Copi's 19 Rules

RULES OF INFERENCE
Modus Ponens (MP)
pq
p q

Modus Tollens (MT)

pq
~q ~p

Hypothetical Syllogism (HS)

pq
qr pr

Disjunctive Syllogism (DS)

pq
~p q

Constructive Dilemma (CD)

(p q) (r s)
pr qs

Conjunction (CJ)
p
q pq

Simplification (SP)
pq p

Absorption (AB)
p q p (p q)
p (p q) p q

RULES OF REPLACEMENT:
De Morgans Theorems:
(DEM)

~(p q) (~p ~q)

~(p q) (~p ~q)

Commutation:

(p q) (q p)

(COM)

(p q) (q p)

Association:
(ASN)

[p (q r)] [(p q) r]
[p (q r)] [(p q) r]

Distribution:
(DIS)

[p (q r)] [(p q) (p r)]

[p (q r)] [(p q) (p r)]

Double Negation:
(DN)

p ~~p

Transposition:
(TR)

(p q) (~q ~p)

Implication:
(IMP)

(~p q) (p q)

Equivalence:
(EQ)

(p q) [(p q) (q p)]
(p q) [(p q) (~p ~q)]

Exportation:
(EXP)

[(p q) r] [p (q r)]

Addition (AD)
p pq

Repetition:
(REP)

p (p p)
p (p p)