Esveld Presentation CETRA

ECS
CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
HIGH-SPEED TRACK
Coenraad Esveld
Presentation at CETRA 2010
www.esveld.com
ECS
Country
Network
length [km]
Scheduled trains
Test run speed record
Average speed of
fastest train
China
6,552
431 km/h (maglev)

350, 330, 300, 200-250 km/h
(conventional)
502 km/h (maglev)

394 km/h (conventional)
313 km/h
Japan
2,459
300, 275, 260 km/h (conventional)
581 km/h (maglev)

256 km/h
France
1,700
320, 300, 280, 210 km/h
574 km/h
272 km/h
Germany
1,290
300, 280, 250, 230 km/h

(conventional)
550 km/h (maglev)

226 km/h
Spain
1,272
300, 250 km/h
404 km/h
236 km/h
Italy
815
300, 260, 200 km/h
368 km/h
178 km/h
South Korea
412
300, 240 km/h
355 km/h
200 km/h
Taiwan
336
300, 240 km/h
315 km/h
245 km/h
Turkey
245
250 km/h
303 km/h
<140 km/h
Belgium
214
300, 250 km/h
347 km/h
237 km/h
United Kingdom
109
300 km/h, 225 km/h, 201 km/h
335 km/h
219 km/h
Netherlands
100
300, 250, 140/160 km/h
336.2 km/h
<140 km/h
Switzerland
79
250, 200 km/h
280 km/h
<140 km/h
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ECS
www.esveld.com
HSL MAP EUROPE

2009
ECS
KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS
Seoul Pusan
412 km double track
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ECS
BALLASTLESS TRACK
Pro
Reduced height;
No flying ballast particles;
High lateral resistance;
Low maintenance, hence higher availability;
Increased service life.
Contra
Investment costs.
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ECS
SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN

Route length 336 km
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ECS
SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN

Route length 336 km
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ECS
RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK
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RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK
ECS
www.esveld.com
Pad stiffness
< 35 kN/mm
9
ECS
BGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK
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10
ECS
EMBEDDED RAIL STRUCTURE

3 km test track near Best
www.esveld.com
11
ECS
HSL TRACK THE NETHERLANDS
www.esveld.com
12
ECS
www.esveld.com
13
ECS
ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK
Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges;
Static design;
Dynamics:
Wave propagation in soft soils;
Long wave vehicle track interaction;
Short wave wheel rail interaction;
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14
ECS
CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED
CR CT =
On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue;

Dutch solution: piled foundation (low viaduct).
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15
ECS
Car body
Secondary suspension
Bogie
z Primary suspension
Rail pad
Wheelset
Sleeper
Hertzian spring
Ballast
4
Rail
Criteria: Passenger Comfort (carSubstructure

body acceleration) and
Wheel Rail Forces with associated stresses and deformations
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16
ECS
Combined and NSTO (short waves) profile
10
Power Specral Density [mm2 s]
10
10
-2
10
-4
10
-6
10
-8
10
-1
10
10
10
10
10
Waveband [m]
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17
ECS
Vertical rail level geometry (Combined)

12
10
8
Variation [mm]
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
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200
400
600
Distance [m]
800
1000
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ECS
DYNAMICS ANALYSIS
Vertical car body accelerations (passenger comfort) <0.38 m/s2;
The track geometry used in the analyses should be adhered to during constructions
and maintenance;
Wheel Rail Forces: For =1 mm (0-25 m waveband) DAF95 <1.67, =1.5 mm

DAF95 < 2.0 according to Eurocode;
Substructure accelerations <5 m/s2
Track geometry has dominant influence!!!;
Rolling stock parameters, especially damping, important;
Track variants less important, except for pile distance.
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19
ECS
Waveband
Level
Umax [mm]
[mm]
3 25 m
4.6058
1.0296
25 70 m
3.8831
1.3849
70 180 m
6.4151
2.7211
05m
2.3161
0.30047
0 10 m
4.4263
0.70446
0 150 m
7.4245
2.5974
Whole profile
10.5941
3.2093
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20
ECS
WHEEL/RAIL CONTACT
CONFORMITY OF PROFILES
Equivalent conicity 0.025 - 0.15.
ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE
Headchecks and squats are major

problems in Holland;
Main remedy is early grinding;
Special anti headcheck profiles.
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21
ECS
HEADCHECKS
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22
ECS
HEADCHECKS
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SQUATS
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24
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SLAB TRACK DESIGN
Using a slab with reinforcement at the neutral line (e.g. Rheda

2000):
No bending stiffness thus massive soil improvements required.
Slab with reinforcement at top and bottom of the slab:

bending strength,
relatively high reinforcement ~1.5 % for B35;
only very limited soil improvements necessary.
Using bridge or bridge like structures as a substructure:

Restricted influence on the bending stresses in the track slab.
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25
ECS
FORCE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF WELDS
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26
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RAILPROF MEASURING DEVICE
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27
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HSL SOUTH IN THE NETHERLANDS

Rheda 2000 total: 163 km single track
Amsterdam
Schiphol airport
Rotterdam
London
Brussels
Antwerp
Cologne
Paris
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28
ECS
CONTRACT INFRASPEED
Public Private Partnership
Performance Based - Availability Payment
Verification and Validation in accordance with EN 50126
Functional Specification:
Availability (99%);
Bi-directional operation at full line speed;
Operational speed of 300 km/h;
Minimum operational Headway of 180 seconds;
Technical specification for interoperability.
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29
ECS
PILED FOUNDATION HSL-SOUTH

Solution on Soft Soil
35 m
Rheda 2000 slab
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Rail
35 m
Concrete supporting structure
30
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GAP TESTS CARRIED OUT AT TU DELFT

Gap
Geotextile
Gap due to differential settlement
Gap due to rotation of the substructure
Largest gap according to calculations: 0.7 mm
Tests carried out at TU Delft: 0, 1 and 2.5 mm
Dynamic load 55 kN, 2 million load cycles
No damage at concrete interface, intermediate geotextile layer and slab
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31
ECS
TEST SET UP AT TU DELFT
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32
ECS
CONCLUSIONS
Both ballasted and non-ballasted track structures are suitable for HSL;
Availability and minimum life cycle cost are increasingly important;
therefore trend towards slab track;
Slab tracks are still far from optimal;
Dynamics plays a crucial role in track design:
tight standards for running surface and
sufficient resilience in the track components;
Wheel rail interface should be well designed and maintained;
Quality is a key factor in both construction and maintenance.
www.esveld.com
33

Esveld Presentation CETRA

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CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

Test run speed record

431 km/h (maglev)

502 km/h (maglev)

300, 275, 260 km/h (conventional)

581 km/h (maglev)

320, 300, 280, 210 km/h

300, 280, 250, 230 km/h

550 km/h (maglev)

300, 250 km/h

300, 260, 200 km/h

300, 240 km/h

300, 240 km/h

300, 250 km/h

300 km/h, 225 km/h, 201 km/h

300, 250, 140/160 km/h

250, 200 km/h

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

HSL MAP EUROPE

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

KTX TRACK WITH MONOBLOCK SLEEPERS

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

No flying ballast particles;

High lateral resistance;

Low maintenance, hence higher availability;

Increased service life.

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

SHINKANSEN TRACK TAIWAN

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK

RHEDA 2000 SLAB TRACK

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

BGEL PREFAB SLAB TRACK

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

EMBEDDED RAIL STRUCTURE

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

HSL TRACK THE NETHERLANDS

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

ANALYSES FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACK

Longitudinal forces, especially at long bridges;

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

CRITICAL TRAIN SPEED

On soft soils propagation of Rayleigh waves is a major issue;

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

Criteria: Passenger Comfort (carSubstructure

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

Combined and NSTO (short waves) profile

Power Specral Density [mm2 s]

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

Vertical rail level geometry (Combined)

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia

Vertical car body accelerations (passenger comfort) <0.38 m/s2;

Wheel Rail Forces: For =1 mm (0-25 m waveband) DAF95 <1.67, =1.5 mm

Substructure accelerations <5 m/s2

Track geometry has dominant influence!!!;

Rolling stock parameters, especially damping, important;

Track variants less important, except for pile distance.

CETRA 17-18 May 2010, Opatija, Croatia