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  • CH 3 Kinematic 2 Demensions With Vectors

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    Carlos Beasley
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    196 vizualizări28 pagini

    CH 3 Kinematic 2 Demensions With Vectors

    Încărcat de

    Carlos Beasley
    phys

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 28
    DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION In Chapter 2 the concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration are used to describe an object moving in one dimension, There are also situations in which the motion is along a curved path that lies in a plane, Such two-dimensional motion can be described using the same concepts. In Grand Prix racing, for example, the course follows a curved road, and Figure 3.1 shows a race car at two different positions along it. These positions are identified by the vectors F and Fy, which are drawn from an arbitrary coordinate ori- gin, The displacement SF of the cars the vector drawn from the initial position Fy at time 1 0 the final position ¥ at time 1. The magnitude of AF is the shortest distance between the two positions. Inthe drawing, the vectors and AF are drawn tail to head, so itis ev- ‘dent that F isthe yector sum of fy andl AF. (See Sections 1.5 and 1.6 for a review of veo- tors and vector addition.) This means that Displacement = AF ‘The displacement here is defined as itis in Chapter 2. Now, however, the displacement vec~ tor may lie anywhere in a plane, rather than just along a straight line. ‘The average velocity ¥ of the car between two positions is defined in a manner sim- ilar to that in Equation 2.2, as the displacement AF = ¥ — f, divided by the elapsed time Arar fy om: By tt Since both sides of Equation 3.1 must agree in dicection, the average velocity vector has the same direction as the displacement A¥. The velocity of the car at an instant of ime is, Ach runs through a water fountain outside the Acer Arena (formerly the SuperDome) in Sydney, Australia. The arching water follows a parabolic path whose size depends on the launch velocity and the acceleration due to graviy, assuming that the effects of air resistance can be ignared. (Reuters/6 Corbis) Figure 3.1 The displacement AF of the car isa vector that points from the inital position of the carat time 70 the final postion at met. The magnitude of AF is te shortest distance between the two positions. 60. cHarren s KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Figure 82 The instantancous velocity Y and its two vector components ¥ and ¥, Figure 3.3 The spacecraft is moving ‘witha constant acceleration a, parallel to tho x axis, There is no motion inthe ‘direction, and the y engine is turned oft its instantaneous velocity ¥, The average velocity becomes equ tthe instantaneous ve- locity ¥ in the limit that A¢ becomes infinitesimally small (At— 0s): Ar v= dim ar Figure 32 illastats that the instantancous velocity ¥is tangent to the path of the car. The diaing als shows the vector components ¥, and ¥, ofthe velocity, which are paral to tho x andy axes, respectively “The average acceleration @ is defined jst as i€ i for one-dimensional motion— namely, the change in velocity, AV ~¥ ~ ¥y dived by the elapsed time Att, ie _ ae fy At “The average aceleration has the same diction athe change in velocity AV. In the Knit thatthe elapsed time becomes infinitesimally soll the average acceleration becomes ‘equal to the instantaneous acceleration a: 3-2 av eer oe Perry ‘The acceleration has a vector component dj, along the x direction and a vector component , along the y direction. of CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING (The answacis given a the ond ofthe book |< Suppose you ae diving ds sae, raveling distance of 100 m ip 2minutos: You then ‘in dus north and travel tho sare distance in tha sare time. What canbe sid about the Sverage speeds end the average vloctis for the two segments of the tip? a) The ever ‘ge spaeda are the some, and the average veloctes are tho sre. tb The average Spode ore the same, but tho average vols are cifront.(e) The averepe speeds aro Aflorent butte average vaictes ae the same. EQUATIONS OF KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS ‘To understand how displacement, velocity, and acceleration are applicd to two- <éimensional motion, coasider a spacecraft equipped with two engines that are mounted per- pondicular to each other. These engines produce the only forces thatthe craft experiences, and the spacecrat is assumed to be atthe coordinate origin when fo = 0', so that fy = Om. ‘Ata later time tthe spacecraft's displacement is AF = ¥ ~ fy =F. Relative to the x and y xcs, the displacement ¥ has vector component of X and ¥, respectively. ‘in Figure 3.3 only the engine oriented along the x direction is firing, and the vehicle accelerates along this direction, It is assumed thatthe velocity in the y direction is zero, and itremains zero, since the y engine is tured off. The motion ofthe spacecraalong the «direction is described by the five kinematic variables x, dsp Ugo and f, Here the sym- bol “x” reminds us that we are dealing with the x components of the displacement, veloc ity, and aoceleration vectors. (See Sections 1.7 and 1.8 for a review of vector components.) 3.2 EQUATIONS OF KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 61 ‘Table 3.1. Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration jn Two-Dimensional Motion ” x Component Variable » Component x Displacement y id - a Acceleration 4 i" ; % Final velocity > jase 3 Me Initiat velocity My ' Elapsed time ' Yet at BBA) 3b) x Hq + 0)¢ G4) (0, +2.) GAB) © x= og tha? B58) Yost + Jay? G50) vez vet 2ax 36a) f+ 2ay (3.60) gure 3.4 ‘The spacecraft is moving with a constant seceleration a, peal to the yaxs, There n9 motion inthe ‘The vatiables x, ay Zand Uo, are scalar components (or “components,” for short). As rection, andthe x engines tumed ‘Section 1,7 discusses, these components are positive or negative numbers (with units), de- pending on whether the associated vector components point in the +x or the —x direction. If the spaceeraft has a constant aeceleration along the x diction, the motion is exactly like that described in Chapter2, andthe equations of kinematics ean be used, For convenience, these equations are writen in the left column of Table 3.1. Figure 3-4 is analogous to Figure 3.3, except that now only the y engine is fring, and | the spacecraft accelerates along the y direction. Such a motion can be described in terms of the kinematic variables y, a, U2, and t.And if te acceleration along the y direction {is constant, these variables are related by the equations of kinematic, as written in the ight column of Table 3.1 Like thei countexparts inthe x direction, the sealer components, Jn My, Bp and Yp,, may be positive (-+) or negative (—-) numbers (with units). ICboth engines ofthe spacecraft are fring a the same time, the resulting motion takes place in part long the axis and in part along they axis, as Figure 3.5 lusrates. The thrust of each engine gives the vehicle a corresponding acceleration component. The x engine ac- celerates the ship in the x direction and causes a change inthe x component of the velocity. Likewise, the y engine causes « change in the y component of the velocity. [tis important —Problem-slving it to realize that the x part of the motion oceurs exactly as it would if the y part did not oo- ur at all Similarly, the y part of the motion occurs exactly as it would ifthe x part of the ‘motion did not exis. ln other words, the x nd y motions ate independent of each other : P CONCEPTS ATAGLANCE The independence ofthe x and y motions lis at the heat of two-dimensional kinematics, It allows us to treat two-dimensional motion as two distinct ‘one-dimensional motions, one for the x direction and one for the y direction. As the Concepts-at-a-Glance chart® in Figure 3.6 illustrates, everything that we have learned in Figure 85 The two-dimensional ‘motion of the spacecraft ean be viewed asthe combination ofthe separate -xand y motions, *Conceps-a--Glance chars cccu throughout his text and illus diagremmacally how physics builds @ ‘coherent undersaing of nature through the development of iterated concepts. 62 CHAPTER 2 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS ‘Kinematics in One Dimension (Chapter 2) "Direction Variables: 3.0, ¥y oy, Figure 3.6 CONCEPTS at a GLaNce Ti wa dimensions, motion along the x direction snd motion along the y diteston are independent ofeach other. ‘As a result, each can be analyzed separately aocording to the procedures for one-dimensional kinematics iscassod in Chapter 2. On the space shuttle Challenger, potion in perpendicular direction is controlled by thrusters, The photographs show the Challenger in obit with different ‘thrusters activated. Courtesy NASA) D Wan the motor is teostinenira, the tie variaba has the same vlan for bath the x andy dectiws .m-saving insight (Chapter 2 about kinematics in one dimension will now be applied separately to each of the two directions. In so doing, we will be able to describe the x and y variables separately and, then bring these descriptions together to understand the two-dimensional picture. Examples, 1 and 2 take this approach in dealing with a moving spacecrait. 1e Displacement of a Spacecraft In Figure 3.5, the directions to the right and upward are the positive directions. In the x direc tion, the spaceerat hasan initial velocity component of tg, = “+22 mvs and an acceleration com= ponent of o, = +24 mis In the y direction, the analogous quantities are yy = +14 m/s and a, “+12 mus, Ata time of = 7.0, find the x and y components of the spacecraft's displacement. Reasoning The motion inthe x direction and the motion in the y direction can be treated sep- rately, each as a one-dimensional motion subject to the equations of kinematics for constant acceleration (see Table 3.1), By following this procedure we will be able to determine x and y, hich specify the spacecraft’ location after an elapsed time of 7.0, Solution The data for the motion in the x direction are listed in the following table: --Direction Data x[ 2 | to 1 +24 mist +2mis | 7.08 Ee “The x component of the craft's displacement canbe found by using Equation 35a: am tuet + hage? = (22 mAoy7.05) + $24 mistK7.08)* "The data forthe motion in the y direction are listed in the following table: Direction Data yt is | | oy t 2 | +12mist +14mis | 70s ‘The y component of the craft's displacement can be found by using Equation 3.5b: y= do -+ fa? = (14 ms}(7.08) + 12 mis}.0 5) ‘After 7.0 the spacecraft is 740m to the right and 380 m above the cxigin. 3.2 EQUATIONS OF KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 63, Ee ea ee ee eae Example 2 The Velocity of a Spacecraft This example also deals with the spacecraft in Figure 3.5. As in Example i, the -F components of the crafts initial velocity and acceleration are dy, = +22 mls and ‘4, = +24 m/s, respectively. The comesponding y components ate Up) = +14 rvs and a, = +12 mis. Ata time of = 7.0 ind the spaceeraf’s final velocity (nagnitude and dizection). Reasoning Figure 3.7 shows the final velocity vector, which has components _and v, and a magnitude v. The final yelocty is directed at an angle 0 above the ‘+x axis, The yector and its components form a right triangle, the hypotense being, the magnitude of the yelocity and the components being the other two sides. Thus, ‘we can use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude » from values for Figure 37 The velocity vector has the components 2, and v;. We can also usc trigonometry to determine the directional components v, and v, and a magnitude v. angle 4. ‘The magnitude gives the speed of the Spacecraft, and the angle 6 gives the direction of travel relative to the positive x dicection Knowns and Unknowns ‘The data for this problem are listed in the table that follows: Description ‘Symbol Yale 2 component of acceleration a +24mis Comment xcomponent of initial velocity Ra 422m ‘y component of acceleration a, +12 mist 'y component of initial velocity My +14m/s Time 1 10s ‘Same time for x and y directions Unknown Variables Magnitude of final velocity . 2 Direction of final velocity 2 ‘Modeling the Problem o-WiFe Ua e=tn'(2) aby Cs Hina Velocity In Pgure 37 te fal vloiy vector and ts componeas ©, andy fan 4 ight inge,Aplyog the Pyhagsran coe tts eke ooo ‘tows ta th maga oof eB veloiy i given neem of ts epee Euston la athe eight rom the sight langle n Figure 9 hale foo ee rartnnl ale 66 tea by hase UB a gh The Components of the Final Velocity Values are given for the kinematic (ay eS ty Uy and in the x direction and for the corresponding variables inthe y di- rection (see the table of knowns ind unknowns), For each direction, then, hese values er 3.3b from the equations of kinematics. vee Gab) Dee Oy at (ab) ‘These expressions can be substituted into Equations ta a Press “ = Lae 18 mis 3.3 PROJECTILE MOTION 65 Figure 3.8 The package falling from the plane isan example of projectile ‘motion, as Examples 3 and 4 diseuss, 66 CHAPTER 3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Prablem-stving insight The variates y 2,2, an oy ae scalar carports, Therofr, an algetrae sign (CF of =) must be inde ith ea one ts denote drei Figure 39 Package A and package B fare released simultaneously at the samme bight and strike the ground atthe same time because their y variables (944, and op) a the seme, round, the y component ofits displacement is y = ~1050 m, asthe drawing shows, The ac= celeration is that due to gravity, oa, = ~9.80 mls? These data are summarized as follows: Py | t [= 1050m [980 mst oms | 2 ica ge vedas ties sop | (ecwiey — fase) a, V —980 mis eee ete Jaf and “The freely falling package in Example 3 picks up vertical speed on the way down- ‘ward, The horizontal component of the velocity, however, retains its intial value of Oye = +115 m/s throughout the entire descent, Since the plane also travels at a constant horizon- tal velocity of +115 mis, it remains dircetly above the falling package. The pilot always sees the package directly beneath the plane, as the dashed vertical lines in Figure 3.8 show. ‘This result isa direct consequence of the fact that he package has no acceleration in the horizontal direetion, In reality, ar resistance would slow down the package, and it would not remain directly beneath the plane during the descent Figure 3.9 illustrates what happens to two packages that are released simultaneously from the same height, in order to emphasize that the vertical and horizontal parts of the ‘motion in Example 3 oceur independently. Package A is dropped from a stationary balloon and falls straight downward toward the ground, since it has no horizontal velocity compo- nent (2), = O m/s). Package B, on the other hand, is given an intial velocity component of 1, = F115 nus in the horizontal direction, as in Example 3, and follows the path shown in the figure, Both packages hit the ground at the same time. Not only do the packages in Figure 3.9 reach the ground at the same time, but the v components of their velocities are also equal at all points on the way down. However, package B does hit the ground with a ‘ereater speed than does package A. Remember, speed is the magnitude of the velocity vec tor, and the velocity of B has an x component, whereas the velocity of A does not. The ‘magnitude and direction of the velocity vector for package B at the instant just before the ‘package hits the ground is computed in Example 4. A Bwae lions, & pec 3.3 PROJECTILE MOTION 67 eee eas Example 4 The Velocity of the Care Package Figure 3.8 shows a care package flling from a plane, and Figure 3.9 show this package as package B. Asin Example 3, the rections wo the right and upward are chosen as the postive directions, andthe plane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of +115 mis at an ate of 1050 m. Ignoring ai resistance, find the magnitude v and the directional anal 9 of the final velocity vector thatthe package has just before it tikes the grovnd. Reasoning Figures 3.8 and 3.9 show the final velocity veetor, which has components 2, and v, and # magnitude v. The vector is directed at an angle @ below the horizontal or x direction, We note the tight triangle formed by the vector and its components. ‘The hypotenuse of the triangle is the magnitude of the velocity, and the components are the other two sides. As in Example 2, We can use the Pythagorean theorem to express the magnitude or speed v in terms of the components 7, and 2,, and we can use trigonometry to determine the directional angle 8. KKnowns and Unknowns The data for this problem ate listed in the table that follows: Description Symbol Value Comment Explicit Data, x Direction x component of inital velocity q+ LIS mvs. Package has plane's horizontal velocity at instant of release Implicit Data, x Direction component of acesleration, a, Ons? No horizontal acceleration, since ar resistance is ignored Explicit Dato, y Direction ‘y component of displacement » 1050 m__ Negative, ine upward is positive and package falls downward Iniplicit Data, y Direction ‘y component of initial velocity My Om/s Package traveling horizontally in x direction at instant of release, not in y direction ‘y component of acceleration, 4, = 9.80.m/s* Acceleration vector for gravity points downward in the negative 7 dlteotion Unknown Variables Magnitude of final velocity ° Direction of final velocity ‘Modeling the Problem inal Velocity Using the Pythagorean eheorem express the speed vin tem ofthe components, kd (re Figure 38er 39), we obin Ege tat th Fight Fuoco. ag langle te cosine of an angle athe side njcel te angle divided by be hypetenue, Wit isn mind, we seein igue 3 8 igus 29 tha the drtional ange 8s given by Eaton tb et he rig. ‘The Components ofthe Final VeoctyRefercace tote able of knowns ad unknowns shows ta in he eon, wes ae aalabl forte Kisomae ree Able, ad She he acceleration a, seo, th fal vl eomponet rns trek ge ab lll vali as o0 ols 7, Oy In the y direction, values are available for y, vp, and a, so that we can determine the final velocity component v, using Equation 3.6b from the equations of kinematics: Df + 2ay 8.60) ‘These results for 9, and a, can be substituted into Equations 1a and Ib, as shown at the right. Continued 68 CHAPTER 2 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Problem-solviag insight The speedo «projectile at ay locaton along ts ath ic the magnitude v ofits vlalty at that inetien; v= Vo + v7 Both the borate and vr vloty eampanents cant to the sped All ‘With the data given for the kinematic variables in the x and y directions, we find that the i ‘nagnitude and direction ofthe final velocity of the package are v= Vod Fog + ay — \UIS mis)? + O mis) + 29,80 mis?) ~ 1050 mm) = [184 mis] ( | US ve ae ! Vogt og + 2ay US mays Omay + 2¢ al Related Homework: Problems 31, 33, 44 i dl | ‘An important feature of projectile motion is that there is no acceleration in the horizon- tal, or x direction, Conceptual Example 5 discusses an interesting implication of this feature, : €) cones + | Shot a Bullet into the Air... H ‘Suppose you are driving in a convertible with the top down, The car is moving to the right at a const velo. Aa igre 3.10 ses, you pot a fe stight upward an et Inthe been ofa esanc, wou the bul and @ behind you, aead of yo, oF (in he Bane tthe ie? i L Reasoning Because there is no air resistance to slow it down, the bullet experiences no hori i panes 7 zontal acceleration, Thus, the bullet's horizontal velocity component does not change, and it stays the same as that oF the rifle and the ear optual Example & | Shot a Bullet into the Air. Figure 310 The ear is moving with a constant yelocity tothe right, and the Af'swers (a) and (b) are incorrect. If ar resistance were present, it would slovr down the bul- ate is pointed sanight up Inthe Tet and cause it to land behind you, toward the rear of the car, However, ai resistance is absent. Ifthe bullet were to land ahead of you, its horizontal velocity component would have to be greater than that of the rifle and the car. This cannot be, since the bullet's horizoatal velocity ‘component never changes. agence of air resistance, bullet Seed from the fle has no acceleration inthe horizonal direction. Example § «scusses what happens tothe bullet. _ngwer (eis correc. Since the bllet’s horizontal velocity component does not change it e- tain its initial valve, and remains matched to that ofthe rifle and the car. As a result, the bu: Tet remains directly above the rife at all imes and woul fall directly back into the bare of the rifle. This situation is analogous to that in Figure 3.8, where the care package, a it falls r= mais dicoy below the plane. Related Homework: Problem 41 0 ‘Often projectiles, such as footballs and baseballs, are sent into the air at an angle with respect tothe ground. From a knowledge of the projectile’s initial velocity, a wealth of in- formation can be obtained about the motion. For instance, Example 6 demonstrates how to calculate the maximum height reached by the projectile. @) Example 6 The Height of « Kiokott A placekicker kicks a football at an angle of @ = 40,0° above the horizontal axis, as Figure 3.11 shows. The initial speed ofthe bal is ¥) = 22 m/s. Ignore ai resistance, and find the maximum height 2 thatthe ball attains. Reasoning The maximum height is a characteristic of the vertical part of the motion, which ‘can be treated separately from the horizontal part. In preparation for making wse of this fact, we calculate the vertical component of the intial velocity py = Yo sin 6 = +(22 m/s) sin 40.0° = +14 m/s ‘The vertical component of the velocity, o,, decreases as the ball moves upward, Eventually, 2, =0 mis at the maximum height H.'The data below can be used in Equation 3.66 (2 = v9} + 2a,y) to find the maximum height }-Direction Data 2 _ _ vy [+ | H=? |-980mis* | omis | +14mis ug = ve) _ mss)? ~ (14 mis)? 2a, 2-980 mis) 10m ‘The height Hf depends only on the y variables: the same height would have been reached had the ball been thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 2, = +14 ms, - a 0 Its also possible to find the total time or “hang time” during which the football in ‘Figure 3.11 is inthe air. Example 7 shows how to determine this time, @) example 7 The Timo of Fight of a Kickoff For the motion illistrated in Figure 3.11, ignore air resistance and use the data from Example 6 to determine the time of light between kickof? and lending. Reasoning Given the initial velocity, iis the acceleration due to gravity that determines how ‘ong the ball stays in the ai. Thus, to find the time of fight we deal with the vertical par ofthe ‘motion, Since the ball starts at and returns 10 ground level, the displacement in the y direction is zero, The initial velocity component inthe y direction isthe same as that in Exaniple 6; that 1s, Uo, = +14 mis, Therefore, we have Direction Data y a 2, Py | t Om | -9.80 mis? +14mis | 2 The time of tight canbe determined fom Equation 3:56 (y= yt + fay) Solution Using Equation 3.5b, we find Om= (dimije + (-9.80m%)2 (14 m/s) + 3(-9.80 mis?)e1t 3.8 PROJECTILE MOTION 69 Fiore 8.11 A foosball is kicked with an inital speed of at an angle of 8 above the ground, The bal attains a ‘maximum height F and a range Problem-salving insight When a projectile teaches maxim tight, the vertical component of is vlc is ‘momenta ao (= O m/s). Howavr, the rizr component fits velit is at 20. ‘The physics of ‘the “hang time” of a football, 70 CHAPTER 2 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS There are two solutions to this equation, One is given by (14 m/9) + (-9.801m/s2)}¢= 0 of 1= 295 ‘The other is given by ¢= 0s, The solution we seek is [F= 2.9], because 1=0 s comesponds toe lnia kaor ———0 Another important feature of projectile motion is called the “range"" The range, as Figure 3.11 shows, is the horizontal distance traveled between launching and tanding, as- ‘suming the projectile returns to the same vertical level at which it was fired. Example 8 shows how to obtain the range, & The Range of a Kickoff For the motion shown in Figure 3.1] and discussed in Examples 6 and 7, ignore sir resistance 1nd calculate the range R of the projectile. Reasoning The range isa characteristic of the horizontal part of the motion. ‘Thus, our stat- ing point isto determine the horizontal component of the initial velocity Vp, = Dy 608. = +(22 m/s) c0s 40.0" = +17 m/s Recall from Example 7 that the time of flight is 1= 2.9 s. Since there is no acceleration in the x direction, v, remains constant, and the range is simply the product of 2, = Ug, and the time, Solution The range is x= R= 00, (17 m/sy(2.9 5) = [449m ——$$——0 ‘The range in the previous example depends on the angle @ at which the projectile is fired above the horizontal. When air resistance is absent, the maximum range results when Baas’ ‘The examples considered thus far have used information about the initial location and velocity of a projectile to determine the final location and velocity. Example 9 deals with the opposite situation and illustrates how the final parameters can be used with the equa~ tions of kinematics to determine the initial parameters. ANALYZING MULTIPLE-CONCEPT PROBLEMS Example 9 A Home Run ‘A baseball player hits a home run, and the ball lands in the left-field seats, 7.5 m above the point at which it was hit, It lands ‘with a velocity of 36 mis at an angle of 28° below the horizontal (see Figure 3.12). The positive directions are upward and t0 the right in the drawing, Ignoring air resistance, find the magnitude and direction of the initial velocity with which the bal Teaves the bat. Figute 312. ‘The velocity and location of the baseball upon landing can be sed to determine its iii velocity, as Example 9 lustrates, 3.3 PROJECTILE MOTION 71 Reasoning Just after the ball is hit, its initial velocity has 2 magnitude v, and compo- Dents of &, and rp, and is directed at an angle 0 above the horizontal ot x direction. Figure 3.12 shows the inital velocity vector and its components. As usual, we will use the Pythagorean theorem to relate ty to vy ad Y, and will use trigonometry to determine 8. Knowns and Unknowns ‘The data for this problem are listed in the table that follows: Description ‘Symbol Value Comment Explicit Data ‘y component of displacement , +75m Positive, since upwandis positive and tall lands above is starting point Magnitude of final velocity ° 36 ms Direction of final velocity 2 Below the horizontal (ee Figure 3.12) Implicit Data + component of acceleration a Ons No orizonal acceleration, since ar resistances is ignored {y eomponent of acceleration a 9.80 mvs! Acceleration vector for gravity pints downvad in the negative dirootion Unknovn Varabtes “Magnitude of initial velocity % 2 Direction af inital velocity 6 2 Modeling the Problem Initial Veloty The magnitude ofthe nial veacty ean be ened oi COMPENE and by ase Pythagoreen acre, cee componcnts a pet pendiclarw oe antec Ths eae oEauaon laa height Roforng to igus 31 We ea allo ue tagonomety to express he deal angle in ems of te cepa; nents dp, aitd Up, This, we obtain Equation 1b atthe right, {Component ofthe Initial Velacty To obtain oy, we noe tha he acne Bion 2° sins sr esseces beng ignored. Wh srleton ate dee ton emain unchanged throughout he modon ofthe ball Ths: sequal the x component of the ball’ final velocity. We have, then, that Dye = 0, = eos 2 ‘This result can be substituted into Equations 1a and 1b, as shown atthe right. (ta) (ap) 2 = EF og (is) 4 (ab) -y Component of the Initial Velocity In contrast othe argument in Step 2, does ot equal the y component ofthe ball’ nal velocity since the ball aceler. However, we can use Equation 34 from the equations of ates in the vertical direc kinematics to determine v, wp ang +2ay or’ oy = +e = day, ‘The plos sign is chosen for the square root, sinee the balls initial velocity component vp, points upward in Figure 3.12. In Equation 3.6b, 2, can be written as, y= 0 sin 28° Where the minus sign is present because 0, points downward in the —y direction in Figure 3.12, We find, then, that = HE 0 sin WP tay ‘is result can sho be stated into Equations laand tas shown attioright FB = NCOs I= Bay 866) | 9, = Wad ag (ia) =) ‘Vg, = ¥ C03 28°) Continued 72. cHarran 3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Solution Algebraically combining the results of each step, we find that om t= Vd + 0 = Me 00s 28) + og = No cos 287 ¥ (“0 sin 20F — Amy [tee fan” \ 9 608 28” vm) nin nin my = Me cos BEF oan WF the data given in the table of knowns and unknowns, we find that the magnitude and Girection of the ball’ initial velocity are tan min _( Mews = tay ( eos 28° ) = ay = \IG6 tls)o0s 287 & F-G6 misysin 287 = 209.80 mis V7.5 m) = [38 mis) pas ae ao \Cvsin BFS 3) 608 28" {| NE Gomis) sin 28°F = 209.80 wil \CF5 mw) | (36 mis) cos 28° Related Homework: Problems 32, 40 Figure 3.13. The speed v ofa projectile ata given height above the ground is the same on the upward and dovenward parts ofthe trajectory. The velocities are different, howeves, since they point in different directions. Figure 3.14 Two stones are thrown off the cliff with identical initial speeds 7%, ‘but at equal angles @ that are below and above the horizontal, Concepeual Example 10 compares the velocities ‘with which the stones hit the water be- low. 33] In projectile motion, the magnitude ofthe acceleration due to gravity affects the tra- jectory in a significant way. For exemple, a baseball ora golf ball would travel much far- ther and higher on the moon than on the earth, when Inunched with the same initial velocity. The reason is that the moon's gravity is only about one-sixth as strong as the earth's Section 2.6 points out that certain types of symmetry with respect to time and speed are present for freely falling bodies. These symmetries are also found in projectile motion, since projectiles ae falling frecly in the vertical direction. In particular, the time required fora projectile to reach its maximum height His equal to the time spent returning to the round. In addition, Figure 3.13 shows that the speed v of the object at any height above the ground on the upward part of the trajectory is equal to the speed vat the same height on the downward part. Although the two speeds are the same, the velocities are diferent, because they point in different directions. Conceptual Example 10 shows how to use this type of symmetry in your reasoning. @) Conceptual exampte 10 Two Ways to Throw a Stone rom the top of a cliff overlooking a lake, a person throws two stones, The stones have ideati- cal initial speeds 0, but stone 1 is thrown downward at an angle @ below the horizontal, while stone 2is thrown upward atthe same angle above the horizontal, as Figure 3.14 shows. Neglect air resistance and decide which stone, if either, strikes the water with the greater velocity’ (a) both stones strike the water with the same velocity, (b) stone 1 strikes with the greater velocity, (€) stone 2 strikes with the greater velocity Reasoning Note point P in the drawing, where stone 2 returns to its initial height; here the speed of stone 2 is Hp, (tne same as its initial speed), but its velocity is directed at an angle @ below the horizontal. This is exactly the type of projectile symmetry illustrated in Figure 3.13, ‘and this symmetry will lead us to the correct answer. ‘Answers (b) and (¢) are incorrect. You might guess that stone 1, being hurled downward, would strike the water with the greater velocity. Or, you might think that stone 2, having. reached a greater height than stone 1, would hit the water with the greater velocity, To undor- stand why neither ofthese answers is correct, see the response for answer (a) below. ‘Answer (a) Is corroct. Let's follow the path of stone 2 es it rises to its maximum height and falls back to earth. When itreaches point P in the drawing, stone 2 bas a velocity that is iden- tical to the velocity with which stone 1 is thrown downward from the top of the cliff (see the Ona? = EOmAy + Oma = [45 mis Thus, the boat moves at a speed of 4.5 m/s with respect to an observer on shore. The direation of the boat relative to the shore is given by the angle in the drawing: wn (224) =u (49m) ws Pas 20m/ 1800 (©) The time forthe boat to cross the river is Width z Yasin 9 40mie OS Width ES -EEEEE ESE CEEEE ESE eC SESE eeeeaeee Pow tan @ SF ‘Sometimes, situations arise when (wo vehicles are in relative motion, and itis useful to know the relative velocity of one with respect to the other, Example 12 considers this type of relative motion, 9.4 RELATIVE VELOCITY 75 Figure 3.16 (a) A boat with its engine tured of is carried along by the current. (6) With the engine turned on, the boat moves across the river in @ fi meas “geste han”) (0) 01> °s > °: empresa Oy > > Om> > % @x>4>% Oy>n>, 3. Two balls ae thrown from te top of a bilding, 2 inthe draing. Ball 1 is thrown soaight down, and ball 2 is crown with the same the horizontal. Consider the motion of the balls, after they are released. Which one ofthe follow ing statements is tue? (a) The acceleration of ball | becomes larger and larger asi fs, be cause the balls going fester and faster. (b) The acceleration of ball 2 decreases as it rises, be- ‘comes zero atthe top of the trajectory, and then increases as the ball begins wo fall toward the ‘ground. (@) Both balls have the same aecelea- tion at all times, (@) Ball 2 has an acceleration PROBLEMS 81 In bot tbe horizontal and veal rections, bu bal 1 has an aceler- - tion only in the vertical direction. _ A Bach deawing shows thre points long the path of a project, “dhe on its Way Up. one athe top, and one on its way own. The __Inanch pont son the left each drawing. Which drawing corecty -eoresens the acceleration i of the projet at these tree points? 1 2 ©@3 @4 |S a= Ot Question 9 Section 34 Relative Velocity 14, A slower-moving car is traveling behind a faster-moving bus, ‘The velocities ofthe two vehicles areas follows: ‘Yoo = velocity ofthe Car relative tothe Ground = +12 mls ‘Yoo = velocity of the Bus relative tothe Ground = +16 mis A passenger on the bus gets up and walks toward the front ofthe bus With a velocity of gp, Where Viq = Velocity ofthe Passenger relative to the Bus = +2 mis. What is Ypc, the velocity of the Passenger relative to the Car? (a) +2 m/s + 16 m/s + 12 m/s = +30. (W) —2 ms + 16 mvs + 12. avs = +26ms (©) +2 mls + 16 m/s ~ 12 ws = +6 m/s (@) 2s + lo m/s ~ 12 m/s = +205 15, Your car is traveling behind a joop, Both are moving et the same speed, so the velocity ofthe jeep relative to you is zero. A spare tire fs supped tothe back of the jeep. Suddenly the strap breaks, andthe tire falls off the jeep. Will your car hit the spare tre before te ire hits the road? Assume that air resistance is absent. (a) Yes. As long as the car doesn’t slow down, it wil hit the tire. (b) No. The car will teal 2 _othitthe tire bofore the tre hits the ground, no matter how close you Tare to the jeep, (c) Ifthe tice falls from a great enough height, the car will it the tire. (@) Ifthe car is Sar enough behind the jeep, the er will not it the tre. ‘Ball Lis thrown into the air and it follows the trajectory for pro- pstile motion shown in the drawing. Atthe instant that ball 1 is atthe op of is trajectory, ball 2 is dropped froma rest froma the same height, Which ball reaches the ground frst? (a) Ball | reaches the grownd ist, since it is moving atthe top peed fom Toe) Bal 2 fect natenes Tits onc drancso ml poe fies aco ore 16. The daving sows wo cars een intent sons wi het alsa goad at oem pote ee vei igh information to tell which RMN WER F - — velocity of car A relative to the Ground = 27.0 mvs, due east _ ball reaches the ground frst. ‘Yeo = velocity of car B relative to the Ground = 21.0 mis, due north [Fv cbc wed note aan te ving iow poe“ ee [ele noone et mces tn eat hp tt ppc Tg of Boss vo Teste peuscuge Woshincinte afore pentane gto te?) Priel cue enet harden pj 2 WS Oey cone D hocalonbeauetiadegrsciang @mthyecns Siam dein ofr Ass ia ‘Nerds ans con one bes) Pele ease San) pe = Ita the smaller initial speed and, therefore, vavels more slowly than eho ¥cofesr Adah pga t car BY Give te divcional qa ‘so tree of few see : sees TE Witt tractors: Mos ofthe homework problems ahs hair ae cla or asigamen via an nine honor mon gran ch as WiesPLUS or WebAsign. endow mark wth te cn QQ) ae presented in WlePL.US ung led tra forma a pos ekoned | ier See Prefer atone ee ee Section 3.1. Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration sides of the trunks that face each other are separated by 1.3 m, A. As s8m ‘Two toes have perfectly straight tranks and are both grow frisky squisrel makes thnee jumps in rapid succession. Fist, he leaps “Ing perpendicular to the fat horizontal ground beneath them. The from the foot of one tee to a spot tet is 1.0 m above the ground on 82 CHAPTER @ KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS the other tre. Then, he jumps back tothe frst tee, landing on it at a ‘pot thac is 1.7 m above the ground, Finally, he leaps back tothe other tree, now landing ata spot that is 2.5 m above the ground, What the magnitude ofthe squirrels displacement? 2. A jetliner is moving at a speed of 245 mis. The vertical compo- nent ofthe plane's velocity is 40.6 mis, Determine the magnitude of the horizontal component ofthe plane’s velocity. 3. Ina football game a kicker attempts afield goal. The ball remains jn contact with the kickers foot for 0.050 s, daring which time it ex- petiences an acceleration of 340 mls. The ball is Iaunched at an an- she of 51° above the ground. Determine the horizontal and vertical ‘components ofthe launch velocity 4, A meteoroidis speeding through the atmosphere, traveling eas at 18.3 kas while descending a arate of 11.5 kn. What sits speed, in kml? : 5. ssm A radar amenna is tracking satellite orbiting the earth. Ata certain time, the radar sereen shows the satellite to be 162 km away. "The radar antenna is pointing upward al an angle of 62.° from the ground. Find the x and y components (in km) of the position vector ‘ofthe satellite, relative io the antenna, 6, A mountaiaclimbing expedition establishes two intermediate ‘camps, labeled A and in the drawing, above the hase camp. What is the magnitude Ar of the displacement between camp A and camp 8? 7. ssm In diving 10 a depth of 750 2, an elephant seal also moves 460 m dve east of his sting point. What is Ube magnitude of the seal’ displacement? 8. & Ina mall, a shopper rides up an escalator between floors. At the top of the escalator, the shopper turns right and walls 9.00 m 10 ‘store. The magnitude of the shopper’ displacement fom the bot- tom ofthe ezealator tothe store is 16.0 m, The vertical distance be ‘ween the floors is 600 m, At what angle is the escalator inclined above the horizontal? 9. ssm www A skateboarder, starting from rest, rolls down a 12.0-m, amp, When she aeives atthe bottom ofthe ramp he sped is 7.70 ms (g) Determine the magnitude of her acceleration, essumed to be con- stant. (b) If the ramp is inclined at 25.0° with respect co the ground, ‘what is the component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground? "10, Interactive Solution 3.10 et www.iley.comfcollege/cutnell presents a model fr solving this problem. The earth moves around the sun ina nearly creala bit of radius 1.50 % 10%" m, During the three summer months (an elapsed time of 789 % 10° s, the earth moves. ‘one-fourth ofthe distance around the sun. (a) What the average speed of the earth? (b) What isthe magnitude ofthe average velo: ity ofthe earth daring this period? LL, Interactive LeamingWate 3.1 at wwrw.wiles.convcollege/cutnell reviews the approach taken in problems such as this one. A bird ‘watcher meenders through the woods, walking 0.50 km due east, (0.75 kam due south, and 2.15 kim in a divetion 35.0" north of west. ‘The time requited for this ip is 2.50h, Determine the magnitie and ection (relative to due west) ofthe bird watcher’s (a) displace ment and (b) average velocity. Use kilometers and ours for dis- tance and time, respectively Section 32. Equations of Kinematic in Two Dimension, Section 23 Projectile Motion 12, The puter on a fotal team wes ick a fotal otha it Stays in he a for along hangin” H the bl i Kicked with a ina velocity of 25.0 m/s at an angle of 600" above the pound, thats the hang ine? 1, sam Suppose thatthe plane in Example 3s taveling with vice the horizon weet), with a yeloity of £230 mv. I all other actors temain the same dtcmine the tne required forthe package 1 ie ground 14. @ A puck is moving onan air hcksy table Relative oan 2.7 count system tine the x ompooents of the pucks tl velocity and acckraton are by-= 1.0 and ay = +20 ms ‘The y components of the puck’ inal veloc and acceleration are Upc #20 mis and gy "-20 os Pind the nape and ieee tem of the pus velciy at atime of = 030s Sprite dec ton relatve to he + ax 15. A dolphin aps out ofthe water tan angle f° above the hor izoaal The heron component ofthe doin’ loys 77 mi Fin the magainde of fe veil component ofthe vl 16. A shateboader shoots of ramp with a veloc of 66 ms, tevied stan angle of 58° above the horzotl, Then of tha is {12m above the ground. Lot be x xi be parallel oe gsi, the “ty diction be vertically upward, and ak ashe ogi pt on the ground direct below the top ofthe ramp. (a) How high above the ground isthe highest pot tat 'he slalcboardoe reaches? (b) When te seteboerder reaches the highest pin, bow fas hs point horizontally from the end ofthe ramp? 17. som Ahotirballoon rising aight up wi sped of 3.0m A ballast bg stead fron tele f the balloon when itis 5:5 m above the ground. How mich ime elsptes before the ballast bag isthe ground? 18. Concept Simulation 32 at www.nlle.com/ellege/ntoel tevlens the conceps tat we impo In this pele. gles pars a spond of 303 ms abl nit eel te maxim poss bie dance befor lang onthe ren, The ee andthe gen ae the sume evan.) How mush time does te all ependin th {0) What iste Ingest hole noe tha te oer can make, the all des not ol hen i isthe green? 19, Michae Jordan, formerly of he Chicago Bl basketball tem, ted some fant fan Tey claimed that he was able to jum adr tain tea foro fl seconds from auch to landing Evaltate this clam by calling the maxim height te such jmp would ain, For comparison, Jordan's maxivon jmp bight has bene timated at about one mete, 20. A cole is a sot toa green tis elerated 30m shove the point where the ball struck. Te al leaves te club at speed of 140 mls at an engle of 400" above the arzontal Iie is tes eight od then fale downto tho geen ignorng eres. toe tnd the Speed of tebe jus before land 2a. ssm A golf bal rls off horizon lif wi an inal speed of i ms The ball falls erica tance of 1 m na la be- Tow. (a) How much ime does the ball pend inthe sir? (8) What isthe sped oof the ball jt before it ks the we? _ BA space vehicle is coasting at» constant velocity of 21.0 mis in “It +y direction relative to a space station. "The pilot of the vehicle _ fires u RCS (reaction control system) thruster, which causes it to ac- = Gelorto at 0.320 mis! in the +x direction, After 45.0, the pilot sis off the RCS throster, Aer the RCS thraster i ted off, find (a) the magnitode and (b) the direction of the vehice’s velocity 8 drawing shows two planes each out to drop an empty fuel tank. At ——, Is¢ moment of release cach plane bas fame speed of 135 mvs, and each nk is atthe same height of 2.00 km ove: the ground. Although the seed ace the sazpe, the velocities are nt atthe instant of release, be Plana A Ulan direction ofthe velocity with which the ful tank hits the Gund fis rom (@) plane A and (plane B. Ia each pe, sve Ni lectionl angles with respect othe horizon Bh © A criminal is escaping across 2 oofop and rans of the roof Henly ata spec of 3.3 mvs, hoping to land on the root ofan ad- bulging. Air resistance is negligible. The horizontal ditnce the two buildings D and the roof ofthe adjacent bling i. Useful background for this probiom can be found in Muliple- Eincep! Example On a spcecrate two engines fire fora ime of| One gives th craft an acceleration in the x dzction of, {816 m/s. Find the mag- ind dizection ofthe inital velocity. Express the direction as an ‘with respect tothe Fax, Ingoractive LeamingWare 32 at www.viley.com/cellege/cutnell ies a review ofthe concepts in this problem. On a dst planet, fs jst as popula itis earth A golfer tos off and drives the [38 times as fer as he would have on earth given the same ini ies on both planes. The alls launched at a speed of 45 m/s gle of 29" above the horizontal, When the bal lands is a Ane Level asthe te. On the distant planet, what ae (a) the inn height and (b) she range ofthe ball? 1m A fire hose ejects a stream of water at an angle of 35.0° ® the horizontal. The water leaves tbe nozle with a speed of TH: D A ban is tvowo upard ac a sped my tan sage of $2" 8 the horizontal It reaches « maximum height of 7.5 m. How | Would this ball go if it were thrown straight upward at speed 05? ihls’by aounching the ball atthe ielaively low angle af 30.° above PROBLEMS 83 ‘the horizontal, To evaluate this claim, determine the speed with ‘which this quarterback must throw the bell Assume thatthe ball is Jounched and caught atthe sare vertical level and tht air rsiseance cean be ignored. For comparison, a baseball pitcher who can eccu- rately throw a fastball at 45 mi/s (100 mph) would be considered exceptional 31, sam uray Multiple-Concept Example 4 provides useful back~ ‘round for this problem. A diver runs horizontally with a speed of 1.20 mls off a pleform that is 10.0 m above the water. What is his speed just before stiking the water? 32, The perspective provided by Multple-Concept Example 9 is useful here. The highest barrier that projectile can clear is 13.5 m, ‘when the projectile is lannched stan angle of 15.0° above the hori= zontal, What isthe projectile’ Taunch speed? 33. Consult Multiple-Concepe Example 4 for background before be- {inning this problem. Suppose the water atthe top of Niagara Falls thas a horizontal speed of 2.7 ras just before it cascades over the edge of the fall. Ar what vertical distance below the edge does the veloc ity vector of the water point downward at a 75° angle below the horizontal? 34. Inte abeone of si resistance, poet is lance from and yeus o ground lve follows «taj sir to the in ger 3.11 and har a range of 23m. Suppose he auch spot is ovble, sth proj is find tthe same angle ebove the found. Whats the now rege? 35. A rocket is fired at a speed of 75.0 mis from ground level, at an langle of 60.0° above the horizontal. The rocket is fired toward an 11.0-m-high wall, which is Tocated 27.0 m away. The rocket attains its launch speed in a negligibly short period of time, after which its engines shut dawn and the rocket coasts. By how rach does the rocket clear the top ofthe wall? 36. A rifle is used to shoot tvice at a target, using identical ear- ‘widges. The frst time, the rifle is aimed parallel vo the ground and di- recily at the center ofthe bull's-eye. The bullet strikes the target at a distance of H, below the center, however, The second time, the rife is similarly sited, but from tice the distance from the target. Tis time ce bullet strikes the target sta distance of Hy below the center Find the ratio Hy 437, ssm An airplane witha speed of 97.5 msi climbing upward a, an ange of 50.0" with respect tothe horizontal. When th plae’s al Stud i 732 m, the pilot releases a package. (a) Calculate the dis tance slong the ground, measized from a point dretly beneath the Point of reoas, to where the package hits the ea (B) Relative to the ground, determine the ange ofthe velocity vector ofthe package just before impact. 38. A child operating « radio-controlled model car ona dock acc ently sees it off he edge, The c's dsplacernent 11 after lev Jing the dock hase magninde of 7.0m. Whats the car's pod at the instant it dives off the edge ofthe dock? +39, Asan aid in working this problem, consult Interactive Solution 4330 at ww. wileycom/eollege/cutiel A sce: layer Kicks the al ‘ward a goal thats 16.8 min font of i, The bal leaves hs foot at st speed of 16,0 mls and sn angle of 28.0 above the ground. Find the spec of the bl when the gale eatches it in font othe et 40, Sce Mulipie-Concepe Example 9 forthe basic idea behind prob- Jers sch as his. ever springs upward from aboard thats thee meters above the water. AL the iastant she contacts the water er speed is 8.90 m/s and her body makes an angle of 75. with respect to the horizontal surfce of the water. Deterain her intial velocity, ‘oth magnitude and direction 84. chaPrER 2 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 41. Review Conceptual Example 5 and Concept Simulation 3.1 at ‘wwvenilessconveollege/cutnell before beginning this problem. You are waveling in a convertible withthe top down. The car is moving at ‘a constant velocity of 25 mis, due east along flat ground. You throw f tomato stsight upward ata speed of 11 m/s. How far hes the ear moved when you get a chance to catch the tomato? 42 In the javolin throw at © tuck-and-feld event, the Javelin is Junched ata speed of 29 mvs at an angle of 36° above the horizon tal, As the javelin travels upward, its velocity points above the hori- ‘zontal at an angle that decreases as time passes. How much time is ‘equited forthe angle tobe reduced from 36° at launch to 18°? 43, sm wow As preparation for this problem, review Conceptual Example 10, The two stones described there have idcatical intial speeds of %) = 13.0 m/s and are thrown at an angle 8 = 20.0", one below the horizontal and one above the horizontal. What isthe dis tance between the points where the stones strike the ground? 44, Multiple Concept Example 4 deals with a situation similar to that presented here. A marble is thrown horizontally witha speed of 15 mis from the top ofa building. When it strikes the ground, the marble has a velocity that makes an angle of 65® with the horizootal From what height above the ground was the marble throw? 48. The lob in tenis is an effective tactic when your opponent is near the net. It consists of lofting the ball ever his head, forcing him to move quickly away from the ne (se the drawing). Suppose that {you lob the ball with an initial speed of 15.0 mus, at an angle of 500? ‘above the horizontal. AC this istant your opponent is 10.0 m away from the ball. He begins moving away from you 0:30 later, boping to each the ball and hic it back a the moment that itis 2.10 m above is Tunch point. With what minimum average speed must he move? (lanore the fact that he can stretch, so that his racket can reach the ball before he does.) rau #46. Concept Simulation 32 at www.wiley.com/college/cutnell reviews principles in this problem. A projectile is launched from ‘ground level at an angle of 12.0° above the horizontal. It retums to ‘ground level, To what value should the launch angle be adjusted, with- ‘nt changing the lunch speed, so that the range doubles? £647, gm The drawing shows an exaggerated view ofa rifle that has ‘been “sighted in fora 91.4-meter target. Ifthe muzzle speed ofthe ‘alle is 0, = 427 m/s, wha are the tv possible angles 8, and 8 be- tween the rifle barel sn the horizontal such thatthe billet will hit the target? One of these angles is so lage that itis never used in target shooting. Hint: The following trigonometric Identity may be useful: 2 sin @ c0s 0 = sin 30.) '=548, In the annual batl ofthe dorms, students gather onthe oofs of Jackson and Walton dorms to launch water balloons at each other ‘with slingshots. The horizontal distance between the buildings is, 135.0 m, and the heights of the Jackson and Walton buildings are, re spectively, 15.0 m and 22.0 m. Ignore air resistance. (a) The fist ‘alloon launched by tho Jackson team hits Walton dorm 2.0 s after launch, striking it halfway between the ground andthe rf. Find the direction of the balloon's initial velocity. Give your answer a8 an an ixle measured above the horizontal. (b) A second balloon launched atthe same angle hits the edge of Waltons roof. Fin the initial speed ‘of this second balloon. 649, sam Prom the top ofa tall building, © gun is fred, The bullet leaves the gun ata speed of 340 mis, parallel tothe ground. As the drawing shows, the bullet puts a hole in a winéow of another build- ing and hits the wall that faces the window, Using the data in the Grawing, determine the distances D and Z, which locate the point where the gua was fired. Assume thatthe bullet dees nat slow dowa, as it passes through the window. 340 mis Dalen wai \ 4 Hote in wincow 50, A small canis hanging from the ceiling. A rile is aimed directly atthe can, asthe figure il- Iustzates. At the instant the gun is fred, the can is released. Ignore at resistance and show that the bullet will ways strike the can, regardless" of tho inital speed of tho bullet Assume that @ ‘the bullet strikes the can before the can reaches the ground, **51, A placekicker is about to kick afield goal. The ball is 26.9 m from the goalpost. The ball is kicked with an initial velocity of 19.8 m/s at an angle above the ground. Between what two angles, 8, and 0, wil the bal clear the 2.74-m-high crossbar? (Hint: The fol lowing trigonometric identities may be useful sec 0 = {eos 0) and sel = 1+ ten? @) Section 3A Relative Velocity £2, Tro cr, AaB, are tovelng inthe same drcton, ough ar Ais 186m bend car Bs The speed of is 244 ml andthe Speed of Bis 18.6 nl How much tie des take for Ato catoh B? 53. sam A swimmer, capable of swimming oa seed of 14 in Sil nteristhesrimmer can sin witha speed of 4 ws tre othe mater) sins to svi dy atest a 24m er However, tbe cuet 091m and it ars the swimmer dowee Sevan (a) How long des ake the swimmer to cos rr? {by How far downstream vil he swimmer be upon reaching the tte ideo the ver? $4, @ Two friends, Dasara and Neil ee oot rolerbladng. With epoxy the ground, Barbara stating da south at a spocd of {sows Nel isin fot of he Wh wept othe pound Nl is lg de west a speed of 3.2 ms. Find Neil's velocity (magni- fan tection relative to duo wet), as seen by Babar ‘The escalator tat leads down ito a subway station has length of (0 mand a speed of 1.8 mvs elaive to he ground. A student is come if ut of he sation by running in the wrong direction on this seal i he local record tne for this triekis 1 , Relative to the escalator, il speed mus the student exced in order to beat the record?” H6, A police offer is diving dve nor ata constant speed of 29 m/s tive to the ground when sho notices ruck on an east-west high head of ber, diving west at high speed. She finds that the | AUWK’s speed relative to her car is 48 mvs (about 110 mp, (a) _ Sch he vector triangle hat shows how the tack’ velocity restive | 10 the ground is related t0 the police ears velocity relative to the _ ound and to the trck’s velocity relative tothe police ear. The ich need not be to sale, but the velocity vectors should be ork | ciled correctly and hear the appropriate labels. (b) What isthe | (i's speed, relative to the ground? Af, ssm Two passenger trains are passing each other on adjacent specd of 28 m/s. (a) What is the velocity nagnitude and direction) of tain As seen by the passengers in train Bt (6) What isthe velocity (eagnitude and direction) of train B as “seen by the passengers in ain A? BR. On a pleasure cruise boat is traveling relative tothe water at @ “speed of 5.0 mis due south. Relative to the boat, a passenger walks toward the back ofthe boat at a speed of 1.5 m/s. (a) What isthe “iagnitude und direction of the passenger's velocity relative tthe Water? (b) How long does it take forthe passenger to walls a dis- “lunce of 27 mon the boat? _() How long does it take forthe passen- | ger to cover distance of 27 m on the water? . Yon are in ahotir balloon that, relative to the ground, has a ve- locity of 60 mvs in a direction due east. You seo a hawk moving di- _ tecly away from the balloon in a direction due north: The speed of the hawk relative to you is 2.0 mys. What are the magnitude and di- tion of the hawk's velocity relative to the ground? Express the iretional angle relative to due east. @. @ Tie captain ofa plane wishes to proceed du west The __ cruising speed of the plane is 245 mis relative o the wit. A weather ‘report indicates that 2 38.0-n/s wind is blowing from the south to the : Arona PROBLEMS (66. On a spaceeraf,1wo engines are timed on for 684 s at @ moment ‘when the velocity ofthe craft has rand y components of y= 4370 m/s ‘and ty = 6280 ays. While the engines are firing, the craft undergoes 4 -cisplacement that has components of x = 4.1] 10° mand y = 607 X10? m. Find the x andy components ofthe caf’ acceleration, 67. A volleyball is spied so that it has an intial velocity of 15 m/s directed downward at an angle of 55° below the horizontal. Whit is ‘he horizontal component ofthe balls valocity when the opposing player fields the ball? (68. A spider crawling zeross a table leaps onto 2 magazine blocking its path, The initial velocity ofthe spider is 0.870 zis at an angle of 35.0" above the table, and it lands on the magazine 0.0770 s afer leaving the table. Ignore air resistance. How thick is the magazine? ‘Express your answer in millimeters, (69, Review interactive LearningWare 32 at www-wily.com/colege! ‘eutnell in preparation for this problem. The acceleration duc to grav ity on the moon has a magnitudo of 1.62 m/s. Examples 6-8 deal ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 85 ‘north. In what direction, measured with zeapect to doe west, should te pilot bead the plane? * 61. A person looking out the window of a stationary train notices that raindrops ae falling vertically down at a speed of 5.0 ms rela- tive tthe ground. When the train moves ata constant velocity, the ‘raindrop make an angle of 25° when they move past the window, as the drawing shows. How fas isthe train moving? 62. Retive to he ground, a car as a veoity of 160 ms, reed doe north Reaie ois oy trk as velo of 2401 Giectes 320" nth of east Whats the magne othe tucks ‘elo eave tothe sown? °68, sam Mario, a oekay pe. skating de south at speed of 710s ela t th ie. A teams paies te pck 1 hin The pack has aapeed oF 11.0 adi mving in distin 22 west Sf south, rlatve to tie fx, What are the magitde an dection Gelato est) of the pce’ veloeiy as cserved by No? ** 64, A jin can ly 6.0 hours on 2 fal lon f uel, Without ay Wind it fis ta apeed of 240 % LD? The par is 0 make & roundsirip by heading de west for aces distance, ursig found, tnd hen heading do east fo te tun rp. During the ne Bight, however. th plane encounters a ST wn othe te which Blows fom west east. What is the maximum distance tht the plane can vel due west and just be able ota home? #8, sam wn A Cons Grd shipisrncting at oat els of 4420 mh, de eat elt the ate On his rae Sven te te tor det ancl hal s moving at. constant yon, To oboe load ata dite f 2310 with rept ete shi in eon 532.0" south x, Sic mine ite, he nats a te ces poston lative tthe pha chinged 1 120 37.0" su of west What te the magitude and recon of te veloiy ofthe et late the wae? pes the desma nengle wi recto ce Wes with 4 placckicker kicking a football. Assume thatthe ball is kicked ‘on the moon instead of on the earth. Find (a) the maximum height Haod (the range thatthe ball would atin on the moon, 10. The 1994 Winter Olympics included the aerials competition in skiing. In this event skiers speed down a ramp that slopes sharply up ‘ward at the end. The sharp upward slope launches them into the ain, ‘where they perform acrobatic maneuvers. Inthe women’s competi tion, the end of atypical launch ramp is directed 63° above the hoe zontal. With this aunch angle, 2 skier attains height of 13 m above. the end of the ramp, What iste ski's launch speed? 7. ssm An eagle is fying horizontally at 6.0 mvs with a fis in its claws. Itaccidentally drops the fish (a) How muck time passes be- fore the fish's speed doubles? _(b) How much additonal time would bbe require forthe fish's speed to double again? ‘72. Bascbal pliyer A bunts the ball by hitting iin such a way thet it zoqutes an intigl velocity of 1.9 mis parallel to the ground, Upon contact with the bat the ball is 12 m above the ground, Player B. PE 86 CHAPTER 3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS ‘wishes to duplicate tis bunt, in so fr as he alo wants to give the ball velocity parallel tothe ground and have his bal travel the same hor- ‘ont distance as player 4's ball does. However, player B hits the ball when itis 1.5 m above tho ground. What isthe magnitude ofthe inital velocity that player B's ball must be given? +73, Before starting this problem consult Interactive Solution 3.73 at wvwvewiley-com/eollege/eutnel. A golfer, standing ona fairway, bits ‘shot toa green tha is elevated 5.50 m above the point where she is standing, Ifthe ball leaves her club with a velocity of 46.0 m/s at an angle of 35.0° above the ground, find the time that the ball is inthe air before it hits the grven 74, Ina stunt being filmed for a movie, sports cer overtakes a tuck towing a ramp, dives up and off the ramp, soars into the ait and then lands on top ofa flat trailer being towed by a second truck. The tops ‘of the camp and the fat alee are the same height above the oad, and the ramp is inclined 16° above the horizontal. Both tucks are driving ava constant speed of 11 mis, und the flat trailer is 15 m from the end ofthe ramp. Neplect air esistance, and assume that the ramp changes. the direction, but not she magnitde, of the ca’s nial velocity. What js the miniotum speed the car must have, relative tothe road stars up the ramp? 75, sem An sgplane is ying with velocity of 240 mis at an angle ‘of 30.0" wit the horizontal, a the drawing shows. When the altitude ofthe plane is 24 km, a lare i released from the plane. The are hits the target on the ground. What isthe angle 0? WON 76. As an aid in working this problem, con

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