CH 04 HW

3/6/2016
Ch04HW
Ch04HW
Due:10:59pmonSunday,March6,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Newton's1stLaw
LearningGoal:
TounderstandNewton's1stlaw.
Newton'sPrincipiastatesthisfirstlawofmotion:
Anobjectsubjecttononetforcemaintainsitsstateofmotion,eitheratrestoratconstantspeedinarightline.
Thislawmaybestatedasfollows:Ifthevectorsumofallforcesactingonanobjectiszero,thentheaccelerationof
thatobjectiszero.Mathematicallythisisjustaspecialcaseofthe2ndlawofmotion,F = mawhenF = 0,
promptingscholarstoadvancethefollowingreasons(amongothers)forNewton'sspellingitoutseparately:
1.Thisexpressiononlyholdsinaninertialcoordinatesystemonethatisnotacceleratingandthislaw
reallysaysyouhavetousethistypeofcoordinatesystem(i.e.,Newton'slawswon'tworkinsidean
acceleratingrocketship.)
2.ThiswasadirectchallengetotheImpetustheoryofmotion,describedasfollows:
Amover,whilemovingabody,impressesonitacertainimpetus,acertainpowercapableofmovingthis
bodyinthedirectioninwhichthemoversetitgoing,whetherupwards,downwards,sidewaysorina
circle.Bythesameamountthatthemovermovesthesamebodyswiftly,bythatamountistheimpetus
thatisimpressedonitpowerful.Itisbythisimpetusthatthestoneismovedafterthethrowerceasesto
moveitbutbecauseoftheresistanceoftheairandthegravityofthestone,whichinclinesittomovein
adirectionoppositetothattowardswhichtheimpetustendstomoveit,thisimpetusiscontinually
weakened.Thereforethemovementofthestonewillbecomecontinuallyslower,andatlength,the
impetusissodiminishedordestroyedthatthegravityofthestoneprevailsoveritandmovesthestone
downtowardsitsnaturalplace.
A.C.Crombie,MedievalandEarlyModernScience</>
ThistheoryissometimescalledtheAnimistictheoryofmotionsinceitenvisionsa"lifeforce"being
associatedwithmotion.
Newton's1stlawisoftenverydifficulttograspbecauseitcontradictsvariouscommonsenseideasofmotionthatmay
havebeenacquiredfromexperienceineverydaylife.Forexample,unaccountedforforceslikefrictionmightcausea
ballrollingontheplaygroundtoeventuallystop,eventhoughnoobviousforcesseemtobeacting.
WhenstudyingNewtonianmechanics,itisbesttorememberthisastwolaws:
1.Ifthenetforce(i.e.,vectorsumofallforces)actingonanobjectiszero,theobjectwillkeepmovingwith
constantvelocity(whichmaybezero).
2.Ifanobjectismovingwithconstantvelocity(notspeed),thatis,withzeroacceleration,thenthenetforce
actingonthatobjectmustbezero.
Completethefollowingsentencestoseeifyoucanapplytheseideas.
PartA
Ifacarismovingtotheleftwithconstantvelocity,onecanconcludethat
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:99%
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4266217
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theremustbenoforcesexertedonthecar.
thenetforceexertedonthecarisdirectedtotheleft.
thenetforceexertedonthecariszero.
thereisexactlyoneforceexertedonthecar.
Correct
PartB
Anobjectcannotremainatrestunless
ANSWER:
therearenoforcesatallexertedonit.
thenetforceexertedonitiszero.
thenetforceexertedonitisconstant.
thereisonlyoneforceexertedonit.
Correct
ABookonaTable
Abookweighing5Nrestsontopofatable.
PartA
Adownwardforceofmagnitude5Nisexertedonthebookbytheforceof
ANSWER:
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thetable
gravity
inertia
Correct
PartB
Anupwardforceofmagnitude_____isexertedonthe_____bythetable.
ANSWER:
6N/table
5N/table
5N/book
6N/book
Correct
PartC
DothedownwardforceinPartAandtheupwardforceinPartBconstitutea3rdlawpair?
Hint1.Theforceofgravity
Theforceofgravityisanothernamefortheforceexertedbytheearth(oranyastronomicalobject)on
objectsnearitssurface.
Hint2.ExploringNewton's3rdlaw
IndicatewhetherthefollowingstatementsaboutNewton's3rdlawaretrue,false,orindeterminate.
1.AccordingtoNewton's3rdlaw,everyrealforcehasauniquepairforce.
2.Thepairforceiscalleda"fictitiousforce."
3.Theforceandpairforcemustactondifferentpointmasses.
4.Theforceandthepairforcemustalwayshavethesamemagnitudeandmustalsoactin
exactlyoppositedirections.
Entertfortrue,fforfalse,oriforindeterminateforeachstatement,separatingtheanswerswith
commas(e.g.,ifallbutthefirststatementweretrue,youwouldenterf,t,t,t).
ANSWER:
, , ,
t f t t
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ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
PartD
ThereactiontotheforceinPartAisaforceofmagnitude_____,exertedonthe_____bythe_____.Itsdirection
is_____.
Hint1.Theforceofgravity
Theforceofgravityisanothernamefortheforceexertedbytheearth(oranyastronomicalobject)on
objectsnearitssurface.
ANSWER:
5N/earth/book/upward
5N/book/table/upward
5N/book/earth/upward
5N/earth/book/downward
Correct
PartE
ThereactiontotheforceinPartBisaforceofmagnitude_____,exertedonthe_____bythe_____.Itsdirection
is_____.
ANSWER:
5N/table/book/upward
5N/table/earth/upward
5N/book/table/upward
5N/table/book/downward
5N/earth/book/downward
Correct
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PartF
WhichofNewton'slawscouldwehaveusedtopredictthattheforcesinPartsAandBareequalandopposite?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Newton's1stlaw
Newton's2ndlaw
Newton's3rdlaw
Correct
Sincethebookisatrest,eitherNewton's1stor2ndlawcantellusthatthenetforceonitmustbezero.This
meansthattheforceexertedonitbytheearthmustbeequalandoppositetotheforceexertedonitbythe
table.
PartG
WhichofNewton'slawscouldwehaveusedtopredictthattheforcesinPartsBandEareequalandopposite?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Newton's1stlaw
Newton's2ndlaw
Newton's3rdlaw
Correct
VideoTutor:SuspendedBalls:WhichStringBreaks?
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatany
point.
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PartA
Aheavycrateisattachedtothewallbyalightrope,asshowninthefigure.Anotherropehangsofftheopposite
edgeofthebox.Ifyouslowlyincreasetheforceonthefreeropebypullingonitinahorizontaldirection,which
ropewillbreak?Ignorefrictionandthemassoftheropes.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Becauseyouslowlyincreasetheforceyouexertontherope,theblocksinertiadoesnotaffectthe
outcome.
Whyisthatthecase?Asyoupullharder,theropesstretchabit,sotheblockslidesslightlytowardyou.
Butthechangesaresogradualthattheaccelerationsoftheblockandropesarepracticallyzeroatany
instant.
Shownherearefreebodydiagramsfortheropesandblock:
WhatdoesNewtonsthirdlawsayaboutthetensionforcesexertedbytheblockonthetworopes?
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ANSWER:
Theropethatyouarepullingonwillbreak.
Theropeattachedtothewallwillbreak.
Bothropesareequallylikelytobreak.
Correct
Sincetheattachedropedoesnthavetosupportanyweight(asitdidintheverticalcase),thetensionisthe
sameinbothropes.
TensioninaHangingMassiveRope
Consideraropewithlengthl,massperunitlength ,experiencingagravitationalaccelerationg andhangingvertically
asshown.LetyrefertotheheightofapointPabovethe
bottomoftherope.
PartA
Theforceexertedontheropebytheceilingisinthe_____direction.
Hint1.Considertheweightoftherope
Tosupporttherope,theceilingmustexertaforceoppositetotheweightoftherope.
ANSWER:
upward
downward
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Correct
PartB
FindF ,themagnitudeoftheforceexertedontheropebytheceiling.
ExpressF intermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
Hint1.UseNewton's2ndlaw
TakeW tobetheweightoftherope.ApplyNewton's2ndlawtofindanexpressionforW
ANSWER:
W F
= 0
Hint2.Findtheweightoftherope
Whatistheweightoftherope,W ?
Expressyouranswerintermsof ,l,andg .
Hint1.Findthemassoftherope
WhatisthemassM oftherope?
ANSWER:
M
ANSWER:
W
lg
ANSWER:
F
lg
Correct
PartC
WhatisthetensionTP atpointPintherope?
ExpressTP intermsofquantititesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
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Hint1.Howtoapproachthisproblem
ThetensionatpointPisthemagnitudeoftheforceexertedbythepartoftheropeabovePonthepartof
theropebelowP.RememberthatpointPislocatedadistanceyabovethebottomoftherope.
Hint2.FindtheweightoftheropebelowpointP
WhatistheweightW P ofthepartoftheropebelowpointP?
Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
WP
yg
ANSWER:
TP
yg
Correct
PullingTwoBlocks
Inthesituationshowninthefigure,apersonispullingwithaconstant,nonzeroforceF onstring1,whichisattached
toblockA.BlockAisalsoattachedtoblockBviastring2,asshown.
Forthisproblem,assumethatneitherstringstretchesandthatfrictionisnegligible.Bothblockshavefinite(nonzero)
mass.
PartA
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WhichoneofthefollowingstatementscorrectlydescibestherelationshipbetweentheaccelerationsofblocksA
andB?
Hint1.Relativemovementoftheblocks
Thetwomassesareconnected(bystring2),whichmeans,iftheyarebeingpulled,theymustmove
together.
ANSWER:
BlockAhasalargeraccelerationthanblockB.
BlockBhasalargeraccelerationthanblockA.
Bothblockshavethesameacceleration.
Moreinformationisneededtodeterminetherelationshipbetweentheaccelerations.
Correct
Sincethetwoblocksareconnected,theywon'tmoveindependentlywhenstring1ispulled.AsblockAis
accelerated,itsmotionwillimpartthesameaccelerationtoblockB.
PartB
Howdoesthemagnitudeofthetensioninstring1,T1 ,comparewiththetensioninstring2,T2 ?
SupposethatblockAhasamassm.DrawafreebodydiagramforblockA,thenwritedownNewton's2nd
lawforblockA'shorizontalmotion.WhatisthetensionT1 ?
ExpressthetensionintermsofT2 ,m,andtheblock'saccelerationa .
Hint1.FreebodydiagramforblockA
Takingthepositivedirectiontobetotheright,whatisthenethorizontalforceactingonblockA?
(Notethat,inthefigure,forcesarenotdrawntoscale.)
ExpressyouranswerintermsofT1 ,T2 ,n A ,andw A .
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ANSWER:
F = ma
T1 T2
ANSWER:
T1
ma + T2
ANSWER:
T1 > T2
T1 = T2
T1 < T2
MoreinformationisneededtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenT1 andT2 .
Correct
Theforcetransmittedthroughstring1(proportionaltoT1 )mustbeenoughtoacceleratebothblocks,butthe
forcetransmittedthroughstring2onlyneedstoaccelerateblockB.ConsiderthecasewhereblockAisvery
heavyandblockBisverylight:Inthiscase,string2wouldonlyneedtosupplyatinyamountoftensionto
keeptheblocksconnectedasblockAispulledaround.
EnhancedEOC:Exercise4.10
Adockworkerappliesaconstanthorizontalforceof72.0Ntoablockoficeonasmoothhorizontalfloor.Thefrictional
forceisnegligible.Theblockstartsfromrestandmovesadistance10.0minatimeof5.20s .
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages112117).
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Forgeneralproblemsolvingtipsandstrategiesforthistopic,youmaywanttoviewaVideoTutorSolutionof
Determiningforcefromacceleration.
PartA
Whatisthemassoftheblockofice?
Startbydrawingasketchoftheblockoficeanditsmotionacrossthesmoothhorizontalfloor.Createa
standardcoordinatesystem,anddrawalltheforcesontheblock.
Doyouneedtoworryabouttheverticalforces(gravityandthesurfacesnormalforce)ontheblock?Why?
Youknowtheforceappliedhorizontallyontheblock.Todetermineitsmass,whatotherquantitymustyou
find?Howcanyouusetheinformationprovidedabouttheblocksmotiontohelpyoudeterminethatother
quantity?
ANSWER:
m
= 97.3 kg
Correct
PartB
Iftheworkerstopspushingafter5.20s ,howfardoestheblockmoveinthenext5.50s ?
Tofindouthowfarsomethingmovesinatimeperiod,youneedtoknowitsinitialvelocityandacceleration.
Howcanyoudeterminethesequantitiesfortheblockinthesecondtimeinterval,whentheworkerisno
longerpushing?
Duringthatsecondintervalofmotion,thereisnoforceontheblockoficefromthedockworker.Whatcan
besaidabouttheaccelerationontheblockinthistime?
Usethisinformationtofindthedistancetravelledduringthesecondtimeinterval.
ANSWER:
x
= 21.2 m
Correct
ApplyingNewton's2ndLaw
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LearningGoal:
TolearnasystematicapproachtosolvingNewton's2ndlawproblemsusingasimpleexample.
OnceyouhavedecidedtosolveaproblemusingNewton's2ndlaw,therearestepsthatwillleadyoutoasolution.One
suchprescriptionisthefollowing:
Visualizetheproblemandidentifyspecialcases.
Isolateeachbodyanddrawtheforcesactingonit.
Chooseacoordinatesystemforeachbody.
ApplyNewton's2ndlawtoeachbody.
Writeequationsfortheconstraintsandothergiveninformation.
Solvetheresultingequationssymbolically.
Checkthatyouranswerhasthecorrectdimensionsandsatisfiesspecialcases.
Ifnumbersaregivenintheproblem,plugtheminandcheckthattheanswermakessense.
Thinkaboutgeneralizationsorsimplficationsoftheproblem.
Asanexample,wewillapplythisproceduretofindtheaccelerationofablockofmassm2 thatispulledupa
frictionlessplaneinclinedatangle withrespecttothehorizontalbyaperfectstringthatpassesoveraperfectpulley
toablockofmassm1 thatishangingvertically.
Visualizetheproblemandidentifyspecialcases
Firstexaminetheproblembydrawingapictureandvisualizingthemotion.ApplyNewton's2ndlaw, F = ma,to
eachbodyinyourmind.Don'tworryaboutwhichquantitiesaregiven.Thinkabouttheforcesoneachbody:Howare
theseconsistentwiththedirectionoftheaccelerationforthatbody?Canyouthinkofanyspecialcasesthatyoucan
solvequicklynowandusetotestyourunderstandinglater?
Onespecialcaseinthisproblemisifm2
gravity:a1
^
= g j
= 0
,inwhichcaseblock1wouldsimplyfallfreelyundertheaccelerationof
PartA
Consideranotherspecialcaseinwhichtheinclinedplaneisvertical(
wouldtheaccelerationofthetwoblocksbeequaltozero?
= /2
).Inthiscase,forwhatvalueofm1
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm2 andg .
ANSWER:
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m1
m 2 sin(
Correct
Isolateeachbodyanddrawtheforcesactingonit
AforcediagramshouldincludeonlyrealforcesthatactonthebodyandsatisfyNewton's3rdlaw.Onewaytocheckif
theforcesarerealistodetrminewhethertheyarepartofaNewton's3rdlawpair,thatis,whethertheyresultfroma
physicalinteractionthatalsocausesanoppositeforceonsomeotherbody,whichmaynotbepartoftheproblem.Do
notdecomposetheforcesintocomponents,anddonotincluderesultantforcesthatarecombinationsofotherreal
forceslikecentripetalforceorfictitiousforceslikethe"centrifugal"force.
Assigneachforceasymbol,butdon'tstarttosolvetheproblematthispoint.
PartB
Whichofthefourdrawingsisacorrectforcediagramforthisproblem?
ANSWER:
a
b
c
d
Correct
Chooseacoordinatesystemforeachbody
Newton's2ndlaw, F =
,isavectorequation.Toaddorsubtractvectorsitisofteneasiesttodecomposeeach
ma
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vectorintocomponents.Whereasaparticularsetofvectorcomponentsisonlyvalidinaparticularcoordinatesystem,
thevectorequalityholdsinanycoordinatesystem,givingyoufreedomtopickacoordinatesystemthatmostsimplifies
theequationsthatresultfromthecomponentequations.
It'sgenerallybesttopickacoordinatesystemwheretheaccelerationofthesystemliesdirectlyononeofthe
coordinateaxes.Ifthereisnoacceleration,thenpickacoordinatesystemwithasmanyunknownsaspossiblealong
thecoordinateaxes.Vectorsthatliealongtheaxesappearinonlyoneoftheequationsforeachcomponent,rather
thanintwoequationswithtrigonometricprefactors.Notethatitissometimesadvantageoustousedifferentcoordinate
systemsforeachbodyintheproblem.
Inthisproblem,youshoulduseCartesiancoordinatesandyouraxesshouldbestationarywithrespecttotheinclined
plane.
PartC
Giventhecriteriajustdescribed,whatorientationofthecoordinateaxeswouldbebesttouseinthisproblem?
Intheansweroptions,"tilted"meanswiththexaxisorientedparalleltotheplane(i.e.,atangle tothe
horizontal),and"level"meanswiththexaxishorizontal.
ANSWER:
tiltedforbothblock1andblock2
tiltedforblock1andlevelforblock2
levelforblock1andtiltedforblock2
levelforbothblock1andblock2
Correct
ApplyNewton's2ndlawtoeachbody
PartD
Whatis F2x ,thesumofthexcomponentsoftheforcesactingonblock2?Takeforcesactinguptheinclineto
bepositive.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablestensionT ,m2 ,themagnitudeofthe
accelerationofgravityg ,and .
Hint1.Decomposetheforceofgravityonblock2
Inthisproblem,thehardestforcevectortoexpressintermsofitscoordinatesistheforceofgravityon
block2.Themagnitudeoftheweightism2 g.Findtheforceofgravityintermsofitscomponents,usinga
tiltedcoordinatesystemwhosexaxisisparalleltoandpointinguptheinclinedplane.
Expresstheforceofgravityonblock2,F g2
,intermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm2 ,g ,and .
^
Expressyouranswerasavectorintermsoftheunitvectors^
i and j .
ANSWER:
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F g2
^
^
m 2 g(sin() i + cos() j )
ANSWER:
m 2 a 2x =
F 2x
T m 2 gsin()
Correct
PartE
Nowdeterminem1 a 1y = F1y ,thesumoftheycomponentsoftheforcesactingonblock1.Takeforces
actingupwardaspositive.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesT ,m1 ,andg .
ANSWER:
m 1 a 1y =
F 1y
T m1 g
Correct
PartF
Writeequationsfortheconstraintsandothergiveninformation
Inthisproblem,thefactthatthelengthofthestringdoesnotchangeimposesaconstraintonrelative
accelerationsofthetwoblocks.Findarelationshipbetweenthexcomponentoftheaccelerationofblock2,a 2x ,
andtheaccelerationofblock1.Paycarefulattentiontosigns.
Expressa 2x intermsofa 1x and/ora 1y ,thecomponentsoftheaccelerationvectorofblock1.
Hint1.Visualizethemotion
Ifblock2hasanaccelerationa 2x uptheincline,musttheaccelerationofblock1beupwardordownward
tokeepthestringtaut?
ANSWER:
a 2x
a 1y
Correct
PartG
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Solveandcheck
Inthepreviousparts,youobtainedthefollowingequationsusingNewton's2ndlawandtheconstraintonthemotion
ofthetwoblocks:
m 2 a 2x = T m 2 g sin(),
m 1 a 1y = T m 1 g,
(1)
(2)
and
a 2x = a 1y .
(3)
Solvetheseequationstofinda 1y .
Beforeyouenteryouranswer,makesureitsatisfiesthespecialcasesyoualreadyidentified:
ifm2 = 0 and
0 if m 1 = m 2 and
a 1y = g
a 1y =
= /2
Alsomakesurethatyouranswerhasdimensionsofacceleration.
Expressa 1y intermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm1 ,m2 , ,andg .
Hint1.Howtosolvetheequations
SubstituteforT fromequation(1)intoequation(2)andthenusea 2x fromequation(3)inthenewequation
(2).Thiswillyieldalinearequationina 1y thatiseasytosolve.
ANSWER:
a 1y
(m 2 sin()m 1 )g
m 1 +m 2
Correct
Canyouseehowasimplegeneralizationoftheproblemcouldbesolvedwithalittleextraworkorhowyou
couldsolveanontrivialproblemthatisasubsetofthisone?
Forexample,imaginethatthereisfrictioninthisproblembetweentheplaneandblock2.Thiswouldleadto
anadditionalforceonblock2:Ff 2 = N ,wherethenormalforceN isgivenbyN = m2 g cos().
Thisadditionalforcewouldleadtoanewtermintheexpressionfortheaccelerationofblock1:
a1y =
Now,bychoosingwhetherornot
frictionlessornot!
= 0
m 2 sin()m 2 cos()m 1
m 1 +m 2
g.
,youhavearesultthatcanbeappliedwhethertheplaneis
Twodogspullhorizontallyonropesattachedtoaposttheanglebetweentheropesis56.0 .DogAexertsaforceof
290N,anddogBexertsaforceof306N.
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages105108).
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Forhelpwithmathskills,youmaywanttoreview:
VectorMagnitudes
DeterminingtheAngleofaVector
VectorAddition
Superpositionofforces.
PartA
Findthemagnitudeoftheresultantforce.
Imagineyouweresittinginatreedirectlyabovethepost,sothatyouwerelookingdownonthedogsand
theropestyingthemtothepost.
Startbydrawingasketchofthetwodogspullingontheirropesasseenbyyoufromabove,andchoosea
coordinatesystemsothatthepostisattheoriginandtheropetiedtodogAisalongthexaxis.
InwhatdirectionwoulddogBbeseenpullingitsrope?
Now,findtheresultantforce.Howisthemagnitudeofavectorrelatedtoitscomponents?
ANSWER:
F
= 526 N
Correct
PartB
FindtheangletheresultantforcemakeswiththeropeofdogA.
Howcanyoufindtheangletheresultantforcevectormakeswiththexaxis(theropeofdogA)fromthe
componentsofthatvector?
ANSWER:
= 28.8
Correct
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Newton's3rdLawDiscussed
LearningGoal:
TounderstandNewton's3rdlaw,whichstatesthataphysicalinteractionalwaysgeneratesapairofforcesonthetwo
interactingbodies.
InPrincipia,Newtonwrote:
Toeveryactionthereisalwaysopposedanequalreaction:or,themutualactionsoftwobodiesuponeachotherare
alwaysequal,anddirectedtocontraryparts.
(translationbyCajori)
Thephraseafterthecolon(oftenomittedfromtextbooks)makesitclearthatthisisastatementaboutthenatureof
force.Thecentralideaisthatphysicalinteractions(e.g.,duetogravity,bodiestouching,orelectricforces)cause
forcestoarisebetweenpairsofbodies.Eachpairwiseinteractionproducesapairofoppositeforces,oneactingon
eachbody.Insummary,eachphysicalinteractionbetweentwobodiesgeneratesapairofforces.Whateverthe
physicalcauseoftheinteraction,theforceonbodyAfrombodyBisequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectionto
theforceonbodyBfrombodyA.
Incidentally,Newtonstatesthattheword"action"denotesboth(a)theforceduetoaninteractionand(b)thechangesin
momentumthatitimpartstothetwointeractingbodies.Ifyouhaven'tlearnedaboutmomentum,don'tworryfornow
thisisjustastatementabouttheoriginofforces.
Markeachofthefollowingstatementsastrueorfalse.Ifastatementrefersto"twobodies"interactingviasomeforce,
youarenottoassumethatthesetwobodieshavethesamemass.
PartA
Everyforcehasoneandonlyone3rdlawpairforce.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartB
Thetwoforcesineachpairactinoppositedirections.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
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PartC
Thetwoforcesineachpaircaneitherbothactonthesamebodyortheycanactondifferentbodies.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartD
Thetwoforcesineachpairmayhavedifferentphysicalorigins(forinstance,oneoftheforcescouldbedueto
gravity,anditspairforcecouldbeduetofrictionorelectriccharge).
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartE
Thetwoforcesofa3rdlawpairalwaysactondifferentbodies.
ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
PartF
Giventhattwobodiesinteractviasomeforce,theaccelerationsofthesetwobodieshavethesamemagnitudebut
oppositedirections.(Assumenootherforcesactoneitherbody.)
Hint1.F = ma
RememberF =
magnitude?
:Iftheforcesareequalinmagnitude,musttheaccelerationsalsobeofequal
ma
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ANSWER:
true
false
Correct
Newton's3rdlawcanbesummarixedasfollows:Aphysicalinteraction(e.g.,gravity)operatesbetweentwo
interactingbodiesandgeneratesapairofoppositeforces,oneoneachbody.Itoffersyouawaytotestfor
realforces(i.e.,thosethatbelongontheforcesideofF = ma)thereshouldbea3rdlawpairforce
operatingonsomeotherbodyforeachrealforcethatactsonthebodywhoseaccelerationisunder
consideration.
PartG
AccordingtoNewton's3rdlaw,theforceonthe(smaller)moonduetothe(larger)earthis
ANSWER:
greaterinmagnitudeandantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
greaterinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
equalinmagnitudebutantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
equalinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
smallerinmagnitudeandantiparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
smallerinmagnitudeandparalleltotheforceontheearthduetothemoon.
Correct
Theupwardnormalforceexertedbytheflooris620Nonanelevatorpassengerwhoweighs650N.
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages112117).
Determiningaccelerationfromforce.
PartA
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheacceleration?
Startbydrawingasketchwithanappropriatecoordinatesystemandincludingalloftheforcesactingonthe
elevatorpassenger.
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Whyinthisproblemisthenormalforcenotequaltothepassengersweight?Whatmustbehappening?
Findtheresultantnetforceactingontheelevatorpassenger,andusingtheappropriateequations,calculate
thepassengersacceleration.Whatadditionalquantitydoyouneedtofindtocalculatetheacceleration?
ANSWER:
a
= 0.452 m/s 2
Correct
PartB
Whatisthedirectionoftheacceleration?
Supposeyouwereinthiselevator.Whatwoulditfeellikeifthenormalforce(fromtheelevatorfloor)acting
onyouintheupwarddirectionwerelessthantheforceofgravityactingonyouinthedownwarddirection?
Supposethenormalforcewaslargerthangravitywhichwaywouldyoumove?
Inwhichdirectionistheresultantforceactingontheelevatorpassenger?
ANSWER:
upward
downward
Correct
VideoTutor:TensioninStringbetweenHangingWeights
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatany
point.
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PartA
Considerthevideotutorialyoujustwatched.Supposethatweduplicatethisexperimentalsetupinanelevator.
Whatwillthespringscalereadiftheelevatorismovingupwardatconstantspeed?
Whatdoesthephrase"atconstantspeed"implyabouttheaccelerationofthesystem?
ANSWER:
0N
18N
Morethan18N
Lessthan18Nbutgreaterthan0N
Correct
Sincetheelevatorisnotaccelerating,thereadingonthescaleisthesameasinthevideo.
MotionofaBlockwithThreeForces
Thediagrambelowshowsablockofmassm = 2.00 kgonafrictionlesshorizontalsurface,asseenfromabove.
ThreeforcesofmagnitudesF1 = 4.00 N ,F2 = 6.00 N ,andF3 = 8.00 N areappliedtotheblock,initiallyatrest
onthesurface,atanglesshownonthediagram.Inthisproblem,youwilldeterminetheresultant(total)forcevector
fromthecombinationofthethreeindividualforcevectors.Allanglesshouldbemeasuredcounterclockwisefromthe
positivexaxis(i.e.,allanglesarepositive).
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PartA
CalculatethemagnitudeofthetotalresultantforceF r
= F1 + F2 + F3
actingonthemass.
ExpressyouranswerinNewtonstothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Definitionofresultantforce
Whenseveralforcesareappliedtoanobject,thevectorsumisoftencalledtheresultantortheresultant
force.
Hint2.Howtofindtheresultant
Whenworkingwithvectors,thegeneralruleistothinkgeometricallybuttocalculateusingcomponents.
Thustoaddvectorsoneestimatesthesumbyimaginingthetailofthesecondvectortobeplacedatthe
pointofthefirst,thetailofthethirdtobeplacedatthesecond,etc.Buttocalculatethevectorsumeach
vectorisrepresentedbycomponentsinaconvenientcoordinatesystemandthesecomponentsareadded
tofindthecomponentsofthesum.
Hint3.FindthecomponentsofF 1
WhatarethexcomponentandycomponentofF 1 ?
Expressyouranswerasanorderedpairofnumbers,separatedbyacomma,tothreesignificant
figures.
Hint1.xcomponentofF 1
ThexcomponentofF 1 isF1 cos(),where istheanglebetweenthepositivexaxisandthe
vector'sdirection.
ANSWER:
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F 1x
,F1y = 3.63,1.69 N
Hint4.FindthecomponentsofF 2
FindthexandycomponentsofthevectorF 2 .
Expressyouranswerasanorderedpairtothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
F 2x
,F2y = 4.91,3.44
Hint5.FindthecomponentsofF r
Nowfindthexandycomponentsoftheresultant(sum)vector,F r .(Don'tforgettoincludeF 3 .)
Expressyouranswerasanorderedpairtothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
F rx
,Fry = 0.540,1.75
Hint6.MagnitudeofF r
ThemagnitudeofF r intermsofitsxandycomponentsFrx andFry isgivenby
2
2
|F r | = F rx
+ F ry
ANSWER:
|F r |
= 1.83 N
Correct
PartB
WhatangledoesF r makewiththepositivexaxis?
Expressyouranswerindegreestotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Findtheanglesymbolically
TheanglethatF r makeswiththexaxiscanbedeterminedifyouknowitsxandycomponents,whichyou
shouldhavefromyourcalculationforPartA.WhatistheanglethatF r makeswiththepositivexaxis?
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AnswersymbolicallyintermsofFrx andFry .
Hint1.Howtoapproachthisproblem
Whendevelopingageneralformulafortheangle,youcanchoosethevectortolieinanyquadrant.It
iseasiesttohavethevectorlieinthefirstquadrant.
ANSWER:
atan(
Fry
Frx
ANSWER:
73 degrees
Correct
PartC
Whatisthemagnitudeofthemass'saccelerationvector,a?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Newton's2ndlaw
RecallthatF =
,soyoushouldbeabletofind|a|fairlyeasilyhere.
ma
ANSWER:
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|a|
= 0.92 m/s 2
Correct
PartD
Whatisthedirectionofa?Inotherwords,whatangledoesthisvectormakewithrespecttothepositivexaxis?
Hint1.RelationbetweenthedirectionofaandF
IsthereanyreasonwhythedirectionofashouldbedifferentfromF ?
ANSWER:
73 degrees
Correct
PartE
Howfar(inmeters)willthemassmovein5.0s?
Expressthedistanced inmeterstotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Displacementwithconstantacceleration
Rememberthatwehaveconstantaccelerationhere,soyoucanusetheequation:
d(t) = d0 + v 0 t +
1
2
at
whered(t)isthedisplacementattimet.
ANSWER:
d
= 11 m
Correct
PartF
Whatisthemagnitudeofthevelocityvectoroftheblockatt
= 5.0 s
?
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Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Velocitywithconstantacceleration
Remember,wehaveconstantacceleration,andbecausetheobjectstartsfromrest,thevelocityvectorwill
beparalleltotheaccelerationvector.Therefore,v f = v i + at .
ANSWER:
|v (5)|
= 4.6 m/s
Correct
PartG
Inwhatdirectionisthemassmovingattimet
respecttothepositivexaxis?
= 5.0 s
?Thatis,whatangledoesthevelocityvectormakewith
Hint1.Relationshipbetweenthedirectionofv and
a
Themassstartsatrestandisacceleratedinonedirection.Therefore,itmusthavevelocityinthedirection
oftheacceleration,andthatdirectiononly.
ANSWER:
73 degrees
Correct
ApersonpullshorizontallyonblockBinthefigure,causingbothblockstomovetogetherasaunit.
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages124125).
Forgeneralproblemsolvingtipsandstrategiesforthistopic,youmaywanttoviewaVideoTutorSolutionofA
Newtonsthirdlawparadox.
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PartA
Whilethissystemismoving,makeacarefullylabeledfreebodydiagramofblockAifthetableisfrictionless.
Drawallrelevantforcevectorswiththeirtailsatthedot.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.The
exactlengthofyourvectorswillnotbegraded,buttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
First,picturewhatishappening.Whatforce(s)doesblockBexertonblockA?Arethereanyotherforces
actingonblockA?
Ifthetableisfrictionless,whathappenstoblockBasitispulled?SinceblockAandblockBmoveasa
unit,whatcanbesaidabouttheiraccelerations?
SoisthereanetforceonblockA?
ThinkaboutwhatcausesthisresultantforceonblockA.Inwhatdirectionmustitact?
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartB
Whilethissystemismoving,makeacarefullylabeledfreebodydiagramofblockAifthereisfrictionbetween
blockBandthetableandthepullisequaltothefrictionforceonblockBduetothetable.
Drawallrelevantforcevectorswiththeirtailsatthedot.Theorientationofyourvectorswillbegraded.The
exactlengthofyourvectorswillnotbegraded,buttherelativelengthofonetotheotherwillbegraded.
HowhasfrictionwiththetablechangedthisproblemfrompartA?WhatistheaccelerationofblockBnow?
SinceblockAandblockBmoveasaunit,whatcanbesaidabouttheiraccelerations?Soisthereanet
forceonblockA?
ANSWER:
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Correct
Problem4.58
Thepositionofa2.75 10 5
r = (0.020 m/s
)t
traininghelicopterundertestisgivenby
2
2 ^
^
^
i + (2.2 m/s)t j (0.060 m/s )t
k
PartA
Findthenetforceonthehelicopteratt
= 5.0 s
^ ^
Expressyouranswerintermsof^
i , j , k .Usethe'unitvector'buttontodenoteunitvectorsinyouranswer.
Expressyourcoefficientusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
^
^
17000 i 3400k
Correct
Exercise4.31
Achairofmass12.0kg issittingonthehorizontalfloorthefloorisnotfrictionless.Youpushonthechairwithaforce
N
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F
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=35.0Nthatisdirectedatanangleof43.0 belowthehorizontalandthechairslidesalongthefloor.
PartA
UseNewton'slawstocalculatethenormalforcethatthefloorexertsonthechair.
ANSWER:
n
= 141 N
Correct
Problem4.36
YouhavejustlandedonPlanetX.Youtakeoutaballofmass100g,releaseitfromrestfromaheightof13.0mand
measurethatittakesatimeof2.10s toreachtheground.Youcanignoreanyforceontheballfromtheatmosphereof
theplanet.
PartA
HowmuchdoestheballweighonthesurfaceofPlanetX?
ANSWER:
W
= 0.590 N
Correct
Problem4.40
PartA
Anadvertisementclaimsthataparticularautomobilecan"stoponadime".Whatnetforcewouldactuallybe
necessarytostopanautomobileofmass910kg travelinginitiallyataspeedof49.0km/hinadistanceequalto
thediameterofadime,whichis1.8cm?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
F= 4.7106 {\rmN}
Correct
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Problem4.60
Anobjectwithmassminitiallyatrestisactedonbyaforce\vecF=k_1\hati+k_2t^3\hatjwherek_1andk_2are
constants.
PartA
Calculatethevelocity\vecv\left(t\right)oftheobjectasafunctionoftime.
ANSWER:
\large{\vecv(t)=m\left({k_1t\hati+\frac{k_2}{3}t^3\hatj}\right)}
\large{\vecv(t)=\frac{1}{m}\left({k_1\hati+\frac{k_2}{3}t^3\hatj}\right)}
\large{\vecv(t)=\frac{1}{m}\left({k_1t\hati+\frac{k_2}{4}t^4\hatj}\right)}
\large{\vecv(t)=m\left({k_1t\hati+\frac{k_2}{4}t^4\hatj}\right)}
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis99.4%.
Youreceived26.83outofapossibletotalof27points.
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