Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Bibliografie:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7581959
17. Ahmed OM, El Gareib AW, El Bakry AM, Abd El-Tawab SM, Ahmed RG. Thyroid hormones
states and brain development interactions. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2008;26:147209. doi:
10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18031969
18. Gur RC, Ragland JD, Reivich M, Greenberg JH, Alavi A, Gur RE. Regional Differences in the
Coupling between Resting Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism may Indicate Action
Preparedness as a Default State. Cerebral Cortex. 2009;19:375382.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638785/
19. Horn S, Heuer H. Thyroid hormone action during brain development: more questions than
answers. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;315:1926. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.008.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765631
20. Koibuchi N, Chin WW. Thyroid hormone action and brain development. Trends Endocrinol
Metab. 2000;11:123128. doi: 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)002381.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10754532
21. Koibuchi N. Effects of thyroid hormone on function and development of the brain. Nippon
Rinsho. 2005;63(Suppl 10):7883.
22. Gold MS, Pottash ALC, Extein I. Hypothyroidism and Depression - Evidence from Complete
Thyroid-Function Evaluation. JAMA. 1981;245(19):19191922. doi:
10.1001/jama.245.19.1919. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7230383
23. Loosen PT. The Trh-Induced Tsh Response in Psychiatric-Patients - A Possible NeuroEndocrine Marker. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1985;10:237260. doi: 10.1016/03064530(85)90002-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2865765
24. Oppenheimer JH. Evolving concepts of thyroid hormone action. Biochimie. 1999;81:539543.
doi: 10.1016/S0300-9084(99)80107-2.
25. Bernal J. Action of thyroid hormone in brain. Journal of Endocrinological
Investigation.2002;25:268288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11936472
26. Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treatment
of refractory depression - A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996;53:842848.
27. Cooper-Kazaz R, Apter JT, Cohen R, Karagichev L, Muhammed-Moussa S, Grupper D, Drori
T, Newman ME, Sackeim HA, Glaser B. et al. Combined treatment with sertraline and
liothyronine in major depression - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64:679688. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.679.
28. Gussekloo, J., van Exel, E., de Craen, A.J.M., Meinders, A.E., Frlich, M., Westendorp,
R.G.J., 2004. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA
292, 25912599.
29. Teixeira, P.F., Reuters, V.S., Almeida, C.P., Ferreira, M.M., Wagman, M.B., Reis, F.A.,
Costa,A.J., Vaisman,M.,2006. Evaluationof clinical andpsychiatric symptoms in sub clinical
hypothyroidism. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 52, 222228.
30. Frye, M.A., Denicoff, K.D., Bryan, A.L., Smith-Jackson, E.E., Ali, S.O.,Luckenbaugh, D.,
Leverich, G.S., Post, R.M., 1999. Association between lower serum free T4 and greater mood
instability and depression in lithium-maintained bipolar patients. Am. J. Psychiatr. 156, 1909
1914.
Metoda utilizat n aceast cercetare a fost ancheta direct prin interviu bazat pe
aplicarea unei baterii de scale i chestionare de evaluare psihopatologic de ctre cercettor si
colectarea datelor intr-o fia de cercetare electronic n format Microsoft Excel(Anexa 2) n
care au fost stocate toate variabilele socio-demografice ale tuturor pacienilor luai n studiu.
De asemenea, n cadrul aceleiai fie, au fost nregistrate datele anamnestice referitoare la
antecedentele heredo-colaterale (rudele de gradul I a pacienilor studiai) codificarea bolilor
Avantajele metodei:
permite contactul direct cu pacientul i crearea unei impresii proprii;
permite aplicarea unor testri specifice dorite de investigator;
permite reevaluri ale strii actuale a pacientului.
Dezavantajele metodei:
necesit mult timp pentru aplicarea i desfurarea anchetei (1 interviu durata de
aproximativ 50 minute);
dificultatea de a obine cooperarea pacienilor.
Fia de cercetare conine urmtoarele cmpuri:
Pagina 1
1. Numr de identificare subiect ncepnd cu 01,02 (acest numr corespunde cu cel
dintr-o list de baz pe care o deine doar cercettorul n care sunt notate datele de
identificare a subiectului nume ntreg, adresa etc).
2. Vrsta actual
3. Sexul: F/M
4. Mediu de domiciliu sau rezidena: Urban/Rural
5. Statut profesional actual: A (angajat), N (neangajat i/sau omer), PV (pensionat de
vrst), PB (pensionat de boal), S (student)
6. Statut profesional la momentul primei luri n evidena endocrinologic: A (angajat),
N (neangajat i/sau omer), PV (pensionat de vrst), PB (pensionat de boal), S
(student)
7. Statut marital actual: C (cstorit), N (necstorit), D (divorat sau desprit), V
(vduv)
Scala poate fi completata direct de catre subiect sau poate fi citita ,iar completarea ei
dureaza aproximativ 15 minute.
Gradul de suferinta psihologica si discomfort se coteaza pe o scala Likert cu 5 puncte:
deloc=0,putin=1,moderat=2,tare=3,extrem=4 si se refera la ultima saptamana din viata
subiectului.[3][4]
Cotarea itemilor poate duce la constructia unor profile simptomatologice.
Scala SCL-90 are o confidenta test-retest de 0,78-0,90 ,o buna constistenta interna[1] si o
validitate constructiva.[5] Senzitivitatea clinica si abilitatea de a detecta simptome este foarte
buna.[6]
Este o scala care poate fi utilizata intr-un larg evantai de contexte:pacienti internati sau
ambulatorii sau pentru populatia generala,adulti,adolescenti sau varstnici.De asemenea,sunt
disponibile profile pentru un numar mare de grupe clinice.
Inventarul scurt de simptome(Brief Symptom Inventory) este versiunea scurta a SCL-90 si
cuprinde 53 de itemi.
Este cel mai frecvent chestionar utilizat in cercetarea psihiatrica avand o senzitivitate de
80% si o specificitate de 100%.[8]
Evalueaza nivelul placerii si satisfactiei fata de sanatatea fizica,dispozitie,munca,
activitatile casnice si din timpul liber,relatiile sociale si familiale,abilitatea de a functiona zi
de zi,activitatea sexuala,statutul economic,sentimentul general de stare de bine si medicatie.
Raspunsurile sunt notate pe o scala de 5 puncte ( 1=foarte putin,2=putin,3=mediu,4=mult,
5=foarte mult),scorurile maxime indicand un nivel crescut al placerii si satisfactiei.[9]
Punctarea chestionarului Q-LES-Q-SF implica adunarea primelor 14 intrebari pentru
obtinerea unui scor total brut.Ultimele doua intrebari sunt intrebari de sine statatoare.
Scorul total brut se afla intre limitele 14-70.Scorul total brut este transformat intr-un
procentaj maxim de scor posibil folosind formul (scor total brut scor minim ) / (scor brut
maxim posibil scor minim).Scorul minim brut al chestionarului este 14,iar scorul maxim
este 70.
Chestionarul Calitatea Plcerii Vieii i a Satisfaciei Q-LES-Q-SF s-a dovedit a fi o
metoda de masurare cu mare specificitate si senzitivitate.[10][11]
Bibliografie:
1. Derogatis LR: The SCL-90 Manual I;Scoring, administration and procedures for the SCL-90,
Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Unit, 1977.
2. Bech P: Rating Scales for Psychopathology, Health Status and Quality of Life, Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 1993.
3. Radu Vrasti.Capitolul III:Scalele de evaluare globala a simptomelor psihice.In Masurarea
Sanatatii Mentale.
4. Matti Holi.Assessment of psychiatric symptoms using the SCL-90.Departament of Psychiatry
Helsinki University Finland,2003.
http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/holi/assessme.pdf
5. Derogatis LR, Cleary PA: Conformation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study
in construct validity, J.Clin.Psychology, 1977,33:981-989
6. Weissman MM, Sholomskas D, Pottenger M et al: Assessing depressive symptoms in five
psychiatric populations: A validation study, Am.J.Epidemiol.1977,106:203-214
7. Endicott J.,Nee J.,Harrison W.,et al.Quality of Life Enjoyment of Satisfaction Questionnaire:a
new measure.Psychopharmacology Bulletin.1993.29,321-326.
8. Stevanovic D.Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-short form for quality
of life assessments in clinical practice: a psychometric study. J Psychiatr Ment Health
Nurs. 2011 Oct;18(8):744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896118
9. Stefanovic D. Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire short form for
quality of life assessments in clinical practice: a psychometric study. Journal of Psychiatric
and Mental Health Nursing, 2011, 18, 744750.
10. Bondareff W,Alpert M,Friedhoff AJ,et al.Comparison of Sertraine and Nortriptyline in the
Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Late Life.Am J Psych 2000;157(5):729-736.
11. Brady K,Pearlstein T,Asnis Gm,et al.Efficacy and Safety of Sertraline Treatment of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:A Rondomized Controlled Trial.JAMA 2000;283(14):18371844
Studiul cuprinde si un lot de control format din 42 de subiecti sanatosi care s-au
incadrat in caracteristicile socio-demografice ale pacientilor.Astfel,nu au existat diferente
semnificative intre cele doua grupuri privind varsta,sexul,statutul marital si nivelul de
educatie.
Sex
(n,%)
Feminin
Masculin
Statut marital
Casatorit
Singur
Nivel instructiv
Universitatea
Liceu
Gimnaziu
Primar
Statut
profesional
Angajat
Neangajat
Pensionar
Lotul de
cercetare
(n=44)
Lotul de
control
(n=42)
41 ( ?
%)
3
39
3
30
14
31
11
6
30
8
-
10
31
1
-
31
13
p-value
33
9
Varsta medie
Tabelul 2.Caracteristicile socio-demografice ale loturilor
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feminin
Masculin
TOTAL
Urban
Rural
lotul de control cu 18 subiecti din mediul rural si 24 din mediul urban,ambele loturi avand o
distributie de 40% pentru mediul rural si 60 pentru mediul urban.
Metode neparametrice:
d. Descriptive frecvene absolute i relative;
e. Comparaie testul Man-Whitney (); testul ();
f. Corelaie testul Kendall tau (), testul Spearman rho ().
Y. Rezultate i discuii
STATISTIC DESCRIPTIV
Y.1. Variabilele socio-demografice ale lotului / loturilor
Y.2.
STATISTIC INFERENIAL
Y.3.
Z. Concluzii