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TEKS objectives:
Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds
Understand Formation of a Covalent Bond and Characteristics of the
Covalent Bond
Chemical formula
Indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by
using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts
H2O
CO2
C12H22O11
Molecular formula
Shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a
molecular compound
H2O
CO2
C12H22O11
Diatomic molecule
Molecule containing only two atoms
H2
O2
N2
Potential energy is minimized when attractive forces are equal to the repulsive forces
Octet Rule
Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing
electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level.
The eight electrons come from the main-group energy levels being filled.
s2p6 totals 8 electrons
Double bond
Covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two
atoms
Triple bond
Covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms
Classroom assignment.
Modifications/Accommodations:
student in need.
Example:
Draw the Lewis Structure for methanal, CH2O, which is also known as formaldehyde.
1. Determine the type and number of atoms in the molecule
1C
2H
1O
2. Write the electron-dot notation for each type of atom in the molecule
C
H
O
3. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the atoms to be combined
1 x 4e- = 4e2 x 1e- = 2e1 x 6e- = 6e12e-
C
H
O
4. Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton structure for the molecule. If Carbon is present, it is
the central atom. Otherwise, the least-electronegative atom is central (except for hydrogen,
which is never central). Then connect the atoms by electron-pair bonds.
5. Count the electrons in the structure to be sure that the number of valence electrons used
equals the number available. Be sure the central atom and other atoms besides hydrogen have
an octet.
1. Determine the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule. The formula shows
one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom.
2. Write the electron-dot notation for each type of atom. Carbon is from Group 14 and has four
valence electrons. Oxygen, which is in Group 16, has six valence electrons. Hydrogen has only
one electron.
3. Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton structure for the molecule, and connect the atoms by
electron-pair bonds.
Worksheet
1. Use the concept of potential energy to describe how a covalent bond forms between
two atoms.
2. Name four elements that form compounds that can be exceptions to the octet rule.
3. Explain why resonance structures are used instead of Lewis structures to correctly
model certain molecules.
4. Bond energy is related to bond length. Use the data in the tables below to arrange the
bonds listed in order of increasing bond length, from shortest bond to longest.
Bond
HF
HI
HCl
HBr
CC
Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
569
299
432
366
346
835
612
CC
C=C
6. CO3
2-
7. NO2
1-
8. N2
9. SiH4
10. SO2
11. C2Cl2
12. NBr3
13. SeF6
14. HBr
Lewis Structure