Beam 188

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BEAM188
3-D2-NodeBeam
MPMESTPRPRNDSDSS<><><><>PPVTEMEMFS
ProductRestrictions
BEAM188ElementDescription
BEAM188issuitableforanalyzingslendertomoderatelystubby/thickbeam
structures.TheelementisbasedonTimoshenkobeamtheorywhichincludes
shear-deformationeffects.Theelementprovidesoptionsforunrestrainedwarping
andrestrainedwarpingofcross-sections.
Theelementisalinear,quadratic,orcubictwo-nodebeamelementin3-D.
BEAM188hassixorsevendegreesoffreedomateachnode.Theseinclude
translationsinthex,y,andzdirectionsandrotationsaboutthex,y,andz
directions.Aseventhdegreeoffreedom(warpingmagnitude)isoptional.This
elementiswell-suitedforlinear,largerotation,and/orlargestrainnonlinear
applications.
Theelementincludesstressstiffnessterms,bydefault,inanyanalysiswithlarge
deflection.Theprovidedstress-stiffnesstermsenabletheelementstoanalyze
flexural,lateral,andtorsionalstabilityproblems(usingeigenvaluebuckling,or
collapsestudieswitharclengthmethodsornonlinearstabilization).
Elasticity,plasticity,creepandothernonlinearmaterialmodelsaresupported.A
cross-sectionassociatedwiththiselementtypecanbeabuilt-upsection
referencingmorethanonematerial.
Figure188.1BEAM188Geometry
ContainsproprietaryandconfidentialinformationofANSYS,Inc.
anditssubsidiariesandaffiliates
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BEAM188ElementTechnologyandUsage
Recommendations
BEAM188isbasedonTimoshenkobeamtheory,whichisafirst-ordersheardeformationtheory:transverse-shearstrainisconstantthroughthecross-section
(thatis,cross-sectionsremainplaneandundistortedafterdeformation).
Theelementcanbeusedforslenderorstoutbeams.Duetothelimitationsoffirstordershear-deformationtheory,slendertomoderatelythickbeamscanbe
2
analyzed.Usetheslendernessratioofabeamstructure(GAL /(EI))tojudge
theapplicabilityoftheelement,where:
G
Shearmodulus
A
Areaofthecross-section
L
Lengthofthemember(nottheelementlength)
EI
Flexuralrigidity
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Calculatetheratiousingsomeglobaldistancemeasures,ratherthanbasingit
uponindividualelementdimensions.Thefollowingillustrationshowsanestimate
oftransverse-sheardeformationinacantileverbeamsubjectedtoatipload.
Althoughtheresultscannotbeextrapolatedtoanyotherapplication,theexample
serveswellasageneralguideline.Aslendernessratiogreaterthan30is
recommended.
Figure188.2Transverse-ShearDeformationEstimation
2
SlendernessRatio(GAL /(EI)) Timoshenko/Euler-Bernoulli
25
1.120
50
1.060
100
1.030
1000
1.003
Theelementsupportsanelasticrelationshipbetweentransverse-shearforcesand
transverse-shearstrains.Youcanoverridedefaultvaluesoftransverse-shear
stiffnessesviatheSECCONTROLScommand.
BEAM188doesnotusehigher-ordertheoriestoaccountforvariationin
distributionofshearstresses.Usesolidelementsifsucheffectsmustbe
considered.
BEAM188supportsrestrainedwarpinganalysisbymakingavailableaseventh
degreeoffreedomateachbeamnode.Bydefault,BEAM188elementsassume
thatthewarpingofacross-sectionissmallenoughthatitcanbeneglected
(KEYOPT(1)=0).Youcanactivatethewarpingdegreeoffreedombyusing
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(KEYOPT(1)=0).Youcanactivatethewarpingdegreeoffreedombyusing
KEYOPT(1)=1.Withthewarpingdegreeoffreedomactivated,eachnodehas
sevendegreesoffreedom:UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZ,andWARP.With
KEYOPT(1)=1,bimomentandbicurvatureareoutput.
WhenKEYOPT(3)=0(linear,default),BEAM188isbasedonlinearshape
functions.Itusesonepointofintegrationalongthelength;therefore,allelement
solutionquantitiesareconstantalongthelength.Forexample,whenSMISC
quantitiesarerequestedatnodesIandJ,thecentroidalvaluesarereportedfor
bothendnodes.Thisoptionisrecommendediftheelementisusedasstiffener
anditisnecessarytomaintaincompatibilitywithafirst-ordershellelement(such
asSHELL181).Onlyconstantbendingmomentscanberepresentedexactlywith
thisoption.Meshrefinementisgenerallyrequiredintypicalapplications.
WhenKEYOPT(3)=2(quadratic),BEAM188hasaninternalnodeinthe
interpolationscheme,effectivelymakingthisabeamelementbasedonquadratic
shapefunctions.Twopointsofintegrationareused,resultinginlinearvariationof
elementsolutionquantitiesalongthelength.Linearlyvaryingbendingmoments
arerepresentedexactly.
WhenKEYOPT(3)=3(cubic),BEAM188hastwointernalnodesandadoptscubic
shapefunctions.Quadraticallyvaryingbendingmomentsarerepresentedexactly.
Threepointsofintegrationalongthelengthareused,resultinginquadratic
variationofelementsolutionquantitiesalongthelength.Unliketypicalcubic
(Hermitian)formulations,cubicinterpolationisusedforalldisplacementsand
rotations.
Quadraticandcubicoptionsarerecommendedwhenhigher-orderelement
interpolationsaredesiredinsituationswhere:
Theelementisassociatedwithtaperedcross-sections.
Nonuniformloads(includingtapereddistributedloads)existwithinthe
element;inthiscase,thecubicoptiongivessuperiorresultsoverthe
quadraticoption.
(Forpartiallydistributedloadsandnon-nodalpointloads,onlythecubic
optionisvalid.)
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optionisvalid.)
Theelementmayundergohighlynonuniformdeformation(forexample,
whenindividualframemembersincivilengineeringstructuresare
modeledwithsingleelements).
Inpractice,whentwoelementswithrestrainedwarpingcometogetherata
sharpangle,youneedtocouplethedisplacementsandrotations,butleavethe
out-of-planewarpingdecoupled.Thisisnormallyaccomplishedbyhavingtwo
nodesataphysicallocationandusingappropriateconstraints.Thisprocessis
madeeasier(orautomated)bytheENDRELEASEcommand,whichdecouples
theout-ofplanewarpingforanyadjacentelementswithcross-sections
intersectingatananglegreaterthan20degrees.
BEAM188allowschangeincross-sectionalinertiapropertiesasafunctionofaxial
elongation.Bydefault,thecross-sectionalareachangessuchthatthevolumeof
theelementispreservedafterdeformation.Thedefaultissuitableforelastoplastic
applications.ByusingKEYOPT(2),youcanchoosetokeepthecross-section
constantorrigid.Scalingisnotanoptionfornonlineargeneralbeamsections
(SECTYPE,,GENB).
TwolimitationsareassociatedwiththequadraticandcubicoptionsinBEAM188:
Althoughtheelementsemployhigher-orderinterpolations,theinitial
geometryofBEAM188istreatedasstraight.
Becausetheinternalnodesareinaccessible,noboundary/loading/initial
conditionsareallowedontheseinternalnodes.
Asaresultofthelimitationsassociatedwiththequadraticandcubicoptions,you
willnoticediscrepanciesintheresultsbetweenBEAM189andthequadratic
optionofBEAM188ifthemidsidenodesoftheBEAM189modelhavespecified
boundary/loading/initialconditionsand/orthemidsidenodesarenotlocated
exactlyattheelementmidpoint.Similarly,thecubicoptionofBEAM188maynot
beidenticaltoatraditionalcubic(Hermitian)beamelement.
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Forthemassmatrixandevaluationofconsistentloadvectors,ahigherorder
integrationrulethanthatusedforstiffnessmatrixisemployed.Theelements
supportbothconsistentandlumpedmassmatrices.UseLUMPM,ONtoactivate
lumpedmassmatrix.Consistentmassmatrixisusedbydefault.Anaddedmass
perunitlengthcanbeinputwiththeADDMASsectioncontrols.See"BEAM188
InputSummary".
TheSt.Venantwarpingfunctionsfortorsionalbehavioraredeterminedinthe
undeformedstate,andareusedtodefineshearstrainevenafteryielding.No
optionsareavailableforrecalculatingindeformedconfigurationthetorsional
sheardistributiononcross-sectionsduringtheanalysisandpossiblepartialplastic
yieldingofcross-sections.Assuch,largeinelasticdeformationduetotorsional
loadingshouldbetreatedandverifiedwithcaution.Undersuchcircumstances,
alternativemodelingusingsolidorshellelementsisrecommended.
BEAM188InputData
Thegeometry,nodelocations,coordinatesystem,andpressuredirectionsforthis
elementareshowninFigure188.1.BEAM188isdefinedbynodesIandJinthe
globalcoordinatesystem.
NodeKisapreferredwaytodefinetheorientationoftheelement.Forinformation
aboutorientationnodesandbeammeshing,seeGeneratingaBeamMeshWith
OrientationNodesintheModelingandMeshingGuide.SeetheLMESHand
LATTcommanddescriptionsfordetailsongeneratingtheKnodeautomatically.
BEAM188canalsobedefinedwithouttheorientationnodeK.Inthiscase,the
elementx-axisisorientedfromnodeI(end1)towardnodeJ(end2).Ifno
orientationnodeisused,thedefaultorientationoftheelementy-axisis
automaticallycalculatedtobeparalleltotheglobalX-Yplane.Forthecasewhere
theelementisparalleltotheglobalZ-axis(orwithina0.01percentslopeofit),
theelementy-axisisorientedparalleltotheglobalY-axis(asshown).Tocontrol
theelementorientationabouttheelementx-axis,usetheorientation-node
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theelementorientationabouttheelementx-axis,usetheorientation-node
option.Ifbotharedefined,theorientation-nodeoptiontakesprecedence.The
orientationnodeK,ifused,definesaplane(withIandJ)containingtheelementx
andz-axes(asshown).Ifusingthiselementinalarge-deflectionanalysis,be
awarethatthelocationoftheorientationnodeKisusedonlytoinitiallyorient
theelement.
ThenumberofdegreesoffreedomdependsonthevalueofKEYOPT(1).When
KEYOPT(1)=0(thedefault),sixdegreesoffreedomoccurateachnode.These
includetranslationsinthex,y,andzdirectionsandrotationsaboutthex,y,andz
directions.WhenKEYOPT(1)=1,aseventhdegreeoffreedom(warping
magnitude)isalsoconsidered.
Thebeamelementisaone-dimensionallineelementinspace.Thecross-section
detailsareprovidedseparatelyviatheSECTYPEandSECDATAcommands.
(SeeBeamAnalysisandcross-sectionsintheStructuralAnalysisGuidefor
details).Asectionisassociatedwiththebeamelementsbyspecifyingthesection
IDnumber(SECNUM).Asectionnumberisanindependentelementattribute.In
additiontoaconstantcross-section,youcanalsodefineataperedcross-section
byusingtheTAPERoptionontheSECTYPEcommand(seeDefiningaTapered
Beam).
BEAM188ignoresanyrealconstantdata.SeetheSECCONTROLScommandfor
definingthetransverse-shearstiffnessandaddedmass.
Asummaryoftheelementinputisgivenin"BEAM188InputSummary".
BEAM188Cross-Sections
BEAM188canbeassociatedwiththesecross-sectiontypes:
Standardlibrarysectiontypesorusermesheswhichdefinethegeometry
ofthebeamcross-section(SECTYPE,,BEAM).Thematerialofthebeam
isdefinedeitherasanelementattribute(MAT),oraspartofsection
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buildup(formulti-materialcross-sections).
Generalizedbeamcross-sections(SECTYPE,,GENB),wherethe
relationshipsofgeneralizedstressestogeneralizedstrainsareinput
directly.
Taperedbeamcross-sections(SECTYPE,,TAPER),whereastandard
librarysectionorusermeshdefineseachendofthebeam.
StandardLibrarySections
BEAM188elementsareprovidedwithsection-relevantquantities(areaof
integration,position,etc.)automaticallyatanumberofsectionpointsusing
SECTYPEandSECDATA.Eachsectionisassumedtobeanassemblyofa
predeterminednumberofnine-nodecells.Eachcross-sectioncellhasfour
integrationpointsandeachcanbeassociatedwithanindependentmaterialtype.
Figure188.3Cross-SectionCells
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Thenumberofcellsinthecross-sectionsinfluencestheaccuracyofsection
propertiesandabilitytomodelnonlinearstress-strainrelationshipthroughthe
cross-section.Theelementhasanestedstructureofintegration(alongthelength
andinthecross-section).
Whenthematerialassociatedwiththeelementshasinelasticbehaviororwhenthe
temperaturevariesacrossthesection,constitutivecalculationsareperformedat
thesectionintegrationpoints.Formorecommonelasticapplications,theelement
usesprecalculatedpropertiesofthesectionattheelementintegrationpoints;
however,thestressesandstrainsarecalculatedintheoutputpassatthesection
integrationpoints.Elementoutputisavailableattheintegrationpoints,aswellas
valuesextrapolatedtotheelementandsectionnodes.
IfthesectionisassignedthesubtypeASEC,onlythegeneralizedstressesand
strains(axialforce,bendingmoments,transverseshears,curvatures,andshear
strains)areavailableforoutput.3-Dcontourplotsanddeformedshapesarenot
available.TheASECsubtypeisdisplayedonlyasathinrectangletoverifybeam
orientation.
BEAM188ishelpfulforanalyzingbuilt-upbeams(thatis,thosefabricatedoftwo
ormorepiecesofmaterialjoinedtogethertoformasingle,solidbeam).The
piecesareassumedtobeperfectlybondedtogether;therefore,thebeambehaves
asasinglemember.
Themulti-materialcross-sectioncapabilityisapplicableonlywherethe
assumptionsofabeambehavior(TimoshenkoorBernoulli-Eulerbeamtheory)
holds.
Inotherwords,whatissupportedisasimpleextensionofaconventional
Timoshenkobeamtheory.Itcanbeusedinapplicationssuchas:
Bimetallicstrips
Beamswithmetallicreinforcement
Sensorswherelayersofadifferentmaterialhasbeendeposited
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BEAM188doesnotaccountforcouplingofbendingandtwistingatthesection
stiffnesslevel.Thetransverseshearsarealsotreatedinanuncoupledmanner.
Thiscanhaveasignificanteffectonlayeredcompositeandsandwichbeamsifthe
lay-upisunbalanced.
AlwaysvalidatetheapplicationofBEAM188,eitherwithexperimentsorother
numericalanalysis.Usetherestrainedwarpingoptionwithbuilt-upsectionsafter
dueverification.
KEYOPT(15)specifiestheformatofthe.rstresultsfile.ForKEYOPT(15)=0,
theformatgivesonlyoneaveragedresultateachsectioncornernode;therefore,
thisoptiontypicallyappliestohomogeneoussections.ForKEYOPT(15)=1,the
formatgivesoneresultforeachsectionintegrationpoint;therefore,thisoption
typicallyappliestobuilt-upsectionswithmultiplematerials(andgeneratesalarger
resultsfile).
GeneralizedBeamCross-Sections
Whenusingnonlineargeneralbeamsections,neitherthegeometricpropertiesnor
thematerialisexplicitlyspecified.Generalizedstressimpliestheaxialforce,
bendingmoments,torque,andtransverse-shearforces.Similarly,generalized
strainimpliestheaxialstrain,bendingcurvatures,twistingcurvature,and
transverse-shearstrains.(Formoreinformation,seenonlineargeneralbeam
sections.)Thisisanabstractmethodforrepresentingcross-sectionbehavior;
therefore,inputoftenconsistsofexperimentaldataortheresultsofother
analyses.
Generally,BEAM188supportsanelasticrelationshipbetweentransverse-shear
forcesandtransverse-shearstrains.YoucanoverridedefaultvaluesoftransverseshearstiffnessesviatheSECCONTROLScommand.
Whenthebeamelementisassociatedwithageneralizedbeam(SECTYPE,,
GENB)cross-sectiontype,therelationshipoftransverse-shearforcetothe
transverse-shearstraincanbenonlinearelasticorplastic,anespeciallyuseful
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transverse-shearstraincanbenonlinearelasticorplastic,anespeciallyuseful
capabilitywhenflexiblespotweldsaremodeled.Insuchacase,the
SECCONTROLScommanddoesnotapply.
TaperedBeamCross-Sections
Alinearlytaperedbeamisdefinedbyspecifyingastandardlibrarysectionoruser
meshateachendofthebeam.Thesectiongeometriesarespecifiedatglobal
coordinates,thenlinearinterpolatedandevaluatedattheelement.Thesectionsat
theendpointsmustbetopologicallyidentical.(Formoreinformation,see
DefiningaTaperedBeam.)
BEAM188Loads
Forcesareappliedatthenodes(whichalsodefinetheelementx-axis).Ifthe
centroidalaxisisnotcolinearwiththeelementx-axis,appliedaxialforceswill
causebending.Appliedshearforcescausetorsionalstrainsandmomentifthe
centroidandshearcenterofthecross-sectionaredifferent.Thenodesshould
thereforebelocatedatthedesiredpointswhereyouwanttoapplytheforces.Use
theOFFSETYandOFFSETZargumentsoftheSECOFFSETcommand
appropriately.Bydefault,theprogramusesthecentroidasthereferenceaxisfor
thebeamelements.
ElementloadsaredescribedinNodalLoading.Pressurescanbeinputassurface
loadsontheelementfacesasshownbythecirclednumbersinFigure188.1.
Positivenormalpressuresactintotheelement.Lateralpressuresareinputasforce
perunitlength.End"pressures"areinputasforces.
Atbothendsoftheelement,temperaturescanbeinputattheselocations:
Attheelementx-axis(T(0,0))
Atoneunitfromthex-axisintheelementy-direction(T(1,0))
Atoneunitfromthex-axisintheelementz-direction(T(0,1))
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Elementlocations(T(y,z))aregivenaccordingtotheconventionusedinFigure
188.1.
Forbeamelements,elementbodyloadcommands(BFE)acceptanelement
numberandalistofvalues,1through6fortemperaturesTI(0,0),TI(1,0),TI
(0,1),TJ(0,0),TJ(1,0),andT J(0,1).Thisinputcanbeusedtospecifytemperature
gradientsthatvarylinearlybothoverthecrosssectionandalongthelengthofthe
element.
Thefollowingdefaultsapplytoelementtemperatureinput:
Ifalltemperaturesafterthefirstareunspecified,theydefaulttothefirst.
Thispatternappliesauniformtemperatureovertheentireelement.(The
firstcoordinatetemperature,ifunspecified,defaultstoTUNIF.)
IfallthreetemperaturesatnodeIareinput,andalltemperaturesatnode
Jareunspecified,thenodeJtemperaturesdefaulttothecorresponding
nodeItemperatures.Thispatternappliesatemperaturegradientthat
varieslinearlyoverthecrosssectionbutremainsconstantalongthe
lengthoftheelement.
Foranyotherinputpattern,unspecifiedtemperaturesdefaulttoTUNIF.
Alternatively,temperaturesatnodesIandJcanbedefinedusingnodalbody
loads(BF,NODE,TEMP,VAL1).Whenusinganodalbodyloadtodefinea
temperature,auniformtemperatureisappliedoverthecrosssectionatthe
specifiednode.
YoucanapplyaninitialstressstatetothiselementviatheINISTATEcommand.
Formoreinformation,see"InitialState"intheBasicAnalysisGuide .
Theeffectsofpressureloadstiffnessareautomaticallyincludedforthiselement.If
anunsymmetricmatrixisneededforpressureloadstiffnesseffects,useNROPT,
UNSYM.
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BEAM188InputSummary
Nodes
I,J,K(K,theorientationnode,isoptionalbutrecommended)
DegreesofFreedom
UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZifKEYOPT(1)=0
UX,UY,UZ,ROTX,ROTY,ROTZ,WARPifKEYOPT(1)=1
SectionControls
TXZ,TXY,ADDMAS(SeeSECCONTROLS)
(TXZandTXYdefaulttoA*GXZandA*GXY,respectively,whereA=crosssectionalarea)
MaterialProperties
EX,(PRXY,orNUXY),GXY,GXZ
ALPX,(orCTEX,orTHSX)
DENS,ALPD,BETD
SurfaceLoads
Pressure--
face1(I-J)(-znormaldirection)
face2(I-J)(-ynormaldirection)
face3(I-J)(+xtangentialdirection)
face4(I)(+xaxialdirection)
face5(J)(-xaxialdirection)
--IandJdenotetheendnodes.
Useanegativevalueforloadingintheoppositedirection.
IssuetheSFBEAMcommandtospecifysurfaceloads.
Forfaces1,2,and3,offsetsapplyonlyifyouareusingthecubic
option(KEYOPT(3)=3).
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option(KEYOPT(3)=3).
BodyLoads
Temperatures--
T(0,0),T(1,0),T(0,1)ateachendnode
SpecialFeatures
Birthanddeath(requiresKEYOPT(11)=1)
Elementtechnologyautoselect
Generalizedcross-section
Initialstate
Largedeflection
Largestrain
Linearperturbation
Nonlinearstabilization
Plasticity
Stressstiffening
User-definedmaterial
Viscoelasticity
Viscoplasticity/Creep
KEYOPT(1)
Warpingdegreeoffreedom:
0--
Sixdegreesoffreedompernode,unrestrainedwarping(default)
1--
Sevendegreesoffreedompernode(includingwarping).Bimoment
andbicurvatureareoutput.
KEYOPT(2)
Cross-sectionscaling,appliesonlyifNLGEOM,ONhasbeeninvoked:
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0--
Cross-sectionisscaledasafunctionofaxialstretch(default)
1--
Sectionisassumedtoberigid(classicalbeamtheory)
KEYOPT(3)
Shapefunctionsalongthelength:
0--
Linear(default)
2--
Quadratic
3--
Cubic
KEYOPT(4)
Shearstressoutput:
0--
Outputonlytorsion-relatedshearstresses(default)
1--
Outputonlyflexure-relatedtransverse-shearstresses
2--
Outputacombinedstateoftheprevioustwotypes
KEYOPT(6),KEYOPT(7),andKEYOPT(9)
activeonlywhenOUTPR,ESOLisactive:
KEYOPT(6)
Outputcontrolforsectionforces/momentsandstrains/curvatures:
0--
Outputsectionforces/momentsandstrains/curvaturesatintegration
pointsalongthelength(default)
1--
SameasKEYOPT(6)=0pluscurrentsectionarea
2--
SameasKEYOPT(6)=1pluselementbasisdirections(X,Y,Z)
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SameasKEYOPT(6)=1pluselementbasisdirections(X,Y,Z)
3--
Outputsectionforces/momentsandstrains/curvaturesextrapolated
totheelementnodes
KEYOPT(7)
Outputcontrolatintegrationpoints(notavailablewhensectionsubtype=
ASEC):
0--
None(default)
1--
Maximumandminimumstresses/strains
2--
SameasKEYOPT(7)=1plusstressesandstrainsateachsection
point
KEYOPT(9)
Outputcontrolforvaluesextrapolatedtotheelementandsectionnodes
(notavailablewhensectionsubtype=ASEC):
0--
None(default)
1--
Maximumandminimumstresses/strains
2--
SameasKEYOPT(9)=1plusstressesandstrainsalongtheexterior
boundaryofthecross-section
3--
SameasKEYOPT(9)=1plusstressesandstrainsatallsection
nodes
KEYOPT(11)
Setsectionproperties:
0--
Automaticallydetermineifpreintegratedsectionpropertiescanbe
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used(default)
1--
Usenumericalintegrationofsection
KEYOPT(12)
Taperedsectiontreatment:
0--
Lineartaperedsectionanalysis;cross-sectionpropertiesare
evaluatedateachGausspoint(default).Thisismoreaccurate,but
computationallyintensive.
1--
Averagecross-sectionanalysis;forelementswithtaperedsections,
cross-sectionpropertiesareevaluatedatthecentroidonly.Thisisan
approximationoftheorderofthemeshsize;however,itisfaster.
KEYOPT(15)
Resultsfileformat:
0--
Storeaveragedresultsateachsectioncornernode(default).
1--
Storenon-averagedresultsateachsectionintegrationpoint.(The
volumeofdatamaybeexcessive.Thisoptionistypicallyusefulfor
built-upsectionswithmultiplematerialsonly.)
BEAM188OutputData
Thesolutionoutputassociatedwiththeseelementsisintwoforms:
Nodaldisplacementsandreactionsincludedintheoverallnodalsolution
AdditionalelementoutputasdescribedinTable188.1:BEAM188
ElementOutputDefinitions
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Toview3-DdeformedshapesforBEAM188,issueanOUTRES,MISCor
OUTRES,ALLcommandforstaticortransientanalyses.Toview3-Dmodeshapes
foramodaloreigenvaluebucklinganalysis,youmustexpandthemodeswith
elementresultscalculationactive(viatheMXPANDcommand'sElcalc=YES
option).
LinearizedStress
Itiscustomaryinbeamdesigntoemploycomponentsofaxialstressthat
contributetoaxialloadsandbendingineachdirectionseparately;therefore,
BEAM188providesalinearizedstressoutputaspartofitsSMISCoutputrecord,as
indicatedinthefollowingdefinitions:
SDIRisthestresscomponentduetoaxialload.
SDIR=Fx/A,whereFxistheaxialload(SMISCquantities1and14)andAisthe
areaofthecross-section.
SByTandSByBarebending-stresscomponents.
SByT=-Mz*ymax/Izz
SByB=-Mz*ymin /Izz
SBzT=Mz*zmax/Iyy
SBzB=Mz*z min /Iyy
whereMy,Mzarebendingmomentsinthebeamcoordinatesystem(SMISC
quantities2,15,3,16),asshowninFigure188.1.Coordinatesymax,ymin ,zmax,
andzmin arethemaximumandminimumy,zcoordinatesinthecross-section
measuredfromthecentroid.ValuesIyyandIzzaremomentsofinertiaofthe
cross-section.ExceptfortheASECtypeofbeamcross-section,theprogramuses
themaximumandminimumcross-sectiondimensions.FortheASECtypeofcrosssection,themaximumandminimumineachofyandydirectionisassumedtobe
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section,themaximumandminimumineachofyandydirectionisassumedtobe
+0.5to-0.5,respectively.
Correspondingdefinitionsforthecomponentstrainsare:
EPELDIR=Ex
EPELByT=-Kz*ymax
EPELByB=-Kz*ymin
EPELBzT=Kz*z max
EPELBzB=Kz*zmin
whereEx,Ky,andKzaregeneralizedstrainsandcurvatures(SMISCquantities
7,8,9,20,21and22).
Thereportedstressesarestrictlyvalidonlyforelasticbehaviorofmembers.
BEAM188alwaysemployscombinedstressesinordertosupportnonlinear
materialbehavior.Whentheelementsareassociatedwithnonlinearmaterials,the
componentstressescanatbestberegardedaslinearizedapproximationsand
shouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
WhenusingKEYOPT(7)withthecubicoption(KEYOPT(3)=3),theintegration
pointatthemiddleoftheelementisreportedlastintheintegration-point
printout.
TheElementOutputDefinitionstableusesthefollowingnotation:
Acolon(:)intheNamecolumnindicatesthattheitemcanbeaccessedbythe
ComponentNamemethod(ETABLE,ESOL).TheOcolumnindicatesthe
availabilityoftheitemsinthefileJobname.OUT.TheRcolumnindicatesthe
availabilityoftheitemsintheresultsfile.
IneithertheOorRcolumns,Yindicatesthattheitemis always available,a
numberreferstoatablefootnotethatdescribeswhentheitemisconditionally
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available,and-indicatesthattheitemisnotavailable.
Table188.1BEAM188ElementOutputDefinitions
Name
Definition
O R
EL
Elementnumber
Y Y
NODES
Elementconnectivity
Y Y
MAT
Materialnumber
Y Y
C.G.:X,Y,Z
Elementcenterofgravity
Y 1
Area
Areaofcross-section
2 Y
SF:y,z
Sectionshearforces
2 Y
SE:y,z
Sectionshearstrains
2 Y
S:xx,xy,xz
Sectionpointstresses
3 Y
EPEL:xx,xy,xz
Elasticstrains
3 Y
EPTO:xx,xy,xz
Sectionpointtotalmechanicalstrains
(EPEL+EPPL+EPCR)
3 Y
EPTT:xx,xy,xz
Sectionpointtotalstrains(EPEL+EPPL+ 3 Y
EPCR+EPTH)
EPPL:xx,xy,xz
Sectionpointplasticstrains
3 Y
EPCR:xx,xy,xz
Sectionpointcreepstrains
3 Y
EPTH:xx
Sectionpointthermalstrains
3 Y
NL:EPEQ
Accumulatedequivalentplasticstrain
NL:CREQ
Accumulatedequivalentcreepstrain
NL:SRAT
Plasticyielding(1=activelyyielding,0=
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notyielding)
NL:PLWK
Plasticwork
NL:EPEQ
Accumulatedequivalentplasticstrain
SEND:ELASTIC,
PLASTIC,CREEP
Strainenergydensities
TQ
Torsionalmoment
Y Y
TE
Torsionalstrain
Y Y
Ky,Kz
Curvature
Y Y
Ex
Axialstrain
Y Y
Fx
Axialforce
Y Y
My,Mz
Bendingmoments
Y Y
BM
Warpingbimoment
4 4
BK
Warpingbicurvature
4 4
SDIR
Axialdirectstress
SByT
Bendingstressontheelement+Ysideof
thebeam
SByB
Bendingstressontheelement-Ysideof
thebeam
SBzT
Bendingstressontheelement+Zsideof
thebeam
SBzB
Bendingstressontheelement-Zsideof
thebeam
EPELDIR
Axialstrainattheend
EPELByT
Bendingstrainontheelement+Ysideof
ElementReference
Page:22
thebeam.
EPELByB
Bendingstrainontheelement-Ysideof
thebeam.
EPELBzT
Bendingstrainontheelement+Zsideof
thebeam.
EPELBzB
Bendingstrainontheelement-Zsideof
thebeam.
TEMP
Temperaturesatallsectioncornernodes.
LOCI:X,Y,Z
Integrationpointlocations
SVAR:1,2,...,N
Statevariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Availableonlyatthecentroidasa*GETitem.
SeeKEYOPT(6)description.
SeeKEYOPT(7)andKEYOPT(9)descriptions.
SeeKEYOPT(1)description.
Availableiftheelementhasanonlinearmaterial.
AvailableonlyifOUTRES,LOCIcommandisused.
AvailableonlyiftheUserMatsubroutineandTB,STATE
commandareused.
MoreoutputisdescribedviathePRESOLand*GET,,SECRcommandsinPOST1.
Table188.2:BEAM188ItemandSequenceNumberslistsoutputavailablevia
ETABLEusingtheSequenceNumbermethod.SeeCreatinganElementTablein
theBasicAnalysisGuide andTheItemandSequenceNumberTableinthis
manualformoreinformation.Table188.2:BEAM188ItemandSequence
Numbersusesthefollowingnotation:
Name
outputquantityasdefinedintheTable188.1:BEAM188ElementOutput
Definitions
ElementReference
Page:23
Definitions
Item
predeterminedItemlabelforETABLE
I,J
sequencenumberfordataatnodesIandJ
Table188.2BEAM188ItemandSequenceNumbers
OutputQuantityName
ETABLEandESOLCommandInput
Item
Fx
SMISC
14
My
SMISC
15
Mz
SMISC
16
TQ
SMISC
17
SFz
SMISC
18
SFy
SMISC
19
Ex
SMISC
20
Ky
SMISC
21
Kz
SMISC
22
TE
SMISC
10
23
SEz
SMISC
11
24
SEy
SMISC
12
25
Area
SMISC
13
26
BM
SMISC
27
29
ElementReference
Page:24
BK
SMISC
28
30
SDIR
SMISC
31
36
SByT
SMISC
32
37
SByB
SMISC
33
38
SBzT
SMISC
34
39
SBzB
SMISC
35
40
EPELDIR
SMISC
41
46
EPELByT
SMISC
42
47
EPELByB
SMISC
43
48
EPELBzT
SMISC
44
49
EPELBzB
SMISC
45
50
TEMP
SMISC
51-53
54-56
S:xx,xy,xz
LS
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
EPEL:xx,xy,xz
LEPEL
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
EPTH:xx
LEPTH
AI[3],BI[4]
AJ[3],BJ[4]
EPPL:xx,xy,xz
LEPPL
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
EPCR:xx,xy,xz
LEPCR
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
EPTO:xx,xy,xz
LEPTO
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
EPTT:xx,xy,xz
LEPTT
CI[1],DI[2]
CJ[1],DJ[2]
1. CIandCJarethesequencenumbersforaccessingthe
averagedlineelementsolutionquantities(LS,LEPEL,LEPPL,
LEPCR,LEPTO,andLEPTT)atRSTsectionnodes(section
ElementReference
Page:25
cornernodeswhereresultsareavailable),atelementNodeI
andJrespectively.CIandCJareapplicableonlywhenKEYOPT
(15)=0.Foragivensectioncornernodenn,CIandCJare
givenasfollows:
CI=(nn-1)*3+COMP
CJ=(nnMax+nn-1)*3+COMP
WherennMaxisthetotalnumberofRSTsectionnodes,and
COMPisthestressorstraincomponent(1-xx,2-xy,3-xz).
LocationsofRSTsectionnodescanbevisualizedwith
SECPLOT,,6.
2. DIandDJarethesequencenumbersforaccessingthenonaveragedlineelementsolutionquantities(LS,LEPEL,LEPPL,
LEPCR,LEPTO,andLEPTT)atRSTsectionintegrationpoints
(sectionintegrationpointswhereresultsareavailable),at
elementNodeIandJrespectively.DIandDJareapplicable
onlywhenKEYOPT(15)=1.Fortheithintegrationpoint(i=
1,2,3,or4)insectioncellnc,DIandDJaregivenas
follows:
DI=(nc-1)*12+(i-1)*3+COMP
DJ=(ncMax+nc-1)*12+(i-1)*3+COMP
WherencMaxisthetotalnumberofRSTsectioncells,and
COMPisthestressorstraincomponent(1-xx,2-xy,3-xz).
LocationsofRSTsectioncellscanbevisualizedwith
SECPLOT,,7.
3. AIandAJarethesequencenumbersforaccessingthe
averagedlineelementthermalstrainquantitiesLEPTHatRST
sectionnodes(sectioncornernodeswhereresultsare
available),atelementNodeIandJrespectively.AIandAJare
applicableonlywhenKEYOPT(15)=0.Foragivensection
cornernodenn,AIandAJaregivenasfollows:
AI=nn
AJ=nnMax+nn
ElementReference
Page:26
WherennMaxisthetotalnumberofRSTsectionnodes.
LocationsofRSTsectionnodescanbevisualizedwith
SECPLOT,,6.
4. BIandBJarethesequencenumbersforaccessingthenonaveragedlineelementthermalstrainquantitiesLEPTHatRST
sectionintegrationpoints(sectionintegrationpointswhere
resultsareavailable),atelementNodeIandJrespectively.BI
andBJareapplicableonlywhenKEYOPT(15)=1.Fortheith
integrationpoint(i=1,2,3,or4)insectioncellnc,BIand
BJaregivenasfollows:
BI=(nc-1)*4+i
BJ=(ncMax+nc-1)*4+i
WherencMaxisthetotalnumberofRSTsectioncells.
LocationsofRSTsectioncellscanbevisualizedwith
SECPLOT,,7.
Transverse-ShearStressOutput
TheBEAM188formulationisbasedonthreestresscomponents:
oneaxial
twoshearstress
Theshearstressesarecausedbytorsionalandtransverseloads.BEAM188is
basedonfirst-ordershear-deformationtheory,alsopopularlyknownas
Timoshenkobeamtheory.Thetransverse-shearstrainisconstantforthecrosssection;therefore,theshearenergyisbasedonatransverse-shearforce.The
shearforceisredistributedbypredeterminedshear-stressdistributioncoefficients
acrossthebeamcross-section,andmadeavailableforoutputpurposes.By
default,theprogramoutputsonlytheshearstressescausedbytorsionalloading.
UseKEYOPT(4)toactivateoutputofshearstressescausedbyflexureor
transverseloading.
ElementReference
Page:27
Theaccuracyoftransverse-sheardistributionisdirectlyproportionaltothemesh
densityofcross-sectionmodeling(fordeterminationofwarping,shearcenterand
othersectiongeometricproperties).Thetraction-freestateattheedgesofacrosssectionismetonlyinawell-refinedmodelofthecross-section.
Bydefault,theprogramusesameshdensity(forcross-sectionmodeling)that
providesaccurateresultsfortorsionalrigidity,warpingrigidity,inertiaproperties,
andshear-centerdetermination.Thedefaultmeshemployedisalsoappropriate
fornonlinearmaterialcalculations;however,morerefinedcross-sectionmodels
maybenecessaryiftheshearstressdistributionduetotransverseloadsmustbe
capturedveryaccurately.Increasingcross-sectionmeshsizedoesnotimplylarger
computationalcostiftheassociatedmaterialislinear.UsetheSECTYPEand
SECDATAcommandstoadjustcross-sectionmeshdensity.
Thetransverse-sheardistributioncalculationignorestheeffectsofPoisson'sratio.
ThePoisson'sratioaffectstheshear-correctionfactorandshear-stressdistribution
slightly,andthiseffectisignored.
BEAM188AssumptionsandRestrictions
Thebeammustnothavezerolength.
Bydefault(KEYOPT(1)=0),theeffectofwarpingrestraintisassumedto
benegligible.
Cross-sectionfailureorfoldingisnotaccountedfor.
Rotationaldegreesoffreedomarenotincludedinthelumpedmass
matrixifoffsetsarepresent.
TheelementworksbestwiththefullNewton-Raphsonsolutionscheme
(thatis,thedefaultchoiceinsolutioncontrol).
Onlymoderately"thick"beamscanbeanalyzed.See"BEAM188Element
TechnologyandUsageRecommendations"formoreinformation.
Stressstiffeningisalwaysincludedingeometricallynonlinearanalyses
(NLGEOM,ON).PrestresseffectscanbeactivatedbythePSTRES
command.
ElementReference
Page:28
command.
Whentheelementisassociatedwithnonlineargeneralbeamsections
(SECTYPE,,GENB),additionalrestrictionsapply.Formoreinformation,
seeConsiderationsforUsingNonlinearGeneralBeamSections.
Theelementcoordinatesystem(/PSYMB,ESYS)isnotrelevant.
Forarandomvibration(PSD)analysis,equivalentstressisnotcalculated.
BEAM188ProductRestrictions
Whenusedintheproduct(s)listedbelow,thestatedproduct-specificrestrictions
applytothiselementinadditiontothegeneralassumptionsandrestrictionsgiven
intheprevioussection.
ANSYSProfessional.
Theonlyspecialfeaturesallowedarestressstiffeningandlarge
deflections.
Release14.0-2011SASIP,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

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