CHAPTER 4: Chemical

Reactions
4.1 and 4.3 (pages: 89
to 102)

 Physical change
Examples: Changes in physical properties
(such as size, shape, state and density)
or changes in the state of matter without
an accompanying change in composition.

 Large changes in temperature and

pressure can cause a substance to
change its physical state.

 MELTING POINT (m.p.)- the temperature

at which a pure substance turns to a liquid.
FREEZING POINT (f.p.)- the temperature
at which a pure substance turns to a solid.
BOILING POINT (b.p.)- the temperature at
which a pure substance turns to a gas.
A volatile liquid is one which
evaporates easily and has a relative
low boiling point.
Examples: Ethanol and acetone
- Boiling point of a liquid can change if
the surrounding pressure changes.

 Chemical change

 Synthesis or Direct Combination

Reaction - Two reactants combine to
form one product.
A + B AB
EXAMPLES:
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS (with input of
heat energy or addition of water to start)
Fe + S
FeS
2H2 + O2
2H2O
2Al + 3 I 2
2Al I 3

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION:
(photosynthesis or photochemical
reaction)
Sunlight
(chlorophyll)

6CO2 + 6H2O
6O2

C6H12O6 +

 Decomposition Reaction - A single

substance breaks down to give two or
more different substances.
AB A + B
2H2O
2H2 + O2

 Combustion Reaction- the

reaction of a substance with oxygen
causing the release of energy
(exothermic reaction).
BURNING- combustion in which a
flame is produced.
EXAMPLES:
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2
(cellular respiration)

+ 6H2O

 Single-Displacement -One element

reacts with a compound to replace one
of the elements of that compound.
A + BC AC + B
EXAMPLE:
Mg(s) + PbS(s) MgS(s) + Pb(s)
* Mg is more reactive than Pb

Increasing
activity

Metal
s
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
Au
Pt

An atom of an element
in the activity series will
displace an atom of an
element below it from
one of its compounds .
Potassium (K) will
displace an atom below
it from one of its
compounds.

EXAMPLE:
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
* Zn is more reactive than Cu

decreasing
activity

F
Cl
Br
I

 Double-Displacement
AB + CD AD + BC
Na2SO4 + BaCl2
BaSO4

NaCl +

 Neutralization Reaction When

acids and alkalis combine and
producing a neutral substance (salt).
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H 2O
(acid)

(alkali)

(salt)

(water)

 Precipitation the sudden formation

of a solid, either when two solutions
are mixed or when a gas is bubbled
into a solution.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI

PbI2

+ 2KNO3

yellow precipitate

 OXIDATION and REDUCTION REACTIONS

 OXIDATION and REDUCTION REACTIONS

* Remember that, in the process of

acting as a
reducing agent, that substance will
itself be
oxidised. The reducing agent will gain
the oxygen it is removing from the
other compound.

Oxidation is the loss of

electrons.
Reduction is the gain of
electrons.
REMEMBER:
OIL RIG

The other ions present (ex. SO4) are simply

spectator ions to the change; they do not take

* Oxidation is the increase in

oxidation state of an atom or ion.
*Reduction is the decrease in
oxidation state of an atom or ion.

Oxidation and Reduction

during Electrolysis
During electrolysis:
* the oxidation of non-metal ions
always takes place at the
anode.
* the reduction of metal or
hydrogen ions always takes
place at the cathode.

Molten aluminium is attracted to the

cathode:

Oxygen is released at the anodes:

SOLUTION ANODE
CATHODE
Used in
(oxidation) (reduction
electrolysi
)
s
Very dilute
HCl
Concentrate
d HCl
CuSO4

Complete the table below:

SOLUTION ANODE
CATHODE
Used in
(oxidation) (reduction
electrolysi
)
s
PbBr2
NaCl
KI

ANSWER
SOLUTION ANODE
CATHODE
Used in
(oxidation) (reduction
electrolysi
)
s
PbBr2
NaCl
KI