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5.1 Photosynthesis
Thylakoids
description of how mean density calculated using total count e.g. total
number (of each species) divided by total area sampled ;
Reasons for not using all the light hitting the surface of a leaf is not
used
idea of reflection ;
idea of light being in excess e.g. at max. photosynthesis so more light can
be used ;
Light dependant stage of photosynthesis (also see A2 revision guide page 9)
reference to photolysis ;
of water ;
Structure of chloroplast involved in ATP formation
idea that {electron carriers / ATPase /eq} are associated with {thylakoid /
thylakoid membranes} ;
Why can't light independent stage of photosynthesis occur without light
dependant stage
idea that products of light- dependent stage are {needed for / used in / eq}
{light-independent stage / Calvin cycle} ;
GALP is a 3C molecule / eq ;
by condensation ;
by condensation ;
in {producers / plants};
Why NPP may increase due to increase in temperature
cattle {are primary consumers / herbivores / eat grass / eat plants / eq} ;
trampling / eq ;
disease / eq ;
Succession
idea of extinction ;
Succession
includes (both) animals and plants / has many species / has high
biodiversity / eq ;
reference to respiration ;
idea that carbon dioxide used for photosynthesis (by plants / in production
of biofuels) ;
burning produces carbon dioxide / the plants growing there would have
been {photosynthesising / using carbon dioxide} / machinery uses fossil
fuels / loss of habitat ;
idea that the land could have been used for food production ;
idea that biofuel production may (overall) results in more carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere ; OR idea that carbon neutral means that the carbon
dioxide produced equals the carbon dioxide used ;
idea that these gases {build up/ remain / form a layer} in (upper)
atmosphere;
idea that increased levels of these gases increase the greenhouse effect ;
idea that these gases {build up / remain / form a layer / increase} in (upper)
atmosphere;
idea that increased levels of these gases increase the greenhouse effect ;
which {absorb / trap / eq} {heat / infra red / IR / long wave} (radiation) /
eq ;
stated example of any other greenhouse gas released from another source
e.g. CFC, water vapour, methane ;
energy ;
Why body temperature effects rate of development of animals
idea that global warming will increase the temperature (at the latitudes) ;
idea that temperatures (at these latitudes) may become too high for any of
the species ;
Gene mutation
in a gene pool / eq ;
Evolution of two species from single population of ancestral species
allopatric speciation ;
reference to mutations ;
reference to transcription ;
reference to spliceosomes ;
reference to translation ;
idea of less {stress / trauma / discomfort / depressed /eq} (for the animals) ;
idea that problems of releasing animals back into the wild is avoided eg
habituation ;
idea that {disease is less likely / disease will not wipe out population} ;
idea of each population having a {discrete / eq} gene pool e.g. restricted
AS Topics
idea that pollen tube grows to {ovary / ovule / female gamete / micropyle
/eq} ;
insoluble ;
only {amylopectin / starch} can have 1-6 glycosidic bonds / cellulose has 14 glycosidic bonds only ;
Amylose vs amylopectin
only (alpha) 1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose / (alpha) 1-6 only found in
amylopectin ;
DNA Profiling
eq ;
idea that one DNA {strand / eq} used as template (to form mRNA) / eq ;
triplet code / eq ;
idea that anticodon (on tRNA) {attaches / binds / lines up / eq} to the
{codon / triplet} on mRNA ;
diagram e.g. tRNA with alanine has CGA anticodon which binds to GCU on
mRNA ;
DNA to protein
idea that primary structure is the {sequence /order / eq} of amino acids ;
idea that each amino acid is coded for by three {nucleotides / bases} ;
credit quoted example / idea that 12 {nucleotides / bases} code for 4 amino
acids ;
Non-overlapping
idea that each {triplet is discrete / each base is only used once in a triplet /
eq } ;
idea that more than one code can be used for a {particular amino acid/
stop code} ;
idea that (drop in) core temperature is related to time after death ;
surface area,
{ambient / eq } temperature
immersion in water
skin colour
thickness of hair
gender
clothing
blood loss
humidity
air movement
physical damage / eq ;
immersion in water / eq ;
(external) temperature / eq ;
burning / eq ;
electrocution / eq ;
idea of more heat loss gives an under-estimate OR idea of less heat loss
gives an over-estimate ; ACCEPT any of the following factors that reduce
heat loss:
clothing / eq
{large / fat} person / high BMI
body { curled up / buried / in water / covered / in still air / in humid
conditions / eq}
{body temperature / fever / eq} (at time of death)
reference to succession ;
idea that the {types / species / life cycle stages} (of insects) are used ;
idea that a drop in body temperature is linked to time after death e.g. algor
mortis ;
only useful for short period of time following death e.g. 24 hours, a day ;
State of decomposition and time of death
idea that timing starts when a new stage of life cycle appears ;
idea that bacteria have {circular / eq} genetic material, viruses have {linear /
straight} genetic material ;
idea that antibiotic used is {most effective / eq} (against the known
bacterium) ;
idea that none of the antibiotics is 100% effective / some bacteria {survive /
eq} ;
spreading ;
idea that body now able to produce (specific) antibody {faster / at higher
concentration / eq} on another exposure to PCV2 ;
Activation of dormant TB bacteria and inhibition of T cells by them may
lead to death
idea that T helper cells release cytokines for B cell {activation / stimulation}
;
idea of B cells {forming clones / dividing /eq} (to form B effector cells) ;
Cell mediated:
reference T killer cells ;
causes virus-infected cell lysis / eq ;
Humoral :
reference to {plasma cells / B effector cells};
{produce / release / eq} (antigen specific) antibodies ;
description of antibody action ;
reference to {phagocytosis / macrophage action} ;
Reference to interferon action ;
Characteristic features of antibodies
reference to glycoprotein ;
credit detail of structure e.g. specific (3D) shape, L and H regions, Y-shape, 4
(peptide) chains, disulphide bridges between peptides, hinge region ;
credit correct details of method eg heating stain, using acid (ACCEPT idea of
adding coverslip);
idea of T killer cells destroying infected (host) cells (ACCEPT killer cells
NOT natural killer cells)
Role of golgi body in T helper cell
eg cytokines ;
idea that viruses only {infect / attach to / eq} {specific receptors / specific
cells / host cells} ;
idea that receptors not present on {blood cells / endothelial cells / eq} ;
of bacteria ;
Broken skin due to insect bit may lead to inflammation
histamine } ;
idea of {effect / treatment / relief / eq} {more rapid / immediate / eq };
idea of higher concentration of antihistamine at site ;
idea that the antihistamines will not be {digested (by enzymes) / destroyed
(by acid / enzymes) / eq} ;
idea that tablets may lower immune response generally / lead to sideeffects ;
ref to hand washing regimes for {doctors / nurses / medical staff / visitors} ;
lymphocyte destroyed when new viruses {bud out of / leave} the cell / eq ;
DNA formed (using RNA) in HIV, {no DNA formed / RNA used to make
protein / translation} in cold virus ;
idea that HIV has {many / variety of / new / eq} {strains / types /antigens /
protein coats / eq} (in infected person) ;
Oxidative photophosporylation
idea of electrons being {passed along / eq} the electron transport chain ;
reference to ATPase ;
idea of chemiosmosis ;
idea that the fuel is from metabolic processes eg from glycolysis , from
pyruvate ;
Reduction of CO2 conc in blood when in environment with low CO2 conc
idea that the CO2 concentration in blood is higher than in the {alveoli /
lungs / eq} ;
Idea an enzyme converts a named substrate into named product (ACCEPT ref to an enzyme converting one named intermediate to the next e.g.
{enzyme/ named enzyme} used to convert hexose to phosphorylated
hexose) ;
(which) converts one intermediate into the next e.g. enzyme 1 converts
DHAP to 2-PG / eq ;
idea that this product becomes the substrate of the next {stage/enzyme} ;
idea of specificity ;
reference to chemiosmosis ;
Role of electron carriers in ETC
idea that some {aerobic respiration / eq} due to some oxygen present ;
idea of standardised group of males and females e.g. same age, nonsmokers ;
reference to replicates ;
Cruciate ligament
{in the knee / behind the knee cap} /{cross- shaped / two ligaments} ;
Material from ligament can be used to join damaged tendon, why the
recovery would be slow and require careful physiotherapy
idea that more blood returning (to the heart) causes {heart / muscle} to
stretch ;
via radiation ;
Role of SNA in controlling hertbeats
peak is reversed / eq ;
idea that these are waves of electrical activity in the {heart / skin} ;
thermoreceptors in hypothalamus / eq ;
reference hypothalamus ;
more sweating / eq ;
idea of vasodilation ;
initiates depolarisation / eq ;
idea that (absolutists) say drugs should not be used at any time ;
risk to health / eq ;
idea that (relativists) say that drugs could be used under some
circumstances ;
Which substances are banned (notes from text book p178-9): Anabolic
steroids, hormones and their releasing factors, beta-2 agonists, hormone
agonists, diuretics, blood dropping, gene dropping, stimulants, narcotics,
beta blockers
description of change in cell e.g. fewer cross links in cellulose, cell wall more
plastic, acidification, stimulation of enzyme production, vacuolation ;
both chemical / eq ;
speed of action compared e.g. slower in plants, some animal hormones are
faster ;
idea that this plant response involves {growth / cell elongation} only e.g.
animal hormones do not just affect growth ;
comparison of stimuli ;
Benefit of plant being able to respond to changes in day length
therefore flowers when insects available / leaf fall in autumn / same species
flower at the same time / seeds germinate at the right time / eq ;
idea that day length changes to a set pattern e.g. always {short days in
winter / long days in summer} ;
causing a depolarisation / eq ;
idea that it comes from pre-synaptic neurone e.g. from vesicles that bind to
pre-synaptic membrane ;
PD less negative / eq
idea that potassium ion is removing a positive charge (from the outside) ;
idea that this happens between the myelin layers of the Schwann cell ;
Role of the myelin layers of Schwann cells
saltatory conduction ;
reference to synapse / eq ;
Effect when visual cortex of one eye is covered for 1st few weeks after
birth
(lack of stimulus/light in right eye meant that){ fewer impulses / less firing /
eq} to {visual cortex / target cells / ocular columns / eq} ;
{cell / ocular} columns {smaller for right eye / larger for left eye } ;
How light changes voltage across cell surface membrane of rod cell
radial muscles contract (and circular muscles relax) to {dilate / eq} pupil ;
in rods ;
will feel pain / cruel / animals have rights / not given their consent / causes
{damage / harm / blindness / stress} / eq ;
reference to placebo ;
Idea that the brain cannot interpret this visual information correctly / eq ;
idea of pain not being sensed as impulse {stopped before entering CNS /
leaving the sensory neurone} ;
How eugenol affects the movement of sodium ions and reduces pain.
idea of pain not being sensed as impulse stopped before entering CNS ;
Habituation
CT therefore can only identify {larger / main} structures / MRI can identify
smaller structures / eq ;
limitation of MRI or CT (MRI-noisy, need to keep still, not so good for people
with metal implants, pacemakers CT ref to safety aspects of X-rays) ;
view brain activity directly / eq ( MRI identifies active areas by greater blood
flow, greater oxygen uptake, presence of more oxyhaemoglobin in these
areas) ;
idea of see brain activity over a period of time (see in real time, quotes
figures such as fMRI takes up to 4 images a second or moving image, CT is
still image ) ;
idea that fMRI can allow brain activity to be seen in real time ;
detail of effect on scan e.g. {energy source / magnetic field / radio waves /
eq} {absorbed / blocked / eq}} ;
identification of location / eq ;
size of tumour / eq ;
type of tumour / eq ;
ligase ;
idea that plants have introns/bacteria do not so gene does not need
modifying ;
dea of a vector is needed e.g. virus used / (micro) pipette injection, gene
gun, microprojectile, liposome, plasmid ;
through mitosis / eq ;
randomised trial / eq ;
double blind / eq ;
depression / eq ;
speech problems / eq ;