passively safe
1 kPa
TDB4
Passively safe
0.625 kPa
TDB4
Table 4
Page 9
However, this approach is not in accordance with the provisions of prEN 12899-1: 2005(E); the wind load
for calculating temporary deflections should be taken as 0.56 times the un-factored design wind load.
Thus, compliance with prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) will result in a relaxation of deflection limits currently used
in the UK, as discussed above. Text recommended in Annex A for inclusion in a TA Note complies with
the provisions of prEN12899-1 and gives different deflection classes for passively safe and non passively
safe posts; this will result in a relaxation of deflection limits.
No guidance is given in BS 873 for limits on torsion. However, it is considered that deflection of a point on
a structure should take account of all strains induced. It may be accepted for a traffic sign that axial and
shear deformations are insignificant, but deflections due to bending and torsion should be taken into
account. Thus, for compatibility, class TDT4 shall also be specified.
It should be noted that the wind pressure for calculating deflections is the same across the UK. It follows
that the deflection limits will be exceeded more frequently in areas with higher basic design wind speeds.
This is not considered an issue as motorists are expected to use the same threshold to decide whether
they will make their journey. In windier parts of the UK, the decision not to travel will be made more often.
The equivalences noted above assume that the same force co-efficients (Cf) are used for traffic signs
designed to BS 873-7 and BS EN 12899-1. BS 873-7 does not specify force coefficients nor does it give
references for selecting suitable design values. However, the wind loading standard at the time of
publication of BS873-7 was CP3: Chapter V: Part 2. This standard does not give specific guidance for
sign boards, but, it is reasonable to assume that a value of Cf = 2 would have been adopted for a flat
rectangular plate perpendicular to the wind. CP3 also gave reduction factors for members of finite length;
a flat plate with an aspect ratio of 3 would have a reduction factor of 0.63, giving a net drag factor of 1.27.
Conversely, specific guidance is given on force co-efficients for flat rectangular signboards in EN 1991-14. For the ground clearances and sign sizes provided by the Highways Agency, it follows that a value of
Cf = 1.8 would apply. This value is based on specific wind tunnel tests in turbulent flow of scale models of
signboards undertaken by BRE and Oxford University 2.
It should be noted that different force co-efficients would apply to other sign shapes, such a triangles or
circles.
3.4
Advice on loading other than wind loading
Advice was required on the selection of suitable classes in BS EN 12899-1 for loads other than wind
loads. These included dead loads, point loads and dynamic loads from snow clearance.
3.4.1
Dead Load
No classes are specified for dead loads in prEN 12899-1: 2005(E). Instead, it is stated that Dead loads
are the weight of the individual components of the finished sigh such as substrate, sign housing,
protective edge, stiffeners, luminaires, supports, fixings etc... It is considered that these words are
adequate and no additional advice is necessary.
Refer to The designers guide to wind loading of structures. Part 2 static structures. N.J. Cook
Page 10
3.4.2
Point Loads
Six classes of point load are given in prEN 12899-1: 2005(E); they are reproduced in Table 5 below:
Class
Point Load (kN)
PL0
No performance determined
PL1
0.15
PL2
0.30
PL3
0.50
PL4
0.75
PL5
1.00
Table 5
It is considered that the purpose of the point load is to ensure that the fixing of the sign to the post is
adequate to prevent twisting about any axis of rotation. This is implied by the position of the loads
indicated in the illustrations in BS EN 12899-1: Annex C.
BS 873 does not include a theoretical point load to be included in the design calculation process.
However, BS 873-1 includes a physical load test to determine resistance to twisting. This involves
application of a force of 625N at a rate of 6 N/s to 8 N/s at the extremity of the sign or luminaire so as to
provide maximum torque about any possible axis of rotation.
It can be seen that the test load of 625N falls exactly midway between point load classes PL3 and PL4.
However, the point loads given in BS EN 12899-1 are for inclusion in a theoretical calculation to determine
whether a twisting moment exceeds a design twisting resistance (i.e. a characteristic twisting resistance
divided by a partial safety factor). Thus comparable performance between BS EN 12899-1 and BS 873 is
more likely to be achieved by specifying load class PL3.
It should be noted that the copy of prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) provided for this work did not include figures in
Annex A. As some of these figures describe the positioning of point loads, it is proposed that the advice
given above is reviewed once a full copy of the standard can be made available.
3.4.3
Dynamic Loads from Snow Clearance
Five classes of dynamic snow loads are given in prEN 12899-1: 2005(E);; they are reproduced in Table 6
below:
Class
Dynamic Snow Loads (kN/m2)
DSL0
No performance determined
DSL1
1.5
DSL2
2.5
DSL3
3.0
DSL4
4.0
Table 6
Page 11
Guidance on sign areas for load application is given in BS EN 12899-1: Annex A2. It should be noted that
the copy of prEN 12899-1 provided for this work did not include figures in Annex A. As some of these
figures describe the positioning of dynamic snow loads, it is proposed that the advice given above is
reviewed once a full copy of the standard can be made available.
This load represents the effect of snow being thrown sideways by clearance vehicles. Guidance on
selection of appropriate levels of load has been obtained from the Finnish Road Administration (FINRA).
This is summarised in the Figure 4, which gives the magnitude of the dynamic load from snow clearance
(p) as a function of clearance vehicle speed and distance of the sign from the edge of the carriageway (e).
Figure 4
It should be noted that the magnitude of the load is not a function of the depth of snow being cleared.
In the UK, traffic signs are commonly placed closer than 3.5 metres from the edge of the carriageway.
Thus, it can be seen that the appropriate load class is DSL4 where the clearance speed is 60 km/h (37.3
mph) or more and DSL2 where the clearance speed is less than 60km/h.
For application within the UK, it is suggested that the separator between the two classes is set at 40mph
as this corresponds with a commonly used speed limit and will be easier to implement.
The decision to design for dynamic snow clearance loads may rest with the Overseeing Organisation.
However, where consideration of this load case is necessary, it is considered that the classes
recommended above are adopted.
3.5
Example calculations
3.5.1
Approach
Example calculations have been undertaken to illustrate the typical design processes associated with the
application of BS 12899, which also include an illustration of the data required to undertake the detailed
derivation of the site-specific wind load in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-4.
The calculations illustrate the structural design of the supporting post and consider the following:
Sign and post size definition;
Partial factors;
Page 12
Material and section properties;

Derivation of wind loading (including consideration of eccentricity);
Post design (based on wind load);
Deflection check;
Snow loading check;
Point load check; and
Illustration of derivation of wind loading to BS EN 1991-1-4.
3.5.2
Commentary
BS 873 contained very little by way of design requirements or guidance. The amount of calculation
required when applying BS EN 12899 is therefore significantly greater. Having said this, the adoption of
standard loading classes eliminates the most involved and specialised area of the design, i.e. the
derivation of site-specific wind loads. The remaining calculations are relatively straightforward and lend
themselves to simple programming by spreadsheet. From this point of view, once a designer has
appreciated the processes involved, the applications of the requirements of the standard are relatively
straightforward.
The derivation of site-specific wind loading using BS EN 1994-1-1 is considerably more involved than the
application of standard loading classes and our calculations show that significant economies can be
derived. However, it is not anticipated that signage designers will be familiar with or confident in the use of
this standard and will only therefore resort to this in occasional, exceptional cases. It should be highlighted
that, in such cases, expert advice be sought.
3.6
Trial calculations
3.6.1
Approach
A series of trial calculations were undertaken following the same methodology set out in the example
calculations described in section 3.5. A range of sign sizes was selected from the matrix of example sign
dimensions provided by the HA which covered what was considered to be the spectrum of typical sign
sizes encountered on UK trunk roads. To allow comparisons to be made to existing practice, example
designs were prepared to both BS EN 12899 and its predecessor BS 873. A summary of the results of the
calculations undertaken can be found in Table B1 of Annex B.
In addition to this a series of standard designs currently in use in HA Area 2 were obtained and
comparative designs were undertaken, again to both BS 873 and BS EN 12899. A summary of the results
of these calculations undertaken can be found in Table B2 of Annex B.
However, a particular concern was raised because BS 873 made no mention of the use of a pressure
coefficient, there was a risk that some designers might have interpreted that to mean that the sign loading
should be based simply on the prescribed wind pressure of 1.5kN/m2. To investigate the potential
consequences of this, parallel designs were prepared to that standard, both with and without the
application of the pressure coefficient.
Designs were undertaken to BS EN 12899 based on the proposals for both WL7 (England and Wales)
and WL9 (Northern Ireland & Scotland) wind loads. Design calculations also considered eccentricity of
wind loading, deflection criteria, snow and point load requirements.
As outlined in 3.1 above, where signs are to be sited at levels significantly below the limiting altitude or
where sign heights are significantly less than 9m, there is the potential benefit in undertaking the
calculations necessary to derive a site-specific wind load in order to take advantage of the economies that
can be achieved by considering a reduction in wind loads. Our calculations have therefore included the
Page 13
derivation of wind loads using BS EN 1991-1-4 for a similar site location to that used in the example in BS
EN 12899, based on an altitude of 50m.
The HA Area 1 standard designs were based on the use of steel sections with a yield stress of 275MPa.
This grade was therefore adopted throughout the calculations. For any given sign size, a series of designs
were undertaken using a variety of post diameters and wall thicknesses in order to minimise the final
weight of steel used for the posts. While this was a convenient measure of design optimisation for this
study, it is recognised that in practice, a limited range of the more popular section sizes are likely to
provide the most economic solutions.
3.6.2
Commentary
In the following comparisons drawn using Table C1, which compares designs undertaken using both BS
873 and BS EN 12899, the base calculations against which comparisons are made (Case 2) assumes
that a pressure coefficient (Cf) has been applied, as required by the previous wind loading standard BS
6399. The wind loads derived by ignoring Cf (Case 1) were 44% lower. It can be seen that the WL7
loading class (Case 3) resulted in wind loads 7% lower than those derived using the base case whereas
those in the WL9 class (Case 4) result loads 7% higher. Use of class WL8 for the whole of the UK was not
deemed appropriate and so a direct match would clearly not be achieved (refer to Section 3.1 above for a
more detailed discussion). In terms of material utilizations however, the WL7 class posts were identical to
the base case and the WL9 post material usage increased by between zero and 24%. The primary reason
for this disparity was the step-change caused by selecting the number, diameter and thickness of posts.
Therefore, if existing designs are undertaken by correctly applying Cf, there should not be significant
effects on design economics. Case 5 clearly illustrates the scales of economy that can be achieved by
using a site-specific wind load.
Table C2 compares designs undertaken to BS 873 (Cases 1 & 2) and BS EN 12899 (Cases 3, 4 & 5) to
standard solutions used for signage installed within HA Area 1 (Case 0). It can be seen that there is
generally agreement between the Case 2 and Area 1 results, which suggests that, in this case, at least Cf
has been taken into account. The other cases show a similar relationship to that already noted in Table
C1 but with some minor discrepancies. These small differences are likely to be a result of a combination
of a slight difference between the Cf value used in the Area 1 and PB calculations and the step change
resulting from increasing the posts by a serial size to cater for a small increase in load effect.
3.6.3
Implications for Design Input
Indicative figures for the relative level of input required to undertake the design of signage supports are
given in Table 7 for the following cases:
Case 1 - using BS873 criteria
Case 2 - using EN12899 standard loading classes
Case 3 - using EN12899 with site specific wind loads derived using BS EN 1991-1-4.
Page 14
EN 12899
EN 12899
Using Wind Calculating wind load
Load Classes
for specific site
BS 873
Time Required
15 - 20 min
40-45 min
Checks Undertaken
Loads Applied
Bending Moment
1.5 -2 hours
Moment
Moment
Shear
Shear
Shear
Deflection
Deflection
Torsion
Wind UDL
Snow
Point Load
Wind UDL
Deflection
Torsion
Wind UDL
Snow
Point Load
Table 7
The times noted above are typical of those required for a reasonably experienced graduate engineer to
undertake the necessary design calculations by hand. The modest increase between cases 1 and 2
reflects the increased number of basic checks required by EN 12899. It is likely that in practice, designers
will automate the calculation process by developing spreadsheet based solutions and in that instance, it
seems likely that the additional effort associated with the use of EN12899 will be minimal. The calculation
of site specific wind loads will result in significant additional design effort. While the process can be
assisted by the use of bespoke spreadsheet based tools, their development would involve quite significant
effort and the application and interpretation of EN 1991-1-4 will require a higher level of skills than the
basic calculations involved in cases 1 and 2.
3.7
Foundation study
Refer to Annex D.
3.8
Review of Draft National Annex
3.8.1
Introduction
The structural requirements of the UK National Annex to prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) are taken to be those
given in Table NA 1 under the heading of Physical Performance / Design, with the exception of:
Piercing of sign face;
Edges of sign plates; and
Corrosion protection.
A review of each requirement is given in the following sections.
3.8.2
Partial Action Factor
The partial action factor class is given as PAF1 in accordance with prEN 12899-1: 2005(E): Table 6; this
defines the safety factors for live and dead loads. Safety factors for materials are given in prEN 12899-1:
Page 15
2005(E): Table 7. As the design of traffic signs is generally governed by live loads, it is instructive to
consider the overall factor of safety obtained by calculating the product of the partial factors on live load
and material strength (= F.m), as given in Table 8 below:
Material
F for PAF1
Overall FOS (F.m)
Steel
1.35
1.15
1.55
Aluminium
1.35
1.15
1.55
Timber
1.35
1.35
1.82
Fibre reinforced
1.35
1.50
2.03
Plastics
1.35
1.80
2.43
Table 8
An overall factor of safety for steel of 1.55 is consistent with the requirements of BS873: Part 7, which
required steel to be designed in accordance with the requirements of BS449. Similarly, an overall factor
of safety for aluminium of 1.55 is consistent with the requirements of BS873: Part 7, which required
aluminium to be designed in accordance with the requirements of CP118.
BS 873 did not cover signs made from timber. For comparison, reference was made to BS EN 1995-1.2:
2004 for the design of timber structures. Table 2.3 of this standard gave values of m ranging from 1.2 for
plywood to 1.3 for particleboard, fibreboard and solid timber. It is expected that traffic signs would be
manufactured from solid timber and so the partial factor on material strength proposed in prEN 12899-1:
2005(E) appears slightly conservative.
Similarly, BS 873 did not cover signs made from fibre reinforced polymer composite materials. For
comparison with current UK practice, reference was made to BS EN 40-7 for the design of reinforced
polymer composite lighting columns. Here, a partial factor on material strength of 1.5 is specified. BS EN
40-3-3, covering design and verification of lighting columns by calculation, specifies a partial factor on
wind load of either 1.2 or 1.4, depending on structure class. This gives an overall factor of safety of
between 1.80 and 2.10 for reinforced polymer composite lighting columns, which is comparable with the
value of 2.03 given in Table 8.
Finally, it should be noted that the live loads given in prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) are based on a return
period of 50 years. Care should be exercised when comparing the overall factors of safety for traffic signs
to those for other highway structures where live loads may be based on other return periods (e.g. 120
years for highway bridges).
3.8.3
Wind Load
Table NA 1 states that wind load with either be obtained from EN 1991-1-4 or by use of the appropriate
wind pressure class.
It is a minor point, but it should be noted that BS EN 1991-1-4 does not include meteorological information
for the UK; this will be given in the UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4, when published. For
completeness, it is considered that the reference to the UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4 should be
included in Table NA 1.
Page 16
Table NA 1 recommends wind classes as follows:
Country
Wind Class
England
WL7
Northern Ireland
WL8
Scotland
WL8
Wales
WL9
It is considered that:
All of the classes given should only apply up to a limiting altitude of 250m above mean sea level.
The classification for England is satisfactory, with the exception of the Isle of Man, where Class WL8
should apply;
The classification for Northern Ireland should be WL9;
The classification for Scotland should be WL9, subject to the exceptions given in Section 3.1 of this
report; and
The classification for Wales is satisfactory.
3.8.4
Point Loads
The recommended Point Load Class is PL3. This is considered satisfactory.
3.8.5
Dynamic Snow Loads
Table NA 1 gives the following recommendations for Dynamic Snow Load Classes:
If snow blowers are not used
Class DSL 0
When snow blowers are used class must

depend on machinery used
(Highway Authority decision)
It is considered unwise to link the design of traffic signs to the use of snow blowers. Instead, it is
considered that the decision whether to design for dynamic snow loads should be based on the following
factors:
The likely occurrence of snow requiring clearance; and
Whether clearance will be required in the event of significant snow fall (e.g. if the road is an
important transport link).
The decision whether to use snow blowers may change several times during the design life of a traffic
sign as a result of financial constraints on maintenance budgets or political decisions. However, the
underlying climatic justification for designing for dynamic snow clearance loads is unlikely to change.
It is considered that the HA should decide whether snow requiring clearance is likely to occur and whether
the road is important enough to require clearance. If this is the case, then the classes recommended in
Page 17
Section 3.4.3 should apply to the design of traffic signs. For clarity, these classes are reproducedat the
top of the following page:
3.8.6
Road classification
Dynamic snow load

class (kN/m2)
Speed limit of 40mph or less
DSL2
Speed limit greater than 40mph
DSL4
Temporary Deflections
The recommended performance level for temporary deflections given in Table NA 1 are summarised
below:
Product
Support Not passively safe
(Class 0 in BS EN 12767)
Bending Class
Torsion Class
TDB4
TDT4
TDB5
TDT4
Support passively safe

(Compliant with a performance
class from BS EN 12767)
These match the text suggested for incorporation in a TA note, given in Annex A, Section A3. They will
result in a relaxation of the temporary deflection requirements currently in use in the UK, as described in
Section 3.3. above.
CONCLUSIONS
The principal conclusions drawn from the study are:

On the basis of the wind loading groups defined in BS EN 12899-1:2001, the most appropriate
loading groups for application to UK conditions are WL7 for England and Wales and WL9 for
Northern Ireland and Scotland based on a limiting altitude of 250m.
The design of support structures for the majority of typical signs encountered on the UK trunk road
network will be governed by wind loading but it is clearly important to check that other defined
loads are not more onerous.
The majority of signs erected on the UK trunk road network will be subject to WL7 loading. While
the load effects generated will be marginally lower than those derived using the existing design
standards, this is unlikely to result in a significant change in the size of the supporting post
member selected during design.
Signs designed to WL9 loading will generate marginally higher load effects than those derived
using the existing design standards. While this may result in slightly heavier post sections being
selected, it is likely that the overall net increase to signage costs will be marginal.
Page 18
Significant economies can be made in the design of supporting structures where signs are sited at
levels considerably below the limiting altitude by deriving site-specific wind loads.
The requirements given in prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) for temporary deflections are unchanged from
those given in BS EN 12899-1: 2001. However, the recommended deflection classes have been
revised so that they comply with the requirements of the standard. This will result in a relaxation
of deflection limits when compared to previous designs to BS 873. Refer to Section 3.3.
Page 19
Appendix I
Limiting Altitudes at Standard
Wind Load Classes to BS EN 12899-1
Wind Loading for Siigns to BE EN 12899
FLINT & NEILL PARTNERSHIP
PARSON'S BRINCKERHOFF
These tables give the limiting altitude below which a traffic sign designed to the standard "wind load" of either 1.4kPa or 1.6kPa is structurally acceptable.
England
County/Unitary Authority
Bath & North East Somerset

Bedfordshire
Blackburn with Darwen
Blackpool
Bournemouth
Bracknell Forest
Brighton & Hove
Bristol
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Channel Islands
Cheshire
Cornwall
Cumbria
Darlington
Derby
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
Durham
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Sussex
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater London
Greater Manchester
Halton
Hampshire
Hartlepool
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Isle of Wight
Isles of Scilly
Kent
Kingston Upon Hull
Lancashire
Leicester
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Luton
Medway
Merseyside
Middlesbrough
Milton Keynes
Norfolk
Limiting
Altitude (m)
at 1.4kPa
(WL6)
400
430
310
310
400
430
400
400
430
400
280
340
250
260
310
400
400
280
340
310
350
400
400
400
430
340
340
400
310
340
430
400
230
370
370
280
430
420
400
430
400
310
310
430
370
England (continued)
Limiting
Altitude (m)
County/Unitary Authority
at 1.4kPa
(WL6)
North East Lincolnshire

North Lincolnshire
North Somerset
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Peterborough
Plymouth
Poole
Portsmouth
Reading
Redcar & Cleveland
Rutland
Shropshire
Slough
Somerset
South Gloucestershire
South Yorkshire
Southampton
Southend
Staffordshire
Stockton-On-Tees
Stoke-On-Trent
Suffolk
Surrey
Swindon
Telford & Wrekin
Thurrock
Torbay
Tyne & Wear
Warrington
Warwickshire
West Berkshire
West Midlands
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Windsor & Maidenhead
Wokingham
Worcestershire
York
400
400
370
310
430
270
400
400
430
400
280
400
430
430
310
400
310
430
310
400
380
430
400
370
310
370
370
430
430
310
430
310
280
340
430
430
430
430
370
420
430
430
370
340
Scotland
Council
Aberdeen
Aberdeenshire
Angus
Argyll & Bute
Clackmannanshire
Dumfries & Galloway
Dundee
East Ayrshire
East Dunbartonshire
East Lothian
East Renfrewshire
Edinburgh
Falkirk
Fife
Glasgow
Highland
Inverclyde
Midlothian
Moray
North Ayrshire
North Lanarkshire
Orkney
Perth & Kinross
Renfrewshire
Scottish Borders
Shetland
South Ayrshire
South Lanarkshire
Stirling
West Dunbartonshire
West Lothian
Western Isles
Wales
Limiting
Altitude (m)
at 1.6kPa
(WL7)
270
240
290
150
320
280
330
290
290
340
290
340
320
320
290
130
270
340
220
250
290
120
220
270
340
70
280
290
270
270
320
70
County
Blaenau Gwent
Bridgend
Caerphilly
Cardiff
Carmarthenshire
Ceredigion
Conwy
Denbighshire
Flintshire
Gwynedd
Isle of Anglesey
Merthyr Tydfil
Monmouthshire
Neath Port Talbot
Newport
Pembrokeshire
Powys
Rhondda Cynon taff
Swansea
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Limiting
Altitude (m)
at 1.4kPa
(WL7)
340
320
340
340
280
280
260
280
310
250
230
320
370
280
370
260
310
320
300
370
320
340
Northern Ireland
Limiting
Altitude (m)
County
at 1.6kPa
(WL6)
Antrim
Armagh
Down
Fermanagh
Londonderry
Tyrone
250
290
290
270
250
270
NB: The Isle of Man is a special case; the limiting altitude is 290m at 1.6kPa (WL7).
Task TC1/15
December 2004
ANNEX A
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TEXT FOR INCORPORATION INTO A TA ADVICE
NOTE
A.1
Selection of Design Wind Pressures
Traffic signs up to 9 metres in height should be designed to the following wind load classes given in Table
A1, as given in BS EN 12899-1, provided the site is below the limiting altitude and the site is not classified
as exposed:
Wind Load
Class to BS EN
12899-1
Limiting altitude
(m AMSL)
England *1
WL7
250
Northern Ireland
WL9
250
Scotland *2
WL9
250
Wales
WL7
250
Country
*1: With the exception of the Isle of Man, where wind load class WL8 shall apply.
*2: With the exception of Argyll & Bute, Highland, Moray, Orkney, Perth & Kinross,
Shetland and the Western Isles where wind loads shall be calculated for individual sites
by application of BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex.
Higher specific limiting altitudes may apply for individual Counties, Councils or Unitary Authority by
reference to the tables in Appendix I.
Site-specific wind load calculations to BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex may be used if
required. Examples where calculation may be required include:
Where the site altitude is higher than the specific limiting altitude given in Appendix I for the
individual County, Council or Unitary Authority under consideration site specific wind load
calculations will be required to produce a safe design;
Where the site altitude is significantly below 250m site specific wind load calculations may
provide economy in design;
Where the site altitude is significantly below the specific limiting altitude given in Appendix I for the
individual County, Council or Unitary Authority under consideration site specific wind load
calculations may provide economy in design;
Where signs are taller than 9 metres site specific wind load calculations will be required to
produce a safe design; or
Where signs are shorter than 9 metres site-specific wind load calculations may provide
economy in design.
A.2
Identification of Exposed and Sheltered Areas
Where local topography is significant (i.e. the upwind slope is greater that 0.05) then the provisions of BS
EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex for orography shall apply and site-specific wind loads shall be
calculated.
Where funnelling occurs, wind loads shall be factored accordingly. In valleys or high motorway
embankments where local funnelling occurs, the wind load shall be multiplied by a funnelling factor, the
value of which shall not be less than 1.2.
A.3
Deflection Classes
The revised text given below complies with the requirements of BS EN 12899-1. However, it will result in
a relaxation of the deflection requirements currently used in the UK, as described in Section 3.3 of the
Phase 2 Report:
Traffic sign deflections shall meet the performance requirement classes of BS EN 12899-1 as given in
Table A2 below:
Maximum temporary
deflection class
Traffic Sign Type
Bending
(mm/m)
Torsion
(degree/m)
Passively safe
TDB5
TDT4
Not passively safe
TDB4
TDT4
Table A2
Wind loads for calculating temporary deflections shall be in accordance with the requirements of BS EN
12899-1.
Shape factors shall be determined from BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK National Annex appropriate to the
shape of the sign and post under consideration.
To be considered as passively safe, a traffic sign shall comply with the requirements of TA 89/04 and BS
EN 12767.
A.4
Advice on Loading Other Than Wind Loading
Point load class PL3 shall apply, as given in BS EN 12899-1.

The decision to design for dynamic snow clearance loads shall rest with the Overseeing Organisation.
However, where consideration of this load case is necessary, dynamic loads from snow clearance given
in Table A3 below shall apply, as given in BS EN 12899-1: Clause 5.3.2. and Table 9.
Dynamic snow load

class (kN/m2)
Road classification
Speed limit of 40mph or less
DSL2
Speed limit greater than 40mph
DSL4
Table A3
ANNEX B
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Design Calculations for a 750x450 signpost in accordance with BS EN 12899-1:2001
1. Sign and post sizes
Ground Clearance (h)
2300
mm
Sign Height (h)
450
mm
Sign width (w)
700
mm
No of posts
Post Diameter
76.1
mm
Post thickness
3.2
mm
2. Partial Factors
G, inf
Permanent actions favourable
G, sup
1.1
Permanent actions favourable
G, sup
1.35
Variable actions
M0
1.1
Material Strength
EC3 table 1
3. Material and Sections Properties

fyd
250
MPa
Steel grade
210000 N/mm2
81000
N/mm2
Shearing modulus
12.8
cm3
Elastic modulus
48.8
cm4
Second moment of area
5.75
Kg/m
Mass per meter
7.33
cm2
Cross sectional area
97.6
cm4
Modulus of elasticity
Where:
f yd =
fy
M0
= 250 MPa
and
fy = 275 MPa (for this example)
4. Wind Loading
Wind Load class (WL)
N/m2
WL6 (1400)
As used for England

Signboard: Cf = 1.8
*EN 1991-1-4 clause 7.4.3
Post:
*EN 1991-1-4 clause 7.9.3
cf = 0.74
Where: c f = c f , 0
Re =
Where:
=1
*EN 1991-1-4 table 7.14
= 0,91
*EN 1991-1-4 figure 7.36
= 1, = 36
*EN 1991-1-4 table 7.16
cf, 0 = 0.88 (for k = 0.02)
*EN 1991-1-4 figure 7.28
D V
= 2.4 10 5
v
1
V 2 = 1400 N / m 2
2
V =
2 1400
= 47.8m / s
and = 15 105, = 1.226 Kg/m3
For L < 15 m, is:
L
= or = 70
b
(whichever is larger)
Load on sign face: Wsign face = 1400 * 1.8 = 2520 kN/m2

Load on post:
Wpost = 1400 * 0.74 = 1036 kN/m2
Note: The pressure coefficient of 1.8 applies

only to rectangular signs. If other shapes of
signs are used, refer to EN 1991-1-4
*This is the correct procedure to Eurocode. Alternatively (and conservatively) Cf,0 may be
taken as 1.2 for circular posts, and 2.0 for rectangular posts.
5. Design Loads (for design of post)

1890
N/m2
Wsign face =Wsign face * G, sup 3402
N/m2
Moment max
3.1
kNm
Shear max
1.40
kN
Torsion
0.19
kNm
Torsional stress
7.30
N/mm2
Bending stress
241.1
N/mm2
Av
4.67
cm2
Shear Stress
3.00
N/mm2
Wpost =Wpost * G, sup
Where, in this case:

Av =
2A
( EC3 5.4.6)
M max = w'( signface ) h w (h'+ h / 2 ) +

h'2
2
= w'( signface ) h w + w'( post ) d h'
w'( post ) d
Shearmax
w/4
Smax
Torsionmax = w h Wsignface b *
4
M r V
+
=
J
Av
Mmax
s
where: r = 76.1/2 mm
Moment capacity utilisation
96 %
Shear capacity utilisation
2.08%
f
where y = y
3
*Load accordingly applied as prescribed in EN 1991-1-4 c7.4.3
6. Temporary Deflection of sign

Wsign face = Wsign face * 0.752 = 1417.5 N/m2
1 Q L3
3 EI
Where: =
= 23.38 mm
or
9.26 mm/m (/h)
(for current example)
Classification: TDB3
(BS EN 12899 table 16)
Which satisfies the proposed (TDB4)
classification for the UK.
7. Design of post for Snow Loading

For the current example, the maximum shear
700
and moment would be:

(h'0.5)
+ 0 .5 +
M max = (h'0.5) d ws
2
2 .5 h '
(2.5 h' ) w ws
+ h'
2
Shearmax = (h'0.5) d ws + (2.5 h' ) w ws
2000
2500
Where: ws = 4 kN/m2 (DSL4)

The moment and shear capacity are:
Mu = fy
Vu = f y
m0
Av
m0
= 3.19 kNm
= 67.38 kN
>
Mmax = 2.11 kNm
>
Vmax = 1.10 kN
Utilisation: 66%
Note: In the current example, the width of the sign is less than 2m, so the snow load is
applied at the middle of the sign, for checking moment capacity. According to EN 12899
ANNEX C the post should be checked for torsion as well.
T = (2500 h ')
700
V = ws
w
( 2500 h ' )
2
M r V
+
= 2.3N / mm 2
J
Av
2500
max =
w w
ws
2 4
f yd
3
= 145 .32 N / mm 2
Where ws = 4 kN/m
f yd = 275 N / mm 2
Utilisation : 52%
Classification: DSL4
BS EN 12899 table 15
(As proposed for use in the UK)

8. Point Load
The point load of 1kN (PL5) is less
Torsion
than the wind load, there is no need

to check the bending capacity of the post.
1 kN
Shear Force: V = 1 kN
Torsion: T = 1*(0.75/2) = 0.375 kNm
Shear Stress: max =
M r V
+
= 16.76 N/mm2
J
Av
and
Shear Capacity of the post: max =
Classification: PL5
f yd
3
= 145.32 N/mm2
* The calculated torsion value (T = 0.375 kNm) should also be used to check connection
between signboard and post.
Calculation of wind load using EN 1991-1-4
Vb, map
22
m/s
Site Altitude
50
calt
1.05
Vb, 0
23.1
qb
Fundamental wind velocity
National Annex NA1
Altitude factor
National Annex NA 2.4
Basic wind velocity
327.1
Basic wind velocity pressure
EN 1991-1-4 Eqn 4.10
cseason
Season factor
National Annex NA 2
cdir
Direction factor
cr
0.75
Roughness factor
co
Orography factor
Iv (z)
0.195
Vm (z)
17.325
m/s
qp
463.24
N/m2 Wind pressure
m/s

Mean wind velocity
EN 1991-1-4 Eqn 4.3

Note: cdir = 1 applies only to wind from the (SW) direction, so taking cdir equal to unity is
considered conservative.
cr = 0.75 is for a sign 2.75 m tall where the distance to the sea in the wind direction is
100 Km, and the terrain is classified as country terrain
co = 1 considering that topography is not significant
q p ( z ) = [1 + 3,0 I v ( z )]
1
vm2 (z ) = c s (z ) qb
2
Vb,0 = vb,map * calt

qb = 1 vb2
2
vm ( z ) = cr ( z ) co ( z ) vb
Where: = 1.226 Kg/m3
ANNEX C
SUMMARY OF TRIAL CALCULATIONS
BS 873
BS EN 12899
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Material Ratio
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Material Ratio
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Material Ratio
Load (KN)
Load Base Ratio
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Material Ratio
3.2
15.8
1.00
0.85
1.0
76.1
3.2
15.8
1.0
0.793 0.933
76.1
3.2
15.8
1.00
0.907 1.067
76.1
19.6
1.24
0.15
0.176
76.1
3.2
15.8
1.00
1250x1550
2.906 0.556
88.9
79.3
0.76
5.23
1.0
114.3
104
1.0
4.881 0.933
114.3
104
1.00
5.579 1.067
139.7
127
1.22
0.9
0.172
76.1
54.7
0.53
2300x4500
15.5
0.556
168.3
10
530
0.57
27.9
1.0
193.7
10
928
1.0
26.04 0.933
193.7
10
928
1.00
29.76 1.067
193.7
10
928
1.00
4.79
0.172
168.3
6.3
342
0.37
2900x2100
9.111 0.556
139.7
6.3
182
0.71
16.4
1.0
193.7
6.3
256
1.0
15.31 0.933
193.7
6.3
256
1.00
17.49 1.067
193.7
6.3
256
1.00
2.82
0.172
114.3
6.3
147
0.57
4000x3700
22.17 0.556
193.7
10
546
0.54
39.9
1.0
193.7
12.5
1006
1.0
37.24 0.933
193.7
12.5
1006
1.00
42.56 1.067
193.7
10
1092
1.09
6.85
0.172
193.7
6.3
349
0.35
5000x6500
48.72 0.556
193.7
16
1967
0.46
87.7
1.0
193.7
16
4318
1.0
81.85 0.933
193.7
16
4318
1.00
93.55 1.067
193.7
16
4935
1.14
15.1
0.172
193.7
12.5
1476
0.34
Load (KN)
Load Base Ratio
Section DIA (mm)
76.1
Load (KN)
No of posts
Load Base Ratio
Load Base Ratio
0.472 0.556
Load (KN)
Load (KN)
700x450
Size
Load Base Ratio
Material Ratio
Case 5 (At 50 altitude)
Steel used (Kg)
Case 4 (WL7)
Thickness (mm)
Case 3 (WL6)
Section DIA (mm)
Case 2 (With Cf)
No of posts
Case 1 (No Cf)
Table C1 - Comparison of Design Approaches of BS873 and BSEN 12899
BS 873
BS EN 12899 Proposals
Case 1 (No Cf)
Case 4 (WL7)
Load (KN)
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Steel / A1 steel (1)
Load (KN)
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Steel / A1 steel (1)
Load (KN)
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Steel / A1 steel
Load (KN)
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Steel / A1 steel
Load (KN)
No of posts
Section DIA (mm)
Thickness (mm)
Steel used (Kg)
Steel / A1 steel
Case 5 (At 50 altitude)
Steel used (Kg)
Case 3 (WL6)
Thickness (mm)
Case 2 (With Cf)
Section DIA (mm)
Case 0 (Area 1)
1650x1150
114.3
93.2
2.844
88.9
57.8
0.62
5.12
114.3
93.2
4.779
114.3
93.2
1.00
5.461
114.3
93.2
1.00
1.58
76.1
3.2
39.7
0.426
1750x1200
114.3
94.5
3.15
88.9
72.1
0.763
5.67
114.3
94.5
5.292
114.3
94.5
1.00
6.048
139.7
116.0
1.23
1.75
76.1
49.8
0.527
1825x1250
114.3
95.8
3.422
114.3
3.6
69.8
0.729
6.16
114.3
95.8
5.749
139.7
117.9
1.23
6.571
139.7
117.9
1.23
1.91
76.1
50.5
0.527
2000x1250
114.3
95.8
3.75
114.3
3.6
69.8
0.729
6.75
139.7
117.9 1.231
6.3
139.7
117.9
1.23
7.2
139.7
117.9
1.23
2.1
76.1
50.5
0.527
Sign Dimensions (mm)
Table C2 - Comparison of Area 1 Standard Solutions
ANNEX D
SUPPLIMENTARY REPORT ON FOUNDATIONS
Flint & Neill Partnership

Consulting Engineers
PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF
Task Report
970-3-Rp02-v1
April 2005
www.flintneill.co.uk
Foundations
Parsons Brinckerhoff
Document Control Sheet

Rev.
0
Status
Draft for comment
Date
14-March-05
By
EJR
Check
BWS
Approved
DKM
Minor revisions
19-Apr-05
EJR
DKM
DKM

Stone, Berkeley,
Gloucestershire
GL13 9LB
Tel:
Fax:
Email
Web:
+44 (0) 1454 260910

+44 (0) 1454 260784
ejr@flintneill.co.uk
www.flintneill.co.uk
Table of Contents:
Introduction ...................................................................................................................1
References ...................................................................................................................1
2.1
Standards ............................................................................................................1
2.2
Information Provided by Parsons Brinckerhoff .....................................................1
Tasks ............................................................................................................................2
3.1
3.2
Design of Planted Foundations ............................................................................2

3.1.1
Task Report............................................................................................2
3.1.2
Text for Incorporation into a TA Advice Note ..........................................4
Scope of Work Concrete Block Foundations. ....................................................6

3.2.1
Overall Stability ......................................................................................6
3.2.2
Requirements for Concrete ....................................................................7
3.2.3
Connection to the Foundation ................................................................7
970-3-Rp02-v1
April 2005
Introduction
Flint & Neill Partnership were appointed by Parsons Brinckerhoff to provide advice
on the loading of traffic signs designed in accordance with BS EN 12899-1:2001.
A final version of Task Report 970-3-Rp01-v2 was submitted to Parsons Brinckerhoff
on the 11th January 2005. Following review of this report, Parsons Brinckerhoff
extended the scope of the original study to include advice on the design of planted
foundations and to prepare a scope of work for advice on the design of concrete
block foundations.
This report summarises the additional tasks undertaken and provides text for
incorporation in a TA advice note for the design of traffic signs.
References
2.1
Standards
BD 26/04: Design of Lighting Columns (DMRB Volume 2, Section 2, Part 1)
BS 5649: Part 2: 1978: Specification for lighting columns dimensions and

tolerances
2.2
BS EN 40-2: 2004: Lighting Columns general requirements and dimensions
BS EN 12899: Part 1: 2001: Fixed vertical road traffic signs
PD 6547: 2004: Guidance on the use of BS EN 40-3-1 and BS EN 40-3-3
Information Provided by Parsons Brinckerhoff
Area 1 Term Maintenance Contract - Table TS/2, Typical post types and
foundations;
970-3-Rp02-v1
Standard traffic sign post & foundation sizes for small signs.
Page 1
April 2005
Tasks
3.1
Design of Planted Foundations

3.1.1 Task Report
Highways Agency Departmental Standards and Advice Notes do not currently
contain guidance on the design of planted foundations for traffic signs.
It was
considered that advice currently given in PD 6547 for the design of planted
foundations for lighting columns may be suitable. It should be noted that the advice
in PD 6547 was taken directly from BS 5649: Part 2: 1978 (also known as EN 40-2).
Planting of traffic signs is similar to planting of lighting columns in that the post
inserted in the ground is cylindrical (or polygonal) and the structure is cantilevered
above ground level. Although traffic signs can have multiple posts, they can still be
considered as individual cantilevers for the critical direction of load applied
perpendicular to the face of the signboard. Differences arise in the size of the post.
Lighting column bases are typically 168mm diameter or larger; this allows space for
electrical equipment at the lighting column base (and access to it through a cut-out in
the cross-section). Traffic sign posts are typically 76mm diameter or larger; they
generally only need to satisfy strength and stiffness requirements and do not have
cut-outs near the base. Thus, for a given overturning moment, the diameter of a
traffic sign post is likely to be smaller than the diameter of a lighting column. It
follows that traffic sign posts will need to be planted to a greater depth than lighting
columns or require an increase in the effective diameter of the planted section.
However, it is considered that the design guidance in PD 6547 for planting of lighting
columns can be applied to planting of traffic sign posts.
The proposed rules are included in Section 3.1.2; they have been taken directly from
PD 6547 with the following minor amendments:
For lighting columns, the planting depth should be selected from the centre
column of BS EN 40-2: 2004: Table 7.
Given that road sign posts will
generally be of a smaller diameter and require a greater planting depth, the

guidance in Section 3.1.2 states that the planting depth should be selected
from the right-hand column of this table, where planting depths are greater.
The requirement for a duct in the back-fill material to provide access for
electrical cable has been removed.
970-3-Rp02-v1
A number of minor grammatical changes have been made to improve clarity.
Page 2
April 2005
In order to test the proposed rules, they were applied to a representative sample of
66 traffic signs. These were selected from standard designs; a copy of the data
forming the sample set is included in Appendix I. Calculations were performed on
the following basis:
A design wind pressure of 1.6kPa was used (corresponding to BS EN 128991 Class WL7). This is the recommended value for Scotland and Northern
Ireland.
A drag factor of 1.8 was applied it is considered that this is an upper bound
value given the aspect ratio of most traffic signboards.
Calculations were undertaken for the following combination of planted depths and
increase to the diameter of the planted post; a summary of the results is included in
Appendix II:
Combination
Planted depth
0.8m
Increase to
diameter of post
0
0.8m
+0.1m
0.8m
+0.2m
1.0m
1.0m
+0.1m
1.0m
+0.2m
It should be noted that a planted depth of 0.8m corresponds to the value that would
be used for a lighting column of height up to 5m (centre column of BS EN 40-2:
2004: Table 7). A planted depth of 1.0m corresponds to the value recommended for
a traffic sign post of height up to 5m (right-hand column of BS EN 40-2: 2004: Table
7).
The proportion of the sample resulting in adequate planted foundations can be
summarised as follows:
% of Adequate
Planted Foundations
3%
30%
55%
20%
69%
87%
Combination
970-3-Rp02-v1
Page 3
April 2005
Closer examination of the results in Appendix II shows that enhancement of the

effective diameter will be required in the majority of cases to achieve an adequate
foundation. Combination 1, 2 and 3 show that a planted depth of 0.8m will usually
be inadequate. Combination 4 shows that an enhancement of the effective diameter
will be required in all but the smallest and shortest traffic signs. Combination 5 gives
acceptable results in all good ground conditions and most average ground
conditions. Unacceptable results occur in poor ground conditions and for large, tall
signs where a concrete base is likely to be the preferred solution. Combination 6
shows the benefit of increasing the effective diameter of the planted post, even
giving an acceptable solution in most poor ground conditions.
3.1.2 Text for Incorporation into a TA Advice Note
Planting Depth:
Where a traffic sign is to be planted in the ground, the planting depth shall be
selected from the right-hand column of BS EN 40-2: 2004: Table 7, taking into
account the height to the top of the traffic sign.
To check the adequacy of the selected planting depth, taking account of the ground
conditions at the site, it is recommended that the calculation procedure given below
is adopted.
Calculation of Applied Moment and Ground Resistance Moment:
The greatest overturning moment, MOT, arising from application of the un-factored
design loads (e.g. wind load or dynamic load from snow clearance) to the traffic sign
and its supports should either be calculated or obtained from the traffic sign
designer. The overturning moment shall be calculated about a fulcrum point located
at 1/2 of the planting depth.
The overturning moment shall be multiplied by a factor of safety, F, of 1.25.
The ground resistance moment, Mg, should be calculated using the following
formula:
Mg =
G D P3
10
Where:
G
970-3-Rp02-v1
is a factor dependent on the ground in which the column is planted (in

kN/m2 per m). Refer to the table below for typical values of G.
Page 4
April 2005
is the minimum diameter (or minimum distance across flats for multisided sections) of the traffic sign in the ground (in m).
is the planting depth.
The planting depth is satisfactory if F .MOT < Mg

If this criterion is not satisfied then the planting depth shall be increased and/or the
effective diameter of the traffic sign post shall be increased. The latter can be
achieved by backfilling the excavation hole with mass concrete or an appropriate fill
material (refer to Back-filling below); the effective diameter of the traffic sign post
may then be taken as the minimum diameter of the excavation hole.
Table: Ground Factor G:
G (kN/m
per m)
630
Quality of soil
Good: Compact, well-graded sand and gravel, hard clay, well-graded fine
and coarse sand, decomposed granite rock and soil.
Good soils drain well.
390
Average: Compact fine sand, medium clay, compact well drained sandy
loam, loose coarse sand and gravels.
Average soils drain sufficiently well that water does not stand on the surface.
230
Poor: Soft clay, clay loam, poorly compacted sand, clays containing a large
amount of silt and vegetable matter, and made-up ground.
Poor soils are normally wet and have poor drainage.
Back-filling:
The calculation of ground resistance moment, Mg, is based on the excavated hole
into which the traffic sign post is planted being back-filled with the excavated
material or material of better quality.
The following should be specified to the installer:
a)
All back-filling material shall be placed in 150mm thick layers and well
compacted;
b) During compaction, care shall be taken to ensure that the corrosion protection
system for the traffic sign post is not damaged;
c) Where the excavated hole is back-filled with concrete, the concrete shall extend
from the base of the traffic sign post to ground level; and
970-3-Rp02-v1
Page 5
April 2005
d) Where paving or bituminous surfacing is to be applied around the lighting column,

the top level of the concrete may be lowered by the thickness of the surfacing.
3.2
Scope of Work Concrete Block Foundations.

Highways Agency Departmental Standards and Advice Notes do not currently
contain guidance on the design of concrete block foundations for traffic signs.
Furthermore, design guidance is not given for other similar structures that could be
adapted for traffic signs. Thus, a scope of work is presented to establish the steps
required to draft adequate design guidance. They fall under the following headings:
3.2.1 Overall Stability
A concrete block foundation supporting a cantilevered structure such as a traffic sign
will need to provide adequate stability against overturning.
Also, the bearing
pressure beneath the block must not exceed the capacity of the ground. Given the
form of loading, uplift will not occur and sliding is highly unlikely to govern.
Sliding
Uplift
Overturning
Bearing
Pressure
Design guidance on stability should include:
Clear guidance on the calculation of overturning moments (it is a common

error to calculate moments at the base of the traffic sign rather than at the
assumed level of the point of rotation).
A simple and conservative method of calculating resistance to overturning. It

is expected that this will be based on the mass of the block and an assumed
point of rotation.
970-3-Rp02-v1
Page 6
April 2005
Reference to standard methods for calculating bearing pressures (note that

the method used depends on whether the bearing pressure becomes zero on
the upwind side as illustrated above).
Guidance on allowable bearing pressures, appropriate to the good,

average and poor ground classifications given for the design of planted
foundations (refer to Section 3.1.2).
Guidance will need to be reviewed for compliance with the forthcoming Eurocodes
(in particular EN1997-1).
3.2.2 Requirements for Concrete

It is considered that minimum requirements should be given for:
Grade of concrete (use of standard mix designs would be preferable); and
Reinforcement.
The need of reinforcement will depend on the size of the block, the imposed loads
and the method of attachment of the post. It is likely that the smallest blocks (e.g. for
speed limit repeater signs) will not require reinforcement at all. Larger blocks may
require anti-crack reinforcement and the largest blocks may require structural
reinforcement.
Guidance should be given on determining what reinforcement is
required to allow it to be designed.
3.2.3 Connection to the Foundation

It is essential that the connection of the traffic sign post to the concrete block
foundation is structurally sound. It is understood that cast-in sockets are commonly
used and it is expected that the largest sign posts may use flange plate connections:
Cast-in sockets:
Guidance will be needed on the following aspects:
The depth of the socket;
End bearing on the underside of the post;
Provision of service ducts, where the signs carry electrical services (e.g. for
lighting); and
970-3-Rp02-v1
Corrosion protection at the post/foundation interface.
Page 7
April 2005
Flange Plates:
There is considerable guidance given in BD26/04 for the design of lighting column
flange plate connections. It is considered that this may be used as an appropriate
basis for the development of design guidance on flange plate connection for traffic
sign posts. Guidance will be needed on the following aspects:
Design for vehicle impact;
Design of the post to flange-plate connection, with guidance on both static

strength and providing a good fatigue resistant design;
Design of the holding down bolts, including their anchorage in the concrete
block;
Design of the grout beneath the flange plate;
Corrosion protection to the holding down bolts and the flange plate;
Use of levelling nuts and the implications for design of the flange plates and
the holding down bolts.
970-3-Rp02-v1
Page 8
April 2005
Appendix I
Sample Traffic Signs
970-3-Rp02-v1
April 2005
Post Sizes
Height To Area Of Sign
Centre Of
0.25
0.50
Sign (M) One Post One Post
1.2
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
( Sq Metre )
1.00
1.50
One Post Two Posts One Post Two Posts
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1.4
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1.6
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
2.00
One Post Two Posts
1 x 114.3
2 x 76.1
(1 x 88.9)
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
(2 x 76.1)
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1.8
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
2.0
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
(1 x 88.9)
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
2.2
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 114.3
2.4
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 114.3
2.6
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 114.3
2.8
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 114.3
3.0
1 x 76.1
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
(1 x 88.9)
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
2 x 114.3
3.2
1 x 76.1
1 x 88.9
1 x 114.3
2 x 76.1
1 x 114.3
2 x 88.9
(1 x 88.9)
Table is based on wind loading of 1.5Kn/M2 & combined factor of safety of 1.5
Figures in bracketed Italics based on a reduced wind loading of 1.2 Kn/M2
See foundation size table for post wall thickness
1 x 114.3
2 x 114.3
1 x 139.7
(1 x 114.3)
1 x 139.7
Single Post Foundations

Post Size
Foundation Size ( mm )
Dia (mm)
Width
Length
Depth
76.1 x 3.2
900
900
600
88.9 x 4
1000
1000
600
114.3 x 5
1100
1100
700
139.7 x 5
1400
1400
800
168.3 x 5
1000
1800
1000
Combined Foundations Dependant On Post
Spacing
0.80
One Post Two Posts
1 x 76.1
2 x 76.1
Standard Sign Area Guide

Sign Areas ( Sq M )
Size (mm) Square
Circle
Triangle
450
0.2
0.16
0.12
600
0.36
0.28
0.21
750
0.57
0.44
0.33
900
0.81
0.64
0.47
1200
1.44
1.13
0.83
1500
2.55
1.76
1.33
Socket Sizes
Post Size
Socket
Dia (mm) Dia (mm)
140
300
194
350
219
375
244
400
273
425
2 x 114.3
Socket
Depth
900
950
975
1000
1025
Appendix II
Calculations for Planted Foundations
970-3-Rp02-v1
April 2005
Planted Foundations for Traffic Signs
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Assessment of Rules in PD6547
Addition to diameter to account for augered hole:
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
Ground resistance moment, Mg

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.59
1.77
1.95
2.13
2.31
2.49
2.67
2.85
3.03
3.21
3.39
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.868
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.775
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
1.047
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.09
5.66
6.24
3.41
3.69
3.98
4.27
4.56
4.85
5.13
5.42
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
0.895
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
2.451
2.451
2.451
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
2.868
1.518
1.518
1.518
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
1.775
0.895
0.895
0.895
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.047
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4.77
5.31
5.85
6.39
6.93
7.47
8.01
8.55
9.09
9.63
10.17
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
2.868
2.868
2.868
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
1.775
1.775
1.775
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
1.047
1.047
1.047
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.36
7.08
7.80
8.52
9.24
9.96
10.68
11.40
12.12
12.84
13.56
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
3.687
4.506
4.506
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.282
2.790
2.790
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.346
1.645
1.645
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
5
193
3%
97%
Number of "OK" foundations:

Number of "Failed" foundations:
Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.1

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.59
1.77
1.95
2.13
2.31
2.49
2.67
2.85
3.03
3.21
3.39
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
6.093
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.772
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.224
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.09
5.66
6.24
3.41
3.69
3.98
4.27
4.56
4.85
5.13
5.42
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
5.677
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
OK
OK
Fails
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
5.677
5.677
5.677
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.093
3.514
3.514
3.514
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
3.772
2.073
2.073
2.073
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.224
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4.77
5.31
5.85
6.39
6.93
7.47
8.01
8.55
9.09
9.63
10.17
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
6.093
6.093
6.093
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
3.772
3.772
3.772
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
2.224
2.224
2.224
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.36
7.08
7.80
8.52
9.24
9.96
10.68
11.40
12.12
12.84
13.56
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.240
0.240
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
6.912
7.732
7.732
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.279
4.786
4.786
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.524
2.823
2.823
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
59
139
30%
70%

Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.2

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.59
1.77
1.95
2.13
2.31
2.49
2.67
2.85
3.03
3.21
3.39
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
9.319
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.769
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.402
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.09
5.66
6.24
3.41
3.69
3.98
4.27
4.56
4.85
5.13
5.42
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
8.903
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.18
3.54
3.90
4.26
4.62
4.98
5.34
5.70
6.06
6.42
6.78
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
8.903
8.903
8.903
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
9.319
5.511
5.511
5.511
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
5.769
3.250
3.250
3.250
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.402
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4.77
5.31
5.85
6.39
6.93
7.47
8.01
8.55
9.09
9.63
10.17
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
9.319
9.319
9.319
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
5.769
5.769
5.769
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
3.402
3.402
3.402
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.77
1.97
2.17
2.37
2.57
2.77
2.97
3.17
3.37
3.57
3.77
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.36
7.08
7.80
8.52
9.24
9.96
10.68
11.40
12.12
12.84
13.56
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.340
0.340
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.138
10.957
10.957
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.276
6.783
6.783
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
3.701
4.000
4.000
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
109
89
55%
45%

Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.72
1.90
2.08
2.26
2.44
2.62
2.80
2.98
3.16
3.34
3.52
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
5.601
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
3.467
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
2.045
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.49
6.07
6.64
3.61
3.90
4.19
4.47
4.76
5.05
5.34
5.63
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
4.788
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
2.964
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
1.748
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
4.788
4.788
4.788
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
5.601
2.964
2.964
2.964
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
3.467
1.748
1.748
1.748
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.045
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.15
5.69
6.23
6.77
7.31
7.85
8.39
8.93
9.47
10.01
10.55
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
5.601
5.601
5.601
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
3.467
3.467
3.467
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
2.045
2.045
2.045
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
OK
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.87
7.59
8.31
9.03
9.75
10.47
11.19
11.91
12.63
13.35
14.07
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
7.201
8.801
8.801
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
4.458
5.448
5.448
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
2.629
3.213
3.213
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
40
158
20%
80%

Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.1

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.72
1.90
2.08
2.26
2.44
2.62
2.80
2.98
3.16
3.34
3.52
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.901
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
7.367
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.345
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.49
6.07
6.64
3.61
3.90
4.19
4.47
4.76
5.05
5.34
5.63
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
6.864
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.189
11.088
11.088
11.088
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
11.901
6.864
6.864
6.864
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
7.367
4.048
4.048
4.048
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.345
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.15
5.69
6.23
6.77
7.31
7.85
8.39
8.93
9.47
10.01
10.55
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.189
0.189
0.189
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
11.901
11.901
11.901
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
7.367
7.367
7.367
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
4.345
4.345
4.345
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.87
7.59
8.31
9.03
9.75
10.47
11.19
11.91
12.63
13.35
14.07
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.214
0.240
0.240
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
13.501
15.101
15.101
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
8.358
9.348
9.348
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
4.929
5.513
5.513
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
137
61
69%
31%

Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
Client: PB
Job 970/3
14/03/2005
EJR
Sign
Area
(m2)
Drag
Factor
Wind
Pressure
(kPa)
FOS
Wind
Load
(kN)
Planting Height to
Depth Centre of
(m)
Sign
(m)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.2

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)

Good
Average
Poor
(630)
(390)
(230)
Lever
Arm
(m)
No. of
Posts
Moment
about
fulcrum
(kNm)
Post
Dia
(m)
Effective
Dia
Dia
(m)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.72
1.90
2.08
2.26
2.44
2.62
2.80
2.98
3.16
3.34
3.52
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
18.201
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
11.267
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.645
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.49
6.07
6.64
3.61
3.90
4.19
4.47
4.76
5.05
5.34
5.63
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
17.388
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
10.764
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.43
3.79
4.15
4.51
4.87
5.23
5.59
5.95
6.31
6.67
7.03
0.076
0.076
0.076
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.276
0.276
0.276
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.289
17.388
17.388
17.388
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
18.201
10.764
10.764
10.764
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
11.267
6.348
6.348
6.348
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
6.645
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.15
5.69
6.23
6.77
7.31
7.85
8.39
8.93
9.47
10.01
10.55
0.089
0.089
0.089
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.289
0.289
0.289
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
18.201
18.201
18.201
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
11.267
11.267
11.267
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
6.645
6.645
6.645
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
1.91
2.11
2.31
2.51
2.71
2.91
3.11
3.31
3.51
3.71
3.91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.87
7.59
8.31
9.03
9.75
10.47
11.19
11.91
12.63
13.35
14.07
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.114
0.140
0.140
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.340
0.340
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
19.801
21.401
21.401
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
12.258
13.248
13.248
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.229
7.813
7.813
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
OK
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
Fails
173
25
87%
13%

Page 1 of 1
Planting depths
ANNEX E
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DRAFT NATIONAL ANNEX
A review of the structural requirements of the UK National Annex to prEN 12899-1: 2005(E) has resulted
in the following comments and recommendations:
E.1 Partial Action Factor
It is considered that the recommended class of PAF1 is appropriate for design of traffic signs in the UK.
E.2 Wind Loads
It is considered that:
All of the classes given in the National Annex should only apply up to a limiting altitude of 250m
above mean sea level;
The classification given in the National Annex for England is satisfactory, with the exception of the
Isle of Man, where Class WL8 should apply;
The classification given in the National Annex for Northern Ireland should be WL9; and
The classification given in the National Annex for Scotland should be WL9, subject to the
exceptions given in Section 3.1 of this report.
Refer to Section 3.8.3. for further details.
E.3 Dynamic Snow Loads
The recommendations for dynamic loads for snow clearance given in the National Annex are based on
the use of snow blowers. Instead, it is recommended that design criteria are based on the following
factors:
The likely occurrence of snow requiring clearance; and
Whether clearance will be required in the event of significant snow fall (e.g. if the road is an
important transport link).
Recommendations for load classes are given where it is decided that design for dynamic snow loads is
required; refer to Section 3.4.3.
E.4 Temporary Deflections
The recommendations for temporary deflections given in the National Annex match those given in Section
3.3 of this report.

Wind Loading - 966

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IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES

WIND LOADING FOR SIGNS TO BS EN 12899

Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd.

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Parsons Brinkerhoff Ltd.

DISTRIBUTION AND REVISION STATUS

Draft for Comment

Draft for Comment

Highways Agency Task Sponsor

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Information provided by the Highways Agency ....................................................................2

Selection of Design Wind Pressures ......................................................................................2

Identification of Exposed and Sheltered Areas.....................................................................6

Advice on loading other than wind loading.........................................................................10

Example calculations .............................................................................................................12

Trial calculations ....................................................................................................................13

Review of Draft National Annex ............................................................................................15

APPENDIX I LIMITING ALTITUDES AT STANDARD WIND LOAD CLASSES TO BS EN 12899-1

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Information provided by the Highways Agency

Selection of Design Wind Pressures

prEN 12899-1: 2005(E)

Wind Loads1 (kN/m2)

Wind Pressure (kN/m2)

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Ordnance Surveys Get a Map service (www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap) will provide a

Wind Load Class

Argyll & Bute

Perth & Kinross

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Number of Counties/Unitary Authorities

Peak velocity pressure (kPa)

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Identification of Exposed and Sheltered Areas

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

topography (or orography) need not be considered.

Figure NA2 is reproduced in Figure 2 for

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Uniform wind pressure

Not passively safe

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Advice on loading other than wind loading

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Point Load (kN)

Dynamic Loads from Snow Clearance

Dynamic Snow Loads (kN/m2)

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Material and section properties;

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Implications for Design Input

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Review of Draft National Annex

Partial Action Factor

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Overall FOS (F.m)

Wind Loading fir Signs to BS EN 12899

Table NA 1 recommends wind classes as follows: