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Number 89
Momentum - Macroscopic
& Microscopic
Momentum features in many sections of the A-level Physics
specifications. It links with vectors and energy, and is important in
the study of collisions and explosions (Conservation of Momentum)
with both large objects (cars, rockets, etc) and small objects (atoms,
alpha and beta particles, etc).
We will begin with the general idea of momentum, and then revise
the more familiar large-scale events, before finishing with a look at
momentum properties at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Force
Velociy
Definition
Momentum = mass velocity
(p = mv)
Force
Components
Conservation of momentum
During a collision or explosion event, the total momentum of the
system is conserved. We will confine ourselves to linear events,
but this law also holds in 2 or 3 dimensions.
30o
-1
Physics Factsheet
1 ms-1
5 ms-1
2kg
Alpha decay
When an alpha particle is emitted from a nucleus, conservation of
momentum insists that the remainder of the nucleus must recoil in
the opposite direction.
He
50g
12kg
V
220 ms-1
226
Ra
222
Rn
mv = MV
= 56
MV2
M V2
56
1
So the alpha particle ends up with almost all of the kinetic
energy produced in the decay.
Electron diffraction
Changing mass
For low energies (small voltages) this all works. But for large energies,
calculations show that the electron speed is greater than the speed
of light.
As the electron speed approaches the speed of light, the electron
mass increases from the rest mass value up to relativistic values, and
the Newtonian equations no longer work.
These systems are less common than changes in velocity, but you
should be aware that changes in mass cause changes in momentum.
sand
Answer:
(a) v2 = (2eV) / m, v = 1.9 107 ms-1.
(b) v = 5.9 108 ms-1. (greater than the speed of light in a vacuum)
conveyor belt
Physics Factsheet
beta
neutron
Questions
5. (30 0.10) + 1.5v = 0, v = 2.0 ms-1 backwards.
1. Find the momentum of a ball of mass 82g moving towards the left
with a speed of 30ms-1.
4. Change in momentum as the egg comes to rest is the same for each
surface, but the time taken to decelerate is greater with the carpet.
Ft = p predicts that for p fixed, a greater time of contact will mean
a smaller force applied to the egg.
25o
Answers
1500N
5000N
Po = 20 000 kg ms-1
(b) How often will each of these collide with the shaded wall?
(c) How many collisions per second with this wall will there be in
total?
(d) What is the momentum of each molecule before and after each
collision with the shaded wall? (Assume elastic collisions,
and assume that the mass of each molecule is 2.5 10-26 kg.)
(e) Use Ft = mv to find the force of all the collisions with this wall
in one second.
(f) Find the pressure the gas exerts on this wall, and comment on
the result.
Acknowledgements:
This Physics Factsheet was researched and written by Paul Freeman
The Curriculum Press,Bank House, 105 King Street,Wellington, Shropshire, TF1 1NU
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ISSN 1351-5136