Sugestii pentru realizarea si prezentarea unei lucrari de licenta

Planul lucrarilor coordonate

Culic Lorina 2015/2016
Cateva aspecte formale legate de modul in care este redactata lucrarea de licenta:
- Spatiere de 1.5
- Font de 12
- Times New Roman
- Numar de pagini minim 60 - Aliniere la dreapta (justify)
- Deadlineuri:
Predare plan al lucrarii 10-15 decembrie 2015
Predare cadru teoretic februarie/martie2016
Predare cadru metodologic 1-15 mai 2016
Finalizarea lucrarii final mai 2016
I. Structura lucrarii de licenta (7 parti importante):
1. Cuprins
2. Introducere
- Care este principala idee a lucrarii? Ce doriti sa studiati? Descrieti tema lucrarii intr-o singura
propozitie, urmand sa o dezvoltati prin urmatoarele doua paragrafe.
- Care sunt principalele motive pentru care doriti sa analizati aceasta tema si pentru care merita
a fi cercetata? Care este puzzle-ul de la care porneste analiza (ce este problematic)?
- Ce este relevant, nou si interesant in tema voastra de cercetare?
- Care este/sunt intrebarea/intrebarile de cercetare (incercati sa aveti 2-3 intrebari de cercetare)
si ipotezele?
- Care sunt, pe scurt, metodele de cercetare pe care le veti utiliza?
- Ce cazuri doriti sa analizati si de ce?
- Care ar putea fi, dupa parerea voastra, posibilele explicatii ale fenomenului studiat?
3. Cadrul teoretic
- Definirea conceptelor
Definirea si conceptualizarea fenomenului de care sunteti interesati prin intermediul literaturii de
specialitate.

- Literature review
- Ce spun alti autori despre tema pe care si voi o studiati? Ce raspunsuri da literatura de specialitate
intrebarii voastre de cercetare? (in mod evident, aceste aspecte se vor referi la un alt context decat al
vostru).
- Cititi critic aceasta literatura. Puteti fi de acord cu ceea ce afirma autorii respectivi sau puteti combate
ceea ce spun ei. Eventual, descrieti propria voastra pozitie si argumentati.
- Posibile surse teoretice: J-stor (accesul se face de la BCU sau de la biblioteca facultatii), ProQuest,
SAGE Publication (www.sagepub.com) Ebesco, Oxford Journals, Cambridge Journals etc.
4. Cadrul metodologic (partea pratica si originala a lucrarii) Descrierea poiectului de cercetare
(design-ul cercetarii):
re)-specificarea intrebarilor de cercetare si a ipotezelor de lucru (puteti avea mai multe intrebari
de cercetare si mai multe variabile, insa eu recomand sa nu aveti mai mult de trei (dar cel putin
2 pentru a le putea verifica pe toate)
descrierea variabilelor si a instrumentelor de masura a acestora
specificarea limitelor spatiale si sociale ale cercetarii nu este nimic rusinos in a
recunoaste ca cercetarea voastra are anumite limite; nicio cercetare nu este
atotcuprinzatoare in selectia cazurilor
alegerea metodelor sociologice de analiza a realitatii (metodele de cercetare trebuie alese
in asa fel incat sa va ajute in cel mai benefic mod sa raspundeti intrebarilor voastre de
cercetare)
este nevoie sa utilizati cel putin doua metode de cercetare (acestea pot fi ambele
calitative, ambele cantitative sau combinate)
Ilustrarea si interpretarea rezultatelor cercetarii
- interpretarea rezultatelor obtinute in urma aplicarii metodelor de cercetare (fiecare metoda de
cercetare implica un mod specific de interpretare al rezultatelor)
- este validata sau nu ipoteza de cercetare?
5. Concluzii
- Reluarea principalei idei a cercetarii
- Trecerea in revista a principalelor concepte utilizate
- Trecerea in revista a metodelor de culegere a datelor
- Sublinierea rezultatelor si a validitatii ipotezei

- Importanta rezultatelor obtinute pentru societatea stiintifica

- Eventualele limite ale cercetarii voastre (orice cercetare are limite; de cele mai multe ori, aceste limite
survin in urma alegerii unui anumit design de cercetare)
- Posibilitati viitoare de studiere a temei de cercetare (prin desemnarea unor elemente ce ar fi trebuit sa
fie cuprinse in prezenta lucrare, sau prin desemnarea unor noi cazuri/subiecti demne de studiat)
6. Bibliografie
- utilizati pe cat de mult posibil articole stiintifice (accentul mai putin pe articole jurnalistice sau pe
bloguri de analiza)
- nu ignorati cartile, dar tineti cont de faptul ca datele prezentate in carti sunt cu aproximativ 23 ani in
urma (timpul pana la aparitia cartii respective pe piata), in timp ce datele din articole pot fi doar cu
aproximativ cateva luni in urma
- bibliografia se scrie in ordine alfabetica, intai numele (de familie) iar apoi prenumele, cu virgula intre
ele (acest lucru NU este valabil pentru notele de subsol)
7. Anexe (daca este cazul)
- in anexe se pun de obicei tabele, figurile, pozele etc., care nu sunt neaparat necesar de vizualizat in
cadrul textului si care au dimensiuni mult prea mari pentru a fi lasate in text
- de asemenea, in anexe veti atasa chestionar, ghid de focus grup, ghid de interviu etc. in cazul in care
utilizati aceste metode de cercetare.
II. Utilizarea referintelor bibliografice
- pentru fiecare idee pe care o preluati dintr-o anumita sursa este nevoie sa redati care este sursa
respectiva (indiferent daca este citat cu ghilimele sau doar parafrazata); in principiu, la fiecare paragraf
care contine o idee preluata e nevoie de referinta bibliografica
- de obicei, referinta spre nota de subsol se pune la finalul frazei in care este amintita ideea respectiva,
sau la finalul paragrafului in care se discuta ideea
- utilizati acelasi tip de referinte pe tot parcursul lucrarii (NU folositi atat note de text cat si note de
subsol, ci doar una dintre ele oricare dintre cele doua este corect)
- NU se accepta ca sursa biliografica Wikipedia (wikipedia este un site util pentru a ne informa pe
moment despre ceva, dar nu este in nici un caz o sursa de referinta academica)
III. Alte remarci importante
- NU plagiati, orice tentativa de acest gen va fi sanctionata cu eliminarea din licenta

- Orice paragraf are intre 3 si 6-7 fraze nu scrieti paragrafe interminabile sau paragrafe mult prea
scurte; practic, un paragraf contine discutia despre o idee (asta nu inseamna ca o idee importanta nu
poate fi discutata in mai multe paragrafe daca acest lucru este necesar)
- Atentie la modul in care sunt formulate ipotezele. Daca aveti o cercetare exclusiv calitativa (care
folosesste metode calitative), atunci e suficient daca enuntati intrebarile de cercetare (de obicei, o
cercetare calitativa nu poate avea rezultate generalizabile si, din aceasta cauza, nu poate stabili in mod
general valabil o relatie intre mai multe variabile asa cum este cazul unei cercetari cantitative). O
ipoteza pune in relatie doua sau mai multe variabile, dintre care una este obligatoriu variabila
dependenta, iar celelalte sunt variabile indepedente. Intr-o anumita masura, o ipoteza este un rapuns
foarte specific la o intrebare de cercetare deja formulata. Spre exemplu, pentru intrebarea Care este
impactul reclamelor asupra consumatorului?, o posibila ipoteza ar putea fi Reclamele televizate au un
impact mai mare asupra femeilor decat asupra barbatilor decat reclamele outdoor. Avem in aceasta
ipoteza doua variabile: tipul de reclame (televizate, print, outdoor etc.) si genul consumatorului. O
variabila, pentru a fi variabila, trebuie sa varieze, adica sa aiba mai multe categorii. In concluzie, o
ipoteza pune in relatie niste variabile si indica sensul acestei relatii.
- Partea originala a lucrarii este partea metodologica. De aceea, in patea teoretica redati ceea ce au spus
altii despre subiectul pe care il abordati si voi
- Utilizati un limbaj academic (evitati conceptul de chestiune etc.)
- Recomand, in scrierea lucrarii, folosirea unui stil neutru: NU eu consider ca ..., CI aceasta
lucrare/cercetare accentueaza faptul ca... (oricum, nici unul dintre stiluri nu este gresit: stilul neutru la
persoana a III-a singular, stilul la persoana I singular sau stilul la persoana I plural)
- Folositi diacritice (caractere romanesti) sugerez, chiar daca nu ati mai scris astfel pana acum, sa
scrieti de la bun inceput cu diacritice (va veti obisnui destul de usor); e mult mai usor asa (ia mult mai
putin timp) decat sa le inlocuiti la final, cand lucrarea e deja scrisa.
- Sugerez sa NU utilizati liniute sau bullet-uri pot fi interpretate fie ca o absenta a abilitatii de
formulare si exprimare, fie ca nevoia de a mari intentionat numarul de pagini. Formulati totul in
proprozitie/fraza
- De obicei, citatele se pun intre ghilimele si se scriu cu italic pentru a se evidentia. Daca aveti un citat
intr-o alta limba, el trebuie tradus in romana in text si scris in forma sa originala (in limba respectiva) la
nota de subsol
- Fiecare tabel, figura, poza etc. are un titlul si o sursa (in cazul in care nu este realizat/a exlusiv de
catre voi). Titlul se scrie de obicei in partea de sus, iar sursa in partea de jos.

IV. Sugestii pentru prezentarea lucrarii de licenta

1. Structura unei prezentari
Aveti intre 5 si 10 minute pentru prezentare, deci nu foarte mult trebuie sa spuneti mult in putine
cuvinte. Nu este nevoie sa utilizati Power Point!!!
- Care este principala idee a textului? Care este intrebarea/intrebarile de cercetare? Care este
ipoteza/ipotezele (daca este cazul) lucrarii?
- Care sunt principalele concepte utilizate in partea teoretica (foarte pe scurt, eventual sa stiti sa spuenti
numele catorva autori importanti pe subiectul vostru pe care i-ati utilizat)? eventual mentionati 1-2
studii similare cu al vostru si rezultatele acestora
- Care sunt metodele de cercetare utilizate? Cum le-ati aplicat?
- Care sunt rezultatele cercetarii si relevanta lor?
- Care sunt elementele de noutate pe care le aduce cercetarea voastra?
- Daca este cazul, mentionati propunerile voastre personale in ceea ce priveste domeniul respectiv.
2. Sugestii pentru prezentarea propriu-zisa
- O prezentare buna se bazeaza pe concizie
- Nu uitati ca audienta are acelasi background ca si voi
- Uitati-va la audienta, nu pe foaie
- Nu cititi!!! (dar puteti utiliza materiale ajutatoare)
- Daca exista foarte multe concepte de specialitate, alegeti-le pe cele mai importante pentru a fi
discutate
- Controlati audienta (prin tonul vocii, prin claritatea prezentarii, prin umor)
- Starniti curiozitate
- Dezvoltati respect si chiar afectiune pentru audienta (chiar daca va sunt adresate intrebari mai putin
comode, asta nu inseamna ca trebuie sa va simtiti ca fiind intr-o situatie defensiva)
- Pregatiti-va prezentarea de acasa
- Simulati in fata oglinzii (Train hard, fight easy)
- Folositi un limbaj academic
- Evitati jargonul, abrevierile etc.
- Imbracamintea ar trebui sa fie mai formala decat a audientei => respect pentru audienta
- Nu este o rusine sa spuneti ca nu stiti raspunsul la o anumita intrebare. Puteti insa spune ca aspectul
respectiv este un aspect la care v-ati gandit in timpul redactarii lucrarii, doar ca resursele (in special
temporale, umane, financiare etc.) nu v-au fost suficiente. Mai mult decat atat, faptul ca pentru aceasta

lucrare de licenta nu ati reusit sa realizati o cercetare foarte complexa, nu inseamna ca nu o veti putea
face pe viitor (iar acest lucru poate fi amintit in cazul unei intrebari incomode). Important este sa fiti
constienti de limitele cercetarii voastre ar fi chiar indicat sa
le treceti in cadrul concluziilor voastre din lucrare.
- Nu uitati sa multumiti pentru atentie. Indicati momentul cand prezentarea voastra s-a terminat.
Exemplu Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
N footnote (note de subsol)
B bibliography (bibliografie)
T text (nota de text)
R reference (referinte - adica tot bibliografie, doar ca in engleza se numeste diferit in functie de tipul
de note utilizate)
Book
One author
N: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.
B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
T: (Doniger 1999, 65)
R: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Two authors
N: 6. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2000), 1047.
B: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2000.
T: (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000, 1047)
R: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation biology. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Four or more authors
N: 13. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United
States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 262.

B: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social
Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1994.
T: (Laumann et al. 1994, 262)
R: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. 1994. The social
organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author
N: 4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951),
9192.
B: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
T: (Lattimore 1951, 9192)
R: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author
N: 16. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1995), 22.
B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1995.
T: (Bonnefoy 1995, 22)
R: Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New and selected poems. Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Chapter or other part of a book
N: 5. Andrew Wiese, The House I Live In: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in
the Postwar United States, in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 1012.
B: Wiese, Andrew. The House I Live In: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the
Postwar United States. In The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J.
Sugrue, 99119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
T: (Wiese 2006, 1012)
R: Wiese, Andrew. 2006. The house I live in: Race, class, and African American suburban dreams in
the postwar United States. In The new suburban history, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue,

99119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)
N: 8. Quintus Tullius Cicero. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship, in Rome: Late Republic
and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in
Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1986), 35.
B: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship. In Rome: Late Republic
and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago
Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 3346. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters
of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
T: (Cicero 1986, 35)
R: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. Handbook on canvassing for the consulship. In Rome: Late republic
and principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago
readings in western civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 3346. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The letters of Cicero, vol. 1
(London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
N: 17. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xxxxi.
B: Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft
Shelley, xixxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
T: (Rieger 1982, xxxxi)
R: Rieger, James. 1982. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley, xixxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but you may
also list the other formats, as in the second example below. If an access date is required by your
publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example
below.

N: 2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ (accessed June 27, 2006).
B: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. Also available in print form and as a
CD-ROM.
T: (Kurland and Lerner 1987)
R: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The founders Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Journal article
Article in a print journal
N: 8. John Maynard Smith, The Origin of Altruism, Nature 393 (1998): 639. B: Smith, John
Maynard. The Origin of Altruism. Nature 393 (1998): 63940. T: (Smith 1998, 639)
R: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 63940.
Article in an online journal
If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation, as in the fourth example below.
N: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women
after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
(HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.amaassn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.
B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Qualityof-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the
American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002),
http://jama.amaassn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.
T: (Hlatky et al. 2002)
R: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. 2002.
Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy:
Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial. Journal of the
American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6),
http://jama.amaassn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

Popular magazine article

N: 29. Steve Martin, Sports-Interview Shocker, New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84.
B: Martin, Steve. Sports-Interview Shocker. New Yorker, May 6, 2002.
T: (Martin 2002, 84)
R: Martin, Steve. 2002. Sports-interview shocker. New Yorker, May 6.
Newspaper article
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times
article on June 20, 2002, . . . ) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are commonly
omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal
versions of the citations.
N: 10. William S. Niederkorn, A Scholar Recants on His Shakespeare Discovery, New York Times,
June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
B: Niederkorn, William S. A Scholar Recants on His Shakespeare Discovery. New York Times,
June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
T: (Niederkorn 2002)
R: Niederkorn, William S. 2002. A scholar recants on his Shakespeare discovery. New York Times,
June 20, Arts section, Midwest edition.
Book review
N: 1. James Gorman, Endangered Species, review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert,
New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.
B: Gorman, James. Endangered Species. Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert.
New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002.
T: (Gorman 2002, 16)
R: Gorman, James. 2002. Endangered species. Review of The last American man, by Elizabeth Gilbert.
New York Times Book Review, June 2.
Thesis or dissertation
N: 22. M. Amundin, Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour
Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991), 2229, 35.
B: Amundin, M. Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Porpoise,
Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991.

T: (Amundin 1991, 2229, 35)

R: Amundin, M. 1991. Click repetition rate patterns in communicative sounds from the harbour
porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss., Stockholm University.
Paper presented at a meeting or conference
N: 13. Brian Doyle, Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59 (paper presented at the
annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 1922,
2002).
B: Doyle, Brian. Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59. Paper presented at the
annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 1922, 2002.
T: (Doyle 2002)
R: Doyle, Brian. 2002. Howling like dogs: Metaphorical language in Psalm 59. Paper presented at the
annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, June 1922, in Berlin, Germany.
Web site
Web sites may be cited in running text (On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees states . . .) instead of in an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a
bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the
citations. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the
end of the citation, as in the second example below.
N: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000
2010: A Decade of Outreach, Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan00.html.
B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000 2010: A
Decade of Outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategicplan- 00.html
(accessed June 1, 2005).
T: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)
R: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000 2010: A
decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan- 00.html
Weblog entry or comment
Weblog entries or comments may be cited in running text (In a comment posted to the Becker- Posner
Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted . . .) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they

are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the
more formal versions of the citations. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline,
include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below.
N: 8. Peter Pearson, comment on The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration, The BeckerPosner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, http://www.beckerposnerblog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (accessed March 28, 2006). B:
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.
T: (Peter Pearson, The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006) R: Becker-Posner blog,
The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/.
E-mail message
E-mail messages may be cited in running text (In an e-mail message to the author on October 31,
2005, John Doe revealed . . .) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are rarely listed in a
bibliography or reference list. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
N: 2. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005.
Item in online database
Journal articles published in online databases should be cited as shown above, under Article in an
online journal. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at
the end of the citation, as in the first example below.
N: 7. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital
Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (accessed
November 17, 2005).
B: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/. T: (Pliny the Elder, Perseus Digital Library)
R: Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.