Ortho Projection

DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.
Drawings
(Some Types)
Botanical Drawings
( plants, flowers etc.)
Nature Drawings
( landscape,
Geographical
scenery etc.)
Drawings
( maps etc.)
Portraits
( human faces,
expressions etc.)
Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings,
(projections.)
Building Related Drawings.
Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)

(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.

TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
Planes.
Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
1
2
3
PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane

(A.V.P.)
A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp
Auxiliary Inclined Plane

(A.I.P.)
A.I
.P.
t
oV
p
t &
oH
p
Profile Plane
( P.P.)
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
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PP
VP
FV
LSV
Y
X
X
TV
HP
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAWN IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object
Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object
in 3rd Quadrant.
in 1st Quadrant
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y )
(
SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON ITS BASE.
FV
X
TV
Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
NOTE:HP term is used in 1st Angle method

&
For the same
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
TV
FV
G
FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP
VP
FV
LSV
Y
X
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
R
O
F
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
FOR T.V.
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X
Y
LSV
FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )
TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS
AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.
TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
FOR T.V.
FO
R
R
FO
.
S.V
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V
.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
S.V
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR T.V.
R
FO
FRONT VIEW
.
V
.
S
FO
R

F.V X
.
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
6
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.
TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW
7
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
FO
R
R
FO
.
V
.
S
L.H.SIDE VIEW
F.V
.

TOP VIEW
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
50
20
FO
R
25
F.V
.
25
20
TOP VIEW

9
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.

L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
.V.
S
R
FO
R
FO
.
F.V

10
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
FO
R
R
FO
F.V X
.
L.H.SIDE VIEW
.
V
.
S
TOP VIEW

11
12
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.

L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
13
FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
20
10
FO
R
F.V
.
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
40
70
TV
30
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
14
FOR T.V.
FV
30
10
30
SV
30
10
30
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.

TV
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
OR
15
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV
SV
10
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.

40
40
60
60
TV
FOR T.V.
16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV
SV
x
10
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R
F.V
.

40
40
60
60
TOP VIEW
17
FRONT VIEW
40
L.H.SIDE VIEW
30 SQUARE
20
50
R
FO
FO
R
.
V
.
S
F.V X
.
20
10

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
Y
30
F.V.
60
S.V.
FOR T.V.
18
FV
40
10
45
30 D
FO
R
10
50
80
TV
F.V
.

19
FOR T.V.
40
FV
10
100
10
FO
R
25
TV
10
30 R
20 D
30
10
25
F.V
.


20
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10
50
35
10
20 D
FO
R
F.V
.
TV
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
21
10
25
15
25
40
10
25
R
FO
FO
R
.
V
.
S
25
F.V
.
O
80
F.V.
25
S.V.
FOR T.V.
450
30
FV
40
FO
R
Y
30 D
F.V
.
TV
40
O
40
15
22
23
FO
R
R
FO
HEX PART
F.V
.
30
20
20
.
V
.
S
40
20
50
20
15
30
60
100

DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24
40
20
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X
10
FO
R
30
F.V
.
10
30
O
80
T.V.
TOP VIEW
25
10
10
15
25
25
50
FV
LSV
10
R
FO
.
V
.
S
FO
R

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
F.V
.

26
FO
R
F.V
.
30
10
20
20
15
10
R
FO
.
V
.
S
15
30
15
50
F.V.
15
LEFT S.V.
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH ITS DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS ITS POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
TERMS ABOVE & BELOW WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.
AND TERMS INFRONT & BEHIND WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.
IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANT
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE ITS ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.

Ortho Projection

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DRAWINGS:

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

Building Related Drawings.

Machine component Drawings

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)

Different Reference planes are

FV is a view projected on VP.

Auxiliary Vertical Plane

Auxiliary Inclined Plane

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

Click to view Animation

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method

Third Angle Projections Method

Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )

NOTE:HP term is used in 1st Angle method

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

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