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Hyonny Kim
Department of Structural Engineering
University of California, San Diego
Course Objectives
1. Understand basics of Classical Laminate Plate Theory, its
applicability as well as its limitations.
2. Gain intuitive sense of the mechanical behavior of composites.
Course Outline
Stress Strain Relationships
Transformation of Stress & Strain
Classical Laminate Plate Theory
Hygrothermal Behavior
Laminate Analysis Methodology
Failure Theories
Example Problem
Rev. 2.2 17 October 2007
F = kx
x=
x
0
k = Stiffness
F,
k, E
1
F = aF
k
a = Compliance
x,
Hookes Law relating stress and strain ( = E) follows this form (F = kx).
1.2 3-D Stress
Assuming Linearly elastic material behaving according to Hookes Law.
3
33
31
13
11
32
23
12
21
22
2
C11
C
12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C12
C 22
C 23
C 24
C 25
C 26
C13
C 23
C 33
C 34
C 35
C 36
C14
C 24
C 34
C 44
C 45
C 46
C15
C 25
C 35
C 45
C 55
C 56
C16 1
C 26 2
C 36 3
C 46 4
C 56 5
C 66 6
[C] is a symmetric 6x6 stiffness matrix with 21 independent elastic constants relating
stress and strain.
Dominant Stresses are In-Plane (1, 2, and 6). Out-of-Plane stresses are negligibly small (3 =
4 = 5 = 0).
3
2
1 Q11
2 = Q12
Q
6 16
1
Q12
Q 22
Q 26
Q16 1
Q 26 2
Q 66 6
1.3.1 Isotropic
2
6
1
2
1
6
2
E
2(1 + )
The above equations relating stress and strain can be written in matrix form.
1
2 =
6
where:
S11 = S 22 =
S11 S12 0 1
S
S
0
21
22
2
0
0 S 66 6
1
E
S12 = S 21 =
S 66 =
1
G
Q11 = Q22 = mE
with m =
Q11
Q
21
0
Q12
Q 22
0
1
2
Q 66 6
0
0
Q12 = Q21 = mE
[Q] = [S]-1
Q66 = G
1
1 2
[Q] is the 3x3 stiffness matrix relating stress in terms of strain. The zero 1-6 and 2-6 terms
indicate the absence of extension-shear coupling.
1.3.2 Transversely Isotropic
Transversely isotropic materials have properties essentially the same in directions transverse to
the fiber.
3
2
1
Local coordinate axes are defined as 1-2-3 system shown above. Local coordinates are always
oriented with each ply such that the 1-axis coincides with the fiber direction as shown. Note:
Local axes notation varies among authors, some use x-y-z based local axes definition.
1 = 11
2 = 22
2 = 22
12 = 12
12 = 212
1
1)
2)
Uniaxial in 1-dir.
1 =
Uniaxial in 2-dir.
2
1
1
E1
2 = 12 1 =
1 = 21 2 =
12
1
E1
12
12
12
1 = 0
2 = 0
12
4)
Pure Shear
1
2
E2
=0
2 =
12 = 0
3)
21
2
E2
1
=
12
G12
1 21 2
E1
E2
1
2 = 12 1 +
2
E1
E2
1
12 =
12
G 12
1 =
2
12
1
S11 =
where:
1
E1
S 22 =
1
E2
0 1
0 2
S66 12
S12 =
21
= S 21 = 12
E2
E1
S66 =
1
G12
[S] is the compliance matrix of a unidirectional ply in the local coordinate system. Invert the
above relationship to get stiffness matrix [Q].
1 Q11
2 = Q 21
0
12
where:
Q11 =
E1
1 12 21
Q 22 =
E2
1 12 21
Q12
Q 22
0
0 1
0 2
Q 66 12
Q12 =
21 E1
1 12 21
[Q] = [S]-1
Q 21 =
12 E 2
1 12 21
Q 66 = G12
Note that [S] and [Q] are always symmetric and the 1-6 and 2-6 terms in these matrices are
always zero when relating stress and strain in the local coordinate system.
2.0 Transformations
Previously we developed expressions relating stress and strain in each plys local coordinate
system. Since a laminate can have several ply orientations, it is often more convenient to
express stresses and strains with respect to a fixed global coordinate system.
2.1 Coordinate Systems - Global, Local
3, z
2
y
1
+
We can transform Stress and Strain from Global to Local coordinate systems.
2
n2
2mn x
1 m
2
2
2mn y
m
2 = n
mn mn m 2 n 2
12
xy
where:
m = cos
2
n2
mn x
1 m
2
2
mn y
m
2 = n
2mn 2mn m 2 n 2
12
xy
n = sin
Similar to stress and strain, we can transform the [S] and [Q] matrices.
[Q Global] = [T]-1[Q Local] [T]-T
m2
n2
2mn
2
2
2mn
m
where [T] = n
mn mn m 2 n 2
[Qglobal] = Q12
Q16
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16
Q26
Q66
S11
[Sglobal] = S12
S16
S12
S22
S26
S16
S26
S66
where:
Q11 = Q11cos4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66)sin2cos2 + Q22sin4
Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 - 4Q66)sin2cos2 + Q12(sin4 + cos4)
Q22 = Q11sin4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66)sin2cos2 + Q22cos4
3.0 Laminates
Previously we have discussed the mechanical behavior of a single ply. Here we shall develop
stiffness and compliance relationships (matrices) for a laminate.
z
Individual Plies
Laminate
In-Plane Loads
Moments
Ny
My
Mxy
Nxy
z
Nxy
y
Nx
x
Nxy
y
Mx
Mxy
Nx
Mxy
x
Mx
Mxy
Nxy
My
Ny
Nx, Ny, and Nxy are in-plane loads per unit width (lbf/in). Mx, My, and Mxy are moments per unit
width (in-lbf/in).
Example: consider a plate of width w and total applied load N x (lbf) and moment M x (in-lbf).
The loads per unit width are:
Mx
w
Nx
lbf/in
w
M
M x = x in-lbf/in
w
Nx =
Nx
N
x
Index notation allows matrix expressions to be written in much more compact form.
i = Qij j
Q12
Q22
Q26
Q16 x
Q26 y or
Q66 xy
i(z)
z
x
total thickness = H
H /2
H / 2
Mi =
i dz =
H/2
H / 2
H/2
H / 2
i zdz =
H/2
H / 2
H/2
H / 2
Qij jz dz =
N i = A ij oj + Bij j
Ni =
Moment Resultants:
Mi =
with
Qij jdz =
H/2
H / 2
H / 2
A ij =
H/2
D ij =
H/2
H / 2
H/2
H / 2
H/2
H / 2
M i = Bij j + D ij j
i dz
H/ 2
H/ 2
Qij oj dz +
Qij ( oj + z j )z dz =
Where:
H/ 2
i zdz
i = x, y, xy ( xy xy )
Qij ( oj + z j )dz =
H/2
H/ 2
Force Resultants:
Qij jz dz
Qij oj z dz +
H/2
H / 2
Bij =
Qijdz
Qij jz 2 dz
H/2
H / 2
Qijz dz
H / 2
Qijz 2 dz
A ij = Q ( z k z k 1 )
zm
zk
k-1
zk-1
k
ij
k =1
Bij =
1
Qijk (z 2k z 2k1 )
2 k =1
D ij =
1 m k 3 3
Qij (z k z k1 )
3 k =1
z=0
2
1
z2
z1
zo
In Matrix Form
N x A11 A12
N y = A12 A 22
N A
xy 16 A 26
A16 ox B11
A 26 oy + B12
A 66 oxy B16
B12
B22
B26
B16 x
B26 y
B66 xy
M x B11
M y = B12
M B
xy 16
B16 ox D11
B26 oy + D12
D12
D 22
D 26
D16 x
D 26 y
D 66 xy
B12
B22
B26
A B o
B D
[A] is the extensional stiffness matrix. [D] is the bending or flexural stiffness matrix. The
presence of [B] means that there exists coupling between bending and extension of the laminate.
For isotropic materials, and some laminates, all of the coefficients of the [B] matrix are zero and
there exists no bending-extension coupling. All symmetric laminates have [B] = 0.
Inversion of the above relationship yields strains and curvatures in terms of force and moment
resultants.
o N
= T
M
Where:
= a + aB(D - BaB)-1Ba
= - aB(D - BaB) -1
= (D - BaB) -1
and
a = A-1
Symmetric Laminates
= a = A-1
B=0
o a 0 N
=
0 d M
N
=
M
= B-1 = 0
= d = D-1
0 o
D
A
0
N y = A12
N A
xy 16
A12
A 22
A 26
A16 ox
A 26 oy
A 66 oxy
ox a 11
o
y = a 12
o a
xy 16
a 12
a 22
a 26
a 16 N x
a 26 N y
a 66 N xy
M x D11
M y = D12
M D
xy 16
D12
D 22
D 26
D16 x
D 26 y
D 66 xy
x d11
y = d12
d
xy 16
d12
d 22
d 26
d16 M x
d 26 M y
d 66 M xy
10
Moisture absorption and temperature change causes each ply to expand or contract
(hygrothermal strains).
Thermal Expansion
1T 1
T
2 = 2 T
T
12 12
Moisture Expansion
1H 1
H
2 = 2 c
H
12 12
Where T and c are change in temperature and moisture concentration (final - initial value).
1, 2, and 12 are the coefficients of thermal expansion. 1 , 2, and 12 are the coefficients of
moisture expansion. The shear expansion terms 12 and 12 are usually zero (based on local
coordinate system; not at all so in global coordinate system).
Thermal and moisture expansion coefficients transform from local to global coordinates
identically to strain. Expansion coefficients in global coordinates are then: x, y, xy and x ,
y, xy.
i = Sij j + iT + ic
i, j = x, y, xy for i , j , i , and i ( xy xy , xy xy )
i, j = 1, 2, 6 for Qij and Sij terms
j = mechanical strains = j + zj
i = Qij (j - jT - jc)
Ni =
H/2
H / 2
Mi =
H/2
H / 2
i dz = A ij oj + Bij j
H/2
H / 2
i z dz = Bij oj + D ij j
Qij j Tdz
H/2
H / 2
H / 2
Qij jTz dz
= ( M i + M + M ) = B + D ij j
T
i
H
i
Qij j c dz
H/2
H / 2
N itotal = ( N i + N Ti + N iH ) = A ij oj + Bij j
total
i
H/2
o
ij j
11
Qij jc z dz
Same as before,
N total A B o
total =
M B D
N Ti =
where:
H/2
H / 2
M Ti =
Qij j T dz = Qijk kj T( z k z k 1 )
H/2
H / 2
N Hi =
1 m k k
Qij j T( z 2k z 2k 1 )
2 k =1
Qij j T z dz =
m
H/2
H / 2
M Hi =
k =1
H/2
H / 2
Qij j c dz = Qijk kj c( z k z k 1 )
k =1
Qij j c z dz =
1 m k k
Qij j c( z 2k z 2k 1 )
2 k =1
The A, B, and D matrices enable the determination of how a laminate behaves mechanically.
Ply
Orientation
E 1 , E 2 , G 12 ,
12 , 21
Ply Engineering
Constants
(global)
Hooke's
Law
Plane
Stress
(1)
Q
local
(2)
Transformations
Ply Local
Stiffness
Matrix
zk
A, B, D
(m)
Laminate
Stiffness
Matrices
Global Stiffness
Maxtrices
Qnty: m
Nx
Ny
Nxy
Ply
Laminate
Mx
My
Mxy
Applied Loads
, ,
or a, d
i = oi + zi
x, y, xy
Qk
x, y, xy
12
Consider a laminate with two of the plies half as stiff as the other four. Variation of strain must
be continuous through the thickness of the laminate; stress does not have to be continuous since
each ply can have different stiffness.
z
2Q11
Q11
2Q11
2Q11
Q11
2Q11
It is often convenient to perform design calculations by using laminate effective moduli. This
effectively makes the assumption of an average or linear stress profile through the thickness of a
laminate. While generally far from being realistic, as discussed in section 5.3, this assumption is
good for stiffness predictions in situations where coupling is negligible or light.
Take the case of a symmetric laminate (B=0) of thickness H with in-plane loads and consider the
strain-load relationships:
o a 0 N
=
0 d M
x= xH
xy
y
xy
x = a 11 N x = a 11 x H
x = x = E x x
a 11 H
1
Ex =
a 11 H
y = a 22 N y = a 22 y H
y =
a 22 H
Ey =
xy =
y
x
a 12 N x
a
= 12
a 11 N x
a 11
13
= Eyy
1
a 22 H
xy = a 66 N xy = a 66 xy H
xy =
xy
a 66 H
G xy =
= G xy xy
1
a 66 H
v Fiber Breakage
v Matrix Cracking
v Delamination
Maximum stress or peak strain of lamina, typically determined from coupon testing.
Ply Strength Parameters:
FLtu
FTtu
su
FLT
FLcu
Longitudinal Tension
Transverse Tension
Shear
FTcu
Longitudinal Compression
Transverse Compression
Ply Strain to Failure Parameters (can be calculated from strength via. Hookes Law):
tuL
Ttu
suLT
cu
L
cu
T
Longitudinal Tension
Transverse Tension
Shear
Longitudinal Compression
Transverse Compression
Compares ply actual stress (or strain) with strength allowable (or failure strain).
Maximum Stress
1
FLtu
or
1
FLcu
2
FTtu
or
2
FTcu
12
su
FLT
Maximum Strain
1
tuL
2
Ttu
Failure Mode
or
1
cu
L
or
2
cu
T
12
suLT
shear
Failure occurs when any above ratio is greater than one. Note that local ply stress and strain
components are used to evaluate failure.
14
Follows form of Von Mises quadratic stress failure criterion for isotropic materials:
1
( 2 1 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 + ( 3 2 )2 1 for NO failure
2S y
where: Sy = yield strength
2
Fxx 12 + Fyy 22 + Fss 12
+ Fx 1 + Fy 2 + Fs 12 + 2 Fxy 1 2 1 for NO failure
where:
Fxx =
1
F FLcu
Fyy =
tu
L
Fxy =
1
F F
tu cu
T T
Fx =
1
1
cu
tu
FL
FL
1
(Fxx Fyy )12
2
Fss =
12
+ su 1
FLT
2
tu + 12
su
F LT
FT
2 FTcu
12
2
su + su 1 cu + su 1
FT
2 FLT 2 FLT
FLT
15
Fy =
1
su 2
LT
(F )
1
1
cu
tu
FT
FT
Nx
Nx
0
0
- 45
- 45
90
90
45
45
0
0
group 5
See Cross
Section Detail
group 4
group 3
group 2
100
group 1
Mx
(in-lbf)
z = 0.025"
z = 0.015"
z = 0.005"
z = 0.0
z = - 0.005"
z = - 0.015"
z = - 0.025"
0
2
x-axis (in.)
At center span, the total forces acting are N x = 2,000 lbf and M x = 100 in-lbf. Computed from
these total forces and moments are the loading per unit width which are used in the analysis:
Nx =
Nx
= 1,000
W
lbf
in
Mx =
Mx
in lbf
= 50
W
in
The methodologies presented in sections 5.1 and 5.2 can now be followed to determine the
laminate stiffness matrices, the laminate response to the applied loading, and the local
components of stress and strain in each ply. Local stress and strain components are used to
evaluate failure since strength data is available with respect to the material principal axes.
16
Analysis Results:
Laminate A, B, D and alpha, beta, delta matrices:
A11 = 7.07e+005 lbf/in
A22 = 4.58e+005 lbf/in
A12 = 1.35e+005 lbf/in
A66 = 1.66e+005 lbf/in
A16 = 0.00e+000 lbf/in
A26 = 1.46e-011 lbf/in
eoxy = 1.14e-003
kxy = 7.03e-002 1/in
On-axis stresses and strains (based on each ply local fiber-oriented axes):
Ply group 1, 0 deg.:
Lower Surface
s1 = -1.06e+005 psi
s2 = 6.33e+002 psi
s12 = -6.44e+002 psi
e1 = -4.05e-003
e2 = 1.56e-003
e12 = -6.19e-004
Upper Surface
s1 = -4.69e+004 psi
s2 = 4.79e+002 psi
s12 = 8.73e+001 psi
e1 = -1.79e-003
e2 = 8.22e-004
e12 = 8.40e-005
Upper Surface
s1 = 1.76e+004 psi
s2 = 1.04e+002 psi
s12 = -3.91e+002 psi
e1 = 6.69e-004
e2 = -1.18e-004
e12 = -3.76e-004
Upper Surface
s1 = -1.59e+004 psi
s2 = 3.81e+003 psi
s12 = -1.55e+003 psi
e1 = -6.47e-004
e2 = 2.72e-003
e12 = -1.49e-003
17
Upper Surface
s1 = 1.97e+004 psi
s2 = 4.64e+003 psi
s12 = 6.61e+003 psi
e1 = 7.02e-004
e2 = 2.89e-003
e12 = 6.36e-003
Upper Surface
s1 = 1.90e+005 psi
s2 = -1.34e+002 psi
s12 = 3.01e+003 psi
e1 = 7.23e-003
e2 = -2.12e-003
e12 = 2.90e-003
Failure Prediction:
Maximum Stress Ratios of Actual over Allowable:
Ply group 5, 0 deg.:
Upper Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.87 0.00
Lower Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.60 0.00
Ply group 4, -45 deg.:
Upper Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.09 0.80
Lower Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.04 0.48
Ply group 3, 90 deg.:
Upper Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.07 0.66
Lower Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.01 0.13
Ply group 2, 45 deg.:
Upper Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.08 0.02
Lower Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.05 0.03
Ply group 1, 0 deg.:
Upper Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.22 0.08
Lower Surface fiber, matrix, & shear 0.49 0.11
0.31
0.23
0.67
0.36
0.16
0.08
0.04
0.28
0.01
0.07
0.31
0.23
0.67
0.36
0.16
0.08
0.04
0.28
0.01
0.07
18
12 = 0.30
E2 = 1.30 Msi
0 4.70
0
[B] =
0 4.70 10 2
sym.
0
lbf
in
lbf
0
4.39 3.02
[D] =
4.39
0 in lbf
sym.
3.44
What do the non-zero terms in the [B] matrix mean (what sort of coupling is present)? Why are
the 1-6 and 2-6 terms in the A matrix zero? What would non-zero 1-6 and 2-6 terms in the A
matrix mean? Why are the 1-1 and 2-2 terms of the A and D matrices the same? How will the
laminate deform if a tensile load is applied in the 1-direction?
19