Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar

LAB MANUAL
Radar and Navigational Aids (181103)

Name: .
Enrollment No.: .

Index
Sr
no.

Title

Write a program in Matlab for computing minimum

detectable power for radar

Write a program in Matlab for computing radar range

including noise

Write a program in Matlab for radar cross section

Write a program in Matlab for computing Doppler

Frequency

Write a program in Matlab for matched filter

Write a program in Matlab for LFM

Write a program in Matlab for single line delay canceller

Write a program in Matlab for double line delay canceller

Write a program in Matlab for linear antenna field

Intensity

10

Write a program in Matlab for synthetic aperture radar

Date

Sign.

Date:

/ /

Experiment No: 1
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for computing minimum detectable power for radar.
Code:
pt = 1.5e6;
% transmitted power (W)
G = 10*log10 (45);
% antenna gain (dB)
sigma = 0.1;
% antenna effective aperture (m^2)
f= 5.6e9 ;
% frequency (Hz)
c= 3e8;
% speed of light (m/s)
lambda = c/f;
for rmax = 10e3:0.5e3:30e3;
% min detectable signal power (m)
smin = (pt*(G^2)*(lambda^2)*sigma)/(((4*pi)^3)*(rmax^4)) plot
(rmax,smin,'*');
hold on;
end
xlabel('Max range ');
ylabel('Smin ');
title('Minimum dectable signal power for radar range ');
Result:

pt = 1.0e6 and f= 4.5e9

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we conclude that when increase frequency
and transmitted power of radar the Smin is decrease.

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Date:

/ /

Experiment No: 2
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for computing radar range with SNR.
Code:
pt = 1.5e6;
% tranmitted power(W)
G = 10^(45/10);
% antenna gain (dB)
sigma = 0.1;
% target cross section (m^2)
f = 5.6e9;
% frequency (Hz)
% speed of light (m/s)
c = 3.0e8;
k = 1.38e-23;
% Boltzman's constant
% effective temp. (K)
Te =290;
F = 10^(3/10);
% noise figure (dB)
% signal to noise ratio (dB)
SNR_min = 10^(20/10);
lambda = c/f;
forpulse_width = [0.2e-6:0.05e-6:2e-6]; % (sec)
B = 1/pulse_width;
rmax = ((pt*(G^2)*(lambda^2)*sigma)/(((4*pi)^3)*k*Te*B*F*SNR_min))^(1/4)
plot(rmax,pulse_width,'.');
hold on; end
xlabel('Max range ');
ylabel('Pulse width');

Result:

f = 6.6e9

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we conclude that when increase frequency of
radar the range is decrease.

Teachers sign

Date:

/ /

Experiment No: 3
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for radar cross section.
Code:
frequ = 0e6;
freql = 15e6;
scat_spacing = 50;
eps = 0.0001;
freq_band = frequ - freql;
delfreq = freq_band / 500.;
index = 0;
for freq = freql: delfreq: frequ
index = index +1;
wavelength(index) = 3.0e+8 / freq;
end
elec_spacing = 2.0 * scat_spacing ./ wavelength;
rcs = abs ( 1 + cos((2.0 * pi) .* elec_spacing) + i * sin((2.0 * pi) .*
elec_spacing));
rcs = rcs + eps;
rcs = 20.0*log10(rcs); % RCS ins dBsm
% Plot RCS versus frequency
freq = freql:delfreq:frequ;
plot(freq,rcs,'linewidth',2); grid;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('RCS in dBsm');

Result:

frequ = 1e6, freql = 14e6

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we conclude that radar cross section of radar.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 4
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for computing Doppler frequency.
Code:
%for freq = 10E6:5E6:100E6;
freq = 20e6;
ang = 30;
for tv = 500:10:750; % m/s
target = 1;
format long
c = 3.0e+8;
ang_rad = ang * pi /180.;
lambda = c / freq;
if (target == 1)
fd = 2.0 * tv * cos(ang_rad) / lambda;
tdr = (c - tv) / (c + tv);
else
fd = -2.0 * c * tv * cos(and_rad) / lambda;
tdr = (c + tv) / (c -tv);
end
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(tv,fd,'*');
hold on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(tv,tdr,'o');
hold on;
end
fd
tdr
display ('Calculation Result for Doppler Frequency');
display('--------------------------------------------');
disp (['Doppler Frequency = ',num2str(fd)]);
disp (['Time Dilation Factor = ',num2str(tdr)]);

Result:
fd = 86.60
tdr = 0.99
Calculation Result for Doppler Frequency
-------------------------------------------Doppler Frequency = 86.6025
Time Dilation Factor = 1

fd =1.948557158514987e+02
tdr = 0.999995000012500
Calculation Result for Doppler Frequency
-------------------------------------------Doppler Frequency = 194.8557
Time Dilation Factor = 1

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we computing Doppler frequency of radar.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 5
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for matched filter.
Code:
% Matched Filter
% Input Parameter
nf = 14; % Fontsize
np = 300000; % Number of point for FFT
c = 3E8; % Speed of Light
T = 20E-6; % Pulse Duration (T = 20usec)
BW = 100E6; % Chirp Bandwidth of interest(BW = 25MHz)
K = BW/T; % Chirp rate
fc = 0;
fs = 4*BW; % Sampling frequency
TB = BW*T; % Time Bandwidth product
n = T*fs; % Number of sample
t = (-T/2):(1/fs):(T/2)-(1/fs);
color = ['r' 'g' 'b' 'y' 'b' 'c' 'm'];
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
h = 1;
LFM = exp(1i*(pi*((fc)*t + K*t.^2))); % LFM
LFMC = conj(LFM); % Match Filter (Complex Conjugate of LFM)
LFM_rate = fc + (K * t);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Frequency domain
fmin = (fc-BW)/2;
fmax = (fc+BW)/2;
fre = linspace(fmin,fmax,n);
FLFM = fftshift(fft(LFM,n));
FLFMC = fftshift(fft(LFMC,n));
Y0 = db(FLFM)-db(FLFM(int16(n/2)));
figure(1), plot(fre,Y0,color(h),'linewidth',2);
axis([-0.2e8,0.2e8,-50,5]);
hold on;
title(['Frequency Spectrum Bandwidth = ',int2str(BW)],'fontsize',nf);
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)','fontsize',nf);ylabel('Power(db)','fontsize',nf);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Generation of the Power Pattern
% Method using convolution
CLFM = conv(LFM,LFMC);
cn = length(CLFM)+1; % length of Convolution
lmin = (cn/2-n/2)+1; % Minimum limit for CLFM
lmax = (cn/2+n/2); % maximum limit for CLFM
Y1 = interpft(CLFM,np);
T1 = interpft(t,np);
PLFM1 = db(Y1)-max(db(Y1));
figure(2),plot(T1,PLFM1,color(h),'linewidth',2); grid on;
axis([-5e-8,5e-8,-50,5]);
xlabel('Time(sec)','fontsize',nf);ylabel('Power(db)','fontsize',nf);

Result:

BW = 10E6

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response of matched filter.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 6
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for LFM.
Code:
fid = fopen('C:\Users\Nilesh\Documents\MATLAB\radar\lfm.csv','w');
% Linear FM Radar Waveform
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Input Parameter
nf = 14; % Fontsize
np = 300000; % Number of point for FFT
c = 3E8; % Speed of Light
T = 20E-6; % Pulse Duration (T = 20usec)
BW = 100E6; % Chirp Bandwidth of interest(BW = 25MHz)
K = BW/T; % Chirp rate
fc = 0;
fs = 1*BW; % Sampling frequency
TB = BW*T; % Time Bandwidth product
n = T*fs; % Number of sample
t = (-T/2):(1/fs):(T/2)-(1/fs);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
LFM = exp(1i*(pi*((fc)*t + K*t.^2)));
LFM_rate = fc + (K * t);
y = [t; real(LFM)];
y = y';
fprintf(fid,'%12.8f %12.8f\n',y);
title('Linear FM','Fontsize',nf);
figure(1),subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,real(LFM),'r','linewidth',2);
axis([-T/5,T/5,-1.5,1.5]);
xlabel('Time(sec)','Fontsize',nf);ylabel('idata','Fontsize',nf); hold on;
subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,imag(LFM),'r','linewidth',2);
axis([-T/5,T/5,-1.5,1.5]);
xlabel('Time(sec)','Fontsize',nf);ylabel('qdata','Fontsize',nf);
%title('Chirp Phase Response');
xlabel(Time(sec)','Fontsize',nf);
subplot(3,1,3); plot(t,LFM_rate,'r','linewidth',2);hold on;
axis([-T/5,T/5,-5E7,5E7]); % Bandwidth = 100MHz
xlabel('Time(sec)','fontsize',nf);ylabel('Fre(MHz)','fontsize',nf);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
fclose(fid);

Result:

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response for LFM.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 7
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for single line delay canceller.
Code:
% single canceler
eps = 0.000001;
fofr = 0:0.01:1;
arg1 = pi .* fofr;
resp = 4.0 .*((sin(arg1)).^2);
max1 = max(resp);
resp = resp ./ max1;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(fofr,resp,'k')
xlabel ('Normalized frequency - f/fr')
ylabel( 'Amplitude response - Volts')
grid
subplot(2,1,2)
resp=10.*log10(resp+eps);
plot(fofr,resp,'k');
axis tight
grid
xlabel ('Normalized frequency - f/fr')
ylabel( 'Amplitude response - dB')

Result:

eps = 0.00001

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response for single line delay canceller.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
/ /

Experiment No: 8
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for double line delay canceller.
Code:
eps = 0.00001;
fofr = 0:0.001:1%fofr1;
arg1 = pi .* fofr;
resp = 4.0 .* ((sin(arg1)).^2);
max1 = max(resp);
resp = resp ./ max1;
resp2 = resp .* resp;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(fofr,resp,'k--',fofr, resp2,'k');
ylabel ('Amplitude response - Volts')
resp2 = 20. .* log10(resp2+eps);
resp1 = 20. .* log10(resp+eps);
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(fofr,resp1,'k--',fofr,resp2,'k');
legend ('single canceler','double canceler')
xlabel ('Normalized frequency f/fr')
ylabel ('Amplitude response - dB')

Result:

eps = 0.0001

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response for double line delay canceller.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 9
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for linear antenna field intensity.
Code:
% Linear Antenna Field Intensity
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n = input('Enter the The Number of linear Array (n) : ');
si = 0 : 0.01 : (2*pi) ;
% Field Intensity
FI = abs((sin(n*si./2))./(sin (si./2)));
figure,plot(si,FI);
title('Field Intensity of Antenna');
xlabel('si');
ylabel('Field Intensity of Antenna');
figure,polar (si,FI);
title('Polar Plot of Antenna Pattern');

Result:
Enter the The Number of linear Array (n): 5

Enter the Number of linear Array (n): 8

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response for linear antenna field
intensity.

Teachers sign

Date: / /
Experiment No: 10
Aim: Write a program in Matlab for synthetic aperture radar.
Code:
% SAR
clc;
clear all;
close all;
v = 150 ;
R = 10E3;
f = linspace(1E9,100E9,100);
for crr = 1:2:10;
c = 3E8;
lamda = c./f;
Daz = R*lamda/crr;
Ta = Daz/v;
figure(1),loglog(f,Ta); grid on; hold on;
end
xlabel(' Fig 1. Frequency (Hz)','fontsize',14);
ylabel('Aperature(sec)','fontsize',14);
v = 7500;
R = 770E3;
for crr = 10:10:100;
c = 3E8;
lamda = c./f;
Daz = R*lamda/crr;
Ta = Daz/v;
figure(2),loglog(f,Ta); grid on; hold on;
end
xlabel('' Fig 2 Frequency (Hz)','fontsize',14);
ylabel('Aperature(sec)','fontsize',14);

Result:

v = 160

Conclusion: After perform this Matlab experiment we response for synthetic aperture radar.

Teachers sign