Lecture 5 Steel Construction (Latest)

S T E E L
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY
Title Slide
Structural Steel
Members and Systems
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fadzil Hassan
Overview of
Structural Steel Members and Systems
Planar Members and Configurations
Spanning Members
Decking / Diaphragms
Space Frames
Linear Configurations
Open Web Joists / Girders
Steel Beams / Girders
Steel Trusses
Lintels
Axially Loaded
S T E E L
CONTENTS
Steel Columns
Steel Bracing
Steel Piles
Structural Steel Members and Systems | CONTENTS
S T E E L
Steel Structures | Overview

CHOICE OF
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
Steel
Reinforced concrete
Timber (domestic)
Aluminum alloy
The choice:
Availability of material
Cost
Speed of erection
Possibility of standardizing the
sizes of the structural
members
Size and nature of site
Fire resistance required
S T E E L

Comparison/similarities:
Steel
Site
consideration
Cost and
speed of
erection
Concrete
Made under factory

condition BS
Fabricate off-site
Erection by skilledlabour, quickly &

accurately
Combination or
skilled & unskilled
Site space required

for storage & mixing
Cheaper in cost but

longer in construction
Early completion but

may be limited due to the
large number of
complicated connections.
Strict supervision on
site
Manufacturing on
site
S T E E L

Comparison/similarities:
Steel
Design
consideration
Extension need to
expose by the removal
of any fire-resisting
casing
Concrete
Flexibility in designmonolithic in nature &

not confine to standard
sections but limit to the
cost of formwork
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Manufacturing: Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Steel Sections
S T E E L
Steel as a material:
- High strength: weight ratio
- Hot rolled and cold rolled sections
- Loses strength rapidly in fires
- Liable to corrosion
- Carbon steel (common strength grade 36,000psi)
- High strength steel (50,000 psi)
Alloys:
Aluminum: improve surface hardening

Chromium: Increase hardness and corrosion resistant
Copper: Increase hardness and corrosion resistant
Manganese: Promotes hardness and wear resistance
Molybdenum: Increase strength and corrosion resistance
Nickel : Increase tensile strength and corrosion resistance
Tungsten : Improve strength retention at high temperatures
S T E E L
Hot Rolled Steel Sections
S T E E L

Hot Rolled Steel Sections:
Process where large pieces of metal, are heated
and then deformed between rollers to form thinner
cross sections.
Shapes: Universal Columns, Universal Beams,
Tees, Channels, Angles, Pound, Rectangular, Boxed,
Plates.
Mainly used for heavy construction primary
elements of large buildings (heavy loading)
S T E E L
Universal Beam & Column Shapes
Angles
Universal Beam
U Channels
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S T E E L

Cold Rolled Steel Sections:
Steel is processed while cold.
It is manufactured from hot rolled coil that
has been chemically cleaned before being
rolled.
The coil is initially cold, however while
being reduced, the coil will get hotter as the
steel work hardens.
The cold rolling reduces the thickness of the

steel and at the same time changes
the mechanical properties of the steel.
Cold rolled steel must be further
processed, as the steel will react with water
in the air and form rust. In most cases, it is
covered with a thin layer of oil to prevent
oxygen reacting with surface.
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S T E E L
Cold-Rolled Steel Section Shapes
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Steel Structures
are skeletal frame systems.
Steel frames can handle heavy loads

and long spans.
Steel is an ideal material for tension applications.
Steel is also very strong in shear.
Field welding is more costly than shop welding.
Field welding is more costly than field bolting.
Steel is fabricated in the shop and assembled

on the site (not a wet trade).
Special attention is required to protect steel
structures against fire and corrosion.
Accuracy, precision and tolerances
are very high in steel construction.
Structural Steel Members and Systems | OVERVIEW
13
Joints and connections are particularly vulnerable and must be designed carefully.
Rigidity of the frame must be secured against buckling (unlike wood and concrete,
steel members are typically slender).
Lateral loads must be resisted through the use of diaphragms, rigid connections,
bracing or shear walls.
Gravitational loads are resisted in roof / floor decking, joists, beams, girders,
columns and walls.
S T E E L
Structural Steel Members and Systems | OVERVIEW
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S T E E L
Steel Welding
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Bolts
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There are four basic connectors used in making structural steel connections.
They are:
- bolts,
- welds,
- pins,and
-rivets.
S T E E L
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTORS
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Rivets
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Steel Structures | Space Frames
Long span system
Light / uniform roof loads
Works best for square bays, but can

accommodate highly irregular configurations
Visually rich, uniform in all directions
Usually left exposed to express visual richness
Linear members - all same size
Essentially a space frame is a 3-dimensional truss,

in other words, two triangulated grids
Depth is constant and equals plan cell dimensions
Cross-Sectional shape : Tubular (Pipe) in shape

Space frames are visually rich, light,
and span great distances.
Structural Steel Members and Systems | SPACE FRAMES
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S T E E L
Cell configuration: tetrahedral, pyramidal
Typical
modules: 4, 5, 8, 12
Overhang: 1/4 span
Joints: balls / socket - all the same

mechanically fastened - bolted / welded / screwed
Different support conditions affect the depth
Space frame assembly (courtesy of Douglas Steel)
Column support - single-point

- multi-point.
Perimeter support - beam / girder
- wall.
Multi-point column support
Multi-point column support
Perimeter Support
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S T E E L
S T E E L
Steel | Decking and Diaphragms
Fabricated from copper-alloy steel.
Deck is galvanized or painted against

moisture and condensation.
May be corrugated or cellular.
Addition of a straight piece of sheet metal

at the bottom can turn corrugations into
electric / information raceways.
Deck transfers a uniform load to the beam
Serves as a platform during construction.
Shear studs make the concrete deck and the steel beam
act together. This is called composite action
Structural Steel Members and Systems | DECKING AND DIAPHRAGMS
22
Serves as formwork and reinforcing for concrete.
Composite construction with concrete.
Welded Wire Mesh / Fabric used in composite construction for

moederating temperature and shrinkage steel.
Deformations on the surface of the metal deck allow the concrete

to bond to the decking.
Perforations in roof deck allow steam of hydration to escape.
S T E E L
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S T E E L
Shear Studs fastened to the top flange of the

supporting beam or girder will create a lock
between the concrete and the top flange.
This creates a composite action in which the

concrete deck and the supporting member act
as a unit.
When concrete is poured in a metal deck,

it is forms a rigid composite structure (diaphragm)
and is enables the floor to lateral loads.
Pouring concrete on deck gives a rigid diaphragm.
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S T E E L
Flexible diaphragms are metal decks that do NOT

have concrete poured in them.
Roof diaphragms are often constructed as flexible

diaphragms (rigid insulation, water-proof
membrane, ballast, etcwithout concrete).
As long as a roof is constructed of panels and

is not monolithic, then the diaphragm is
considered flexible.
Flexible diaphragms
25
S T E E L
Steel Structures | Open Web Joists / Girders
Lightweight structure, capable of long spans.
Repetitive members that are closely spaced

and that support uniform loads.
Support members may be beams,

girders, or load-bearing walls.
Shop fabricated, welded very quickly.
Bar joists have standardized span, depth,

member size, dead and live load capacity.
Span of bar joists depends on: depth, top

and bottom chord areas, web areas,
configuration, and deck load.
Spacing of bar joists depends on the

span capability of the deck (gauge of deck,
spacing, and depth of corrugations).
Ceiling may be hung from bottom chord.
Integration with HVAC - could run parallel,

in between, or perpendicular to bar joists.
Bar joists support uniform loads.
The depth of the bearing seat is variable and depends

on the joist configuration and type of support
Structural Steel Members and Systems | OPEN WEB JOISTS / GIRDERS
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S T E E L
Closer spacing allows shallower floor / roof thickness
Fire rating depends on floor / ceiling material.
Bearing length varies with type and size of open

web joist
Horizontal or diagonal bridging to prevent lateral

movement of top and bottom chords.
Joist span and chord size determine

bridging requirements (10-15 c/c. max).
Horizontal bridging must be top and bottom.
Top chord overhangs are possible.
Horizontal bridging of top and bottom chords.
Diagonal bridging between top and bottom

chords.
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S T E E L
K -SERIES
Shortspans
LH & DLH SERIES

Longspans
8 - 24 Deep
32 - 36 Deep
Typical Web
a Round Bar (Rod)
may also be Crimped Angle
Typical Web
Crimped Angle / Lighter loads
Double Angle / Heavier loads
G - SERIES
Supports other joists
Typical Web
Double Crimped Angles
Top and bottom chords for all bar joists in all series are a pair of angles.
K-Series
LH - Series
DLH - Series
G - Series
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S T E E L
S T E E L
Steel Structures | Beams / Girders
Standard depth ranges from 4 - 44.
Steel beams and girders may receive uniformly

distributed or concentrated loads.
A steel girder is a large member that supports

other beams, joists or decking.
Increasing the depth of a beam, increases

its section modulus which improves its ability
to withstand bending moments.
Bar joists receive a uniform load from the deck. Beam

receives a uniform load from the bar joists and delivers
a concentrated load to the column.
Girder supports loads from decking , bar joists or other

beams.
W Sections
S Sections
Coped Flanges
Coped Flanges
Structural Steel Members and Systems | BEAMS / GIRDERS
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S T E E L
All physical dimensions and

properties of steel shapes are
listed
in tables in the Steel
Manufacturers
Manual.
The further the flanges are

from each other (deeper
beam), the larger the bending
moment capacity of the
section.
Beams that have a thin web or

a narrow flange are
susceptible to lateral buckling.
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S T E E L
In a wide flange beam or girder

subjected to downward gravitational
loads, the top flange is in compression
while the bottom flange is in tension.
The thicker and deeper the web,

the larger the shear capacity of the
shape.
If the web of a member is slender for the

concentrated load it supports, stiffeners
are added to prevent the web from
crippling.
Stiffeners prevent buckling of the web
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S T E E L
The wider and / or thicker the

flanges, the larger the ability
of the structure to
withstanding bending
moment forces.
When deck is parallel to beam compression flange, no lateral

support is provided.
BEAM
GIRDER
When the deck is perpendicular to the beam flange, lateral support is provided.
Since the beam is perpendicular to the girder flange, they provide lateral support.
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S T E E L
Steel Fireproofing
S T E E L
Fireproofing Materials
S T E E L
S T E E L
S T E E L
Fire Protection for Steel

Fire protection in a building, offshore facility or a ship, is a
system with equally important components, including:
Active fire protection, which is detection and suppression
by automatic or manual means
Passive fire protection, which is compartmentalisation of
the fire through the use of walls and floors, and their
components
proven to bear a prescribed fire-resistance rating on
the basis of fire testing and product certification,
organised into fire compartments, which may consist of
one or more rooms or floors,
allowing emergency evacuations and protection of
critical building components, such as an area of refuge
S T E E L
Fire Rating
A fire-resistance rating typically means
the duration for which a passive fire
protection system can withstand a standard
fire resistance test.
This can be quantified simply as a measure
of time, or it may entail a host of other
criteria, involving other evidence of
functionality or fitness for purpose.
S T E E L
Fireproofing structural steel

In order for a fireproofing product to qualify for a
certification listing of structural steel, through a fire
test, the critical temperature is set by the national
standard, which governs the test.
In Japan, this is below 400C. In China, Europe

and North America, it is set at ca. 540C. The time
it takes for the steel element that is being tested to
reach the temperature set by the national standard
determines the duration of the fire-resistance rating.
S T E E L

Care must be taken to ensure that thermal
expansion of structural elements does not
damage fire-resistance rated wall and floor
assemblies.
Penetrants in a firewalls and ferrous cable
trays in organic firestops should be installed
in accordance with an appropriate
certification listing that complies with the
local building code.
S T E E L

Structural steel requires external insulation
(fireproofing) in order to prevent the steel from
weakening in the event of a fire.
When heated, steel expands and softens,
eventually losing its structural integrity. Given
enough energy, it can also melt.
Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use
of fireproofing materials. While concrete structures
that comprise buildings are able to achieve fireresistance ratings with out additional fireproofing,
concrete can be subject to severe spalling,
particularly if it has an elevated moisture content.
S T E E L
Thank you
Structural Steel Members and Systems | The American Institute of Steel Construction
43

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S T E E L

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Planar Members and Configurations

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Structural Steel Members and Systems | CONTENTS

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Made under factory

Erection by skilledlabour, quickly &

Site space required

Cheaper in cost but

Early completion but

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Flexibility in designmonolithic in nature &

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Manufacturing: Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Steel Sections

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Aluminum: improve surface hardening

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Hot Rolled Steel Sections

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

Universal Beam & Column Shapes

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

The cold rolling reduces the thickness of the

Cold-Rolled Steel Section Shapes

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Steel Structures | Overview

are skeletal frame systems.

Steel frames can handle heavy loads

Steel is an ideal material for tension applications.

Steel is also very strong in shear.

Field welding is more costly than shop welding.

Field welding is more costly than field bolting.

Steel is fabricated in the shop and assembled

Special attention is required to protect steel

structures against fire and corrosion.

Accuracy, precision and tolerances

are very high in steel construction.

Structural Steel Members and Systems | OVERVIEW

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture